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27 Cards in this Set
The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring info or behaviors.
Associative Learning
Learning that certain events occur together.
The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).
Any event or situation that evokes a response.
Cognitive Learning
The acquisition of mental info, whether by observing events, watching others, or through language.
Classic Conditioning
A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli anticipate events.
Behaviorism
The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
Neutral Stimulus
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning.
Unconditioned Response
In classically conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (us) (such as food in the mouth).
Conditioned Response
In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).
Unconditioned Stimulus
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-- naturally and automatically-- triggers a response.
Conditioned Stimulus
In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.
Acquisition
In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
Negative Reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli.
A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
(Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)
Primary Reinforcer
An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.
Conditioned Reinforcer
A stimulus that gains it's reinforcing power through its association with
also know as a secondary reinforcer.
Reinforcement Schedule
A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced.
Continuos Reinforcement
Reinforcing the desired response everytime it occurs.
Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement
Reinforcing a response o results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuos reinforcement.
Higher-Order Conditioning
A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called Second-Order Conditioning.)
Extinction
The diminishing of a
which occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
Generalization
The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
Discrimination
In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
Operant Conditioning
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
Law of Effect
Thorndike's principal that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.
Operant Chamber
In operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.
Reinforcement
In operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
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How to Think Straight About Psychology TENTH EDITION Keith E. Stanovich University of Toronto Boston
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