[转载]2013届高考英语语法超级归纳
冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。
I. 不定冠词的用法
指一类人或事，相当于a kind of
A plane is a machine that can fly.
第一次提及某人某物，非特指
A boy is waiting for you.有个男孩在等你。
表示“每一”相当于every，one
We study eight hours a day.
表示“相同”相当于the same
We are nearly of an age.
用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事
— Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith?
—Sorry, wrong number. There isn't______ Mr. Smith here.
&&&&&&&&C.
the&&&&&&&
That boy is rather a Lei Feng.（活雷锋）
用于固定词组中
a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk,
many a time
用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后
This room is rather a big one.
用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后
She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.
用于抽象名词具体化的名词前
success(抽象名词)→a success(具体化) 成功的人或事
失败的人或事&&&&&&
a shame& 带来耻辱的人或事
可惜或遗憾的事&&&&&
a must 必需必备的事
a good knowledge of 精通掌握某一方面的知识
II. 定冠词的用法
表示某一类人或物
In many places in China, ___ bicycle is still ___ popular means
of transportation.
用于世上独一无二的事物名词前
the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean
表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事
Would you mind opening the door?
用于演奏乐器
play the violin, play the guitar
用于形容词和分词前表示一类人
the reach, the living, the wounded
表示“一家人”或“夫妇”（对比上文的不定冠词用法5）
—Could you tell me the way to ____ Johnsons, please?
—Sorry, we don’t have ____ Johnson here in the village.
/; the&& D.
用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前
He is the taller of the two children.
用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前
the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French
用于表示发明物的单数名词前
The compass was invented in China.
在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代
in the 1990’s(二十世纪九十年代)
用于表示度量单位的名词前
I hired the car by the hour.
用于方位名词，身体部位名词
He patted me on the shoulder.
III. 不用冠词（又名零冠词）的用法
专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前
Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air
名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制
I want this book, not that one. /& Whose
purse is this?
季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前
March, Sunday, National Day, spring
表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前
Lincoln was made President of America.
表示球类，棋类等运动的名词前
He likes playing football/chess.
与by连用表示交通方式的名词前
We went right round to the west coast by ______ sea instead of
driving across ______ continent.
B.不填；the&
D. 不填；不填
以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时
husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night
表示泛指的复数名词前
Horses are useful animals.
二、名词和主谓一致
I. 名词的种类
国名地名人名，团体机构名称
不可数名词
特别注意名词类别的相互转换
个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换
①She held some flowers in her hand.
②The trees are now in flower
①Youth is beautiful.
②He is a youth of twenty
①They have achieved remarkable success in their work.
②—How about the Christmas evening party?
&—I should say it was a success.
物质名词与个体名词的相互转换
①Iron is a kind of metal.
②Please lend me your iron.
①He broke a piece of glass.
②He broke a glass.
①I bought a chicken this morning
②Please help yourself to some chicken
抽象名词与个体名词的转换
具有动作意义的抽象名词加用与某些动词（如：have等）连
用，表示某一次短暂的动作
①—I’d like______information about the management of your
hotel,please.
—Well, you could have____word with the manager. He might be
&&&&&B.an,some
&&&&&C.some,some
&&&&D.an,a
②They sent us
&&&&&&&word
of the latest happenings. 消息 （抽象名词）
A.a&&&&&&&&&&
B.an&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&D.the
③Could we have
&&&&&&&&word
before you go to the meeting? 话（个体名词）
A.a&&&&&&&&&&
B.an&&&&&&&&&&
C./&&&&&&&&&&&&
类例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a
discussion/a look
take a walk/a bath &make an
advance(进步)/make an early start(早点出发)
/make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(发出痛苦的叫声) /give
表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示
其中的一部分
①Many people agree that___knowledge of English is a must
in____international trade today.
&&&&&&&&&B.the,
&&&&&&&&C.the,
&&&&&&&&D.
a knowledge of truth(知道实际情况)
give a fuller knowledge of China(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识)
have a knowledge of shorthand(有速记的知识)
②If there were no examination, we should have______at
A.the happiest
&B.a more happier
C.much happiest time& D.a much
happier time
③&&&&&&&&
time&&&&&&&&
C.Time&&&&&
抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示“一次、一阵、一种”具体的行为、事件、现象或结
果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰
①Oh, John. _____you gave me!
A.How a pleasant surprise
pleasant surprise
C.What a pleasant surprise
What pleasant surprise
②She looked up
&&&&&&&&&&when
I shouted.
surprise&&&&&
B.in the surprise&&
surprise&&&&&&
D.in some surprise
其它例子：The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had
some unpleasant surprise
③It is_____work of art that everyone wants to have a look at
A.so unusual&
such unusual&
&&&&C.such
an unusual&
&D.so an unusual
II. 名词的数
规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es（参看有关语法书）。英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，请看下表
改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice
单复数相同
sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species
只有复数形式
ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses,
一些集体名词总是用作复数
people, police, cattle, staff
部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）
audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee,
government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party
复数形式表示特别含义
customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料),
sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力),
greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)
表示“某国人”
Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans
单复数同形
Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women
Englishmen, Frenchwomen
将主体名词变为复数
sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy
无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数
grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches
将两部分变为复数
women singers, men servants
III. 主谓一致
以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词
用复数形式。
His father is working on the
farm.&&&&&&&
To study English well is not easy.
Reading in the sun is bad for your
What he said is very important for us all.
由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。
what I bought were three English
What I say and do is (are) helpful for you.
由连接词and或both…and连接起来的主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物
时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every 或more than a
(an)/one,many a (an) 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。either, neither, each, every
或no+单数名词和由some, any no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。.
Lucy and Lily are twins
The writer and artist has come.
Every student and every teach is in the classroom.
Many a boy and many a girl likes it.
No boy and no girl likes it.
Each of us has a new
book.&&&&&&
Is everyone here today?
Somebody is speaking in
Everything around us is matter
若none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。
None of the sugar was
None of us has (have) been to America.
在定语从句里，关系代词that, who, which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
Those who want to go please write their names on the
blackboard.
He is one of my friends who are working hard.
He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard.
在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致
It is I who am going to the cinema tonight.
It is we who are going to the cinema tonight.
如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数形式； 如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用复数形式
The police are looking for the lost
The cattle are eating grass in the field.
His family has moved to the south .(他的一家)
His family are watching TV.（他的家人）
Class four is on the third floor.（四班）
Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的学生）
由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest
of/the majority
of+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。
There are a lot of people in the
classroom.&&&&
Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.
50 percent of the students in our class are girls.
此外，还有a number of +复数名词有类似的用法（用复数），但the number of
+复数名词的数就得依number 而定（用单数）。
A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer
pick apples.
The number of pages in this book is three hundred.
在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致
There comes the
bus.&&&&&&&&&&&
On the wall are many pictures.
Such is the
result.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
Such are the facts.
Between the two hills stands a monument.
What, who, which, any, more, all 等代词可以是单数，也可是复数， 主要靠意思来决定。
Which is your
bag?&&&&&&&&&&&&&
Which are your bags?
Are any of you good at
English?&&&
Has any of you got a pen?
All can be done has been
All is going well.
All have been taken
out.&&&&&&&&&
All have gone to Beijing.
表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。
Thirty minutes is enough for the work..
Twenty pounds is too dear.
如强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词要用复数形式
Forty kilos of water are used every day.
若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。
The United States is smaller than China.
“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.
表数量的短语“one and a half”后面接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。
One and a half apples is left on the table.
一些学科名词是以-ics结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works
等。都属于形式上是复数的名词， 实际意义为单数名词，
它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。
The paper works was built in 1990.这家造纸厂建于1990年。
I don’t think physics is easy to study.
trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors
(剪刀)等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a(the) pair of 等量词修饰时（clothes被a suit of
修饰）谓语动词用单数。
My glasses are broken.
The pair of shoes under the bed is his.
“定冠词the+形容词或分词”，表示某一类人动词用复数；若表示某一类东西时，动词用单数。
The old are taken good care of there.
The beautiful gives pleasure to all.
当两个主语由either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or
连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致,即就近一致。
Either the teacher or the students are our
Neither he nor they are wholly right.
Neither they nor he is wholly
Is neither he nor they wholly right?
there be 句型中be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and&
连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致，即就近一致。
There are two chairs and a desk in the room.
There is a desk and two chairs in the room.
主语后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no
less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including,
in addition to 等引起的短语， 谓语动词要跟主语一致，即就远一致。
Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to
A woman with a baby was on the bus.
Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.
She, like you and Tom, is very tall.
The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese.
No one except my teachers knows anything about it.
I. 代词可以分为以下八大类
I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
形容词性物主代词
my, your, his, her, its, our, their
名词性物主代词
mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,
yourselves, themselves
this, that, these, those, such, some
who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever
关系代词/连接代词
that, which, who, whom, whose, as
one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/
a few/ a little
other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either
each other,one another
II. 不定代词用法注意点
one, some，
one可以泛指人或者事（东西），其复数为ones
①We’ve been looking at the houses but haven’t found
___ we like yet.
&&&&&B.ones
&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&D.them
②Cars do cause us some health problems — in fact far more
serious _______ than mobile phones do.
A.one&&&&&&&&
B.ones&&&&
C.it&&&&&&&&&&&
some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等
—Your coffee smells great!& —It’s from
Mexico．Would you like ________?
&&&&&&&&&B.some&&
&&&&&&&C.this
&&&&&&&&&D.1ittle
some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个
①I have read this article in some
magazine.& Please correct the mistakes, if
②—Which of the three ways shall I take to the
village?& &
—________way as you please.
A.Each&&&&&&
&&&&B.Every&&&&
&&&&C.Any&&&&&&
one指同类中的一个，it指代同一种类的东西。此外it还可以作形式主语、形式宾语和用于强调句型中。
—There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go
and borrow
—No, I’d rather buy
the bookstore.
A.one&&&&&&
C.it&&&&&&&&&
some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句
①There’s ________cooking oil in the house. Would you go to the
corner store and get ________.
&A.1ittle,some&
&&&B.1ittle,any&
&&&&&&&&C.a
little,some
little,any
②We had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use
for ________.
A.none&&&&&&
&&B.either&&&&
&&&&&&&C.any&
&&&&&&&&&D.each
③He doesn’t have _________ furniture in his room --just an old
&&&&&&&&D.
each和every
each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上
①Each student has a pocket dictionary.
Each (of us) has a dictionary. = We each have a dictionary.
②Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has
strong and weak points.
no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以
①There is no water in the bottle.
②How much water is there in the bottle? None.
③None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.
other和another
other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他
词连用，如：the other day, every other
week, someother reason, no other way,
the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others
①Both sides have accused
&&&&&&&&&&&of
breaking the contract.
another&&&&
other&&&&&
neither&&&&&
②Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the
another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，
复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或
①We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun，so let’s have
______ one this month．
other&&&&&&&&
&&&&&C．another&&
②The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some
③Some like football, while others like basketball.
either和neither
前者意思为：两者都（两者中任何一方都）；后者意思为：两者都
①—Do you want tea or
coffee?&& —
______,& I really don't mind.
neither&&&
②It was hard for him to learn English in a family, in which
_____ of the parents spoke the language.
&&&&&&&&&C.
四、形容词和副词
1.形容词的位置：形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况下后置
修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时
nobody absent, everything possible
以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后
the best book available, the only solution possible
alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等作定语时后置
the only person awake
和空间、时间、单位连用时
a bridge 50 meters long
成对的形容词可以后置
a huge room simple and beautiful
形容词短语一般后置
a man difficult to get on with
enough修饰名词时可以前置也可以后置，但修饰形容词或副词时要后置
______to take his adventure course will certainly learn a
lot of useful skills.(NMET2000)
A.Brave enough
students&&&&&
B.Enough breave students&
C.Students brave
enough&&&&&&
D.Students enough brave
注意：多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序
熟记口诀就可以顺利解题：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠。
规则：限定语（The、A）+ 描绘性形容词 + size（小）+ shape（形状）+ age（年龄、时间）+
color（颜色）+ origin（国籍、来源）+ material（材料）+ purpose（目的）+ 名词。
▲This ________ girl is Linda’s cousin. (05北京卷)
A. pretty little
Spanish&& B.
Spanish little pretty&
&C. Spanish pretty little
&&D. little pretty
2.复合形容词的构成
形容词+名词+ed
kind-hearted
名词+形容词
world-famous
形容词+形容词
名词+现在分词
peace-loving
形容词+现在分词
ordinary-looking
名词+过去分词
snow-covered
副词+现在分词
hard-working
数词+名词+ed
three-egged
副词+过去分词
newly-built
twenty-year
3.形容词（短语）作伴随状语
As he looked at the goat, it rolled over,
dead. 当他看着山羊的时候，山羊翻了个身，死了。
Afraid of difficulties, they prefer to take the
easy road.由于害怕困难，他们宁愿走好走的路。
II.副词的分类：
soon, now, early, finally, once, recently
always, often, frequently, seldom, never
here, nearby, outside, upwards, above
how, where, when, why
hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really
how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile
almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather
when, where, why
III. 形容词和副词的比较等级
形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more
同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…
She is as tall as her mother.
I am not as/ so good a player as you are.
双方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级 （+
的结构表示。要注意题干中将比较的另一方阴藏起来的情况。
This picture is more beautiful than that one.
I have never seen such a more interesting film (than this
表示一方不及另一方时，用“less + 原级 +
than”的结构表示
This room is less beautiful than that one.
表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型
The harder you work, the more progress you will make
用比较级来表达最高级的意思
I have never spent a more worrying day.
我从来没有度过这样令人烦恼的一天。
（意为：我度过了最为令人烦恼的一天。）
倍数的表达
表达法一：A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length
etc.)of B.
The new building is four times the size(the height)of the old
这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大（高）/这座新楼比那座旧楼大（高）三倍。
表达法二：A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long,
etc.)as B.
Asia is four times as large as Europe.
亚洲是欧洲的四倍大/亚洲比欧洲大三倍。
表达法三：A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer,
etc.)than B.
Your school is three times bigger than ours.
你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。
用times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double.
注意：1. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot,
even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great
2. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite,
excellent, extreme,
perfect，superior,junior等。
五、动词和短语动词
动词的分类
行为动词（实义动词）
①及物动词（带宾语）：study,
②不及物动词（不带宾语）work, swim, go, come
③状态动词（相对静止）contain, exist, own, prefer, belong
④动作动词：延续性（work, stay）；非延续性（marry, go, come）
连系动词（汉语中没有这种词类）
助动词（与动词原形或分词构成复合谓语）
be(am,is,are),do(does,did);have(has);will,would,shall
can(could),may(might),must,shall(should)
短语动词常见的构成方式及其注意点
动词+副词所构成的短语动词分及物的和不及物的两类
Please turn every light in the house off. 请把房子里的每一盏灯都关掉。（及物）
Harry turned up after the party when everyone had left.
晚会后，人们都已离去，哈里出现了。（不及物）
①如果宾语较长，就应避免把副词同动词分开
She turned off all the lights which had been left on.
她关掉了所有还在亮着的灯。
②如果宾语是人称代词，只能放在动词和副词之间
She gave them away.她送掉了它们。
③同一动词和不同副词搭配时，意义上有很大的差异
back回电话&&&
off挂断电话&&&
&ring up打电话
away放好&&&&&
on穿，上演&&&&
&put up挂起，举起。
④不同动词和同一副词搭配时，在意义上有很大的差异
out发生，爆炸&&&&&
out进行，开展&&&&&&
&go out熄灭
out分发&&&&&&
&&&&&&&let
out放出&&&&&&&&&&&
out卖完&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
set out出发,
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&take
work out算出&&
动词+介词(及物)
I'm looking for my glasses. 我在找我的眼镜。
注意：①当它跟宾语时，不能把介词放在宾语后面。
②同一动词和不同介词搭配时，意义上有很大的差异。
look after照料，look at看，look for寻找
动词+副词+介词
I look forward to seeing you soon. 我盼望不久就见到你。
注：“动词+介词”、“动词+名词+副词”、“动词+副词+介词”，这三种搭配都是及物的，如变成被动语态，不可漏掉介词。In
this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after.
(不能漏掉after) 这样一来，粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了。
考点聚焦及解题点拨
(单个动词)同义词近义词辨析
从三个方面考虑：词的恰切含义、搭配（与介词、名词或非谓语动词的搭配）和用法（是及物动词还是不及物动词）
系动词的用法
状态系动词be
持续系动词keep,remain,stay,continue,lie,stand,rest
表象系动词seem,appear
感官/感觉系动词look,smell,taste,sound,feel
变化系动词become,grow,get,turn,fall,go,come
终止系动词prove,turn out
解答这类试题的关键首先是弄清题意，然后是分析句子结构，由此可判断出该动词是否用作系动词，最后确定所要填入的答案。特别关注：go
hungry,come true,turn writer
接双宾语的动词
give sb. sth=give sth.to
sb&&&&&&&&&&&&
buy sb. sth.=buy sth. for sb
但是我们只能说：suggest sth. to
explain sth.to
read sth. to sb.
短语动词的辨析
熟记常考的短语动词的意义
容易被我们忽视的知识点
sell, write, wash, wear等词的主动形式后跟副词表示被动意义
happen, occur,take place, break out, come out, belong
to等无被动形式
六、动词的时态和语态
1. 常用常考的动词时态和用法：（以do为例）
一般现在时
do/does,( 连系动词is/am/are )
1.一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等。
2.主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。
I’ll go there after I finish my work.
If it rains tomorrow,I won’t go there.
3.在以here,there开头的句子里，go,come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作。
There goes the bell.铃响了。
There comes the bus.汽车来了。
Here she comes.她来了。
一般过去时
did,( 连系动词was/were)
表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。
现在进行时
is/am/are doing
1.表示正在进行的动作。
2.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。
She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。
He is working as a teacher tomorrow.
从明天起他要做老师。
My father is coming to see me this Saturday.
这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。
3.代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。
The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.
长江江水滚滚向东流。
The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起。
过去进行时
was/were doing
1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示）
He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.
2.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行
They were still working when I left.
3.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生
I was writing while he was watching TV.
4.表示过去将来动作
He said she was arriving the next day.
现在完成时
has/have done
1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，说话时已
完成的动作。
I have finished the report./ She has cleand the room.
2.表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往
和“for...”, “since...”表述的一段时间状语连用。
He has learned English for six years.
They have worked here since they left college.
3.表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（还未回来）”用“have/has
gone to”。
—Where is Li Hua?
－He has gone to the reading-room.
—She knows a lot about Shanghai.
－She has been there.
4.短暂动词（即瞬间动词），
join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry,
finish,complete,begin,start,break out等，在完成时态
中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。不能说：He has joined the army for three
要翻译“他已参军已经三年了。”可采用
①“ago法”
He joined the army three years ago.
②“延续法”
He has been in the army for three years.
③“since法”
It is/has been three years since he joined the army.
过去完成时
1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。
He had shut the door before the dog came up.
Everything had been all right up till this morning.
2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到
另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。
At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.
He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.
3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等动词的
过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。
We had expected that you would be able to win the match.
将来完成时
will/shall have done
用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by短
语，when,before引起的时间状语连用。
We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.
现在完成进行时
has/have been doing
用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（还要继续下
去）的动作。He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.
过去完成进行时
had been doing
表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，还将继续下去。
一般将来时
will/shall do
is/am/are going to do
is/am/are（about）to do
一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况
（详见下面2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较）
过去将来时
would/should do
was/were going to do
was/were（about）to do
1.相对于过去某一时刻而言即将发生的动作或存在的状态
He told me he would go to Beijing.他告诉我他将去北京。
I was told that he was going to return home.
有人告诉我他准备回家。
2. would do(表示过去的习惯)总是,总会,常常
He would sit silent for hours.
他常常接连好几个小时默默地坐着。
2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较
be + doing 进行时表将来
go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作
He is moving to the south.
Are they leaving for Europe?
be about to + 动词原形
表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语
I was about to leave when the bell rang.
The meeting is about to close.
be to + 动词原形
表示按计划进行或征求对方意见
We’re to meet at the school gate at noon.
一般现在时表将来
时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来
The meeting starts at five o’clock.
The plane leaves at ten this evening.
3.容易混淆的时态比较
一般过去时与现在完成时的比较
现在完成时强调过去动作对现在产生的影响或造成的结果
We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose
_______ to her?
happening&&&
happens&&&&&
happened&&&
D. happened
说明：说话者强调Jane 目前的状况.
Mr. Lee, who ________ as a carpenter for over 10 years, is now a
very famous statesman in this country.
worked&&&&&&
worked&&&&&&&&&&&&&
worked&&&&&&&&&&&&
(只说明他过去当过木匠不涉及到现在)
一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态
Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ here?
A. don’ were
you&&&&&&&&&&&
B. hadn’ are you
C. haven’
are&&&&&&&&&&&&&
D. didn’ have you been
说明：didn’t know 强调见面前不知道
I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)
现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较
着重表示动作的结果时，用现在完成时
I have read that book.我读过那本书了。（知道那本书的内容）
着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则用现在完成进行时
—Hi, Tracy, you look
—I am tired. I _______ the living room all day.
A. painted&&
&&&&&&&&&&&B.
painted&&&
C. have been
painting&&
说明：强调动作从过去到现在的延续
现在进行时与过去进行时的比较
现在进行时表示现在某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作
I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary
comes&&&&&&&
说明：指目前一段时间正在发生的动作, until 引导的是时间状语从句,动词需用一般现在时。
过去进行时表示某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作
— Hey, look where you are
— Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______.
&A. I’m not
noticing.& &B. I
wasn’t noticing.&
C. I haven’t noticed.
&&D. I don’t
说明：对话的后者显然是在解释刚才不小心冒犯对方时正在做的事情.
一般过去时与过去进行时的比较
一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态
Tom________ into the house when no one ___________.
A. was noticing& B. had
noticed&& D. was
说明：slip和notice 为同时发生的动作，因此B、C为错误选项，slipped指过去有结果的动作（他溜进去了），when
no one was noticing 指他溜进去的一刹那发生的情况（没有人注意）。
过去进行时表示某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作
.He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he
______ it.
finished&&&&&&&&&&&
B. has finished
finished&&&&&&
D. will finish
说明：正确选项为B. 从I don’t know if he has finished it.推断，他去年一直在写。
II. 动词的被动语态
常用被动语态
常用被动语态
一般现在时
am/is/are done
过去进行时
was/were being done
一般过去时
was/were done
现在完成时
have/has been done
一般将来时
shall/will be done
过去完成时
had been done
过去将来时
should/would be done
将来完成时
will/would have been done
现在进行时
am/is/are being done
含有情态动词的
can/must/may be done
被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going
used to,have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。
Trees should not be planted in
summer.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
The boy was made fun of by his classmates.
Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.
汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示：
It is believed that…&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&It
is generally considered that…&
&&&&&&&&It
It is well known
that…&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&It
must be pointed out that…&
&&&&&&&&&&&It
is supposed that…&
It is reported
that…&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&It
must be admitted that…&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&It
is hoped that…
被动语态的句型
1.常见句式是：主语（受动者）＋be＋过去分词＋（by＋施动者）：He was scolded by the English
2.主语＋get＋过去分词＋其它成分：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got
fired because of her faults.
使用这种结构不能带有“by＋施动者”
3.带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。
She lent me a bike.&被动：①I was lent a bike(by her). ②A bike was
lent to me(by her).
4.情态动词＋be＋过去分词：This problem must be worked out in half an
5.双重被动式：主语＋被动式谓语＋不定式的被动式＋其它成分
These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the
reading-room.
The murderer was ordered to be shot.
下面主动形式常表示被动意义
1.不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash等。
This knife cuts
well.这把刀好切。&&&&&&&&&&&&
These books sell well.这些书好卖。
The pen writes
smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。&&
Meat won’t keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。
The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。
2.一些连系动词的主动式＋形容词。常见动look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn
The apples taste
good.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
The flower smells wonderful.
The news proved/turned out
true.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
Cotton feels soft.
不可变为被动语态的几种情况
1.I teach myself French.不可变为Myself is taught
French.因为反身代词不可作主语。
2.We help each other/one another.不可变为Each other/One another is
helped by us.因为相互代词不可作主语。
3.He lost heart.不可变为Heart was lost by him.
因为象lose heart,make a face,keep silence,lose in
thought这类动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式。
4.She took part in the sports meet.不能变为The sports meet was taken
part in by her.
因为象take part in,belong to
,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表状态动词没有被动语态。
含有短语动词在被动语态中介词不能丢
Much attention must be paid to your handwriting.
特别注意以下句子的结构：Every minute must be made full use of
to study Englsih.
下面词或短语没有被动态：
leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain,
last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take
place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of,
have on, lose heart等等
七、非谓语动词
非谓语动词的语法功能
所能充当的成分
宾语补足语
不定式（to do）
过去分词(done)
注：现在分词、不定式、过去分词都可以作独立成分
generally speaking一般说来；frankly
speaking坦白地说；judging
from/by...根据……来判断；considering.../taking...into
consideration考虑到……；
to tell you the
truth说实话；seeing...考虑到……；supposing假设，如果；providing如果；given考虑到，鉴于；provided
非谓语动词的形式变化
to be done
for sb. to do sth.
of sb. to do sth.
在“to”前加not
to have done
to have been done
to be doing
to have been doing
being done
sb.或sb’s doing
作主语要用
sb’s doing
特别注意复合结构的否定式：&
sb’s not doing
sb’s not having done
having done
having been done
与动名词变化形式相同
在解非谓语习题时同学们遇到最大的困难有两个：一是如何判别是谓语动词还是非谓语动词；二是如何选用哪一种非谓语动词及其恰当的形式。
一、谓语与非谓语的比较
非谓语动词是汉语中没有的语言现象。汉语中几个谓语动词连用而动词不用作任何形式的变化。如：他明天来拜访你。翻译成英语不是He
will come visit you，而是He will come to visit
you.这里就用了不定式to visit。因此同学们要特别注意弄清句子的结构。
例：Tom sat under a tree and seeing his
friend,&&&&&&&&&
up in no time.
standing&&&
would stand
分析：stood是与sat并列的谓语。
非谓语语法功能的比较&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
做宾语的非谓语动词比较
只接不定式
做宾语的动词
hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide,
pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen
只接动名词
做宾语的动词或短语
mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape,
excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk,
feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be
engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set
about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself
to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to
两者都可以
意义基本相同
begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer,
continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）
need, want,
require（主语与动名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）
stop to do
停止手中所做的事，去做另一件事&&&&&&&&&&
stop doing 停止正在做的事
remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未发生）
remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生）
go on to do（接着做另外一件事）
go on doing（接着做同一件事）
try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力）
try doing（试试去做，看有何结果）
mean to do（打算做，企图做）
mean doing （意思是，意味着）
can’t help （to） do（不能帮忙做）
can’t help doing（忍不住要做）
be considered to have done被认为已经做了
consider…to be认为是
consider doing考虑做某事
非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别
与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念
ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage
主谓关系，强调动作将发生或已经完成
I asked to be sent to the countryside.
I heard him call me several times.
have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make
notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel
主谓关系，强调动作正在进行，尚未完成
I found her listening to the radio.
动宾关系，动作已经完成，多强调状态
We found the village greatly changed.
IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别
与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生
I have a lot of papers to type.
I have a lot of papers to be typed.
I haven’t decided which hotel to stay at.(介词at不能丢)
通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的主谓关系
Shall we go to the swimming pool?
与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生
the boiling water / the boiled water
the developing country/the developed country
the falling leaves/the fallen leaves
与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成或只表示状态
注意：the bridge to be built
将建造的桥,& the bridge being built
正在建造的桥,the bridge built已经建好的桥
八、情态动词和虚拟语气
I.情态动词基本用法
能力（体力，智力，技能）
允许或许可（口语中常用）
可能性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中）
can not / cannot /can’t do
Can…do…?
Yes,…can.
No,…can’t.
couldn’t do
可以（问句中表示请求）
可能，或许（表推测）
祝愿（用于倒装句中）
may not do
May…do…?
Yes,…may.
No,…mustn’t/can’t.
might not do
Might…do…?
Yes,…might
No,…might not.
必须，应该（表主观要求）
肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）
must not/mustn’t do
Must…do…?
Yes,…must.
No,…needn’t/don’t have
只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态和人称的变化）
don’t have to do
Do…have to do…?
Yes,…do.&
No,…don’t.
应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用should）
ought not to/oughtn’t to do
Ought…to do…?
Yes,…ought.
No,…oughtn’t.
用于一三人称征求对方意见
用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等
shall not/shan’t do
Shall…do…?
Yes,…shall.&
No,…shan’t.
应当，应该（表义务责任）
本该（含有责备意味）
should not/shouldn’t do
Should…do…?
意愿，决心
请求，建议，用在问句中would比较委婉
will not/won’t do
Will/Would…do…?
Yes,…will.&
No,…won’t.
would not/wouldn’t do
敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中）
dare not/daren’t do
Dare…do…?
Yes,…dare.
No,…daren’t.
需要,必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中）
need not/needn’t do
Need…do…?
Yes,…must. No,…needn’t.
过去常常（现在已不再）
used not/usedn’t/usen’t to do
didn’t use to do
Used…to do…?
Did…use to do…?
Yes,…used.&
No,…use(d)n’t.
Yes,…did.&
No,…didn’t.
II.情态动词的重点知识
表示“能力、许可”的can和may
表示能力的情态动词用can/could
A computer_____ it must be told what to do.
A.can’t&&
&&&&&B.mustn’t
&&D.might not
表示许可时用may/might ,can/could
都可以，但在问句中用could…?或might…？以使口气委婉客气，其回答一定要用can或may，以使回答口气明确（must表示一定，必须，mustn’t表示禁止，不许可）。
①—Could I call you& by your first
name?&& —Yes,
A.will&&&&&
B.could&&&
②Johnny, you_____play with the knife, you_____hurt yourself.
A.won’t/can’t
&&&&&&&&&B.mustn’t/may
C.shouldn’t/must&
&&&&&D.can’t/shouldn’t
在肯定句中could不可以用来表示过去某一特定场合的能力，而要用was/were able to。
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but
everyone_____get out.
&&&&B.would&
&&&&&C.could&
&&&&&D.was
表示“推断、判断”的can
在肯定句中都可以用来表示可能。在含义上must语气最肯定,may表示的是事实上的可能性。
Peter______come with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure yet.
&&&&B.may&&
&&&&C.can&&&
&&&&&D.will
而can表示的是逻辑上的可能性：
Mary is in poor health. She can be ill at any times.
在否定句中只能用can和may。所以can’t时用以代替mustn’t，语气比may更肯定。中文可以翻译为不可能。
Michael______be a policeman, for he’s much too short.
A.needn’t&&
&&B.can’t&&&
&&&C.should&&
在疑问句只能用can，不能用may和must。
He may be very busy
&Can he be very busy now?
He must be very busy
&Can he be very busy now?
need作为情态动词只有一种形式，只用于否定句和疑问句。
dare作为情态动词用时有两种形式：dare和dared两个词形，除了可以用于否定句和疑问句外，还可以用于条件从句或表示怀疑的句子中。
If he dare come,I will kick him out.& I
don’t know whether he
注意:He doesn’t dare(to)answer the question.（否定句）
Does she dare(to)enter the dark room?（疑问句）
用于第一人称：征求对方的意见。
What shall we do this evening?
用于第二、三人称：警告、命令、允诺、威胁等。
You shall fail if you don’t work harder. 警告
He shall have the book when I finish reading.允诺
He shall be punished.威胁
劝告、建议、命令、应该做、道义上的责任。
You should(ought to) go to class right
I should(ought to) help him because he is in trouble.
will/would
请求、建议，would比will委婉客气。
Would you pass me the book?
表示意志、愿望和决心。
I will never do that
They asked us if we would do that again
would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。
During the vacation he would visit me every week
The wound would not heal.（伤口老是不能愈合）
would表示估计或猜想。
It would be about ten when he left
What would she be doing there?
情态动词+have done的用法
could+have done：本可以做而实际上未能做。
You could have done better, but you didn’t try your best.
cannot+ have done：表示对现在或过去行为的否定推测。
He cannot have been to that town.
can+主语+ have
done：表示对过去行为的怀疑或不肯定（用在疑问句中）。
Can he have got the book?
might(may)+ have done：对过去发生的行为不太肯定的推测。
He may not have finished the work.
If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived
must+ have done：对过去发生的行为肯定的推测。
其否定式为：cannot have done。
You must have seen the film.
You cannot have seen the film.
needn’t+ have done：本来不必要做的而实际上又做了。
You needn’t have watered the flowers,for it is going to
注意：didn’t need to(have to)do：
没有必要做而实际上也没有做
I didn’t need to clean the windows.My sister did it 2 hours
should(ought to)+ have
done：本来应该做而实际上又没有做。其否定形式表示某中行为不该发生却发生了。
You should have started earlier, but you didn’t.
She shouldn’t have taken away my measuring tape,
for I worked to use it.
注意：He should have finished the work by
now.（表推测）
与现在事实相反
从句动词：过去式（be用were）
主句动词：should/would/could/might+do
If he were here, he would help us.
与过去事实相反
从句动词：had+done
主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+done
If I had been free,I would have visited you.
与将来事实相反
从句动词：过去式/should+动词原形/were+to do
主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形
If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.
省略if的虚拟条件句
将虚拟条件从句中的were，had,should放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装
①Should he come ,tell him to ring me up.
②Were I you,I would not do it.
③Had I been free,I would have visited you.
混合虚拟条件句
不同时间的虚拟：各遵守各的规则
①If he had listened to me, he would not be in trouble now.
②If he had told me yesterday,I should know what to do now.
③If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.
虚拟与陈述的混合：各遵守各的规则
①He could have passed the exam,but he wasn’t careful enough.
②You should have come earlier.The bus left a moment ago.
but for+名词表示虚拟条件
句子或主句中的谓语动词的形式视具体情况而定。这是考查考生应变能力的最佳试题。
---But for your timely warning,we ______ into great trouble.
---You know we’re friends.
get&&&&&&&&&
B. must have
C. would have
D. can’t have got
without+名词表示虚拟条件
Without the air to hold some of the sun's heat, the earth at
night would be freezing cold.
动词不定式表示虚拟条件
It would be only partly right to follow in this way.
如果用这种方式，仅仅对了一半。
现在分词表示虚拟条件
Having known in time ,we might have prevented the
accident.要是及时得知的话，我们也许能阻止这场事故。
过去分词表示虚拟条件
Given more attention, the tree could have grown better.
如果多留心的话，这树本来可以长的更好。
副词otherwise表示虚拟条件
I was too busy at that time.Otherwise,I would have called
you.我当时太忙，否则我就给你打电话了。
连词but连接的句子表示虚拟条件
He _____fatter but he eats too little .
become&&&&&
B. would have become&
become&&&&&&
D. must have become
as if/as though引导的状语从句中动词用did或had＋done或would／could／might＋do。
注意：as if/as though引导的状语从句中也可以用陈述语气：
当说话者认为所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时：
It sounds as if it is raining．听起来像是在下雨。
He talks as if he is drunk．从他谈话的样子来看他是醉了。
①与现在事实相反
He talks as if he knew where she was．
②与过去事实相反
He talks about Rome as if he had been there before.
③与将来事实相反
He opened his mouth as if he would say something.
in order that/so that引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/ might/
would等+do
Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly.
demand, suggest, order, insist后接的从句中动词为should+do
He suggested that we not change our mind.
wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和should/would+do表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反
I wish I could be a pop singer.
I wish I would have gone to Shanghai last month.
在It is necessary / important / strange that…
It is suggested / demanded/ ordered / requested that…等从句中，
谓语动词用should+do
It is strange that such a person should be our friends.
It is time that…句型中动词用过去式或should+do
It’s high time that we left/should leave.
would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式
I would rather you stayed at home now.
If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈的愿望
If only our dream had come true!
九、句子的种类
We love our motherland. 我们热爱祖国。
They don’t go to work on Sundays. 他们星期日不上班。
一般疑问句
Are you a worker?
你是个工人吗？&&
Haven’t you seen the film?&
你没看过这部电影吗？
特殊疑问句
Who is the man? 这人是谁？
When do you watch TV? 你什么时间看电视？
What are they doing now? 他们现在正在干什么？
选择疑问句
Do you want tea or coffee? Either will do. 你要茶水还是要咖啡？哪种都行。
Does he learn Japanese or French? He learns French.
他学日语还是学法语？他学法语。
反意疑问句
They are going to the airport, aren’t they? 他们要去机场，是吗？
You haven’t finished your homework, have you? 你没做完作业，是吗？
Be sure to get there at eight. 务必八点钟到那儿。
Don’t worry. I’ll help you out. 别担心，我会帮助你的。
what + 名词
What great changes we have had these years! 这几年我们有了多么大的变化啊!
What a fine day it is! 多好的天气呀!
how + 形容词或副词
How brave he is! 他多么勇敢呀!
How hard they are working! 他们工作多努力呀！
How time flies! 时间过得多么快呀!
How + adj. + a (an) + n.=What a(an)+adj.+n
How nice a boy (he is) !=What a nice boy (he is)! 多好的孩子啊!
They disappeared. 他们消失了。
He likes swimming.他喜欢游泳。
We help each other. 我们互相帮助。
主+谓+间宾+直接宾
I told my friend the good news. 我把好消息告诉了我的朋友。
They sent us a telegram. 他们给我们拍了电报。
主+谓+宾+宾补
They named the boy Jack. 他们给孩子起名叫杰克。
I want everything ready by eight o’clock. 我要求一切都要在八点前准备好。
She is a university student. 她是一名大学生。
He has become a pilot. 他已成为一名飞行员。
并列关系and, not only…but also, neither …nor,
both…and, not…but,
Either&you&do&it,&or&I&ask&for&somebody&else&to&do&it.&要么你来做，要么我请其他人来做。
&Neither&Tom&nor&Jack&has&finished&the&homework.&汤姆和杰克都没有完成作业。&
Not&couldn’t&they&complete&the&task,&but&the&task&was&too&tough.&
不是他们完不成任务，而是任务太重了。&
转折关系but,while（而，尽管）
nevertheless(然而；不过)
John&likes&playing&basketball,&but&he&didn’t&play&it&yesterday.&约翰喜欢打篮球，但他昨天没打。
选择关系or, otherwise or else, either…or
We must hurry, or we’ll miss the train. 我们必须快点，否则会赶不上火车。
&Either you come to my place or I go to
yours. 或者你到我这儿来，或者我到你那去。
因果关系for, so, thus, therefore, and so
We had better stay at home, for it was raining.
我们最好呆在家里，因为天正在下雨。
He didn’t work hard, therefore he failed in the examination.
他学习不努力，因此这次考试不及格。
由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。在复合句中主句是全句的主体，从句是全句的一个成分，不能独立。
从句有：名词性从句（主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句）
（详细请看以下各节罗列的内容）
十、名词性从句
That he will come and help you is certain.
他来帮助你是确实无疑的。
that在引导主语从句时不可省去
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting
月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
主语从句中只能用whether不可用if。
What he wants to tell us is not clear.
他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。
Who will win the match is still unknown.
谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。
主语从句放在句首，句子常显得笨重，因此一般
It is known to us how he became a writer.
我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been
announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。
把它移到句子后面，前面用引导词“it”来作形式主语。
I believe(that) he is honest. 我相信他是忠诚的。
We must never think(that) we are good in everything while others
are good in nothing.
我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。
that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。
I wonder whether he will come or not.
我想知道他来还是不来。
Everything depends on whether we have enough money.
一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。
I don’t know if(whether) it is interesting.
我不知道它是否有意思。
He doesn’t care if it isn’t a fine day.他不在乎天气是否好。
whether常与or not连用，不能用if代替。
作介词宾语要用whether不能用if。
从句是否定句时一般用if引导。
特殊疑问意义
who, whom,
which,whose,
what, when,
where, why,
how,whoever,
Please tell me what you want.请告诉我你需要什么？
She always thinks of& how she can work
她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
She will give whoever needs help a warm support.
凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。
宾语从句作及物动词宾语也可做介词的宾语。
如果宾语从句后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，将从句后置。
We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will
be punished.
我们必须认清无论谁违反了法律都要受到惩罚。
think,believe,imagine,suppose等动词引出的宾语从句，要将从句中的否定形式，移到主句中。
We don’t think you are right. 我们认为你不对。
I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做的。
The problem is(that) they can’t get here early enough.
问题是他们不能很早到达这里。
It looks as if it’s going to rain.看起来天要下雨。
在非正式的文体中that可以省去
表语从句位于主句系动词之后
That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。
The question is who(which of you) will be the next speaker.
问题是谁（你们哪一位）接着发言。
This is where our problem lies.
这就是我们的问题所在。
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting.
那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
由连词that引导，不担任成分，也可有when, how, where等引导。
The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the
world.他曾在月球上登陆这个消息传遍世界。
I have no idea when he will come back home.
我不知道他什么时候回来。
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.
他想到可能玛丽生病了。
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.
他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容，常用的名词如：fact, news, idea, hope,
thought,question, order, fear, doubt, word, proof， belief,
特别注意what的双重功能：
①What was once regarded as impossible has now become a
(what为“所……的事”，相当于“the
thing that…；all that…；everything
②After ________ seemed a very long time，I opened my eye and
found myself in bed．（M ET'93）
&&&&&&&B.when&
&&&&&&&&C.that
&&&&&&&&D.which
(what相当于“the time
that”，表示“……时间”)
③He is not what he was a few years ago. Who is it that has made
Fred what he is now？
(what表示“……的人”，相当于“the
person that…”)
④What is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized
(what表示“……的地方”，相当于“the
place that…”)
⑤Our income is now double what it was ten years ago
(what表示“……的数目”，相当于“the
amount ／number that…”)
十一、状语从句
When I came into the room, he was writing a
letter.当我进屋时，他正在写信。
We shall go there whenever we are free.我们什么时间有空，我们就去那里。
when指的是“某一具体的时间”
whenever指的是“在任何时间”
I was walking along the street when suddenly someone patted me
on the shoulder from behind.我正在街上走着，这时忽然有人从后面拍我的肩膀。
when意为“这时”或“在那个时候”,可以看作是并列句,这种用法的when分句一般位于句末。
While it was raining, they went out.天下雨的时候，他们出去了。
I stayed while he was away.他不在的时候我在。
while指“在某一段时间里”，“在…期间”，while引导的动作必须是持续性的
He hurried home, looking behind as he went.
他赶快回家，不时地一边走一边向后看。
as引导持续性动作，强调主句和从句的动作同时发生
Be a pupil before you become a teacher.先做学生，再做先生。
He arrived after the game started.比赛开始后，他到了。
We waited till (until)he came back .我们一直等到他回来。
如主句动词是持续性动作，常用肯定式，表示“直到…为止”
She didn’t stop working until eleven o’clock .她到11点钟才停止工作。
Until he had passed out of sight, she stood there.
她站在那里看着，直到看不见他的身影。
如主句动词是瞬间动词，常用否定式，表示“直…才”“在…以前不”,从句放在句首表示强调，一般用until
as soon as
Great changes have taken place in China since 1978.
自从1978年以来中国发生了巨大的变化。
As soon as I arrive in Shanghai, I’ll write to
you.我一到上海就给你写信。
状语从句在主句之前时一般用逗号与主句分开，如从句在主句之后则不必用标点符号。
hardly…when
no sooner…than
I had hardly got home when it began to rain.
我刚一到家，就下雨了。=Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had we got to the station than the train left.
我们刚到车站，火车就走了。
Hardly had we begun when we were told to stop.我们刚开始就被叫停。
hardly…when和no sooner…than的意义相当于as soon
as,但只表示过去发生的事情，主句为过去完成时，从句为过去时，如hardly或no
sooner位于句首时语气强，而且主句的谓语要用部分倒装
every time, by the time, the moment等
Every time I travelled by boat, I got seasick.我每次乘船都晕船。
The moment I heard the song, I felt cheerful.
我一听到这首歌，就感到很愉快。
Next time you come ,you’ll see him.下次你来的时候，就会见到他。
在时间状语从句中，不能用将来时或过去将来时，而要用现在时或过去时代替将来时
Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。
Where there is water there is life.哪里有水，哪里就有生命。
You are free to go wherever you like.你可以随意到你喜欢的任何地方去。
Wherever you go, you must obey the law.无论你去哪都要遵守法律。
where与wherever意义基本相同，但后者语气较强，多用于书面语
I came back late yesterday because I was on
duty.昨天我回来晚了，因为我值班。
because用来回答why 的问题，语气最强
Since everyone is here, let’s begin our
meeting.既然大家都到了，我们开始开会。
since表示既然或全已知的理由,稍加分析即可表明的原因,多放句首
As he didn’t know much English, he looked up the word in the
dictionary .
由于他英语懂得不多，他在字典中查阅这个单词。
从句常放在句首，说明原因，主句说明结果，常用于口语中。
now that, seeing that
Now (that) the weather has cleared up, we can start our
鉴于天气已经晴朗，我们可以启程了。
Seeing (that) he was badly ill, we sent for the doctor.
鉴于他病情严重，我们派人去请医生去了。
seeing (that), now that 和since, as
意义相似，他们都有“鉴于某个事实”的意思，that可以省去
in order that
lest = for fear that
I shall write down your telephone number that I may not
我要把你的电话号码记下来，以免忘记。
We’ll tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself.
我把真实情况告诉你，使你能自己作出判断。
They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish
the work ahead of time .他们比往常更加努力工作，为了能提前完成工作。
Put on more clothes lest (= for fear that ) you should catch
多穿点衣服，以免感冒。
目的状语从句中常用情态动词may (might) can (could) ,should
等放在动词之前，从句往往放在主句之后，主从句之间不用任何标点符号
We turned up the radio, so that everyone heard the news.
我们把收音机的音量放大，大家都听到了新闻。
He was so excited that he couldn’t say a word.
他十分激动，以致一句话都说不出来。
so that前有逗号为结果状语从句
so…that的so后面跟形容词或副词
such…that
He gave such important reasons that he was excused.
他说出了这么重要的理由，得到大家的谅解。
It is such an interesting novel that all of us want to read
It is so interesting a novel that all of us want to read it.
这是一本十分有趣的书，大家都想看。
such…that的such后面跟名词，如果名词是单数就要用such a
/an…that还可以转换用so…that，语气较强
as/so long as
Difficulties are nothing if we are not afraid of them.
如果我们不怕困难，困难就算不了什么了。
We shall go there tomorrow unless it rains.除非下雨，我们明天就去那里。
= We shall go there tomorrow if it doesn’t rain.
So/As long as you work hard, you will succeed.
只要你努力工作，你就一定能成功。
In case I forget, please remind me about it .万一我忘了，请提醒我一下。
So far as I know, the book will be published next month.
据我所知，那本书下月出版。
unless从句的谓语只能用肯定式。unless和if…not同义，unless是书面语，if…not是口语，通常二者可以换用
条件状语从句中的谓语动词的时态一般要用现在时或过去时代替一般将来时或过去将来时
Draw a cat as I taught you .按照我教你的画一只猫。
Do as you are told.按照人家告诉你做的去做。
She looks as if she is ill.看上去她好象是生病了。
He acted as if (though) nothing had happened.他的行动就好象什么也没有发生。
They treat the black boy as if (though) he were an animal.
他们对待这黑孩子仿佛他是一头牲口。
此处as译为：按照或正如
as if或as though的意义和用法基本一样。从句中可以用现在时表示可能符合事实，也可以用虚拟语气
Although (Though) he was over sixty, (yet) he began to learn
虽然他六十多岁了，但仍开始学习法语 。
We were not tired though (although) we had worked all day.
虽然我们干了一天活，但并不累。
在句子中一般用了“虽然”就不能再用“但是”（but）但可以与yet或still连用。though /
although意义相同，用法基本一样，前者通俗，口语化，后者正式多放主句的前面
even if,even though
I’ll go even if (though) it rains tomorrow.即使明天下雨，我也要去。
even if 和even though的意思为“即使”“纵使”有退一步设想的意味，多用于书面语中
Child as he is , he knows a lot .虽然他是一个孩子，但他懂得很多。
Cold as it is, (= Though it is cold,)the children play
虽然天气冷，但孩子们仍在户外玩。
as引出的状语从句多用于书面语，它比用
though或although引导的从句，语气强，更有表现力，从句常放在句首，语序部分倒装。
no matter (who, what when, where which, how…)
Do it no matter what others say.不管别人怎么说,尽管干。
No matter how busy he was, he studied English every day.
不管他多忙，他都每天坚持学习英语。
No matter who takes up the matter for me ,I shall be very
不管谁为我处理这件事，我都将非常感激。
no matter……与 who-ever引导的让步状语从句意义基本一 样，no
matter……引导的从句可是以位于主句前或主句后
wh+ever (whatever whoever ,whenever whichever
Whatever happens / may happen , we shall not lose heart.
无论发生什么，我们都不要失去信心。
Whoever comes, he will be welcome.无论谁来，都会受到欢迎。
not so/as…as
the same…as
Mary is as old as my sister.玛利和我姐姐一样大。
He doesn’t run so (as) fast as Jack (does).他不如杰克跑得那样快。
His book is the same as mine.他的书和我的一样。
Henry is not such a good worker as Peter .享利这个工人不如彼得那样好。
连词表示同程度级的比较，肯定句用as…as否定句可用not as…as 或not so…as
She has made greater progress this year than she did last
她今年比去年进步更大。
He bought fewer books than I (did).他买的书比我买的少。
…the more…
The more you read, the better you understand.你看的书越多，你懂得的就越多。
The more tickets you sell, the more money you will get.
你卖的票越多，你的收入也越多。
The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.
你工作越努力，你取得的进步就越大。
The sooner, the better.越快越好。The warmer, the better.越暖和越好。
the more…the more
意思为越…越…，通常的语序为从句在前主句在后，这两个the都是表示程度的副词，用在比较级的形容词或副词前面
十二、定语从句
定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。
Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?
whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that
Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working
The boy (whom) she loved died in the war..
I like those books whose topics are about history.
The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.
主语，宾语
A plane is a machine that can fly.
She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.
主语，宾语
The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.
The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
主语，宾语
He is such a person as is respected by all of us.
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.
as做宾语一般不省略
I will never forget the day when we met there.
可用on which
This is the house where I was born.
可用in which
I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.
可用for which
II. that与which, who, whom的用法区别
只用that的情况
1.先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little,
much,等不定代词时
2.先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时
3.先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时
4.先行词既指人又指物时
5.先行词被the only, the very修饰时
6.句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时
1.He told me everything that he knows.
2.All the books that you offered has been given out.
3.This is the best film that I have ever read.
4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.
5.He is the only man that I want to see.
6.Who is the man that is making a speech?
只用which, who, whom的情况
1.在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人
2.在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。
3.先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。
1.He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.
2.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.
3.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.
III. as、which和that的区别
定语从句中
名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用which
He is not such a fool as he looks.
Don’t read such books as you can’t understand.
定语从句中
as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。
They won the game, as we had expected.
They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.
As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.
the same... as和
the same ...that
the same... as指同类事物
the same ...that 指原物
That’s the same tool as I used last week.（同类工具，不是同一把）
That’s the same tool that I used last week.那就是我上周用过的工具。
注意：the way 做先行词时，定语从句可由that, in
which 引导或不用引导词。
IV.定语从句与其它从句（句型）的区别
定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于：并列句有像and，but，so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。
①Mr Li has three daughters，none of _____ is an engineer．
②Mr Li has three daughters，but none of _____ is a dancer．
从结构上看，①小题是定语从句，故填whom；
②小题有并列连词but，是并列句，故填代词 them。
定语从句的前面有名词作先行词，而状语从句没有先行词。
This is the place where we used to live a few years ago.
这是几年前我们居住的地方。（定语从句，先行词为the place）
Let’s go where we can find a better job.
我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句）
定语从句修饰、限制、说明名词，只能放在先行词的后面，而状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面。
Do you know the time when the class is over?
你知道下课的时间吗？（定语从句）
It was already five o’clock when the class was over.
=When the class was over, it was already five o’clock.
当下课时己经是5点了。（时间状语从句）
When, where和why在引导定语从句时可以用“介词＋which”的结构来替换，在引导状语从句时却不行。
This is the factory in which (where) his father once worked.
这就是他的父亲曾经工作过的那个工厂。（定语从句）
Put back the book where it was. 把书放回原处。（状语从句）
定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某种句子成分，因此去掉它则从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分，去掉后从句的成分仍然完整。
It is such an interesting book as we all like.
它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。
（as用作动词like的宾语，它引导的是定语从句）
It is such an interesting book that we all like it.
它是一本如此有趣的书，我们大家都喜欢它。
（that不充当句子成分，故它引导的是结果状语从句）
同位语从句
定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用，与先行词之间有从属关系。同位语的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释，是前面名词的具体内容,与先行词之间是同位关系。
The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very
她考试及格的消息使她父母亲很高兴。（同位语从句）
此句中的同位语从句 The news that she had passed the exam
可以改写成表语从句：The news is that he passed the exam.
The news that he told us interested all of us.
他告诉我们的消息使大家都感兴趣。（定语从句）
The news that he told us 是定语从句，此句不能改写为：The news is that he
强调句的结构为“It
is／was＋被强调部分＋that＋从句”。被强调部分可以是除谓语以外的任何成分，当被强调部分是人时，还可用who代替that。这一句型中，一定不能因为被强调部分是表时间或地点的词就用when或where代替
①It is on the morning of May 1st _____ I met Liang Wei at the
②It is the factory _____ Mr Wang works．
从结构上看：
①小题是强调句，故填 that。
②小题则是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知the factory前差个介词in，故填 where。
十三、强调句
强调的类别
It is (was) +被强调部分+that(who)…
为了强调句子的某一成分（通常是主语、宾语或状语），常用强调结构：
It is (was) +被强调部分+that(who)…
表示强调的it在这种结构的
句子中作主句的主语。
原始句：Last night I saw a film in the Youth
强调主语：It was I that (or: who) saw a film in the
Youth Palace last night.
强调宾语：It was a fiml that I saw in the Youth Palace
last night.
强调地点状语：It was in the Youth Palace that I saw a film
last night.
强调时间状语：It was last night that I saw a film in the
Youth Palace.
一般讲，原句的谓语动词如果是现在或将来各种时态，用It is…that
(who)…；如果原句谓语动词是过去各种时态，则用It was… that(who)…。
①在强调主语时，that后的谓语动词要与被强调者保持人称和数的
It is I who am a teacher.
②即使被强调的主语是复数，主句中的谓语动词也用单数
It is they who often help me with my lessons.
③在强调时间、地点、原因、或方式状语时，不要用when,where,why
或 how ，而用that
It was because her mother was ill that she didn't go with
④在强调not … until 结构中由 until 短语（或从句）表示的时间状语时，
要用固定的强调句型
It is(was) not until ...that...。that 从句中的谓语动词用肯定式。
My father didn't come home until 12 o'clock last night.
It was not until 12 o'clock last night that my father came
⑤在强调一般疑问句中的某一成分时，主句要用一般疑问句的语序：
把is/ was提到it前面。
Did this happen in Beijing?
Was it in Beijing that this happened?
⑥特殊疑问句中只有疑问词可以强调，其强调结构是“被强调部分（通
常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/was + it + that/ who + 其它部分?"
Where were you born?
Where was it that you were born?
⑦not …until…句型的强调句[来源:学|科|网Z|X|X|K]
句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分
原始句：He didn’t go to bed until/ till his wife came
强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he
went to bed.
此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till,
用；因为句型中It is/ was not …
已经是否定句了，that后面的从句
要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。
谓语动词的强调
It is/ was … that …结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/
does或did。
Do sit down. 务必请坐。
He did write to you last week.上周他确实给你写了信。
Do be careful when you cross the street.
过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！
此种强调只