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英语泛读教程1上 课文+译文(Unit 1-7)
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I like Christmas, it is just like our Spring Festival.
Maybe the Spring Festival is much more important and interesting than Christmas, but I like Christmas Day better. Because we can spend time with our friends and classmates during Christmas. When it is snowy, Christmas becomes much more lovely, just like in fairytales. I can imagine I am in a fairytale, the girl who sold the matches is my friend, the ugly duck becoming more and more beautiful and so on. What a beautiful place! So we can also call Christmas &Snowy Lovely Day.&
On Christmas Day, shops are red and green. There are so many Christmas cards, Christmas hats, Christmas dolls and many colourful things. So shops look very beautiful. We can give a card or a doll to our friends and say &Merry Christmas.& By the way, I think studying can also become much more interesting.
Christmas is coming, it also means a new year will come. Let&s study harder to welcome the new year!&
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湘鲁版四年级下册英语课文
湘鲁版四年级下册英语课文
导读: 湘鲁版四年级下册英语课文(共5篇)...
本文是中国招生考试网()文章库频道为大家整理的《湘鲁版四年级下册英语课文》,供大家学习参考。
湘鲁版四年级下册课文(一)鲁湘版小学四年级下册
鲁湘版小学英语四年级下册 Unit4 What’s the weather like?
台前县城镇小学乔海红
教学内容:
It is windy today
教学理念:
《新课程标准》指出:“英语课程应积极倡导体验、实践、参与、合作与交流的学习方式和任务型的教学途径。”本课以构建主义为依据,构建信息环境下主体参与任务型教学模式设计,以学生原有经验为基础,利用多媒体课件,为学生提供多样化学习资源,创设生动有趣的自主学习环境,引导学生在合作中积极、主动参与学习,真正成为学习的主人。
教学目标:
知识与技能:
1.能听懂、会说、认读单词sunny, rainy,
cool, warm。
2.能在小调查中运用It’s sunny...
进行交流 ,培养学生能够在实际情景中运用谈论天气。
情感、态度价值观:
在情境中,使学生感受到学习英语的乐趣.通过教学中的活动,进一步培养学生热爱自然的情感
教学重难点:
1. 正确拼读sunny,rainy,cloudy,windy. warm .cold
2.理解并运用新学句子进行交流。
教具准备:,单词卡、句型卡片,采访表。
教学过程:
一.Warmmer
1. Greetings: T: Good morning, boys and girls.
Nice to see you . How are you? ...
(通过自我介绍,拉近彼此的距离)
2.Sing a song old Mcdonald had a farm.呈现1.(歌曲热身导入,激发学生的学习兴趣,活跃课堂气氛)。(通过模仿动物的叫声,复习上一课的生词为后面的教学作好准备。
3.通过蚂蚁上树,蜻蜓低飞,鱼儿浮出水面等现象引出天气情况rainy,成功导出新课题。)
二.Preparation
1.唱一唱(由歌曲Thunder引出课题,完成目标1)T: Today we will learn It is windy today.(出示课件,指导读音,引出课题并板书。)跟着课件读生词。
三.Presentation and drill
1.T:今天天气不错,大家抬头看一下天空,你看到了什么?对了,大大的太阳。谁能帮老师画一个大太阳?
It’s a sun .It is sunny。认识晴朗的符号。
呈现课件.一个大太阳。通过播放形象直观的多媒体课件,全班同学都能投入到课堂教学活动中来。 引出sunny.the sun is hot.(以各种方式操练sunny:摇头晃脑,升降调,拼读单词.
依次画出风的图片
This is wind .The wind is blowing the tree.
How is the weather?
Yes ,it is windy.
Is it cool?
Yes,it is。呈现课件.风。认识风的符号。
2.练一练,依次画出各种天气图,学习单词rain rainy /cloud cloudy/wind windy。作出评价。通过评价,激发学生学习积极性,缓解学习单词的枯燥。
用课件以多种方式教授其他天气单词用直观的多媒体课件进行教学,学生接受得快,而且记忆深刻。加之各种鲜明的色彩对比,引起学生视觉效应,注意力相对集中,提高了教学效果。rainy(two by two, stop游戏),cloudy(一触即发,男女生读)(.做出总结,注意:sun rain cloud wind 是名词,sunny rainy cloudy windy是形容词。 回放四种天气,练习应用。展示课件.
3. 画一画
(1)画各种天气情况图,看谁画的好。表扬好的,鼓励差一点的。对获胜组给予奖励,使课堂评价有始有终。进一步巩固学生学习
英语的兴趣,增强其自信心。通过图画以及画面中爱护自然的语言,进一步培养学生保护自然的意识。
(2) 拍图标读单词,考查学生对所学单词掌握程度,帮助巩固所学句型,同时又营造了紧张而活跃的课堂气氛。可以达到生生积极参与学习的效果。并为下一步的小调查做好准备。
4.练一练,出示天气课件,各地区的天气预报,巩固生词。课件呈现练习新单词的读音)引出It’s sunny/cloudy/rainy/的回答。 此为本课重点句型。
5. 小采访(课件呈现练习新单词的读音,完成目标2)
引出It’s sunny/cloudy/rainy/的回答。创设情境目的是在活动中创设信息差,让学生通过采访了解同学的喜好。这是一个拓展性练习,目的是让学生将所学到的新旧知识结合在一起,运用到生活中。这样既可以培养其学习能力,又可以使学生学以致用。
6.做一做,连词成句。检验学生的学习效果。
四.小剧场 story time 通过小熊的故事练习单词cold warm sunny cloudy 等
六.Homework
将所学的有关天气的单词以及歌谣读给父母听. 这一环节既可让学生巩固了知识,又让学生懂得关心父母,了解他们的喜好。
板书设计 :
rainy (四线三格书写)
教学反思:
本节课学习目的是通过这节课的学习,学生可以理解并且运用新授的句
和单词谈论天气。 在教授单词的过程中我运用了多种操练方式,生生互动、师生互动,课堂气氛活跃。但本节课还存在很多缺点与不足: 1.在操练巩固时课件的运用不够得心应手,2.在教学过程中,课堂用语的使用还不到位,教师的语言组织还不够自然流畅。湘鲁版四年级下册英语课文(二)2014广州版英语四年级下册课文
四年级英语下册课文
glass. She
big beside
⑥ Yes. But
teachers’
② Really? What
① Mum, what
o’clock. It’s
now , time
to school.
ten. It’s time
⑤ Great. I
breakfast?
② Well, on
morning. ③ I
afternoon. ⑤ Hmmm. Do
Wednesday.It’s
Wednesday?
lessons. I
Wednesday . My
usually do on Sunday?
homework. And
housework.
⑤ Sometimes
room. Sometimes
dad.【湘鲁版四年级下册英语课文】
reading. Look, I’m
intersting
cartoons. Shall
⑤ Great! Let’s
doing? Ben.
④ OK. This
⑤ Oh. Look
one. Grandma
bedroom. Grandpa
playground, Ms
basketball
football, some
the swimming
④ I think
① What’s
vollyball.
running. I
doing, Jiamin?
presents, cards
flowers! What’s
birthday, Jiamin! I
January, too. How
already. Christmas
Christmas, Ben?
food. ④ My
Christmas. What
you, Jimin?
friends. Here’s
⑥ Thanks, Jiamin.湘鲁版四年级下册英语课文(三)PEP小学四年级下册英语课文及翻译
PEP四年级下册英语课文及翻译
Our school
Let’s learn
playground 操场 library 图书馆teacher’s office 教师办公室
garden花园
canteen 食堂
Where is the canteen?食堂在哪里?
It’s on the first floor.它在一楼。
Go to the garden. Water the flowers.
Go to the library. Read a story-book.
Go to the cinema. Eat some noodles.
Go to the teacher’s office. Hand in your homework.
Go to the playground. Play football.
Let’s talk
Chen: Welcome to our school!
欢迎来我们的学校。
This is the teacher’s office.
这是教室办公室。That is my classroom. 那是我的教室。
Visitor: How many students are there in your class?
你们班有多少个学生?
Chen: Forty-five. 四十五。Visitor: Do you have a library? 你们有图书馆吗?
Chen: Yes.
Visitor: Do you have lunch at school? 你们在学校吃午饭吗?
Chen: Yes! The canteen is on the first floor. This way , please.
是的。食堂在一楼。这边请。Look! This is our playground.
看!这是我们的操场。Visitor: Oh! Your school is beautiful.
哦!你们的学校很漂亮。
Read and write
We have a new computer room.我们有一个新电脑教室。 Oh! Let’s go there.哦!让我们去那儿吧!
Look, one board, two fans, four lights…
看,一块写字板,两个风扇,四盏灯……
And ten new computers.和十台新电脑。
I like this one.我喜欢这个。
Sorry. This is my computer!对不起,这是我的计算机。
That is your computer.那是你的计算机。
四会单词:
computer 计算机 board 写字板
fan风扇 light灯,管灯
四会句子:
This is my computer.
这是我的计算机。 That is your computer.
那是你的计算机。
Let’s learnart room 绘画教室computer room 电脑教室
washroom 卫生间
music room 音乐教室
gym 体育馆
TV room 电视机房
Where is the art room?绘画教室在哪儿?.
.It’s on the second floor.它在二楼。 Let’s talk
Look, this is my school.
看,这是我的学校。Great! Is this the library?
太棒了。这是图书馆吗?
Yes, it is. 是的,它是。 Is that the art room? 那是绘画教室吗?
No, it isn’t. it’s the music room. The art room is on the first floor.
不,它不是。它是音乐教室。绘画教室在一楼。
Is that the TV room?
那是电视机房吗?
No, it isn’t. It’s the computer room. 不,它不是。它是计算机房。
Wow! Your school is cool!
哇!你们的学校好酷。Thank you.
谢谢你 Read and write
Is this a teacher’s desk?
这是一个讲台吗?
是的,它是。
What’s on it? 上面有什么?
Let’s go and have a look.
让我们去看看吧!
Is this a TV?
这是一台电视机吗?
No, it’s a computer.
不是,它是一台电脑。
Is that a picture? 那是一幅画吗/
No, it’s a map. 不,它是一幅地图。
This is the floor. That is the wall. 这是地板。那是墙壁。
Yes, you’re right. 是的,你说对了。
四会单词: teacher's desk 讲台 picture 图画
floor 地板
wall 墙 四会句子:
Is this a teacher’s desk?这是一个讲台吗?
Yes , it is.是的,它是。
What time is it?
Let’s learn
breakfast 早饭,早餐
lunch 午饭
English class 英语课
music class 音乐课
P.E. 体育课
What time is it?现在几点了?
It’s nine o’clock. It’s time for English class.现在是九点。现在是英语课时间。
Time for breakfast.
Drink some milk.
Time for lunch.
Have some chicken.
Time for dinner.
Eat some rice.
Time for P.E.
Jump and run.
Time for English.
Read and write.
Time for music.
Sing and dance!
Let’s talk
School is over. Let’s go to the playground.
放学了。我们一起去操场吧!
OK。好吧。
Let’s go home, John. 让我们回家吧。
What time is it now?
现在几点了?
It’s 5:00.
Just a minute. 再等一会。
Go home, kids. 该回家了,孩子们。【湘鲁版四年级下册英语课文】
What time is it ?
It’s 6:00. It’s time for dinner.
六点了,是吃晚饭的时间了。
Oh! Let’s run. 哦!快跑吧!
Read and write
Look! One, two three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. Ten clocks! 看!一,二,三,四,五,六,七,八,九,十。十个钟表。
What time is it?几点了?It’s two o’clock. That one is correct.2点了。那个是正确的。
四会单词: one 一 two 二 three 三
five五 six 六
七 eight 八nine 九
What time is it?几点了?
It’s two o’clock.
Let’s learn
go to school 上学go home 回家
go to bed 睡觉
It’s 7:05. It’s time to go to school
现在是7点零5分。该去上学了。
Let’s talk
Oh! It’s 6:30. It’s time to get up.
噢!六点半了,该起床了。
Breakfast is ready!早饭准备好了。
Hurry! It’s 7:05. It’s time to go to school.
快点!七点零五分了,该去上学了。
What time is it?现在几点了?
It’s 8 o’clock. It’s time for English.
8点了。是英语课的时间。
I’m ready!
我准备好了。
Read and write
Look at my clock. What time is it?
看我的表。几点了? It’s 8:30. It’s time for music class.
8点半了。是音乐课时间。
Tick, tock, tick, tock, says the clock.
It’s 9:45. It’s time for math class.
九点45分。是数学课时间。
It’s 2:50. It’s time for Chinese class. 2点50分。是语文课时间。
It’s 11:05. It’s time for English class. 11点05分。是英语课时间。
It’s 4:20. It’s time for P.E. class.
4点20分。是体育课时间。
Oh, it’s nice. Can I have a try? Oops! Where is the short hand?
噢!太好了。我能试一试吗?糟糕!短针在哪儿?
四会单词:math 数学Chinese 语文 English 英语 P.E. 体育
It’s 9:45. It’s time for math class.
9点45分。是数学课时间。
Is this your skirt?
Let’s learn
brown jacket 棕色的夹克衫
white sweater
白色的毛衣
green skirt 绿色的裙子
blue dress 蓝色的连衣裙
red shirt 红色的衬衣
yellow T-shirt 黄色的T裇衫
I like the white sweater with the green skirt.
我喜欢白色的毛衣和绿色的裙子。
I like the blue dress.
我喜欢蓝色的连衣裙。
Put on your T-shirt.
Hang up your skirt.
Take off our jacket.
Fold your dress.
Wash your shirt.
Put away your
Let’s talk
Where is my skirt?
我的裙子在哪里?
What colour is it? 它是什么颜色的?
Blue. 蓝色。
Is this your skirt , Alice? 这是你的裙子吗?Yes, it is. Thank you.是的,它是。谢谢你!
Where is my T-shirt? 我的T裇衫在哪里?
Is that your T-shirt, Dad?
这是你的T裇衫吗?爸爸?
No, it’s not. 不是,它不是。
Whose is it? 它是谁的?
It’s my T-shirt.
它是我的T裇衫。
Whose is this?
这是谁的?
Oh! It’s your baby brother’s.
那是你小弟弟的。
Read and write
Red , blue, yellow, green and white. Oh, so many colours. 红色,蓝色,黄色,绿色和白色。噢,太多种颜色了。
Please pass me my T-shirt. 请把我的T裇衫递给我。
Is this your T-shirt? 这是你的T裇衫吗?
No, it’s not. My T-shirt is red.
不,它不是。我的T裇是红色的。
This small one? 这个小的吗?
Yes, thank you. 是的,谢谢你。
My T-shirt is yellow. 我的T裇是黄色的。
My T-shirt is white. 我的T裇是白色的。
四会单词:
红色 blue 蓝色 yellow 黄色
green 绿色
white 白色
四会句子:
Is this your T-shirt?这是你的T裇衫吗?
No, it’s not.不,它不是。
Let’s learn
jeans 牛仔裤
pants 长裤short 短裤 shoes 鞋子
socks 袜子
where are my socks?我的袜子在哪里?
What colour?什么颜色的?
White.白色。湘鲁版四年级下册英语课文(四)人教新版英语4年级下册课文中文翻译
四年级英语课文
李燕:你好,凯特!
凯特:你好,李燕。欢迎来到我的新家。
凯特:看我的卧室。有一张新床,一张新课桌和一把新椅子。
李燕:哇,有一台新电脑!
凯特:是的。它是我爸爸给我的生日礼物。
李燕:客厅里有什么?
凯特:来看看。
李燕:哇!有一台新电视。
凯特:看!有两个沙发和一、四个扶手椅。
李燕: 墙上有三个风筝和一个大时钟。
凯特:还有为我的生日准备的五个大气球。
凯特:到厨房来,李燕。
李燕:哦!桌上有一个大蛋糕。
凯特:那是为我生日准备的。
李燕:看!有一些汉堡包和三明治。
凯特:你愿意来参加我的生日聚会吗?
李燕:我愿意。
妈妈:到这儿来,凯特和南希。我能和我做些家务吗?
凯特和南希:好的!
凯特:我来整理床铺,然后洗杯子。
妈妈:好孩子!
妈妈:南希,你能擦桌椅吗?
南希:好的。妈妈。
妈妈:那么,我来拖地。
凯特:妈妈,我还能帮你做些什么?
妈妈:先盖电脑,然后跟我一起擦窗子。
爸爸:我能帮你做些什么?
妈妈:请把时钟和图画挂到墙上。
爸爸:好的。
咪咪:米奇,你能帮我做些家务吗?
米奇:当然可以,咪咪。我能为你做些什么?
咪咪:请把计算机盖好,把卧室的床铺整理后。
米奇:当然可以!
咪咪:你能和我一起擦窗户吗?
米奇:不,我要拖地。
米奇:我能看看厨房吗?
咪咪:好。请洗一洗桌上的大杯子和茶杯。
米奇:好,我来洗它们!
咪咪:你正在做什么,米奇?
米奇:哈哈,我在洗杯子呀!
妈妈:醒醒,彼得。到起床的时间了。
彼得:妈妈,几点了?
妈妈:现在7点钟。
妈妈:刷牙,洗脸。
彼得:好的,妈妈。
妈妈:让我们吃早餐吧
彼得:哦!牛奶、面包和一个鸡蛋。我喜欢它们,谢谢你,妈妈。 第8课
高伟:嗨,彼得!让我们一起去上学吧。
彼得:好的。让我们走吧。
彼得:第一节是什么课?
高伟:是数学吗?
杨明:不,是语文。
彼得:哦,我喜欢语文!
高位和杨明:你喜欢语文。我们喜欢英语。
杨明:彼得,到上课的时间了。
彼得:哦,是的!
彼得:杨明,几点了?
杨明:现在十二点钟了。
彼得:到午餐的时间了。
杨明:是的。咱们走吧!
杨明:我喜欢汉堡包,炸薯条和可口可乐。
高伟:我喜欢鸡肉和炸土豆片。
彼得:我喜欢比萨饼,鸡肉和橘子汁。
彼得:高伟,几点了?
高伟:现在四点钟了。
彼得:到回家的时间了。
高伟:让我们一起回家吧。
彼得:好的。
彼得:妈妈,我饿了。
妈妈:好的,让我们吃晚餐吧。
彼得:我们吃什么?
妈妈:我们吃米饭、鸡肉、牛肉、猪肉、胡萝卜、茄子、黄瓜和青椒。 彼得:哇!多么丰盛的一顿晚餐啊!
莉萨:妈妈,我可以看电视?
妈妈:可以,但是要先把你的钢笔、铅笔盒你所有的学习用品都收拾起来。 莉萨:好的,我将会那样做。
妈妈:莉萨,到睡觉的时间了。
莉萨:噢!
莉萨:爸爸,妈妈,晚安。
妈妈和爸爸:莉萨,晚安。第12课
咪咪:醒一醒!到起床的时间了。
米奇: 哦,不!
米奇:到吃早餐的时间了,我们吃什么?
咪咪:米奇,到上课的时间了。起床!刷……
米奇:鸡蛋、牛奶、土豆、苹果、和香蕉。恩……
咪咪:到上学的时间了。
米奇:到午餐的时间了,比萨饼、汉堡包、炸薯条、鸡肉、牛肉和猪肉。 米奇:我们早餐吃什么?
咪咪:早餐?看!现在几点了?
米奇:第一节是语文课。我喜欢语文,可是我迟到了。
1、让我们玩数数游戏吧!
2、一、二、三、四、五、六……噢,我们有二十一个单词。
3、你们有多少个单词?
4、……十、十一、十二、十三、十四、十五……我们有二十九个单词!
5、我们有多少个单词?
6、……二十一、二十二、二十三……我们有二十六个单词!
7、耶,我们赢了!
校长:早上好,同学们。这是我们的新英语老师。
格林老师:同学们,早上好!
同学们:格林老师,早上好。欢迎来到我们班!
格林老师:你们班你有多少名学生:
男孩1:五十名学生。
格林老师:有多少名男生和多少名女生?
男孩2:十八名男生。
女孩:三十二名女生。第
老师:你的号码是多少?
老师:彼得是30。高伟是31。所以莉萨,你说32。那么凯特,你是33…… 老师:你是30。
老师:让我们数3的倍数。
凯特:33。
李燕:36。
男孩:39.。 15课
记者:早上好!我可以问你们一些问题吗? 学生:可以,请(问)吧。
记者:你们今天有多少节课?
女孩:我们今天又六节课。
记者:它们是什么?
女孩:上午是数学、语文、英语和音乐。 男孩:下午是美术和体育。
记者:很好,谢谢。第16课
记者:下午好!同学们。
学生:下午好!
记者:你喜欢什么学科?
男孩1:我喜欢语文和美术。
记者:你喜欢英语吗?
男孩2:是的,我喜欢。
记者:你喜欢数学吗?
女孩:是的,我还喜欢音乐
记者:你呢?
男孩3:我喜欢科学。
记者:你们喜欢体育吗?
男孩们:是的,我们都喜欢(体育)。第记者: 在英语课上你们做什么?
男孩1:各种各样的活动。
男孩2:我们听听做做!
男孩3:我们唱唱。
女孩:我们玩玩演演。
男孩4:我们用英语做每一件事情。
记者:那样很好! 17课
大象:早上好,同学们。到上课学科的时间了。 大象:米奇,把你的科学书拿出来给我看看。 米奇:对不起,我的科学书在家。
大象:到上英语课的时间了。拿出你们的英语书! 大象:米奇,把你的英语书拿出来给我看看。湘鲁版四年级下册英语课文(五)四年级下册英语课文单词
四年级下册课文中单词
手表;观看
男人(men)
正确的、右边
Here you are.
橘子;橘色的
一条,一双
玻璃,玻璃杯
关于,大约
同音too\two
汉语,中国人(的) be from
来自……【湘鲁版四年级下册英语课文】
What about you? 你呢?
Can I help you?我能帮你吗? 7 meet
打电话,叫
go swimming去游泳
do one’s homework 做作业
一定,当然
脚(feet)
身体(不可数名词)
Here it is.在这里;给你。
favourite最喜爱的
厨师;煮,烧
弄干净;清洁的
图画,照片
have supper吃晚饭
football 足球
basketball 篮球
him\her\it 宾格
他们的 him\her\its 物主代词 water
重的 flower
携带,搬运 What’s up?什么事?
computer计算机 lunch
快 outside在外面 rabbit 兔子 catch
抓住 go away 走开
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北 京 四 中
英语语法知识难点(四)
(十八)倒装
 按&主语+谓语&这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序,如果变为&谓语(或谓语的一部分)+主语&,就是倒装语序。
 1、全部倒装
 (1)there be 句型
 There is going to be a meeting.
 There is a book on the table.
 (2)here, there, now, then, in, out等副词置于句首时,主谓倒装,但如果主语是人称代词时,主语和谓语语序不倒装,如,
 Here comes the bus.
 Here he comes.
 (3)直接引语的部分或全部位于句首时,有时也用倒装,如,
 &What he said meant nothing&, said the teacher.
 (4)为保持句子平衡,强调表语或状语,使上下文紧密衔接时须完全倒装,如,In front of the house
sat a small boy.
2、部分倒装
 (1)so, neither, nor置于句首说明与前者情况一致时,如,
 I like swimming, so does my brother.
 (2)only +状语放在句首,如,
 Only through this method can we win.
 Only in this way can we do the work well.
 (3)含有否定意义的词置于句首,如,Hardly, scarcely, not, seldom, no sooner,
never, little, at no time, in no way, no more等,如,
 Never had I heard that.
 Little did I know about this.
 (4)以often, so +形容词或副词开头的句子,如,
 So heavy is the box that he cannot carry it.
 (5)用于省略if的虚拟条件句中,将had, were, should提前,如,
 Were I you, I wouldn't do that.
 Had he come, we would have won.
 (6)用于某些表示祝愿的句中,如,
 May you be happy for ever.
 例1、Not only ____ this machine but ____ it.
 A. can he run……can he repair B. can he run……he can repair
 C. he can run……he can repair D. he can run……can he repair
 解析:该题答案为B,在not only……but (also)句型中,只有but前面的部分倒装,but后面仍是正常语序。
 例2、____, it is quite easy to drill a hole in it with laser(激光).
 A. Hard although the diamond B. Hard as the diamond is
 C. As the diamond is hard D. Has hard is the diamond
 解析:该题答案为B,在让步状语从句中,从属连词as可以表示though,但要用倒装语序。
 例3、Only in this way ____ to improve the situation there.
 A. can you hope  B. you can hope  C. hope can  D. you hope
 解析:该题答案为A,only和它所修饰的状语一起置于句首时,须用倒装。
(十九)it 与there be的用法
 1、it的用法
 (1)用作人称代词,代替前文提出到的无生命的事物,动植物、婴儿及指示代词this, that,如,
 I have a new pen. It is beautiful.
 The Browns have a new baby. It's cute.
 (2)用来表示时间、天气、距离等,如,
 It's twelve o'clock now.
 It's fine today.
 (3)用作引导词,代替由不定式,ing形式或从句表示的真正的主语或宾语,如,
 It's no good telling him that.
 It's necessary for you to do so.
 (4)用在强调结构中,构成强调句式:It is/was +被强调部分+that/who/whom +句子其余部分,可强调除谓语以外的句子其他成分,如,
 It was this morning that I saw him in the street.
 It was I who saw him in the street this morning.
 It was in the street that I saw him this morning.
 It was him whom I saw in the street this morning.
2、there be句型
 英语表示某时某处或某物时,常用there be句型,这是一种倒装结构,如,
 There are a lot of students playing on the ground.
 There is going to be a test this afternoon.
 当主语有两个或两个以上时,动词be常和最近的那个主语取得一致,如,
 There is a pen and three pencils in the pencil-box.
 There isn't a desk, a bench and three chairs in the room.
 There are lots of people like it, aren't there?
 there be句型,谓语动词除be之外,还可用其他表示存在,位置移动等意义的不及物动词或词组,如exist,
have, stand, lie, enter, come, happen to be, appear to be等,如,
 There stands a house at the foot of the hill.
 there be句型表示&存在&而have表&有&、&拥有&,所以there
be中 be不能换成have,但当have表示事物的特征时,可用&主语+have&结构替换there be 句型,如:
 There are five doors in the house.
 The house has five doors.
there be 的其它句型:
 1、There must be a meeting in the office.
 2、There have been great changes since 1979.
 3、There being no bus, we had to walk home.
 例1 ____ that he went to sleep.
 A It was until midnight B That was until midnight
 C It was not until midnight D That was not until midnight
 解析:该题答案为C。强调until结构时,要将否定词not移到until前。又如:He didn't leave
until twelve 改为It was not until twelve that he left.
 例2 There are a lot of students ____ in the class room.
 A talk B talking C talked D to talk
 解析:该题正确答案为B。There be句型为倒装句,可换为A lot of students are talking
in the class room. 又如:There is a lot of noise heard out in the street.
(二十)省略
 有时为了避免重复,使语言简练紧凑,在不损害结构或引起误解的原则下,往往省去一个或多个句子成分或词语。
 1、 固定习惯用词。如:
 No smoking! Thanks s lot!等。
 2. 简单句中的省略
 (1) 口语中,一、二、三人称的主语,有时还包括谓语都可以省略。如:(It is)Nice to see you!
 (This is) He speaking.
 (2) 所有格后的名词如为住宅、商店、工矿、教堂等可以省略。如:
 I'm going to visit Tom's (house).
 I met him at the tailor's (shop).
 (3) 两个或两个以上的动词不定式并列在一起时,第一个不定式带to,后面的不定式可省to.如: His job
is to clean and mend the machine.
 (4) 主(宾)语补足语中的to be常省略。He was considered (to be) the best
student in the class.
 (5) There be结构中 there be可同时省略,或只省略there.如:(Is there) Anything
 (6) 表示年龄的years old, 表示钟点的o'clock, minute等常省略。如:What time
is it now? It's ten (o'clock).
 3从句中的省略
 (1) 宾语从句,以which, when, where, how和why引起的宾语从句谓语与主句谓语如相同,可省略从句中全部谓语,甚至主语也可省略,仅保留一个wh一词。如:
 He will come, but we don't know when (he will come).
 He didn't come, I wondered why (he didn't come).
 (2) 定语从句中可省略作宾语的关系代词,如:
 The man (whom) I saw in the street the other day is my teacher.
 (3) 状语从句,在时间、地点、让步、方式、条件状语从句中,从句主语与主句主语一致,或从句主语是it,则be动词及其主语常可省略。如:
 I'll tell him that when (it is) possible.
 I won't go there unless (I'm) invited.
 例1 A beam of light will not bend(弯曲)round corners unless____
to do so with the help of a reflecting device(反射装置)。
 A made B being made C having made D to be made
 解析:该题正确答案为A。unless后省略了it is. Make sb(sth) do sth变成被动语态则为sth/ sb be made to
 例2 While ____my homework, I heard a cry for help.
 A do B did C doing D having done
 解析:该题答案为C。该空处省略了I'm,相当于while I'm doing my home work.如:While playing guitar,
he is singing.
英语语法习题检测
 1. He was a good swimmer so he ____ swim to the river bank
when the boat sank.
 A. can  B. might  C. could be able to  D. was able to
 2. At the Christmas party Santa Claus (圣诞老人) ____ the presents
under the tree.
 A. handed back B. handed out
 C. handed in   D. handed to
 3. Tears ____ the little match girl's eyes as she thought
of her kind grandfather.
 A. ran down  B. fell down  C. came to  D. rolled into
 4. A child can't learn ____ without ____.
 A. to spell, helping   B. spelling, helping
 C. spell, being helped D. spelling, being helped
 5. Only one man had ever been elected President four times,
____ Franklin D.
 Roosevelt.
 A. for example     B. such as
 C. the one of whom  D. that is to say
 6. ____, the medical team is made up of twelve doctors.
 A. Altogether  B. Entirely  C. Completely  D. Wholly
 7. ---- ____.
 ---- Have a good time.
 A. I've to see the doctor now
 B. It's time for dinner
 C. I went to the concert last night
 D. I'm going to a party now
 8. The man lives in a ____ place. That is, he lives ____
from here.
 A. far away, far away  B. faraway, faraway
 C. far away, faraway  D. faraway, far away
 9. The patient's progress was encouraging as he could ____
get out of bed without help.
 A. nearly  B. only  C. hardly  D. badly
 10. We have to set off right away, ____ we ?
 A. do  B. don't  C. have  D. haven't
 11. The street lights ____ on when night falls.
 A. will have turned   B. will have been turning
 C. will be turned   D. will be turning
 12. & Well, in the translation, the word ____ a different
meaning,& said Miss Dianna.
 A. takes on  B. takes up  C. looks like  D. has a look at
 13. When he was through ____ he got up and left.
 A. to talk  B. to be talked  C. talking  D. being talked
 14. The town has ____ bridge.
 A. a fine old stone's  B. an old fine stone's
 C. a fine old stone   D. an old fine stones
 15. I didn' he gave them to me ____ nothing.
 A. with  B. for  C. at D. by
 16. ____ speak to me like that again.
 A. Never  B. Not  C. Not to D. Can't
 17. Egypt is ____ the oldest countries in the world.
 A. one B. between  C. among  D. in the middle of
 18. They fought ____ the end and won ____ the end.
 A. in, to B. to, in C. in, in  D. to, to
 19. I ____ three hours on the text and it will ____ me
another hour for the grammar.
 A. have spent, take  B. spend, need have
 C. take, spend    D. need, take
 20. The play put on by the students was quite different
____ you imagined.
 A. from what B. to that  C. from which D. to which
 21. Here ____ the worker and writer.
 A. comes to  B. comes  C. come  D. are coming
 22. Would you like to have ____ more bread?
 A. some  B. any  C. a few  D. little
 23. There will be few, if ____.
 A. some  B. any  C. much  D. many
 24. I have ____ things to do. I can't play ____.
 A. many, no more   B. a lot of, any more
 C. much more, more  D. much of, any more
 25. I walked 50 miles today. I never guessed that I could
walk ____ far.
 A. that  B. this  C. such  D. as
 26. I am sorry I took your umbrella ____ mistake.
 A. with  B. through  C. for  D. by
 27. You can go where you like ____ you get back before
 A. as well as  B. as long as
 C. as soon as  D. so as to
 28. ____ we know, this is the best of its kind.
 A. Because  B. When  C. As far as  D. That
 29. There isn't any water ____ air on the moon.
 A. and  B. or  C. but  D. both
 30. It was not long ____ we climbed up the mountain.
 A. after  B. before  C. since  D. until
 31. The girl grew ____ age and wisdom.
 A. for  B. in  C. with  D. by
 32. The climate (气候) in Beijing does not agree ____ me.
 A. on  B. to  C. with  D. in
 33. There's a police car in front of the department store.
What do you suppose ____.
 A. is happened   B. has happened
 C. would happen  D. did happen
 34. ____ better attention, the cabbages (洋白菜) could have
grown better with
 the sun ____ them light.
 A. Given, gave   B. Given, giving
 C. Giving, given   D. Giving, giving
 35. What is ____ next?
 A. to do  B. to be done  C. doing  D. done
 36. &A Dream of the Red Chamber& (红楼梦) is said
____ into dozens of languages in the last decade (十年).
 A. to have been translated  B. to be translated
 C. to translate        D. to have translated
 37. Some scientists say that the need for fresh water ____
by the year 2000.
 A. will have doubled  B. will be doubling
 C. be doubled     D. has doubled
 38. It ____ I had no money with me at the moment.
 A. is so happened that  B. was so happened that
 C. so happened which  D. so happened that
 39. What does the weighing machine ____?
 A. express  B. explain  C. read  D. write
 40. Over a hundred boys came to ____ out for the football
 A. go  B. run  C. try  D. make
 41. There are ____ boys than girls in our class.
 A. much more  B. many more  C. many  D. a lot many
 42. His health is ____.
 A. as poor, if not poorer than, his sister
 B. as poor as his sister's if not poor
 C. as poor as, if not poorer than, his sister's
 D. as poor, if not poorer than his sister's
 43. The trees can ____ part of the heat from the sun.
 A. keep up  B. keep on  C. keep out  D. keep up with
 44. ____ hearing the news, we jumped ____ joy.
 A. On, with  B. In, to  C. At, in  D. For, with
 45. The hot weather will ____ another month, I think.
 A. go on with  B. go on for  C. get on with D. go on to
 46. When I was at school, I ____ to the library every afternoon.
 A. has gone  B. went  C. was going  D. had been going
 47. & Do you go to school?& & ____.&
 A. No, I go home  B. Yes, I am
 C. No, I work   D. No, I cycle
 48. & Shall I keep the book or pass it on to Jack?&
 & ____, please.&
 A. Yes, you shall    B. No, you mustn't
 C. Yes, please keep it  D. Pass it on to Jack
 49. These photographs will show you ____.
 A. what does our village look like
 B. what our village looks like
 C. how does our village look like
 D. how our village looks like
 50. Please explain ____.
 A. me the sentence   B. the sentence to me
 C. me to the sentence D. the sentence for me
 1-5 DBCDD 6-10 ADDAB 11-15 CACCB 16-20 ACBAA 21-25
BABBA 26-30 DBCBB
 31-35 CCBBB 36-40 AADCC 41-45 BCCAB 46-50 BCDBB
The Story of
Mother's Day
  The earliest Mother's Day celebrations can be traced back
to the spring celebrations of ancient Greece in honor of Rhea, the Mother of
the Gods. During the 1600's, England celebrated a day called &Mothering
Sunday&. Celebrated on the 4th Sunday of Lent (the 40 day period leading
up to Easter*), &Mothering Sunday& honored the mothers of England.
  During this time many of the England's poor worked as servants for the wealthy.
As most jobs were located far from their homes, the servants would live at the
houses of their employers. On Mothering Sunday the servants would have the day
off and were encouraged to return home and spend the day with their mothers.
A special cake, called the mothering cake, was often brought along to provide
a festive touch.
  As Christianity spread throughout Europe the celebration changed to honor
the &Mother Church& - the spiritual power that gave them life and
protected them from harm. Over time the church festival blended with the Mothering
Sunday celebration . People began honoring their mothers as well as the church.
  In the United States Mother's Day was first suggested in 1872 by Julia Ward
Howe (who wrote the words to the Battle hymn of the Republic) as a day dedicated
to peace. Ms. Howe would hold organized Mother's Day meetings in Boston, Mass
ever year.
  In 1907 Ana Jarvis, from Philadelphia, began a campaign to establish a national
Mother's Day. Ms. Jarvis persuaded her mother's church in Grafton, West Virginia
to celebrate Mother's Day on the second anniversary of her mother's death, the
2nd Sunday of May. By the next year Mother's Day was also celebrated in Philadelphia.
  Ms. Jarvis and her supporters began to write to ministers, businessman, and
politicians in their quest to establish a national Mother's Day. It was successful
as by 1911 Mother's Day was celebrated in almost every state. President Woodrow
Wilson, in 1914, made the official announcement proclaiming Mother's Day as
a national holiday that was to be held each year on the 2nd Sunday of May.
  While many countries of the world celebrate their own Mother's Day at different
times throughout the year, there are some countries such as Denmark, Finland,
Italy, Turkey, Australia, and Belgium which also celebrate Mother's Day on the
second Sunday of May.
英语备考与应试中的八项注意
北京四中 李俊和
  在最后一个多月的备考中,应注意以下八点:
  1、要以多使用英语为主,即多听多说多读多写,不要花过多时间钻研语法理论。
  2、练习要以中低档题为主,不做怪题、偏题,少做难题。
  3、要以自己为主,结合自己情况安排练习,不要一味模仿别人。
  4、认真研读《考试说明》,记好词汇表,不盲目相信各种模拟试题。
  5、以读新的语言材料为主,最好背诵若干篇小短文。
  6、每周应完成综合试题2套。
  7、针对平时动笔太少的情况,每天应写英文句子5—10句话。
  8、及时总结做题经验,包括时间安排等。力求不让同一块石头第二次绊倒。
在考试时,六大题型听力、单项填空、完形填空、阅读理解、短文改错、书面表达,每一题型都有八点注意事项,下面分别加以说明。
  一、听力
  1、要有“热身”。正式考试前一、两个小时,应听一会儿英语,以使英语思维在头脑中活跃起来。一经开考,就能迅速进入状态。
  2、利用录音播放间隙,力争先看问题,带着问题听。
  3、听时做简单记录如数字、地名等。
  4、学会抓住关键词语,学会预测。
  5、回答概括中心的题,注意重点词(反复出现的词),重点句(常常是首句尾句)。
  6、念两遍的材料,第一遍只听不做题,第二遍再做判断。
  7、根据单词重音,句子重音,语调语速的变化判断句意。
  8、比较长的对话与独白常常附了三四个题,一般是先念的先考。
  二、单项填空
  1、仔细看题干,不要只读带空格的那一句。要瞻前顾后,上挂下连,首尾呼应。
  2、含两个空的题,先确定有把握的那一个。
  3、较容易题宜采用跟踪追击的方法。
  4、不好判断题可采用排除法。
  5、单选的重点在动词,应特别注意时态、情态动词、非谓语动词的使用及短语动词的辨析。
  6、题目是疑问句,可先变为陈述句,被动的先变为主动,省略的先还原成完整结构,均有利于判断。
  7、审题时要注意情感分析,交际原则,不可死扣语法规则。
  8、不可在此恋战,10分钟内务必完成。
  三、完形填空
  1、粗读全文,了解文章大意。
  2、细读第一句,因为第一句一般不挖空,是全文的窗口。
  3、第一遍做出三分之一,先确定有把握的答案。
  4、第二遍逐个解决时,注意后线索的现象。
  5、答案不仅要在原句中合理,在全文中也要合理,要有全局观。
  6、短文中的连词作用重大,不可忽略。
  7、具体判断时可考虑动作顺序,时间关系,情感因素,同义词,反义词以及用途等问题。
  8、重点注意名词、动词的用法,搭配与辨析。
  四、阅读理解
  1、先看文章再做题,或先看题再读文章,两种方法各有利弊。高考时不要临时改变自己已熟悉的做法。
  2、最好先大概扫一眼文章,再细读全文。遇有个别词,句不明白应大胆向前看,不要不时回读。
  3、注意文章标题,这是全文中心意思的体现。
  4、借助跳读找细节,借助掠读找中心。扩大眼幅,争取一眼看三四个词。
  5、全文中心体现的是各段之和。干扰项或是远离文章内容,或是以偏概全。段落中心常与该段首句、尾句相关。
  6、猜测词义时,一定要回到原文中,因为没有上下文就没有词义。
  7、推理判断题应注意从文章作者立场出发,从短文中找答案,而不是问你作为一名中学生的看法。
  8、做题的关键是看清题目的要求,读准的关键是分清句子的结构和确认词性词义。
  五、短文改错
  1、先将全文通读一遍,弄清文章大意。
  2、判断对错不但要从本行,本句考虑,还要顾及全文。
  3、多词处别忘了抄完词后划斜线。
  4、缺词、错词处别忘了在原文中作记号。
  5、十个题中以错词为主,多词少词仅两三个,没错的一般仅一个。
  6、留心逻辑推理的错误,尤其是动词方向,人称代词,肯定否定等。
  7、如感觉一行有两处错,应将最有把握处改正。
  8、每行无论多词、缺词或错词,做题时只能动一个词。
  六、书面表达
  1、仔细审题,看清题目要求与注意事项。
  2、确定文章类型,如是记叙文,一般用过去时,如是说明文,主要用现在时。
  3、看全内容要点,主要内容缺一不可。
  4、尽量写草稿,实在没时间也要写一个简略题纲。
  5、用你见过的句型来写,不生造中国式的英文。
  6、写好首句尾句,注意关联词语的使用。
  7、可适当使用复杂结构和新颖词汇,但应以准确传达意思为第一原则。
  8、书写规范,卷面整洁也要重视。
浅析高考中的书面表达
北京四中 毕勤
一、《考试说明》的要求
  《高考考试说明》中对书面表达一题的要求是:
  该题25分。根据所给情景,写一篇100个单词左右的书面材料。情景包括目的、对象、时间、地点、内容等;提供情景的形式有图画、图表、提纲、短文等。书面表达的要求是:
   (1)切中题意;(2)语言准确、得当;(3)条理清楚。
  高考中的书面表达实质上是指导性写作,它要求考生用英语的文字形式输出和传达信息,是一道全面考查考生使用语言的基本能力的考查题。
二、近几年考查内容
  从93年至2002年十年中,高考试卷中的书面表达题主要考了以下一些内容:
  1993年,小狗救人,看图写话。
  1994年,口头通知,文字提示。
  1995年,公园中为朋友指路,看图写话。
  1996年,介绍一个人,根据表格写话。
  1997年,骑车带人受罚,看图写话。
  1998年,参观红星农材,看图写话。
  1999年,介绍学校的变化,看图写话。
  2000年,目击一起交通事故,报告当时所见情况。看图写话。
  2001年,叙述学习和生活的变化,根据表格写话。
  2002年,讨论公园要不要收门票,根据表格写话。
  从命题形式来看,命题人越来越注重创设情景,以图表提示为主、汉语提示为辅,要求根据图表及文字的内容写出要点全,语言准确、恰当的100个单词左右的短文,尽量避免直接翻译式,进一步要求考生用英语进行思维。
  从文章类型来看,以记叙文、应用文为主。从文章的体裁来看,主要包括日记、通知、信件、故事叙述等。从题材内容角度来看,总是非常接近学生生活,写学生熟悉的事情,易于下手,有利于考查英语表达能力。从所要求使用的词汇、句型来看,以初中词汇、句型为主。但若能恰当使用较为复杂的结构,使用新颖词汇,做到顺畅连接,则能拉开考试成绩档次。
三、书面表达评分原则
  1、本题总分为25分,按5个档次给分。
  2、评分时,先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次,然后以该档次的要求来衡量,确定或调整档次,最后给分。
  3、评分时,应注意的主要内容为:内容要点、应用词汇和语法结构的数量和准确性、上下文的连贯性及语言的得体性。
  4、词数不够80和多于120的,从总分中减去2分。
  5、拼写和标点符号是语言准确性的一方面,评分时应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。
  6、如书写较差,以至影响交际,将分数降低一个档次。
  因此,内容要全语言要准确、适当增加复杂结构,新颖词汇和连接词语;书写规范;十句话左右,控制词数是写作的关键。
四、书面表达解题步骤
  (一)仔细认真审题。仔细阅读试题的要求和提示,仔细观察所给的每一幅图画,判断作文的体裁、特点、明确中心思想,了解中心内容。如果是写通知,要记住口头通知需要有前言后语,开始要说Attention,
please!之类的话,结束要说That’s all. Thank you.等。
  (二)确定内容要点。根据汉语提示或图表内容列出要点,每篇大致6至7个要点。如果是图画,先要看懂图的意思,然后在每幅图画下面标出要点,不要漏掉每一个要点,也不可过多地发挥,以免喧宾夺主。
  (三)选择短语和词汇。把表达要点的词汇、短语都先列出,遇到不会的单词时可考虑用其它词语来替换。尽量用简单句,适当用一两个复合句,确保句子正确是前提,基础比较好的同学则应在文采上下点工夫,力求得高分。
  (四)起草短文。1)通过分析思考,定好文章的时态、语态,如果是故事性的要用过去时,如果是描写、介绍则要用一般现在时,恰当地使用被动语态也能使文章增色。2)确定人称,写作口吻。3)确定行文顺序,划分段落,使文章逻辑清楚、层次分明。
  (五)下笔成文。注意以下几个问题。1)尽量用自己有把握的句型。避免出现汉语式英语。句型应多样化。2)尽量用长短适中的句子。据统计,几年来的书面表达参考答案用的句子数量都在9—11个词范围之内,短文要合乎字数要求。3)恰当使用连接词,注意句子与句子之间的衔接。4)注意书写规范、整洁。
  (六)仔细检查。要以做改错题的眼光去挑自己文章中的毛病。避免时态、单复数、冠词、主谓一致、动词形式、拼写错误等方面的基本语法错误。最后检查一下要点全不全。
书面表达是一道分值高,又能在短期内通过训练,迅速提高水平的一道大题。写的能力是在写的实践中提高的,因此只有平时多动笔,多实践,在高考中才能书写自如。
五、书面表达练习指导
  1、注重语言基本功的训练,从最基本的句型练起。
  从句子着手,消灭常见的语法错误。由于英语是一种有曲折变化的语言,在这一点上和汉语大不相同,中国学生在写作时常写成汉语式英语。常见的错误有:
  1)单复数方面的错误。Eg. Some people is waiting at the stop.(people是集合名词。谓语动词用复数)
  2)冠词方面的错误。Eg. Plane is a machine that can fly.而正确的表达式应是A plane is a machine
that can fly.(是可数名词,表类别用于下定义时可用不定冠词a)
  3)谓语动词时态混乱Eg. They get up early yesterday. (got)。
  4)汉语式句子结构。想出一个汉语句子,就词对词翻译。Eg.“昨天我家着火了。”写成“Yesterday my house broke out a fire.”而正确的表达方式应是“A
fire broke out in my house yesterday.”
  5)出现一些生造短语。“小学”写成“small school”,“学费”写成“study money”等。
  消灭这些常见错误,写出地道的英语句子是做好书面表达的基础,千万不可忽视。
  2、练习写五句话小短文
  高考中的书面表达一般要求写十句话,我们可以先练习写五句话。能把五句话的小短文写好,写十句也不成问题。可练习写人,如老师、家长、同学,朋友;写事,如购物,看病,参观,劳动等。
  例:今天是星期天。我和同学到学校去植树。我们有的挖坑,有的运土,有的给小树浇水。一边干活还一边高兴地唱歌。今天我们过得很愉快。
It is Sunday today. My classmates and I went to school to plant trees. Some
of us dug holes, some carried earth, and the others watered the young trees.
We dang happily while working. We had a good time today.
  3、练习抄写,注重材料积累。有些同学在做书面表达时感到无话可写,先用汉语构思,然后翻译,写出的句子很生涩,不符合书面表达的要求。抄写的目的是熟悉一定的句式结构,同学们可用专门的笔记本按“话题”分门别类,每个话题占一页,把平时抄写时或练习时遇到表达这一话题内容的好句子、好短语记录下来,并设想一下使用场景,天长日久,你就有了一个丰富的资料库。在考试时,你脑子里就会涌现很多句型和词语供你挑选。
  以贯用词组积累为例:
  1)写人
  a beautiful girl with blue eyes and fair hair
  2)写事
  first of all then after a while finally/ at last/ in the end
  after some time later and then but/ however
  besides in a word in brief
  3)写地方
  in the middle at/ on the corner in front of in the back
  to the north by the side of near next to
  4)表强调
  in deed surely/certainly above all
  5)表对比
  on one hand… on the other hand on the country
  4、句式变换,力求新颖
  例:[原句] I received a letter from Beijing University yesterday.
    [新句] Yesterday a letter sent by Beijing University came to my house.
    [原句] We met at the school gate early in the morning.
    [新句] Early in the morning, we met at the school gate.
    [原句] I like reading while my sister likes watching TV.
    [新句] I lie reading while my sister enjoys watching TV.
    [原句] We celebrated Mary’s birthday at a nice restaurant.
    [新句] It was at a nice restaurant that we celebrated Mary’s birthday.
    [原句] We had a short rest. Then we began to play happily.
We sang and danced. Some told stories. Some played chess.
    [新句] After a short rest, we had great fun singing and dancing, telling jokes
and playing chess.
广西招生考试院地址:南宁市柳园路6号 邮编:530021
合作单位:
协助单位:桂林电子科技大学网络传播与网络教育研究所
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