英语时态是一个什么样的难题？
（eastplato）
英语时态是一个什么样的难题？
我们先来学习一下tense这个单词：
tense[tens]adj.紧张的, 拉紧的v.(使)紧张, (使)拉紧n.[语法]时态
建议复习一下ten和pen, pense。
相信把tense翻译成“时态”给中国的学习者造成了很大的困惑。
请复习一下present（现在）和past(过去)。
通过辞典我们可以查到这样的内容：
present tense
n.[语]现在式、现在时态（这里的“现在式”是我加的）
past tense n.过去式、过去时态
future tense
英语中的动词有现在式和过去式，唯独没有表示将来的将来式。有人说：will难道不是吗？
这纯粹是误解，will是现在式，would是过去式。同may(might)、can(could)、am,is,re(was,were)有什么区别吗？
有人会说：英语中就是借用will来表将来的呀！
will是动词的现在式，它本身也不表示什么意思“未来”，真正表示未来的是后面的“不定式”。 如果说will本身也包含时间上的概念，那也只能是代表“现在”，而不是“将来”。
如果你把will看成是表 “将来”的助动词，说明你没有搞清楚“助动词”的概念。如果你把will看成是“情态动词”，那就请你复习一下什么叫“情态动词”。
我们的理解：助动词本身无词义，只是在句子起辅助作用，帮助实义动词构成时态、语态、疑问、否定等。
英语中并没有表示将来的“将来式”，因此也没有所谓的“将来时态”。英语中要强调“将来”的概念时多是使用“动词不定式”。由于“动词不定式”是“非限定动词”，没有人称和数的变化，因此在主语后面用到它时需在其前面要再加一个助动词来作限定动词（目的是为了实现所谓的“主谓一致”，也就人称和数的变化）。
还有一个令人困惑的现象：有很多的朋友把动词原形和动词的现在式当着一会事。
英语动词的现在式（present tense）是限定动词，含有时间概念，关键的问题是现在式有人称和数的变化。
也可能是由于现在式大多数情况下和动词原形同形（长得一模一样），导致很多人认为英语的一般现在时态由动词的原形构成。这就犯了一个最初级的错误：忽略了人称和数的问题。难道动词原形也有人称和数的问题吗？
其实，动词原形就是不定式。不定式可分为带to和不定to两种，动词原形就是不带to的不定式。
如果大家感觉不好理解的话建议你以后不要再使用“动词原形”这个概念。也就是说：你知不知道什么叫“动词原形”都不影响你的学习。建议你在阅读相关的语法知识时，凡是用到“动词原形”的地方你都把它换成“不定式”，相信很多语法难题可能就会迎刃而解。
还有人说：“还有一个will be呢！”
哈哈，正是这个will be让我们抓住了狐狸尾巴。
请大家思考一个问题：
will be中的be是什么？
be肯定不是现在式（be的现在式是am,is,are），也不是过去式（be的过去式是was,were）。是将来式？刚才才说：英语中没有将来式。
Be也被称为be的原形，它实际上就是去了to的to be（be的不定式）。请思考一下be和am,is,are最根本区别是什么？
通过了解be动词，我们可以更清楚地理解：英语中的动词原形应是指不定式。大家有空多看看老外的网站，里面也基本上这样说的。
我们相信：正是在很多最基本的概念上模糊不清而导致中国学生学习英语的效率极低。在一潭可能已经发臭的死水中，任你怎么拼命挣扎，但最终都会注定你一旦进入大江大海就会胆怯，就会手足无措，就会败下阵来。
我们只是人微言轻（the words of the lowly person carry little weight）的小人物，说了大家不一定相信。建议大家最好能认真地读一读下面的这篇文章：
The meaning of tense and aspect
This presentation aims at explaining some basic concepts that may help youin understanding what the English tense and aspect are about.
aim at v.瞄准, 针对
把阴影部分分离出来：
that may help you in understanding what the English tense and aspect areabout.
再把阴影部分拿出来：
what the English tense and aspect are about
If you would like to know more about the use of tense and aspect inEnglish, you can consult, for instance, the following books:
Geoffrey N. Leech, Meaning and the English Verb (2nd edition), Longman.
George Yule, Explaining English Grammar, OUP (Chapter 3 'Tense and Aspect', this is particularly recommended for (future) teachers of English as it contains ideas and exercises for teaching).
如果你学习了3～5年的英语依然读不懂这样的内容，相信你就是那个弄错方向的人。不要再舍不得丢掉在学校里学习的那些破烂，网络时代已经把我们带到了大海边，不要再犹豫了，勇敢地投身于大海吧。与现实中的大海相比，网络的大海是相当安全的。
tense[tens]adj.紧张的, 拉紧的v.(使)紧张, (使)拉紧n.[语法]时态
复习一下ten和pen, pense。
1. Present and past tense
The English verbs are inflected for two tenses: present (walk(s)) and past (walked).
inflect[in5flekt]vt.弯曲, 使屈曲, 改变, [语法]变化词尾或变形（in+flect）
flect源自flectere [弯曲]
相信大家认识elect, select, collect也可以熟悉lect这个词根，在lect前面加上f就成了flect，再加上前缀in-就成了inflect。
联想记忆：
reflect[ri5flekt]v.反射, 反映, 表现, 反省（re+flect）
deflect[di5flekt]v.(使)偏斜, (使)偏转(de+flect)
In other words, tense is indicated by morphological marking: zero/-s forpresent tense and -ed for regular past tense.
morphological[7mC:fE5lCdVikEl]adj.形态学(上), 语形学的(morpholog(y)+ic+al)
morphology[mC:5fClEdVi]n.[生物]形态学、形态论, [语法]词法、词态学（morph+ology）
morph-[mR:f](=morpho-)表示“形, 形体, 形态”之义(用于元音之前)
ology[5ClEdVi]n.学问, 科学
Tense is not necessarily straightforwardly related to what TIME the eventrepresented by the verb takes place.
straightforwardly adv.正直地,直截了当地(straight+forward+ly)
For instance, the simple present tense can be used to refer to various times,as it is used for
levents which happen regularly or habitually:
He smokes, drinks, betrays people and has no guilt whatsoever.
whatsoever[wRtsEJ5evE(r)]pron.无论什么(what+so+ever)
habitually[hE5bItjJElI]adv.习惯地（habitual+ly）
habitual[hE5bitjuEl]adj.习惯的, 惯常的(habit+u+al)
habit[5hAbit]n.习惯, 习性
bit[bit]n.小块, 少量, 片刻, 马嚼子, 辅币vt.上马嚼子, 控制
vbl.咬n.[计]位, 比特
ltimeless truths:
The sun rises in the east.
timeless[5taImlIs]adj.永恒的(time+less)
lpresent events:
I declare the meeting open.
Bremner passes the ball to Lorimer.
lhistoric present, especially in literary English but also in oral narrative.
historic present n. 〈语法〉历史的现在时态
narrative[5nArEtiv]adj.叙述性的n.叙述
narrate[nA5reit]v.叙述, 讲述, 作解说, 讲故事(narr+ate)
It recalls or recounts the past as vividly as if it were present:
He just walks into the room and sits down in front of the fire without sayinga word to anyone.
levents that are expected to happen in the future:
When he returns to Manhattan 1000 years later, it has been destroyed andrebuilt three times.
2. What about time then?
We can, of course, situate events in time, but this is not only done bymeans of grammatical tense.
situate[5sitjueit]vt.使位于, 使处于(sit+u+ate)
源自 拉丁语 situs [位置]
The two tenses, past and present, combine with the aspects discussedbelow to indicate how the event is viewed in relation to time.
In the time-line perspective, we can talk about the past, present and future time.
perspective[pE5spektiv]n.透视画法, 透视图, 远景, 前途, 观点, 看法, 观点, 观察(per+spect+ive)
To take an example, English, unlike many other languages, does not have a separate verb form for the future.
Consequently, there is no future tense in English, even though there are, of course, many different ways in which we can talk about the future time:
consequently[5kRnsIkwEntlI]adv.从而, 因此(con+sequ+ent+ly)
consequence[5kCnsikwEns]n.结果, [逻]推理, 推论, 因果关系, 重要的地位(con+sequ+ence)
even though adv.即使
The parcel will arrive tomorrow. (modal auxiliary will)
modal auxiliary n. -ries 情态助动词
The parcel is going to arrive tomorrow. (be going to)
The parcel is arriving tomorrow. (present progressive)
present progressive 现在进行时
The parcel arrives tomorrow. (simple present)
The parcel will be arriving tomorrow. (modal auxiliary will + progressive aspect)
progressive aspect动词的进行态（be+现在分词）
aspect[5Aspekt]n.样子, 外表, 面貌, (问题等的)方面【语法】 （动词的）体：一种动词范畴，主要指动作与时间之间的关系，尤指完成、延续或重复等状态(a+spect)
1. Grammatical aspect
There are two grammatically marked aspects in English:
progressive aspect (be+-ing)
perfective aspect (have+past participle).
The situation may be represented as fixed or changing, it may be treated aslasting for only a moment or having duration, and it can be viewed ascomplete or as ongoing.
duration[djuE5reiFEn]n.持续时间, 为期(dur+ation)
during[5djuEriN]prep.在...的期间, 在...的时候(dur+ing)
源自拉丁语dure。
ongoing[5Cn^EuiN]adj.正在进行的（on+going）
complete[kEm5pli:t]adj.全部的, 完全的, 完成的vt.完成, 使完善(com+plete)
These are aspectual distinctions.
aspectual[A`spektjJEl]adj.[语](动词)体的(aspect+u+al)
请复习一下aspect。
distinction[dis5tiNkFEn]n.区别, 差别, 级别, 特性, 声望, 显赫
distinct[dis5tiNkt]adj.清楚的, 明显的, 截然不同的, 独特的（dis+(s)tinct）
源自拉丁语distinguere的过去分词distinctus<dis-分开+ -stinguere刺，意指用刺的记号明显分开
Consider the meaning of the following sentences with the simple forms asopposed to the progressive ones:
I raise my arm! (event) / I'm raising my arm. (duration)
My watch works perfectly. (permanent state) /
My watch is workingperfectly. (temporary state)
permanent state 永久[持久]状态
temporary[5tempErEri]adj.暂时的, 临时的, 临时性(tempor+ary)
tempor表“时间”
联想记忆：
contemporary[kEn5tempErEri]n.同时代的人adj.当代的, 同时代的（con+tempor+ary）
The man drowned.(complete) / The man was drowning (but I jumped intothe water and saved him.)
When we arrived she made some coffee. (two events following one another) / When we arrived she was making some coffee. (ongoing action at the timewhen something else happened)
one another n.彼此, 相互
Consider the meaning of the following sentences with the simple form asopposed to the perfect(ive) form:
We lived in London for two months in 1986. (complete) / We have lived inLondon since last September (and still do.)
2. Lexical aspect
lexical[5leksikEl]adj.词汇的(lex+ic+al)
lexic[`leksIk]adj.词汇的(lex+ic)
lex[leks]n.<拉>法,法律,法律体系,罗马公法,罗马私法
In addition to the grammatical marking of the aspect, the lexical meaning of the verb may convey aspectual meaning. This is called lexical aspect.
in addition to adv.除...之外
The verbs can be divided as follows according to their aspectual meaning:
as follows adv.如下
I. Stative verbs
stative verb 状态动词, 静态动词
Cognition verbs: believe, hate, know, like, enjoy, understand, want
Relations verbs: be, belong, contain, have, own, resemble
II. Dynamic verbs
dynamic verb 动态动词
dynamic[dai5nAmik]adj.动力的, 动力学的, 动态的
源自 dunamis [力量]
Punctual verbs Acts: hit, jump, eat, kick, stab, strike, throw, cough
punctual[5pQNktjuEl]adj.准时的, 严守时间的, 按期的正[精]确的点状的;【数】点的(punct+u+al)
punctuation[pQNktjJ5eIF(E)n]n.标点, 标点符号(punct+u+ation)
punct表“小点，刺”
puncture[5pQNktFE]n.小孔v.刺破（punct+ure）
Durative verbs
Activities: eat, run, swim, walk, work, write / Processes: become, change, flow, grow, harden, learn
durative verbs持续动词
The verbs denoting stative concepts tend not to be used with progressive forms.
denote[di5nEut]vt.指示, 表示(de+note)
After buying a house, English speakers are not likely to tell people, I'm having a house now, because that would suggest a process rather than a fixed state.
The progressive aspect used with a stative verb often signifies a temporary state:
stative verb 状态动词, 静态动词
temporary state临时状态
You're being foolish. I'm having a bad day.
The verbs that typically signify punctual concepts, describing momentary acts, have a slightly different meaning in the progressive form:
momentary[5mEumEntEri]adj.瞬息间的, 暂时的; 时时刻刻的（moment+ary）
He's kicking the box, She's coughing. These are interpreted as repeated acts,not as single acts.
Dynamic verbs used in the progressive aspect typically signify ongoing activity.
The perfective aspect used with stative verbs typically signify pre-existing states (that may continue):
pre-exist[pri:I^5zIst](=preexist) vi.vt.先存在, 先于...而存在
He has believed in Allah all his life.
all one's life n.一生
We have known Fred for many years.
I have been ill.
The perfective aspect used with dynamic verbs, on the other hand, oftenindicate completed actions:
We have baked the cake (would you like to taste it).
I have written some notes (you can read them here).
Statistically, verb phrases marked for aspect are in the minority (only 10% of all the verbs in the corpus used for the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English); in the same corpus perfect(ive) aspect was slightly more common than the progressive aspect.
corpus[5kC:pEs]n.(pl. -pora[-pErE])身体,［谑］躯体， 尸体,文献， 文集， 大全,（事物的）主体
the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English
Longman[5lCNmEn]朗曼(姓氏)
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