英语的16种时态
英语共有16种时态，分为一般现在时（do），一般过去时（did），一般将来时（will do)，现在进行时(is/am/are doing)，过去进行时(was/were doing)，将来进行时(可与一般将来时换用，will be doing)，现在完成时(have/has done)，过去完成时(had done)，发生在一般过去时的动作之前），将来完成时(will have done)，现在完成进行时（have/has been doing)，过去完成进行时(had been doing)，将来完成进行时(will have been doing)，过去将来时(would do)，过去将来进行时(would be doing)，过去将来完成时(would have done)，过去将来完成进行时(would have been doing)等。
英语动词时态表
一、一般现在时：
概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
时间状语： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year,
month…), once a week, etc.
基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词
否定形式：①am/is/are+②此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句：①把be动词放于句首；②用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。
二、一般过去时：
概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year,
night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long
long ago, once upon a time, etc.
基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词
否定形式：①was/were+②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。
三、现在进行时：
概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc.
基本结构：am/is/are+doing
否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing.
一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。
四、过去进行时：
概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that
time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
基本结构：was/were+doing
否定形式：was/were + not + doing.
一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。
五、现在完成时：
概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。
时间状语：recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years,
基本结构：have/has + done
否定形式：have/has + not +done.
一般疑问句：have或has。
六、过去完成时：
概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。
时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.
基本结构：had + done.
否定形式：had + not + done.
一般疑问句：had放于句首。
七、一般将来时：
概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few
minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
基本结构：①am/is/are/going to + do；②will/shall + do.
否定形式：①was/were + ②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句：①be放于句首；②will/shall提到句首。
八、过去将来时：
概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。
时间状语：the next day(morning, year…),the following
month(week…),etc.
基本结构：①was/were/going to + do；②would/should + do.
否定形式：①was/were/not + going to +②would/should + not + do.
一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②would/shou
初中英语常用不规则动词分类表
（人教版）
为了帮助同学们记住不规则动词，现在把教材中出现的不规则动词分为几个类型，每个类型中又分若干组，尽量找出每组中各词变化形式的共同点，以帮助记忆。
1. A---A---A型（现在式、过去式和过去分词同形）
动词原形（现在式） 过去式 过去分词
cost cost cost 花费
cut cut cut 割，切
hit hit hit 打
let let let 让
put put put 放下
read read read 读
hurt hurt hurt 伤
2. A---A---B型（现在式和过去式同形）
beat beat beaten 打
3. A---B---A型（现在式和过去分词同形）
come came come 来
become became become 变
run ran run 跑
4. A ---B ---B型
（1）在动词原形后加一个辅音字母d或t构成过去式或过去分词。
burn burnt burnt 燃烧
learn learned/learnt learned/learnt 学习
mean meant meant 意思
hear heard heard 听见
（2）把动词原形的最后一个辅音字母“d”改为“t” 构成过去式或过去分词。
build built built 建筑
lend lent lent 借给
lose lost lost 失去
send sent sent 送
spend spent spent 花费
pay paid paid 付
lay laid laid 下蛋
say said said 说
bring brought brought 带来
buy bought bought 买
think thought thought 想
sleep slept slept 睡
keep kept kept 保持
sweep swept swept 扫
stand stood stood 站
understand understood understood 明白
win won won 得胜
shine shone/shined shone/shined 发光
catch caught caught 抓住
teach taught taught 教
feel felt felt 觉得
fight fought fought 战斗
find found found 发现
get got got 得到
hang hanged/ hung hanged/ hung 绞死，挂
have had had 有
hold held held 盛，握
leave left left 离开
make made made 制造
meet met met 遇见
sell sold sold 卖
shoot shot shot 射击
tell told told 告诉
smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled 嗅，闻
sit sat sat 坐
dig dug dug 挖
5. A---B---C型（现在式、过去式和过去分词都不相同）
（1）在动词原形后加-n或-en构成过去分词。
eat ate eaten 吃
fall fell fallen 落下
steal stole stolen 偷
give gave given 给
freeze froze frozen 冻结
take took taken 拿
see saw seen 看见
write wrote written 写
ride rode ridden 骑
drive drove driven 驾驶
throw threw thrown 抛，扔
blow blew blown 吹
grow grew grown 生长
know knew known 知道
fly flew flown 飞
draw drew drawn 拉，绘画
show showed shown 展示
（2）过去式加-n或-en构成过去分词。
speak spoke spoken 说话
break broke broken 破碎，折断
wake waked/ woke waked/ waken 醒
choose chose chosen 选择
forget forgot forgotten 忘记
（3）变单词在重读音节中的元音字母“i”分别为“a”（过去式）和“u”（过去分词）。
begin began begun 开始
ring rang rung 按铃
sing sang sung 唱
sink sank sunk 沉
swim swam swum 游泳
drink drank drunk 饮
（4）其他不规则动词的变化。
be(am, is) was/ were been 是
be(are) were been 是
do did done 做
go went gone 去
lie lay lain 躺
wear wore worn 穿
透析中考英语语法时态考点
【时态命题趋势与预测】
时态是高考命题的重点,.主要考查考生在具体语境、特殊语境中对时态的运用能力。进行时、完成时以及完成进行时的考查则是重中之重，故考生在掌握特殊情况下表达一般时的同时，应更加注重进行时完成时以及完成进行时的运用。
【考点诠释】
一、对一般现在时考查
1．考查其基本概念：
一般现在时通常表示习惯性的、反复发生的动作。通常与表示频度的副词如 often, sometimes, usually, always, occasionally 等和时间状语如 in the evening, at night, twice a month, every day / week / month / year, on Sundays 等连用。一般现在时可表示主语的特征、能力或状态以及普遍真理。
【考例】The woman and her husband __________in the same office. [广东省]
A. work&&&&&&&&&&& B. works&&&&&&&&&& C. is working&&&&&& D. has worked
[答案]A．[解析]本题考查时态。句意为“这个妇女和她丈夫在同一个办公室工作”。句中虽然没有时间状语，但是可以从句意上看出是经常性的动作，故用一般现在时；句子主语为复数，故动词用原形work。
2．考查一般现在时的替代用法：在由 when, after, before, until, till, as soon as, the minute / second / moment, the next time 等引导的时间状语中或由 if, so / as long as, once, even if, although, whether…or…, in case, whatever, whenever, wherever 等引导的条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
【考例】--I'm sorry that John is out.
--Please ask him to call me as soon as he______________.[成都市]
A. returned&&&&&&&&& B. returns&&&&&&& C. will return
[答案]B．[解析]考查以as soon as引导的从句。 以as soon as引导的时间状语从句常以一般现在时代替一般将来时。
二、对一般过去时的考查
一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态。它常与表过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in , at that time等。& 有时句子中虽然不含表示过去时间的状语，但根据语境可判断动作或状态已经发生，而且与现在没有任何联系，也需用一般过去时。
【考例】一What did you do after school yesterday?
一I ________basketball with my friends．[北京市]
A play&&&&&&& B played&&&&&& C will play&&&&&& D．am playing
[答案]B．[解析]由上句“昨天放学后你在干什么？”句意可知对过去发生的事情询问，回答也应用过去式。故选B。
一Mr. Green，____you ____Three Lanes and Seven Alleys(三坊七巷)last Sunday?
一No．but I'll visit them next week.&& [福州市]
A． will；go to&&&&& B have；been to&&& C did；go to&&&&& D．have；gone to
[答案]C．[解析]本题是一个单纯考查时态的题目。A项是一般将来时，B、D两项是现在完成时，c项是一般过去时。句中有一个典型的表示过去时间的状语"last Sunday"，类似这样的时间状语，往往与一般过去时态的谓语动词连用，所以正确答案为C项。
His family&&&&&&&& the zoo last week. [吉林省]
A. visit&&&&&&&&&& B. am visiting&&& C. visited&&&&&&& D. will visit
[答案]C．[解析] 由关键信息last week(表过去)可直接选C。
三、对一般将来时的考查
一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或状态。一般将来时有多种表达法：
1．be going to do 表示计划、安排或有迹象表明要发生的事情。
2．“shall / will + do”单纯表示将来，不含计划、安排之意；有时表示主语的临时决断。
3．be about to do sth 表示马上就要发生某事，通常不与时间状语连用，常用于be about to do...when... 结构, 表示“正要……突然……”。
4．某些主要用于表示动作转移的动词，如：come, go, leave, start, arrive, meet, move, sail, begin, fall, marry, publish, see, stay等，用现在时表示将来时，指的是按计划安排或时刻表要发生的事。
5．“be to + 动词原形”表示预先安排好的计划或约定。
6．祈使句 + or / and + 一般将来时态的并列句”句型中
【考例】I&&& the CDs to you if I have time tomorrow．[北京市]
A. will return&&&&& B returned&&&&&&& C have returned&&& D return
[答案]A．[解析] 考查if引导的主从复合句。以if引导的条件状语从句，若主句用一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
--Mum, what are you doing?
--Your uncle has come. I_______ put an extra fork on the table. [太原市]
A. will&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. have&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C. would
[答案]A．[解析]本题重在考查一般将来时的用法。从问句"What are you doing"推知A项will最适合语境。
--Look at the noisy kids!
--Haven't you heard the saying "When the cat is away, the mice ________. "?[河南省]
A. play&&&&&&&&&&&& B. played&&&&&&&&&& C. are playing&&&&&& D. will play
[答案]D．[解析]谚语。固定用法。
四、对现在进行时的考查
现在进行时表示目前正在进行的动作或目前所处的状态。有些动词常用现在进行时态表示按计划或安排即将发生的事情。
【考例】Jack has never been to Disneyland before，but he ____there this summer．[沈阳市]
A． has been．&&& B is going&&&&&& C went&&&&&& D．goes
[答案]B．[解析] 依据句意：“杰克以前没有去过迪斯尼乐园，但今年夏天他打算去。”is going正在进行时表将来，故选B。
五、对现在完成时的考查ww.5zk53u.ecom
现在完成时的用法主要有两点：
1．过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常用的时间状语有yet, already, just, ever, never, now, before, lately, recently。
2．表示某动作从过去开始发生，持续到现在，并且还有可能持续下去。常用的时间状语有today, this week, these days, so far, up to now, since, ever since, since then, by this time, for years / ages, for a long time, several times, in / over the past few years, “since + 过去某一时刻”,“for + 时间段”等。有时在时间或条件状语从句中，可用现在完成时代替将来完成时。
【考例】Hearing that she __the entrance exam to the university，Fudy is thrilled．[青岛市]
A．has failed in&&&&& B. is succeeded in& C．is failed in&&&& D．has succeed in
[答案]D。[解析]本题考查词义辨析 由“听说他成功地通过了考试，Judy非常兴奋。”可知选D。
——It's raining! When did it start?
&一I don't know exactly．In fact，it _________all this afternoon. [北京市]
&A1asts&&&&&& B has 1asted&&&&& C．1asted&&&&&& D．will 1ast
[答案]B．[解析]考查现在完成时态。从句意“事实上，已持续了整整一个下午了”，不难看出，不能用一般过去时，此句中last"持续”作延续性动词。从信息"all this afternoon"可知。
--Are you going to see the film with us?&
--No, thanks. I _________ it. [广东省]
A. saw&&&&&&&&&&&& B. have seen&&&&&&& C. see&&&&&&&&&&&&& D. was seeing
[答案]B．[解析]本题考查动词的时态。由对话的语境可推测句意“我已看过这部电影”，表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，故应用现在完成时。
--Hello, this is Lily speaking.& Could I speak to Mr. Black?
--Sorry. He& _________ the Xuanwu Lake Park. [南京市]
A. has been to&&&&&&& B. went to&&&&&&&&&& C. has gone to&&&&&& D. will go to
[答案]C．[解析] 考查现在完成时态。have gone to(到某地去了，还没有回来)；have been to(去过某地，已经回来了)。
Jane& _________. I'm waiting for her. [成都市]
A. came back&&&&&&&& B. has come back&&&&&& C. hasn't come back
[答案]C．[解析]考查现在完成时态。根据后句句意：“我正在等她”可知。
6. 过去进行时ww.zk533u.ecom
过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作。过去进行时常用来解释某种行为的原因。过去进行时有时也可表示过去将来时。
【考例】——Dick gave me a note while I ___________in the library．
一I guess he made it to say“sorry”to you．[黄冈市]
A． are reading&&&&& B was reading&&&&& C reads&&&&&& D．will read
[答案]B．[解析] 考查过去进行时态。while引导的句子，当主句用一般过去时的时候&从句用过去进行时态。
--I called you at half past nine this morning, but there was no answer.
& --Oh, sorry. I& ________ with my cousin in the supermarket. [安徽省]
A. shop&&&&&&&&& B. was shopping& C. shopped&&&&&& D. will shop
[答案]B．[解析] 此处意为你打电话的那个时候我正在超市，故用过去进行时态。
7.被动语态考查
—Susan, why are you still here? They are all ready to start.&&&
&I’m sorry, but I _____ when to meet. (江西)
A. don’t tell&&&&&&&&& B. didn’t tell&&&&&&& C. haven’t told&&&&&& D. wasn’t told
[命题立意]：本题考查时态的用法。
[试题解析]：依据句意：对不起，但我不知道什么时候见面。强调动作发生在过去，I 和tell之间是被动关系。
Many old houses around our school ____ next year and a large green area will appear. (上海)
A. pull down&&& B. will be pulled down C. will pull down&& D. are pulled down
[命题立意]：本题考查时态和语态的用法。
[试题解析]：由题干时间next year 科知识将来时态，句子主语是old houses ,应用被动语态。故选B。
--- My watch ______.&&&&&
--- Don’t worry. Let’s go to the Lost & Found. (浙江)
& A. is lost&&&&&&&&& B. is broken&&&&&&&& C. has found&&&&& D. has stopped
[命题立意]：本题考查交际用语中时态、语态的用法。
[试题解析]：由Let’s go to the Lost & Found.可知，说明表丢失了。故选A。
---Did you go to Sam’s weekend party?
&& ---No, I___________. (年湖北宜昌)
&& A. am not invited& B. wasn’t invited& C. haven’t invited& D. didn’t invite
[命题立意]：本题考查时态和语态的用法。
[试题解析]：由Did you go to Sam’s weekend party?可知陈述过去的动作的发生，I 和invite之间存在着被动关系。故选B。
-- How often ______ your school sports meeting ______?& (南通)
-- Once a year.
A. hold&&&&&& B. hold&&&&&& C. held&&&&&&&& D. hold
[命题立意]：本题考查时态和语态的用法。
[试题解析]：How often+一般疑问句？此句型用来提问在某一特定时间内进行某个动作的次数，表示“多长时间一次”。往往针对频度副词如：always, seldom, usually, once a month,
sometimes, every five minutes.等提问，常用于现在时或过去时。由题干your school sports meeting 作主语，谓语应用被动语态。故选C。ww.zk523u.ecom
On May 30th, , one bowl in the Ming dynasty (明朝) _______ at the price of 30.36 million Hong Kong dollars. (泰州)
& A. sell&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. sold&&&&&&&&&&&& C. is sold&&&&&&&&&&& D. was sold
[命题立意]：本题考查时态和语态的用法。
[试题解析]：由On May 30th, ,可知动作发生在过去；其主语是one bowl与sell存在被动关系。
The "Thousand- hand Guanyin" _____& by many people as the best performance at CCTV's Spring Festival Evening. (徐州)
A. has been regarded& B. are regarded& C. has regarded& D. regards
[命题立意]：本题考查时态的用法。
[试题解析]：依据题意： “千手观音” 被许多人认为是中央电视台春节联欢晚会最好的节目。表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在的影响或产生的结果，应用现在完成时。其主语是The "Thousand- hand Guanyin"，要用被动语态。故选A。
—Those eggs of different colors are very beautiful.&&
—Yes, they ______ in Hangzhou. (杭州)
&& A. painted B. were painting&&&& C. were painted&&& D. had painted
[命题立意]：本题考查被动语态的用法。
[试题解析]：they指代Those eggs of different colors，主语是物，故用被动语态。依据结构，应选C.。
------Don’t litter the ground, boy ,Look at the sign:: “Rubbish&&&&& into the dustbin.”
& -------Sorry. (2004年襄樊市)
&A, has throw&&&&&&&& B,& was throw&&&&&&& C,& must throw&&&&&& D& , must be thrown
[命题立意]：本题考查含有情态动词的被动语态的用法。
[试题解析]：依据句意：垃圾必须扔进垃圾箱里。表示“命令”，句子主语是垃圾，应用被动语态。
【语法过关】
1.I like my new bike. It ______ very well.
A rides&&& B. is riding&& C. is ridden&&& D. has ridden
2.Cotton ______ nice and soft.&
A. is felt&&& B. is feeling&& C. feel&&&& D. feels
3.The world ______. Things never stay the same.
A. changes&& B. is changing&& C. was changing&& D. will change
4.--- Have you ever______ Lintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors?
--- Yes, I have.
A. went to&& B. gone to&&& C. been in&&&& D. been to
5.I'm sorry you've missed the train, It______10 minutes ago.&
A. left&&& B. has left&&& C. had left&&& D. has been left
6. --- Who cleaned the blackboard yesterday, Dick?
--- John ____________.&
A. cleaned&& B. does&&& C. did&&&& D. is
7.—Mum? May I go out and play basketball?
—______ you_____ your homework yet?&
A. Do; finish&& B. A& finishing& C. D finish&&& D. H finished
8.—Oh, Mrs King, your necklace looks nice. Is it new?
—No, I______ it for two years.&
had&&& B. have had&& C. bought&&&& D. have bought
9.—Will your mother______ you if you______ the English exam?
—Of course not. Because I am trying my best.&
A. be angry with, don't pass&&&& B. be angry with, won't pass
C. be angry to, don't pass&&&& D. be angry to, won't pass
10.Listen! Some of the girls __________ about Harry Potter . Let's join them!
are talking&& B. talk&&& C. will talk&&& D. talked
11.Our teacher , Miss Chen, __________ English on the radio the day before yesterday.&
A. teaches&&& B. taught&&& C. will teach&&& D. had taught
12.I don't think I __________ you in that dress before.&
A. have seen&& B. was seeing&& C. saw&&&& D. see
13. She will have a holiday as soon as she ___________ the work next week.&
A. finishes&& B. doesn't finish&& C. will finish&&& D. won't finish
14.---Where is Mr Green now ? I haven't seen him for a few days.
---He ___________ to Hong Kong .&
A. goes&&& B. will go&&& C. is going&&& D. has gone
15. When she was 22 years old, her dream to be a teacher ____________.&
A. came true&& B. come true&& C. came real&&& D. come real
16.-I won't come to the party unless Sue ______, too.
&-You mean if Sue comes you'll come?
will invite&&& B. invites&&& C. invited&&&& D. is invited
17.-Do you still have a headache, Billy?
&-No, it's ______. I'm all right now, mum.
A .dropped&&& B. run&&& C. left&&&& D. gone
18.-What are on show in the museum?
-Some photos ______ by African children.
A. are taken&&& B. were taken&& C. taken&&&& D. have been taken
19.A talk on Chinese history ___ in the school hall next week.&
A. be given&&& B. has been given& C. will be given&&& D. will give
20. You may go fishing if your work ____________.&
A. is done&&&& B. will be done&& C. has done&&& D. have done
21. The Olympic Games, first celebrated in Athens in 1896,&& every four years ________so far this century, except during the two world wars.
A. are held&&&&&&&&& B. were held&&&&&&& &&C. have been held&&&&&&&& D. had been held&&
22．A new cinema ____here. They hope to finish it next month.
A. will be built B. is built C. has been built D. is being built
23．The new suspension bridge ___by the end of last month.
has been designed B. had been designed C. was designed&&&&&&&&&& D. would be designed
24．Visitors ______not to touch the exhibits.
A. will request&&&&&&&&& B. request&&& C. are requesting&&&&&& D. are requested
25．— Were they good to you during your stay there?
&— Sure ! I ________ one of the family there.
A. was treated as& B. was treated like& C. had been looked on like D. had been considered like
【参考答案】
1.A "ride"用作不及物动词，有一种用法，就是表示"（车、马等）骑起来感觉如何"，本题正是这个用法，所以，用另外三种形式都不合适。
2. D 自然规律用一般现在时态。
3.B "Things never stay the same."表明世界是运动的。所以应该说"世界在变"。用进行时。
4.D语境表明是"曾经去过"，ever是"曾经"的意思。
5.A& "10 minutes ago"决定用一般过去时。
6. 依上下文选用一般过去时态。
7.D& yet一般多与完成时态连用。
8.B for 引导表示一段时间的状语一般同完成时态连用，had这里是"买"的意思，不用have bought，是因为buy是短暂动词，不同完成时态连用。
9.A be angry with 意思是"同------生气"；含条件状语从句的复合句中，主句是将来时，从句一般用现在时。
10.A "Listen!"表明动作正在进行。
11.B the day before yesterday是一般过去时态的标志。
12.A 副词before一般与完成时态连用。
13. A 含时间状语从句的复合句中，主句是将来时，从句用现在时。
14. D has gone用于指"去某地了"（现在不在说话的地方）。
15. A come true意思是"成为现实"。主从句动词时态应该一致。
16.D 根据上下文意思，邀请的人不是Sue，"Sue"和"I"都是被邀请的对象，所以要用被动语态。
17.D 说"病好了，症状消失了"多用"be gone"。
18.C 根据句子结构，"Some photos"不是句子的主语，所以A、B、D三个用作谓语的动词不能用在这里。"taken"这里是"过去分词"，连同后面的词，一起作"Some photos"的定语。
19.C& 主语是"A talk"决定了动词用被动语态，next week决定了要用将来时态。
20. A 主语是work, 又依语言环境用现在时。
21.A.奥运会作主语应用被动语态，叙述一般事实要用一般现在时。
22． D从后一分句They hope to finish it next month可知，电影院此刻正在建设中。故应选D。
23． B句中有“by the end of+过去时间”结构，句子的谓语动词一般用过去完成时态。句子的主语是物，故应用被动语态。其正确答案为B。
24． D分析句子结构可知，本句的主语承受谓语动词所表示的动作，故本句应用被动语态。应选D。
25．A 谈话涉及的是过去的情况，故使用一般过去时。treat…as．．．意为“把……当作……”。
动词时态与语态
主讲：黄冈中学教师　皮明松
动词的时态
一、一般现在时的用法
1．经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频率的时间状语连用。
时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2．客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3．表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall.　骄者必败。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.
4．现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
I don’t want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比较：Now I put the ball in the glass.
　　　I am doing my homework now.
第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I turn on the machine and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后一句用现在进行时。
二、一般过去时的用法
1．在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
Where did you go just now?
2．表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
注意区分：
It is time for sb. to do sth. 到某人做某事的时间了
It is time (that)sb. did sth. 时间已迟了；早该……了
e.g.It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would rather sb. did sth. 表示宁愿某人做某事(注意此处would rather 后接的是从句)I’d rather you came tomorrow.
4．wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。
I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。
Christine was a good English learner.
(含义：她以前是个好的英语学习者)
Christine has been a good English learner.
(含义：她现在是个好的英语学习者)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)
注意：用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
（1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
Did you want anything else?
I wondered if you could help me.
（2）情态动词 could, would.
Could you lend me your bike?
三、一般将来时
1．shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。
will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。
Which paragraph shall I read first?
Will you be at home at seven this evening?
2．be going to +v.，表示将来。
（1）主语的意图，即将做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow?
（2）计划、安排要发生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month.
（3）有迹象要发生的事。
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
3．be +to+v.表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
4．be about to +v.，意为马上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.
（1）be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week，几点钟等表示明确的时间状语连用。
例：Tim is about to visit his mother-in-law tomorrow. 该句就是错误的。但我们可以这么讲：Tim is about to visit his mother-in-law when his wife comes back.
（2）be going to / will的区别：用于条件句时，be going to表将来，will表意愿。
If you are going to make a journey, you’d better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
（3）be to和be going to的区别：
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(客观安排)
I’m going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)
（4）一般现在时表将来
①下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
When does the bus stars? It stars in ten minutes.
②倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.
③在时间或条件句中。
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
I’ll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
④在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。
I hope they have a nice time next week.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
（5）用现在进行时表示将来
常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。
I’m leaving tomorrow.
Are you staying here till next week?
四、现在完成时
　　现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去，但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。简单地讲现在完成时就是表示：“结果、影响和持续”。其构成： have (has) +过去分词。
一般过去时与现在完成时的比较
1．过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2．过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时常用的时间状语：
yesterday, last week, …ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语
现在完成时的时间状语或副词：
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years
共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately
3．现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
例：I saw this film yesterday.(强调看的动作发生过了。)
I have seen this film.(强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。)
Why did you get up so early?(强调起床的动作已发生过了。)
Who hasn’t handed in his paper? (强调有卷子，但没有交卷的结果。)
She has returned from Paris.她已从巴黎回来了。
She returned yesterday.她是昨天回来了。
He has been in the League for three years.(在团内的状态可延续)
He joined the League three years ago.(三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)
I have finished my homework now.
—Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
—He’s already been sent for.
句子中如有过去时间的名词或副词(如 yesterday, last week, in 1960)时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. (错)
Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. (对)
用于现在完成时的句型
1．It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2．This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.
This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
This is the first time (that) I’ve heard him sing.
这是我第一次听他唱歌。
1．—Do you know our town at all?
—No, this is the first time I __________ here.
A．was　　　　　　　　　　B．have been
C．came　　　　　　　　　 D．am coming
答案：B。This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。
2．—Have you ____ been to our town before?
—No, it’s the first time I ___ here.
A．even, come　　　　　　B．even, have come
C．ever, come　　　　　　D．ever, have come
答案：D。ever意为“曾经或无论何时”，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。
1．非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
(错)I have received his letter for a month.
(对)I haven’t received his letter for almost a month.
2．比较since和for
since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。
I have lived here for more than twenty years.
I have lived here since I was born.
注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years.
(我现在已不在这里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.
(现在我仍在这里工作。)
小窍门：当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。
（1）Tom has studied Russian for three years. (对)
=Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
（2）Harry has got married for six years.(错)
=Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.　或 Harry has been married for six years.
3．since的四种用法
（1）since＋过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。
I have been here since 1989.
（2）since＋一段时间＋ago
I have been here since five months ago.
（3）since＋从句
Great changes have taken place since you left.
（4）It is ＋一段时间＋since从句
It is two years since I became a college student.
五、过去完成时
1．概念：表示过去的过去，其构成是“had +过去分词”。我们用时间轴表示如下：
（1）在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
（2）状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
（3）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本……，未能……”。
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.
（4）过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English before.
　　The students ________ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ______ in the office.
A．had written, left　　　　　B．were writing, has left
C．had written, had left　　　D．were writing, had left
答案：D。“把书忘在办公室”发生在“去取书”这一过去的动作之前，因此忘了书这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在“同学们正忙于……”这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。
　　注意：在下面结构中：had hardly … when/ scarcely…when (还没等……就……), had no sooner… than(刚……就……)
　　我们在主句中(hardly/scarcely/no sooner 这部分)使用过去完成时，从句中使用一般过去时：
　　He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
用一般过去时代替完成时的情况：
1．两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。
When she saw the mouse, she screamed.
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.
2．两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3．叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
六、现在进行时
现在进行时的基本用法：
1．表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。
We are waiting for you.
2．习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。
Mr. Green is writing another novel.(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)
She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.
3．表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
The leaves are turning red.
It’s getting warmer and warmer.
4．与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩，并不表示正在进行，要注意。
You are always changing your mind.
My dictionary _________, I have looked for it everywhere but still ________ it.
A．has lost, don’t find
B．is missing, don’t find
C．has lost, haven’t found
D．is missing, haven’t found
答案：D。前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。
不用进行时的动词：
1．事实状态的动词：have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue。
I have two brothers.
This house belongs to my sister.
2．心理状态的动词：know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate。
I need your help.
He loves her very much.
3．瞬间动词：accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.
I accept your advice.
4．系动词：seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn
You seem a little tired.
七、过去进行时
1．概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2．过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景或一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。
3．常用的时间状语：this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while。
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
It was raining when they left the station.
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.
1．Mary __________ a dress when she cut her finger.
A．made　　　　　　　　　　　B．is making
C．was making　　　　　　　　D．makes
答案：C。割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，“玛丽在做衣服时”提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。
2．As she _________ the newspaper, Granny ________ asleep.
A． was falling
C． was falling
答案：B。句中的as=when, while，意为“当……之时”。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为“在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。”句中的fell (fall的过去时)，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。
八、将来进行时
1．概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。
She’ll be coming soon.
I’ll be meeting him sometime in the future.
注意：将来进行时不用于表示意志，不能说 I’ll be having a talk with her.
2．常用的时间状语：soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
By this time tomorrow, I’ll be lying on the beach.
一般现在时代替将来时的情况：
时间状语从句、条件句中，从句用一般现在时代替将来时
when, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately
He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing.
他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。
1．He said he________ me a present unless I _______ in doing the experiment.
A． had not succeeded
B． succeed
C． succeed
D． will succeed.
答案：B。在时间，条件或让步主语从句中一般不用将来时。本题有He said，故为过去式。主句用将来时，故选B．此处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。
2．表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动。
The museum opens at ten tomorrow.博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。)
现在进行时代替一般将来时的情况：
1．表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。
Are you staying with us this weekend? 这周和我们一起度周末吗?
We are leaving soon.我们马上就走。
2．渐变动词，如：get, run, grow, become, begin及die。
He is dying.
时态与常用的时间状语归纳如下：
　时态　　　　　　　时间状语
一般现在时　　every …, sometimes,at …, on Sunday,
一般过去时　　yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now
一般将来时　　next…, tomorrow, in＋时间
现在完成时　　for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, already, recently,
过去完成时　　before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as
过去进行时　　this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while
将来进行时　　soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
动词的语态
语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。
主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。
1．若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加“to”。此类动词为感官动词：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch, etc.
The teacher made me go out of the classroom.
→I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).
We saw him play football on the playground.
→He was seen to play football on the playground.
2．情态动词+ be +过去分词，构成被动语态。
Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.
3．let的用法
（1）当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。
They let the strange go.→The strange was let go.
（2）若let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit代替。
The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.
→I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.
4．短语动词的被动语态
短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。
This is a photo of the power station that has been set up in my hometown.
My sister will be taken care of by Grandma.
Such a thing has never been heard of before.
5．表示“据说”或“相信”的词组
believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand
It is said that…据说……
It is reported that… 据报道……
It is believed that…　大家相信……
It is hoped that…　大家希望……
It is well known that… 众所周知……
It is thought that…　大家认为……
It is suggested that…　据建议……
It is taken granted that… 被视为当然……
It has been decided that… 大家决定……
It must be remember that… 务必记住的是……
6．不用被动语态的情况
（1）不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态：
appear, die disappear, end (vi.结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.
After the fire, very little remained of my house.
比较：rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。
(错)The price has been risen.
(对)The price has risen.
(错)The accident was happened last week.
(对)The accident happened last week.
(错)The price has raised.
(对)The price has been raised.
(错)Please seat.
(对)Please be seated.
要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。
（2）不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：
fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to
This key just fits the lock.
Your story agrees with what had already been heard.
（3）系动词无被动语态：
appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
It sounds good.
（4）带同源宾语的及物动词、反身代词、相互代词，不能用于被动语态：
die, death, dream, live, life
She dreamed a bad dream last night.
（5）当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。
(对)She likes to swim.
(错)To swim is liked by her.
7．主动形式表示被动意义
（1）wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive…
The book sells well. 这本书销路好。
This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。
（2）blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build
I was to blame for the accident.
Much work remains.
（3）在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired.
This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。
This book is worth reading.　这本书值得一读。
The library needs ________, but it’ll have to wait until Sunday.
A．cleaning　　　　　　　　B．be cleaned
C．clean　　　　　　　　　 D．being cleaned
答案：A。need(实意) +n/to do，need (情态)+ do，当为被动语态时，need + doing.是主动形式表被动含义，选A。如有to be cleaned则也为正确答案。
（4）特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)，have sth. done(要某人做某事)。
8．被动形式表示主动意义
be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be finished, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get marries
He is graduated from a famous university.
他毕业于一所有名的大学。
注意：表示同某人结婚，用marry sb.或get married to sb.都可。
He married a rich girl.
He got married to a rich girl.
1．The flowers were so lovely that they __________ in no
A．sold　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　B．had been sold
C．were sold　　　　　　　　　　　　 D．would sell
2．I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I ________
there several years ago.
A．are going　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．had been
C．went　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　D．have been
3．—Is there anything wrong, Bob? You look sad．
—Oh, nothing much. In fact, I ____ of my friends back home.
A．have just thought　　　　　　　　 B．was just thinking
C．would just think　　　　　　　　　D．will just be thinking
4．—Tom, you didn’t come to the party last night?
—I ____, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.
A．had to 　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．didn’t
C．was going to　　　　　　　　　　　D．wouldn’t
5．—Did you tidy your room?
— No, I was going to tidy my room but I ______ visitors.
A．had 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　B．have
C．have had　　　　　　　　　　　　　D．will have
6．With the help of high technology, more and more new substances
______ in the past years.
A．discovered　　　　　　　　　　　　B．have discovered
C．had been discovered　　　　　　　 D．have been discovered
7．They _____ two free tickets to Canada, otherwise they’d never
have been able to afford to go.
A．had got　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．got
C．have got　　　　　　　　　　　　　D．get
8．—Did Peter fix the computer himself?
—He ________, because he doesn’t know much about computers.
A．has it fixed　　　　　　　　　　　B．had fixed it
C．had it fixed　　　　　　　　　　　D．fixed it
9．They became friends again that day. Until then, they _____ to
each other for nearly two years.
A．didn’t speak　　　　　　　　　　 B．hadn’t spoken
C．haven’ t spoken　　　　　　　　　D．haven’ t been speaking
10．—How can I apply for an online course?
—Just fill out this form and we _____ what we can do for
A．see　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．are seeing
C．have seen　　　　　　　　　　　　 D．will see
11．I got caught in the rain and my suit ____.
A．has ruined　　　　　　　　　　　　B．had ruined
C．has been ruined　　　　　　　　　 D．had been ruined
12．—It was really very kind of you to give me a lift home.
—Oh, don’t mention it. I _____ past your house anyway.
A．was coming　　　　　　　　　　　　B．will come
C．had come　　　　　　　　　　　　　D．have come
13．—I saw Jane and her boyfriend in the park at eight yesterday
—Impossible. She ________ TV with me in my home then.
A．watched　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．had watched
C．would watch　　　　　　　　　　　 D．was watching
14．Danny ________ hard for long to realize his dream and now he
is popular.
A．works　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．is working
C．has worked　　　　　　　　　　　　D．worked
15．As the years passed, many occasions—birthdays, awards,
graduations—________ with Dad’s flowers．
A．are marked　　　　　　　　　　　　B．were marked
C．have marked　　　　　　　　　　　 D．had marked
16．Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at
Sunshine School, where she _____ English for a year.
A．studies　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．studied
C．is studying　　　　　　　　　　　 D．has been studying
17．At the end of the meeting, it was announced that an agreement
A．has been reached　　　　　　　　　B．had been reached
C．has reached　　　　　　　　　　　 D．had reached
18．—______ you ______ him around the museum yet?
—Yes. We had a great time there.
A．Have … shown　　　　　　　　　　 B．Do … show
C．Had … shown　　　　　　　　　　　D．Did … show
19．—Ouch! You hurt me!
—I am sorry. But I ________ any harm. I ________ to drive a rat
A．didn’ tried　　　　　　　 B．don’ am trying
C．haven’ tried　　　　　　 D．didn’ was trying
20．—I have got a headache.
—No wonder. You ________ in front of that computer too long.
A．work　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　B．are working
C．have been working　　　　　　　　 D．worked
21．I ________ there little more than a week when I set to work
with the scientist.
A．would be　　　　　　　　　　　　　B．have been
C．had been　　　　　　　　　　　　　D．will be
22．The unemployment rate in this district ________ from 6% to 5%
in the past two years.
A．has fallen　　　　　　　　　　　　B．had fallen
C．is falling　　　　　　　　　　　　D．was falling
23．John had to have his car repaired in a garage because it
________ seriously.
A．damaged　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．was being damaged
C．had damaged　　　　　　　　　　　 D．had been damaged
24．When you get the paper back, pay special attention to what
A．have marked　　　　　　　　　　　 B．have been marked
C．had marked　　　　　　　　　　　　D．had been marked
25．—Did you see a man in black pass by just now?
—No, sir. I ________ a newspaper.
A．read　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　B．was reading
C．would read　　　　　　　　　　　　D．am reading
26．If Newton lived today, he would be surprise by what ____ in
science and technology.
A．had discovered　　　　　　　　　　B．had been discovered
C．has discovered　　　　　　　　　　D．has been discovered
27．—Jack bought a new mobile phone the other day.
—________? That’s his third one in just one month.
A．Had he　　　　　　　　　　　　　　B．Did he
C．Does he　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D．Has he
28．Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western
culture, but when and where ____ yet．
A．hasn’t been decided　　　　　　　B．haven’t decided
C．isn’t being decided　　　　　　　D．aren’t decided
29．The play had already been on for quite some time when we ____
at the New Theatre.
A．have arrived　　　　　　　　　　　B．arrived
C．had arrived　　　　　　　　　　　 D．arrive
30．—Did Alan enjoy seeing his old friends yesterday?
—Yes, he did. He ________ his old friends for a long time.
A．didn’t see　　　　　　　　　　　 B．wouldn’t see
C．hasn’t seen　　　　　　　　　　　D．hadn’t seen
1—5 C C B C A　　　　　　6—10 D B C B D
11—15 C A D C B　　　　　16—20 D B A D C
21—25 C A D B B　　　　　26—30 D B A B D
[转载]英语动词时态及语态
( 07:01:01) 转载原文
动词的种类&
动词是指表示动作和状态的词。动词可分五种类型：及物动词、不及物动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词。
1．及物动词及物动词是指可以跟宾语的动词。如：
He is writing a letter.
他正在写信。
I smell flowers.
我闻到了花儿。
2．不及物动词不及物动词是指不可以跟宾语的动词。如：
We lived in London.
我们住在伦敦。
The window has opened.
窗已经开了。
3．系动词系动词本身没有词汇意义，也不能单独构成动词词组，必须加上表语，构成一个“系表结构”。如：
He is a student.
他是一个学生。
That sounds good.
那听起来很有意思。
The child seems unhappy about it.
那孩子好象对此事不太高兴。要注意的是，有些系动词既可以用作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词，如 smell, sound,&
look, taste等。但是它们的意思会随之发生变化。试比较：
She felt well.
她感觉很好。(系动词)
She felt something moving.
她感觉有东西在动。(及物动词，有“察觉”的意思)
He looks fine.
他看起来很好。(系动词)
He is looking at the map.
他正在看地图。(不及物动词)
4．助动词助动词本身没有意义，只是和动词结合在一起，构成动词的各种形式，助动词通常有
be, do, have。如：
Do come in, please.
请进吧。(助动词do构成强调句)
I don’t feeling very well.
我感觉不好。(助动词do与否定词not构成否定句)
当be, do, have用作普通动词时，它们有一定的词汇意义。如：
I have one sister.
我有一个妹妹。
You can do it as you like.
你可以按你愿意的方法去做。
5．情态助动词情态动词表示说话人对所说的话的态度和看法。情态动词虽然本身有一定的意义，但不能单独构成动词词组。它必须与主动词一起构成动词词组。除了本身具有表义功能外，情态动词还可用来构成疑问句。如：
Can she speak Arabic?
她会说阿拉伯语吗？
It may well rain.
天很可能下雨。
People shouldn’t ill-treat animals.
人们不应该虐待动物。
Will you help me, please?&
请帮帮我的忙好吗？
动词的一般时&
1．一般现在时
(1)一般现在时的构成动词的一般现在时主要表示当前时间里发生的动作或存在的状态。除了第三人称单数以外，一般现在时采用的是动词原形。动词第三人称单数的形式变化如下：一般动词加 -s。当动词以辅音字母加y结尾时，先将y变成i，再加-es。动词be根据人称不同，用am, is, are三种形式。动词have的第三人称单数用has。
(2)一般现在时的用法
▲表示习惯性或反复发生的动作。
He goes to school by bike everyday.
他每天骑车上学。
My father doesn’t smoke.
我爸爸不抽烟。
She is always late for class.
她上课总迟到。
▲表示客观事实、普遍真理，特别是用于表示科学事实、客观存在和格言等。
The earth goes around the sun.
地球绕着太阳转。
Practice makes perfect.
熟能生巧。
Duck has two legs.
鸭子有两条腿。
▲表示现阶段存在的状态，特别适用于那些不能用进行时的动词。
I don’t agree with you.
我不同意你的观点。
The book is mine.
这书是我的。
I think you are right.
我认为你是对的。
▲表示言行同时进行的瞬间动作，主要用于实况解说、操作演示及指导说明等。
Jack passes the football to Bob, who heads it straight into the goal.
杰克把球传给鲍勃，鲍勃用头顶着直射球门。
▲用一般现在时可以表示将来意义上的时间，表示按规定或时间预计将要发生的动作或事情。
The term starts at the beginning of September.&
学期从九月份开始。
▲用于表示一般将来时的主从复合句的从句中可以表示将来时；也就是说，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。
When he arrives, he’ll tell us all about the match.
当他到的时候，他会告诉我们这场比赛的经过。
I can’t come unless my brother agrees.
我不能来，除非我哥哥同意。用于一般现在时的时间状语有：usually, sometimes, always, often, ever, never, once a week,&
now and then, from time to time等。
2．一般过去时
(1)一般过去时的构成动词的一般过去时表示一个发生在过去某个特定时间的动作，一种过去的习惯，或是一个在过去某一段时间内已经结束了的动作。动词的过去形式分规则和不规则两种。规则动词在变过去时的时候，一般在动词后面加-ed，但不规则动词则各不相同。本软件的附录里附有“不规则动词表”，供大家查阅。规则动词变化有以下五种情况。
▲一般动词直接加-ed。如：
walk — walked cancel — canceled
▲如果动词的最后一个音节是重读闭音节，最后一个辅音字母要双写。如：
dip — dipped nonplus — nonplussed
▲以不发音的元音字母e结尾的动词，直接加d。如：
like — liked smoke — smoked
▲以辅音加y结尾的动词，先将y变成i，再加-ed。如：
study — studied try — tried
如果是以元音字母加y结尾的动词，则直接加-ed。如：
play — played stay — stayed
▲以-c结尾的动词，先加k，再加-ed。如：
traffic — trafficked
2)一般过去时的用法
▲表示过去某一时刻或一段时间内发生过的动作或存在的状态。
I wasn’t in last night.
昨晚我不在家。
▲表示过去的习惯性动作。
When he was a child, he often swam in the river.
当他还是小孩的时候，经常在这条河里游泳。
▲在条件从句中表示与现在或将来事实相反的假设。
If I were you, I wouldn’t accept the offer.
如果我是你，我不会接受这个提议。
▲用于I wish, I’d rather, I’d sooner, I’d just as soon, It’s (high) time后that从句中，表示与现在或将来的事实相反的主观设想。
It’s time you went to bed.
你该睡觉了。
▲用于表示委婉的语气。
Did you wish to see me tomorrow?
你愿意明天来看我吗？
3．一般将来时一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或状况，由助动词shall或will加动词原形构成。Shall
用于第一人称，will用于第二、三人称。一般和表示时常、将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow,
next month, next week等。如：
I’ll go to see my grandmother next weekend.
下个周末，我要去看我的外祖母。
They will be moving to a new flat soon.
他们不久要搬入新房。
动词的完成时&
动词的完成时有现在完成时、过去完成时和将来完成时三种。动词的完成时由“助动词
have+动词的过去分词”构成。借助于have的不同时态的形式，又可以构成相应的三种完成时。这三种完成时都表示在某一时间或某个动作发生之前将要结束的动作。
1．现在完成时
(1)现在完成时由“have (has) + 动词的-ed分词”构成，表示到现在为止的一段时间内发生的情况或动作，强调的是对现在的影响，可能是已完成的动作，也可表示多次动作的总和，或习惯性的行为和持续性的动作。如：
I have cut my finger.
我割破了手。(结果：还在流血。)
I’ve always walked to school.
我一直步行去学校。(习惯性动作)
(2)动词的现在完成时也可以表示一个动作发生在过去，但一直延续到现在，并可能继续进行下去，这时常常与表示一段时间的状语连用。这类时间状语有now, today, this week,&
just , lately, up to now, for和since引导的短语等等。如：
I have studied English for four years.
我学英语已经有四年了。
He has lived in Shanghai since 1992.
自从1992年以来他一直住在上海。
(3)在有yet, as yet, already, just, ever, never这类副词作状语的情况下，常可用现在完成时。如：
She’s just gone.
(4)现在完成时用于将来的情况，即主语为一般将来时，时间和条件从句中的谓语用现在完成时(而不能用将来完成时)表示将来某时完成的动作。如：
We are going after we’ve had lunch.
吃过午饭后我们走。
2．过去完成时
(1)动词的过去完成时只须把has / have改为had，同时把时间状语向前推移到过去的某一时刻或某段时间即可。在意义上，过去完成时表示在过去某一动作发生之前，另一个动作早已结束，它强调“过去的过去”的动作。也可以用来表示在过去的时间内，两个动作的一先一后，先完成的动作用“过去完成时”，后一个动作用“一般过去时”。
By the end of the month Jack had collected more than a hundred foreign stamps.
到这个月底，杰克已收集了一百多张外国邮票。
(2)在由if, if only, as if ,as though, I’d rather, I wish等引出的从句中，表示与过去事态相反的主观愿望或想法。
If the driver had been careful enough, all the passengers would have been safe now.
(3)intend, mean, hope, assume, want, think, plan等动词的过去完成时可表示一种未实现的愿望或想法。
I had assumed that you would not come here in this bad weather.
3．将来完成时动词的将来完成时只须把has / have改为will have，同时把时间状语向前推移到将来的某一时刻或某段时间即可，也可以由句中的一个将来时动词衬托出来。在意义上，将来完成时表示在将来某个日期或某一动作发生之前，另一个动作将要结束。它强调“将来的将来”
的动作。它也可以用来表示在将来的时间内，两个动作的一先一后。先完成的动作用“将来完成时”，后一个动作用“一般现在时”。
They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.
By next month I will have studied German for just two years.
动词的进行时&
动词的进行时有现在进行时、过去进行时和将来进行时三种。动词的进行时由“助动词be+现在分词”构成。
1．现在进行时动词的现在进行时由be的现在时形式“am/is/are+现在分词”构成，主要用于以下几方面。
(1)现在进行时主要表示现在或现在这一阶段正在进行的动作。如：
They are having military training these days.
这些天，他们一直在军训。
I am waiting for the bus.
我正在等公共汽车。
(2)表示按计划将要发生的动作，通常与表示将来的时间状语连用。如：
My grandmother is coming to see me next week.
我奶奶下周要来看我。
Are going to the theater tonight?
你今晚去看戏剧吗？
(3)arrive, go, come, start, leave等瞬间动词的现在进行时表示将来的动作。如：
She’s coming tomorrow.
她明天来。
◆注意事项有些动词不能用于进行时，一般只用于一般时。
(1)表示感觉的动词：see, hear, feel, notice, look, seem, appear, smell,
(2)表示感情的动词：hate, love, fear, want, wish, like, refuse, forgive,
(3)表示思考和理解的动词：think, understand, know, believe, doubt, forget,
(4)表示存在状况的动词：be, exist, stay, remain,
(5)表示从属与占有的动词：possess, own, have, contain, belong,
(6)其它：owe, differ, form, resemble, apply to, 等等。
2．过去进行时动词的过去进行时由助动词be的过去时形式“was/were+动词的现在分词”构成，其用法与现在进行时有相同之处，只是把动作发生的时间向前推移到过去某一特定时刻或某段时间之内。
(1)表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。如：
I was reading a novel when you came in.
(2)表示过去某一阶段正在进行的动作。如：
Tom was always calling me up.
(3)指过去将来时间，常用于时间状语分句和条件分句中。如：
She asked me to say hello to her daughter in Singapore when I was visiting the city.
(4)表示按计划、安排将要发生的动作，通常与表示将来的时间状语连用。如：
He was attending the conference then.
3.将来进行时动词的将来进行时由助动词“will be+动词的现在分词”构成，其用法与现在进行时有相同之处，只是把动作发生的时间向后推移到将来某一特定时刻或某段时间之内。
(1)表示将来某时刻正在进行的动作。如：
I will be working in the department store next month.
(2)表示原因、结果和可能。如：
I won’t be free tomorrow. I’ll be seeing a friend off.(表示原因)
If you don’t come, we shall be wondering what has happened to you.(表示结果)
She will be telling you about it this afternoon.(表示可能性)
(3)在口语中表示预计将要发生或势必要发生的动作。如：
Who will be taking over his job?
(4)还可以表委婉语气。如：
If you will be wanting anything, just let me know.&
动词的完成进行时&
动词的完成进行时实际上是进行时的一种加强形式，表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作，其用法与进行时也大致相同。
1．现在完成进行时现在完成进行时由“have (has) + 现在分词”构成，主要表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间里一直在进行的动作，这个动作可能仍然进行，也可能停止了一会儿。如：
She is ill. She’s been lying in the bed for two weeks.&
她病了，已卧床两个星期。(动作会继续下去)
现在完成进行时也可以用来表示现在以前这段时期反复发生的事情。如：
You’ve been saying that for five years.
这话你已经说了有五年了。
2．过去完成进行时过去完成进行时由“had + been + V - ing”构成，表示开始于过去的过去某一时刻但到过去某一时刻还在进行的动作。如：
He told me he had been writing the paper for one month.
他告诉我他写论文写了一个月了。过去完成时还可以表示开始于过去的过去某一时刻但到过去某一时刻刚刚结束的动作。如：
It had been snowing heavily, and the ground was covered with a thick layer of snow.
雪一直下得很大，地面有了厚厚的一层雪。
3．将来完成进行时将来完成进行时表示将来某时前一直进行的动作，是否继续下去，要视上下文而定。如：
I shall have been working here in this factory for eight years by the end of the year.
到今年年底，我将在这个工厂工作八年了。
动词的将来时&
1．现在将来时
⑴表示将要发生的动作或状况，由助动词shall或will加动词原形构成。Shall用于第一人称，will用于第二、三人称。在美国，一般都用will，一般和next month, tomorrow, in a few days等。如：
They’ll finish the job ahead of time.
他们将提前完成任务。
⑵表示预料中要发生的动作。如：
They will be moving to a new flat soon.
他们不久要搬入新房。
2．过去将来时
⑴过去将来时由“should / would + 动词原形”构成，第一人称用should，其他人称用
would。在美国，第一人称也多用would。主要表示从过去某时看来将要发生的动作或将来会存在的状态，其常用在间接引语中。如：
She said she would come back the next day. 他说他第二天回来。
⑵过去将来时也可用来表示过去习惯性的动作。在此种情况下，不管什么人称，都用
would。如：
Every evening they would talk with the teacher.
每天晚上他们都和老师谈天。
动词的语态&
动词的语态有两种：一是主动语态，一是被动语态。动作的发出者是句子的主语，则为主动态；如果动作承受者是句子的主语，则为被动态。
1．被动语态的构成被动语态主要由“助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词”构成；而时态则由助动词的各种变化来表示，要注意助动词be的时态度必须与相应的主动句保持一致，被动语态还可以由
get构成。如：
John was fired last week.
My finger got badly burnt, now it becomes swollen.
可与get相搭配的过去分词有：broken, burnt, killed, hurt, washed, lost, confused, married,&
dressed, divorced, engaged等。
2．被动语态的时态与主动语态一样，动词的被动语态也有很多变化。现以take为例归纳并举例如下：
f 现在时： is (are) taken
f 现在进行时： is (are) being taken
f 现在完成时： have (has) been taken
f 过去时： was (were) taken
f 过去进行时： was (were) being taken
f 过去完成时： had been taken
f 过去将来时： should (would) be taken
f 将来时： shall (will) be taken
f 将来完成时： shall (will) have been taken
f 过去将来完成时：should (would) have been taken
⑴被动语态通常不用将来进行时或各种完成进行时时态.
⑵带情态动词的被动语态由“can (may, must, need等) + be + 过去分词”构成。
⑶英语中有些动词短语是及物的，后面可以跟宾语，它们也可以使用被动语态，要注意不要遗漏了动词后面的副词或介词。如：
The lights have been turned off.
灯已经关了。
The children are well looked after in the kindergarten.
孩子们在幼儿园被照顾得不错。
⑷英语中有些动词，在带动词不定式时必须省略不定式符号to(主动句)；但是在转化为被动态时，必须添加上to。这些动词有make, let, see, watch, help等。
3．被动语态的用法
⑴当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时。如：
This film will be shown again next month.
这部电影下个月要再次放映。
⑵当强调的是动作而不是动作的执行者时。如：
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