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题号：3170566试题类型：句型转换 知识点：实义动词的过去分词,系动词,动词短语,it 的用法,固定搭配&&更新日期：
同义句改写。1. The hospital was built by the villagers.The hospital was_________&_________ by the villagers.2.The rubbish has&&a terrible smell.The rubbish _________&_________&.3.He left his school at&&5:00 and got home at 5:20.It&&_________&him twenty _________&_________&get home.4.Can we leave our bikes here ?_________&our bikes here?5.He isn’t free enough to be with us these days .He is _________&_________&_________&he&_________&be&&with us these dys .6.Learning English well is important&&._________&is important _________&_________English.7.I haven’t got any&&letters from my rother since last month.No&&_________&have been _________&_________&me&&since last month
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过去分词的用法也有两个特点：一是表示完成，二是表示被动。
实意动词过去分词变化规律和他的过去式变化规律几乎是一样的：①一般情况直接加ed，如ask—asked，work—worked ②以不发音的e结尾，只加d，如love—loved，dance—danced ③以辅音字母加y结尾，把y变为ied，如try—tried，study—studied ④以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词，先双写末尾一个字母，再加ed， 如stop—stopped，permit—permitted 注意：以l结尾的动词，尾音节重读时，双写l,如control—controlled，尾音节不重读时，双不双写都可以，如travel—traveled/traveled。特例：picnic—picnicked，另外还有很多动词的过去分词是不合乎上述规则的，需熟记。
实意动词过去式与过去分词的区别:过去式是发生过的事; 过去分词形式是发生了并且对现在造成影响的事 。过去式是用来作谓语的 过去分词用于完成时结构的谓语。另外，在两者的形式也有所差异，有的过去式和过去分词一样 ,有的不一样 .比如: begin began begun 就不一样 teach taught taught 就一样 用的时候一定要分清
过去分词结构:1. 过去分词独立结构过去分词有时可有其独立主语，二者构成一种独立分词结构。过去分词独立结构多用于书面语中，常用作状语，用来表示时间、条件、原因、伴随情况等。如：He rushed into the room，his face covered with sweat.他满脸是汗跑进屋来。(表伴随)This done，we went home.做完此事，我们就回家了。（表时间）All our savings gone，the couple started looking for jobs.积蓄全部用完了，这对夫妻就开始找工作。（表原因）That point settled，the speaker went on to the next one.那个问题讲完了，演讲人继续讲下一个问题。（表时间）2. with/without+宾语+过去分词表示伴随情况的独立结构With everything taken into consideration,we all think this is a very good plan.每件事都考虑到了，我们都认为这是一项不错的计划。With different methods used，different results are obtained.采用不同的方法，得到不同的结果。She went angrily away without a word spoken.她一个字也没说，就生气地走了。3. 过去分词（短语）作宾语补足语(1) 过去分词（短语）在感官动词和使役动词等之后作宾语补足语，这些词语有： have 让，使 keep 使处于某状态 get 使得see 看见 hear 听见 find 发现feel 感觉到 leave 使处于某状态 make 使want 想要 start 引起 notice 注意observe 观察 watch 注视 set 使处于某状态如：The work left him exhausted.这个活使得他筋疲力尽。The doorkeeper heard the chain and bolts withdrawn.看门人听见门上的链和拴被拉开了。The tenant found the house renovated.房客看到房子已整修过了。It’s better to leave some things unsaid.有些事倒是不说的好。I don’t want my name linked with him.我不要把我的名字和他联系在一起。The person concerned should like this matter settled immediately.当事人希望此事立刻得到解决。(2)过去分词（短语）在使役动词get或have之后作宾语补足语，表示的动作往往是由别人完成的。如：I had my car repaired我把我的车修好了。（别人修的）I had my hair cut我理发了。（别人给我理的）We must get the television set repaired我们必须把电视机修好。（被别人修）He had his window broken to pieces.他的窗户给打破了。（被他人打破）
初中英语不规则动词过去式、过去分词表:(1)AAA型（动词原形、过去式、过去分词同形）cost（花费）cost&&&cost&&&&&&&&&&&& cut（割）&&cut&&&&&& cut&&&&&&&&&&& &spit&&&&& spit/spat&&&& spit/ spat(英)hit（打）&&&&hit&&&&&& &hit&&&&&&&&&&& &hurt 伤害）&hurt&&&&hurt&let（让）&& &let&&&& & let&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& put（放） put&&&& &putread （读）read& &read(2) AAB型（动词原形与过去式同形）beat（跳动）& beat& beaten(3) ABA型（动词原形与过去分词同形）become（变成） became become&&&&&&&&& awake&& awoke& awokencome（来） came come&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&run（跑）& ran& run(4) ABB型（过去式与过去分词同形）dig（挖）& dug& dug&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& build& built&&& builtget（得到）& got& got/gotten&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& catch& caught&& caughthang（吊死）& hanged& hanged&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& deal&& dealt&&&& dealthang（悬挂）& hung&&&&& hung&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& feed&&& fed&&&& fedhold（抓住）& held& held&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& find&&& found&& foundshine（照耀） shone shone&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& sit（坐）&& sat& satpay&&& paid&&&& paid&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& win （赢）& won& wonsend&& sent&&&& sent&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& meet（遇见）& met& metshoot&& shot&&&& shot&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& keep （保持） kept& kepttell&&& told&&&& told&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& sleep（睡）&& slept& sleptwin&&& won&&&& won&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& sweep（扫）& swept&& sweptfeel（感觉）& felt& felt&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& smell（闻）& smelt/smelled&& smelt/ smelledleave（离开） left& left&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& build（建设） built& builtlend（借出）& lent& lent&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& send （传送）&&&& sent& sentspend（花费） spent spent&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& lose （丢失） lost& lostburn （燃烧） burnt& burnt&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& learn（学习）& learnt& learntmean（意思是） meant& meant&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& catch（抓住） caught& caughtteach（教）& taught& taught&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& bring（带来） brought&& broughtfight （战斗） fought& fought&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& buy（买）& bought&& boughtthink（想）& thought thought&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& hear （听见） heard heardsell（卖）& sold& sold&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& tell（告诉）& told& toldsay（说）& said& said&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& find（找到）& found foundhave/has（有） had& had&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& make（制造） made madestand（站）& stood stood&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& understand明白understood understood(5) ABC型（动词原形、过去式与过去分词三者不同形）begin（开始） began begun&&&&&&&&&&&&&& take（取）& took& takendrink（喝）& drank drunk&&&&&&&&&&&&&& mistake（弄错） mistook&& mistakenring（铃响）& rang& rung&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ride（骑）&& rode& riddensing （唱）& sang& sung&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& do（做）& did& doneswim（游泳） swam swum&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& write（写）& wrote writtenblow（吹）& blew& blown&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& go（去）went& gonedraw （画）& drew& drawn&&&&&&&&&&&&&& lie（平躺）& lay& lainfly（飞）& flew& flown&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& see（看见）& saw& seengrow（生长） grew& grown&&&&&&&&&&&&&& wear （穿） wore& wornknow（知道） knew known&&&&&&&&&&&& be ( am, is, are )（是）was, were& beenthrow（投掷） threw thrown&&&&&&&&&&&&& show（出示） showed shownbreak（打破） broke broken&&&&&&&&&&&&& choose（选择） chose chosenforget（忘记） forgot forgotten (forgot)&&& bear& bore& borne/bornspeak（说，讲） spoke spoken&&&&&&&&&& draw& drew& drawnwake（醒）& woke woken&&&&&&&&&&&&&& dream& dreamt/ dreamed& dreamt/ dreameddrive（驾驶） drove driven&&&&&&&&&&&& hide&&& hid&& hiddeneat（吃）& ate& eaten&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& lay& laid& laid&& 放置fall（落下）& fell& fallen&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& lie& lied&& lied&& 撒谎give（给）& gave&&& given&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& lie&& lay&& lain&& 躺rise（升高）& rose& risen&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& see&&& saw&& seenshake& shook&& shaken&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& steal& stole&&& stolencan----could&&&&&&&&&&& may---might&& will---would&&& shall---shouldmust----must
系动词：亦称连系动词。作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，亦称补语（形容词），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
系动词的分类：1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。3）表像系动词用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：He looks tired. 他看起来很累。He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。5）变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如：The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）
系动词使用的注意事项：系动词本身有一定的词义，不能单独作，后面必须与连用。复习时，必须注意以下几个问题：
1.be是最重要的系动词，不同，be的形式也不同，且有的变化。
a通常表示的特征、状态和身份等，后面接形容词、、名词、短语、、v-ing、及作表语。
b特别要注意“由be+”所构成的与“由be+过去分词”所构成的的区别。
c前者侧重于表示的特征或所处的状态，通常没有由by引导的短语。
如：The door was closed.
后者侧重于强调主语是所示动作的承受者，表示动作；句中可以用由by引导的。如：The door was closed by me.
d还要注意“由be+ V-ing所构成的与“由be+ V-ing”所构成的进行时态的区别。
前者侧重于说明主语具有的特征或存在的状态，也可说明主语是什么。如：My job is teaching English.
后者侧重于强调主语正在做某事。如：Mr Wang is reading an evening paper now.
2. 要注意由转化成的系动词。
a表示人体感官的系动词有sound，taste，look，feel，smell等，后面接形容词；
b表示主语从一种状态转变到另一种状态的系动词有become，get，go，turn，run，grow，come，fall，prove等，后面接形容词、名词或 to be+形容词，become后面接单数名词时，名词前要用，turn后面接单数名词时，名词前不用；
c表示主语继续或保持某种身份、或的系动词有continue，keep，remain，stay，stand lie，rest，stay等，后面接表示状态的形容词；
d表示判断的系动词有seem和appear，后面接形容词、to be+名词或形容词、that-clause、不定式等。
3. 要注意系动词的固定搭配。常见的有come true, fall asleep, fall ill, go bad, come right, run wild, wear thin, turn nasty等。
4.要特别注意某些动词既可以做系动词，又可以做实意动词的用法。
系动词部分主要注意：其后要求接形容词，而不是做。遇到这种情况，只能先根据其意思判断清楚到底是前者还是后者，然后再对后面的词性和词义做出正确判断和选择。以taste一词为例：
The newly-invented soft drinking tastes quite unique.（这种新研制的软饮料尝起来挺独特的。注意：在这句话里，taste做系动词，不能使用进行时，后面接。）
The chef is tasting the fish carefully.（厨师长正在品尝这道鱼。注意：在这句话中，taste做，可以使用，并且后面接副词做。）
系动词用法点拨：1．系动词的进行时态应分情况讨论。一般地说，状态系动词无进行时态，而动态系动词有进行时态。但是在某些情况下，状态系动词也有进行时态，表示两个用途：一是表示一种短暂的、反常的状态。如：He is being kind.（一时而不能持久的性质）他装出和蔼可亲的样子。二是表示一种探询口气，使语言客气、生动、亲切。例如：I hope you are keeping well.（语气委婉）我希望你保持健康。Are you feeling any better?（语气亲切）你感觉好了些吗？试比较：Your hand feels cold.（无意识的静态性质。）你的手摸起来冰凉。不可以说：Your hand is feeling cold.(×)但可以说：The doctor is feeling her pulse.（有意识的动态动作）医生正在给她拿脉。The soup tastes good.（静态性质，无进行时）这汤的味道不错。The cook is tasting the soup.（动态动作，有进行时）厨师在尝汤的味道。
总之，系动词有无进行时态应随系动词的意义或其语境变化而变化。我们在概述某一动词的进行时态时，不能笼统地说feel，smell无进行时，应指出其意义及其语用环境。例如smell的用法可见一斑。①smell作“嗅觉”的能力时，虽是实义动词，但指的是一种性质的存在状态不能用于进行时态，常与can, could, be able to连用。The camels can smell the water a mile off.骆驼能嗅出一英里外有水。②指“嗅、闻”的动作时，实义动词，可用于进行时态。The girl is smelling the flower.这姑娘正在闻那朵花。③smell指“含有……气味”，“发出……气味”等事物性质时，半系动词，无进行时态。The dinner smells good.这饭菜闻起来真香。
2．系动词的时态与形容词的比较级连用的问题。某些含有变化意义的动态系动词如get, become, grow, turn等的进行时态可与形容词的比较级连用，表示渐进过程，其意思是“越来越……”。例如：He is growing taller and taller.他长得越来越高了。Our life is getting better and better.我们的生活是越来越好了。The things are getting worse.情况是越来越糟了。
3．所有半系动词的被动语态要分情况讨论。英语中某动词在作系动词用时，无被动语态，而作实义动词用时，才有被动语态，二者不可混为一谈。例如：不能说：The apple is tasted good.（因为taste此时是系动词，“尝起来”之意，指的是苹果的性质，无被动语态）但我们可以说：The apple is tasted by me.这苹果被我尝了一下。（taste此时指“尝一尝”这一动作，有被动语态）因此，在平时的英语教学和学习之 ，要有意注意半系动词在具体的语言环境中到底是系动词用法还是实义动词用法，要注意区分、识别。
4．瞬间动态系动词能否与时间段连用的问题英语中某些表示瞬间意义的系动词不能与“for+时间段，since+时间点，how long until+时间,by + 时间，so far”等直接连用。例如：①不能说：He has become a teacher for 2 years.应改为：He has been a teacher for 2 years.②不能说：He has turned writer since 3 years ago.应改为：He has been a writer since 3 years ago.或It is three years since he turned writer.③不能说：He got angry until his child came back home.应改为：He didn’t get angry until his child came back home.
5．系动词能接几种表语（从句）系动词除了接adj.\n.\prep.短语，某些adv.以外，还可接以下几种表语形式：①能接as if/as though表语从句的系动词有：look（看起来），smell（闻起来），sound（听起来），feel（觉得）；appear（显得），seem（似乎）。例如：It looks as if we are going to have snow.看样子天要下雪了。He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairy tales.他看来好像刚从我的童话故事中走出来似的。She seemed as if (though) she couldn’t understand why Laura was there.看来她好像不能理解为什么劳拉呆在那儿。It sounds to me as though there’s a tap running somewhere.我好像听到某处水龙头流水的声音。She felt as if her head were splitting.她仿佛觉得她的头要裂开了。The river appeared as if enveloped in smog.那条河好像笼罩在烟雾之中。It seems as if it were spring already.好像已是春天了。②可用于“It+系动词+that从句”结构的有：seem, appear, 不可用be, look。如：It seemed that he had made some serious mistakes in his work.好像他在工作中犯了严重错误。It appeared that he was talking to himself.好像他在自言自语。③能用不定式作表语的系动词有：be, seem, get, look, appear, prove, grow.Her job is to look after the children.她的工作是照料孩子们。He seems not to look after the children.他好像不是她的父亲。She looks to be a young girl of twenty year-old.她看起来像是一个20岁的年轻姑娘。He didn’t appear to dislike it.看不出他憎恨此事。My advice proved to be wrong.我的建议证明是错误的。He will grow to like this work gradually.他会逐渐喜欢这个工作的。④能与there连用的系动词有：be, appear, seem.There appeared to be only one room.那儿好像只有一个房间。There seems(to be)no need to go.似乎没有必要走。
6．能用两种否定形式的系动词有两个：seem, appear.举例说明：It doesn’t seem that we can get our money back.= It seems that we can’t get our money back.He seems not to be her father.= He doesn’t seem to be her father.The baby doesn’t appear to be awake.= The baby appears not to be awake.
7．后接作表语的过去分词可构成系表结构能构成系表结构的系动词通常有两个：第一个是常见的be(is, am, was等)；第二个是get，口语中常用。当二者作系动词用时，它们均表示一种存在状态，而不表示被动动作；当二者作助动词用时，后接作谓语的过去分词构成被动语态。Be + P.P常可以用get + P.P.来代替，但是并不是be系动词总是可以用get来代替。Get + P.P.系表结构常用于以下两种情况：1）表示偶然的、突发性的、意想不到的被动动作的结果或状态。Last night I got caught in the downpour.昨夜我被雨淋了（表示意想不到）The new car got scratched.新车给刮坏了。（表突发性）2）表示对自身所作的事。如get dressed, get lost等。John got injured while playing football last Saturday.约翰上周星期六踢足球时受了伤。They got married last month.他们上个月结婚了。另外，要注意区分系表结构与被动语态结构的用法。
动词短语：由动词和动短语成，或以动词为中心，功能同动词的短语叫动词短语,动词短语是动词的一种固定搭配形式，动词短语的搭配可分为下列四种基本类型。
动词短语搭配形式：1．动词+副词 ①作及物动词，例：&He brought up his children strictly． 　　 从以上的例句中可以看出，在“动词+副词”的词组中宾语位置有两种情况：宾语如是名词，则可置于副词后面，亦可置于动词和副词之间。而如果宾语是代词，只能置于动词后面，即动词和副词之间。 　　 ②作不及物动词，例： 　　&Something unexpected has turned up． 出现了令人意外的情况。（turn up=appear） 　　 ③既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，例： 　　 The barrel of gunpowder blew up．（不及物）火药桶爆炸了。 　　 The soldiers blew up the bridge．（及物）士兵们把桥炸毁了。 2．动词+介词&动词与介词构成的词组在词义上相当于一个及物动词，宾语总是在介词后面，例：I don’t much care for television．我不很喜欢电视。（care for=like） 3．动词+副词+介词 在这类动词短语中，动词、副词、介词紧密结合，是动副词组和动介词组的合成体，词义上相当于一个及物动词。它兼有以上两类短语动词的特点，但宾语总是位于介词之后，例：&We must work hard to make up for lost time．我们必须努力工作来弥补失去的时间。（make up for＝compensate） 4．动词+名词 这类动词短语中的常见动词是have，take，give，make等，后面的名词通常是从动词转化而来的动作名词，并表达了短语动词的真正意义，例： 　　&Let’s have another try．让我们再试一下。（have a try=v．try） 　 5．动词+名词+介词 　　&这类动词短语只用作及物动词。名词前可加形容词说明程度，宾语总是位于介词之后，&例：Keep an eye on the baby while I am out．我不在家时请照看一下小孩子。 　　 6．be+形容词（包括过去分词作形容词）+介词 　　&这类动词短语也相当于及物动词，宾语位于介词后面，形容词是短语动词的真正词义， 例：I know he is slow at understanding，but you have to be patient with him. 我知道他理解力差，但你得对他耐心些。
动词短语与短语动词:一、短语动词(1)短语动词常常是两个词（一个动词+一个副词性小品）构成，如：wake up , get up ,turn out 等。
(2)同一个动词后面可以有不同的副词性小品词，构成不同意义的短语动词。如：He turn on the radio .Bob turned out smiling.
(3）短语动词用法普遍，尤其在非正式语言中：
我们可以说 He awoke late the following morning .但这太正式了。
我们通常说 He woke up late the following morning .
短语动词的类型
Here is a page from Mr Jones` diary :
Monday ,February 5th.
*有些短语动词不带宾语：
The car broke down .Cigarette prices are going up.
*多数主短语动词可以带宾语，宾语通常在副词性小品词的前或后：
动词+副词性小品词+宾语 动词+宾语+副词性小品词
I rang up a garage. I rang a garage up.
如果宾语较长，则通常放在副词之后：
I filled in an application form.(不说 I filled an application form in .)
如果宾语是代词，其结构通常如下：
动词+代词+副词性小品词
I put it down.(不说 I put down it .)
*有些短语动词是由三个词构成的（动词+副词性小品词+介词），这样，宾语就只能放在介词后面：
I don`t get on with the people at work.短语动词由动词加上介词或副词小品词构成。比如：1. 由动词break构成的常见短语动词有：break away (from) 突然逃离；断绝往来，脱离；改掉，破除break down （机器等）坏了；（计划等）失败；（谈话等）中断；（健康等）变坏；感情失去控制break in 突然进来，强行进入；插嘴，打岔；训练，使适应break into 强行进入；突然…起来；打断，插嘴；占用时间break off 停止讲话；暂停，休息；（使）折断break out （火灾、战争等）突然发生，爆发break through 突破；克服，征服；强行穿过；（太阳等）从云层里出来break up 解散，驱散；（学校等）放假；结束，破裂；击碎；绝交break with 与…绝交，与…决裂2. 又如由bring构成的常用短语动词有：bring about 引起，实现，导致bring (a)round 使改变观点或看法；使苏醒；顺便把某人带来串门bring back 送还；使想起，使恢复bring down 击落；打死，打伤；使倒下；降低bring forth 产生，引起，结果bring in 收获；获利；介绍，引进；聘请；逮捕bring off 从船上救出；设法做成bring on 带来，引起；促使生长；帮助提高bring out 取出，拿出；显示出，使出来；出版bring over 说服，使改变（思想等）bring through 使度过（困难，危机等）bring together 使和解bring up 提出，提起；抚养，培养；呕吐二、动词短语动词短语由动词加上宾语或状语构成。如：break a glass 打破一个玻璃杯break one’s leg 摔断腿break a window 打破窗户break the rules 违反规定break a bad habit 改掉坏习惯break the world record 打破世界记录bread easily 容易断break to pieces 破成碎片bring a book 带来一本书bring sb sth 给某人带来某物bring sb great satisfaction 给某人带来极大的快慰bring death and famine 导致死亡和饥荒
初中英语动词短语整理：1. breakbreak down破坏，出毛病，拆开break off暂停，中断 break in破门而入， 打断break into破门而入，突然…起来 break out爆发 break away from打破陈规；奋力挣脱；放弃习惯 break through 出现，突破break up打碎，拆散， 分裂、分解
2. callcall at a place (车船等)停靠;到某地拜访。call away 叫走，叫开…;转移(注意力等)。call back唤回; 回电话;call for需要，要求call for sth (sb) 喊着叫某人来，喊着叫人取来某物call in 叫进，请进; 找来，请来;来访；收回call off取消; 叫走，转移开call (up)on sb 拜访或看望某人call sb sth 为某人叫某物call (up)on sb to do sth 叫(请)某人做某事call up给…打电话;& 想起，回忆起; 召集，应召入伍&&& call out大喊，高叫; 叫出去3. comecome down下跌，落，降，传下来&&& come in进来&& come out出版，结果是come on来临/ 快点&&& come along一道来，赶快come over走过来&&& come up发芽，走近&&&&& come back回来&&& come from来自，源自4. cutcut down砍倒，削减&& cut up连根拔除，切碎5. diedie of死于（疾病，饥饿，寒冷，情感原因）die from死于（外界原因）&&&& die out绝种6. fallfall behind落后& fall down掉下，跌倒 fall into 落入；陷入fall off 从。。。掉下 fall out与。。。争吵7. gogo along沿着。。。。走go through通过，经受 go over复习，检查&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& go up（价格）上涨，建造起来&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& go against违反&& go away离开go by时间过去&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& go down降低，（日、月）西沉go on(with)继续进行&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& go out外出，熄灭&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& go off发出响声8. getget down下来，记下，使沮丧&&&&&&&&& get on进展，进步，穿上，上车&&&&&&&&&&& get off脱下,下车get away逃跑，逃脱，去休假get over克服，从疾病中恢复&& get along with进展，相处get up起床&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& get into (trouble) 陷入困境中&&&&&&&&&&&&&& get back取回，收回&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& get out 出去get to 到达。。。9. givegive away赠送，泄露，出卖&&&&&&&& give out发出，疲劳，分发，&&&&&& give in (to sb.) 屈服give up放弃，让（座位）10. handhand in交上，提交hand out分发&&&& 11.holdhold on to…继续，坚持hold up举起，使停顿 hold on别挂电话，等，坚持&&&&&
12. keep&&&&&&& keep up with跟上keep out 不使。。。进入&&&&&&&&&&&&&& keep from克制，阻止keep away from避开，不接近， keep on继续，坚持下来keep down 使。。。处于低水平&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 13.knockknock at/on敲knock into撞到某人身上&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 14. looklook up查找，向上看& look through翻阅，浏览&&&&& look after/ at / for 照顾/看/寻找look out(for)当心&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& look about / around/round四下查看look forward to盼望&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 15. makemake up编造，打扮，组成&&&&&&&&&&& make into / of / from 制成&&&&&&&&&&& 16.pass&&&&& pass by经过&&&&&&&&&&&&&& pass down(on)…to传给 17. paypay back还钱，报复& pay for付钱，因…得到报应&& 18. pickpick up拾起，接人，站起，收听，pick out挑选，辨认，看出&& 19. putput up张贴，举起，&&& put out伸出，扑灭&&&&&&&&&&&& put off推迟&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& put into放进，翻译put away放好，存钱&&&&&&&&&&& put down记下，平息put on穿戴，上映，&&&&&&&&&&&&&& put aside放到一边&&&&&&&&& put back放回20. standstand out 突显，引人注目stand up 起立，站起来38.其它常用词组wake up 醒，唤醒，弄醒stay up 不睡觉；熬夜depend on依靠；取决于worry about为。。。担忧laugh at嘲笑。。。begin with以。。。开始mix up混合、搀和major in 主修grow up成长open up 打开，张开；开发end up到达或来到某处； 达到某状态throw away 丢弃。。。ask for要求。。。wait for等待。。。agree with同意。。。find out（经研究或询问）获知某事send out 发出，放出，射出search for 搜索，搜查chop down 砍到have.. on 穿着。。。step out of 跨步走出drop out of 从。。。掉出happen to 发生在。。。belong to属于arrive in /at到达。。。try on试穿。。。vote on对。。。进行投票strech out伸展。。。hang out闲逛leave for离开前往 sell out 卖完、售完show up 出席；露面21. runrun after追逐，追捕&&& run away逃跑&& run off跑掉，迅速离开&&&&&&& run out of用完22. setset up建立&&&&&&& set off 激起，引起&&&&&& 23. taketake after 与…相像take off脱掉，起飞&& take away拿走&& take up从事，占用（时间空间）&&& take down记录，取下&&&&&&& take back收回take pride in以… ……为自豪, take the place of 代替24. thinkthink of想起，考虑，对…看法&&& think out（自然）想出办法&& think up想出（设计出、发明、编造） think about考虑&&&&&& think over仔细考虑&&&&&& 25. turnturn off / on打开&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& turn to翻到，转向，求助turn down调低，拒绝&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& turn back返回，转回去turn round转过身来&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& turn up向上翻，出现，音量调大&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 26. care care about 担心，关心；在乎，介意care for 关心，关怀，照顾27. cleanclean up 把…打扫干净，把…收拾整齐clean out 清除；把…打扫干净28.learnlearn about 获悉，得知，认识到learn from& 从/向。。。学习29. fightfight for..争取获得…fight against 争取克服、战胜…fight with…与。。。搏斗/战斗30. dreamdream of梦想，想橡dream about 梦到。。。31. workwork for 为。。工作work out 产生结果；发展；成功32. argueargue with …与。。。争论argue about..争论。。。33. complaincomplain to 向。。抱怨complain about抱怨。。。34. hear hear of 听说，得知hear about听到。。。的事，听到。。的话hear from接到。。。的信35. talktalk about 讨论。。。talk with/to..和。。。讨论36. livelive in 住在。。。live on 以。。。为主食
“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配，是英语语法的重点、难点，又是近几年考试的热点，因此在复习中应给予足够的重视。
It 句型归纳：1． It is ＋adj．(＋for sb．／sth．) ＋ to do sth．用于此句型的形容词有：easy， hard， difficult，possible， important， impossible， necessary， good， bad， exciting， interesting， surprising等。如：&It is necessary to change your job．&It was very hard for them to walk such a long way in the snow．2．It is ＋n．(＋for sb．／sth．) ＋ to do sth．用于此句型的名词有： pity, shame, pleasure, one’s duty, one’s job, fun, joy, good manners, bad manners等。如：&It is a pity for you to have missed such a wonderful play．&It is bad manners for the young to take up the seats for the old．3．It is ＋adj．＋of sb．＋to do sth． 此句型中的形容词主要描述某人的品德、特征。能用于该句型的形容词有： kind, nice, wise, silly, polite, impolite, friendly, foolish, clever等。如：&How silly it was of you to give up such a good chance！&It is friendly of the family to try to make me feel at home in their house．4．It is ＋adj．（＋n．）＋doing sth． 此句型中的形容词和名词常见的有：no／little use, no／much good, useless等。如：&It’s no use crying over spilt milk．5．It takes sb．＋一段时间＋to do sth． 表示“做某事花费某人多长时间”。如：It took us half an hour to ride to the town by the sea．6．It is ＋及物动词的过去分词＋that从句 此句型中常见的及物动词的过去分词有：said, told, known, reported, recorded, thought, believed, considered等。如：It is reported that the Russian President will visit China next week．7．It ＋不及物动词＋that从句 此句型中不及物动词常见的有：seem， happen， appear， matter等。如：&It seems that there will be a heavy snow tomorrow．&It happened that I met my good friends in the museum yesterday．8．强调句型：It is＋被强调部分＋that／who从句在使用强调句型时要注意，指人时可以用who或that，其它情况一律用that。如：&It was under the bed that my brother hid the ball this morning．&It is Mr Bell who／that often comes and looks after the old man．9．It is／has been＋一段时间＋since从句。如：It is ／has been three years since we saw each other last．10．It is (high) time that sb． did sth．该句型表示“某人现在该做某事了”，从句常用过去时（虚拟语气）说明现在应该做的事情。如：&It’s six o’clock．It is high time that we went home now．It 常用的固定搭配：1. make it（1）在口语当中相当于succeed，表示：成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达例& It's hard to make it to the top in show business.（2）在口语中相当于fix the date for，表示“约定好时间”例& —Shall we meet next week？—OK. We just make it next Saturday.2. as it is（1）相当于in fact，in reality表示“事实上，实际情况是……”例& We had planed to finish the task today，but as it is we probably won't finish it until next week.（2）相当于方式状语从句，表示“照原样”例& Leave the table as it is.3. as it were相当于as one might say，that is to say，表示“也就是说，可以说，换句话说”例& He is，as it were，a modern Sherlock Holmes.4. if it weren't for…/if it hadn't been for…用来引导虚拟语气，相当于without，or but for，表示“如果不是……，要不是……”例& If it weren't for Tom，I wouldn't be alive today.5. that's it（1）相当于That's all. That's so much. 表示“至此为止，没有别的了”例& You can have one more sweet，and that's it.（2）相当于 That's right.表示“对啦”例& — I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A”—That's it.6. catch it在口语中，相当于be punished/scolded for doing sth. wrong. 表示“因做错事而挨骂，受责备，受批评，受惩罚”例& We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class again.7. have it（1）相当于say，insist表示“说，主张，表明，硬说”例& Rumour has it that they are getting divorced.（2）相当于get to know something，表示“了解，知道，获悉”例& I had it from John that she was going abroad.8. have what it takes在口语中，相当于be well qualified for，表示“具有成功的条件”例& You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star.9. so it seems / appears.10. Keep at it！（Don't give up！）相当于go on，表示“继续做，不放弃”例& My teacher asked me to keep at it.11. Go it！（Go on！）拼命干，莽撞12. Now you have done it！（You have done sth. wrong.）13. Now you'll catch it！（You'll be punished.）14. As it happened，…在口语中，相当于it's a pity that…，表示“真不凑巧，真遗憾”例& As it happened，they were out.15. As it turned out，…在口语中，相当于it was found to be in the end，表示“最后被证明是”例& As it turned out，his statement was false.16. Such as it is（they are）在口语中，相当于although it may not be worth much，表示“虽然没有多大价值”例& You can borrow my exam notebook，such as it is.17. Take it/things easy.相当于Don't worry or don't hurry. 用来劝告别人，表示“不要慌，别担心，存住气”例& Take it easy！ He will do it well.18. Take it from me.在口语中，相当于believe me what I say.表示“请相信我的话，我敢担保”例& You can take it from me that he will make it this time.19. For what it is worth…在口语中，相当于although I'm not sure it's of value，表示“不管其价值如何”例& Here is the article I promise you，for what it's worth.20. Worth it在口语中，相当于useful，表示“有好处，值得做”例& Don't hesitate about it！ It's worth it.21. Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你”例& Believe it or not，Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday.22. Take it or leave it. v. 要么接受要么放弃例& That is my last offer. You can take it or leave it.23. It all depends/that all depends在口语中，相当于it hasn't been decided yet，表示“那得看情况，还没有定下来”例& —Are you going to the countryside for holiday？—It/That all depends.24. It's up to sb.在口语中，相当于it's decided by sb. 表示“由……决定，由……负责，取决于……”例& —Shall we go out for dinner？—It's up to you.
it用法小结：It用作实词 表达以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that；替代前文中的内容；指代一位性别不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事；指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象。
一、it 作人称代词的用法1. 指事物作为人称代词，it 可以除人以外的一切事物或动物。如：I dropped my watch and it broke. 我把手表掉在地上摔坏了。It’s hard work, but I enjoy it. 工作很辛苦，可是我乐意干。“Where is the dog?” “It’s in the bedroom. ” “狗在哪?”“在卧室里”。2. 指人it 指人主要用于指不性别不明的婴儿或用于确认某人的身份。如：Is it a boy or a girl? 是男孩还是女孩?There is a knock on the door. It must be the postman. 有人在敲门，一定是邮递员。【说明】在答语中，常用来指本人，如说 It’s me。3. 代替某些代词代词 it 还可用于代替指示代词this, that 以及复合不定代词 something, anything, nothing等。如：“What’s this?” “It’s a new machine. ” “这是什么?”“是一种新机器”。Nothing is wrong, is it? 没出什么问题，是吗?
二、it 作非人称代词的用法1. 基本用法it 作非人称代词的用法，主要用于指时间、距离、价值、天气、气候及温度等自然现象。如：It’s too late to go there now. 现在去那儿已经太迟了。It rained all day yesterday. 昨天下了一天的雨。It can get very hot here. 这里有时会很热。2. 用于某些句型It’s time for sth. 该做某事了。It’s time to do sth. 该做某事的时候了。It’s time for sb to do sth. 某人该干某事了。It’s (about / high) time + that-从句. 某人该做某事了。(从句谓语用过去式，有时也用“should+动词原形”)It’s first (second) time + that-从句. 某人第几次干某事。(从句谓语用现在完成时)It’s + 时间段 + since-从句. 自从……有一段时间了。It’s + 时间段 + before-从句. 过多长的时间才……
三、it用作形式主语1. 基本用法当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作句子主语时，为保持句子平衡，通常把真正的主语放在句末，而在句首使用形式主语it。如：It’s very important to remember this. 记住这一点很重要。It’s hard work climbing mountains. 爬山是费劲的事。It’s unknown when he will come. 他什么时候来还不知道。2. 用作形式主语的的重要句型(1) It + be + adj. for (of) sb to do sth 某人做某事……It is hard for him to make up his mind. 他很难下定决心。It was foolish of her to say such a thing. 她说那样的话，真是太蠢了。【说明】介词 of 与 for 的区别是：of 用于指某人的性格、属性、特征等，介词for表示对象，意为“对……来说” 。(2) It takes sb + 时间段 + to do sth. 某人做某事花了……时间It takes years to master a new language. 要花多年的时间才能掌握一门新的语言。【说明】此句型可以有以下多变种变体：It took me an hour to write the letter. =The letter took me an hour (to write). =I took an hour to write the letter. 我写这封信花了一个小时(3) It is up to sb to do sth. 该由某人做某事It’s up to you to to make the choice. 得由你来作选择。(4) it look (seem, appear, happen, occur) that [as if]… 似乎……It seemed as though he didn’t recognize me. 他似乎没认出我来。It happened that I was out when he called. 他打电话时我碰巧不在家。(5) If it were not for… / If it hadn’t been for… 若不是因为……If it were not for their help, we couldn’t have got over the difficulties. 要不是他们帮助，这些困难我们不克服不了的。
四、it用作形式宾语1. 基本用法当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作宾语且其后跟有宾语补足语时，通常会在宾语补足语前使用形式宾语，而将真正的宾语移至句末。其基本结构为“动词+it+宾语补足语+不定式(动名词或从句)”。如：I find it difficult to do the job well. 我发现做好这件事不容易。I think it best that you should stay here. 我认为你最好住这儿。We think it no use complaining. 我们认为抱怨是没有用的。2. 用作形式宾语的几个特殊结构(1) 动词+ it + that-从句。如：I like it that you came. 你来了，我很高兴。I take it (that) he will come on time. 我认为他会准时来的。You can put it that it was arranged before. 你可以说这是以前安排的。Rumor has it that the defence minister will soon resign. 据传闻，国防部长不久就要辞职。【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多，常见的有 have, take, put, like 等。(2) 动词 + it + when (if)-从句。如：I dislike it when you whistle. 我不爱听你吹口哨。We really appreciate it when she offered to help. 她来帮忙了，我们十分感激。I’d prefer it if I didn’t have to do so much work. 要是我不必做那么多工作，好就太好了。【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多，常见的有 enjoy, hate, love, like, dislike, appreciate, prefer 等。(3) 动词 + prep + it + that-从句。如：See to it that you’re not late again. 注意千万不要再迟到。Look to it that this doesn’t happen again. 注意不要再发生这种事。You may rely on it that he’ll come to meet you. 你放心，他会来接你的。I can’t answer for it that he will come. 我不能保证他会来。【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多，常见的有see to, look to, insist on, stick to, depend on, answer for 等。(4) 动词 + it + 介词短语+ that-从句。如：I owe it to you that I am still alive. 多亏有你我才仍然活着。I took it for granted that he would help us. 我认为他会帮助我们的。【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多，常见的有take it for granted, bring it to sb’s attention, owe it to sb 等。
it在强调句中的使用It is＋被强调部分＋that(who)＋其他在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点： 1. 请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句& 2. 在强调原因状语从句时，只能强调由because所引导的从句。 3. 在强调not … until结构时必须把not与until一起放到被强调的位置上。4. 注意强调句型与定语从句的区别。5. 不管被强调部分是单数还是复数，其前一律用It is / It was，而不能用They are / There were之类的。6. 被强调部分是指人时，被强调部分后可用that / who，被强调部分指物时，被强调部分后只能用that。7. 被强调部分是指时间或地点时，被强调部分后通常用that，一般不用when，where之类的。例：It is I who am right. 是我对。It was you that were wrong. 是你错了。It was in the Japan that he died. 他是死于日本。It was yesterday that he got married. 他是昨天结婚的。It was a computer that he bought last week. 他上个星期买的是一台电脑。Where was it that she lived? 她是住在什么地方?When was it that he left for Japan? 他是什么时候离开去日本的?Who is it that teaches you English? 是谁教你们英语?
固定搭配：英语中的固定搭配主要是指英语中的习惯用法，如有固定用法的一些动词短语、介词短语、名词词组及形容词词组。例如：take part in (参加)& by accident (偶然地)&lucky dog (幸运儿) be interested in (对…感兴趣)
初中英语常见固定搭配：(一)加-ingenjoy / like doing sth 喜欢做----&&&& spend....(in) doing sth 在做---花费---&& try doing 试着做------&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& be busy doing sth 忙于做------finish doing sth 完成做----&&&&&&&&&&& look forward to + doing sth 期待做----(现在进行时)be doing 正在做---&&&&& Thank you for (doing) sth 为了--感谢你
（二）加-to decide to do sth 决定去做-----&&&&&&&&&&&&& ask (sb)to do 要求(某人)去做----&&&&&& It’s+adj +to do sth . 做---(怎么样)&&&&&&&& would like / want to do 想要做-----&&&& It takes sb sometime to do sth在做----花费----（三）加原形let / make sb do sth 让某人做某事&&& be going to / will do sth （一般将来时态）（四）加-to 或-ing意思不同forget doing 忘记做过了-----(已做)&&&& forget to do 忘记去做------(还没做)&&& remember doing记得做过了-----(已做)remember to do记得去做------(还没做)（五）加-to 或-ing意思相同begin / start to do sth = begin / start doing sth开始做------（六）A）动词+ 介词 agree with同意....的意见(想法)；符合&&&& help ... with ...帮助(某人)做(某事)& listen to听...&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ..get to到达....&&&&&&& fall off (从......)掉下base on以....(为)根据&&&&& knock at /on敲(门、窗)&&&&&&&& laugh at嘲笑 learn.. from 向...学习&&&&& live on继续存在；靠...生活& look after照顾，照看look at看；观看&&&&&&&&&&& look for寻找&&&&&&&&&&&&& look like看起来像 pay for (sth.)付钱；支付& point at指示；指向&&&&&&&&&& point to指向....prefer to ...宁愿(选择);更喜欢&&&&&&&&&&& quarrel with (和某人)吵架regard...as ...把....当作....；当作&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& stop...from阻止.....做.....talk about说话；谈话；谈论&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& talk with与......交谈think about考虑&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& think of认为；想起B)动词+ 副词&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ask for请求；询问&&&&&&& carry on坚持下去；继续下去&&&&& cut down砍倒& clean up清除；收拾干净&& come down下来；落&&&& come along来；随同come in进来&&&&&&&&&&&& come on来吧；跟着来；赶快& come over过来；顺便来访&&&&&&&&&&& come out出来；出现；(花)开；发(芽)&&&&&& drop off放下(某物)；下车&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& eat up吃光；吃完fall behind落在......后面；输给别人&&&&&&&&&&&& fall down跌倒；从......落下find out查出(真相)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& get back回来；取回get down下来；落下；把......取下来&&&&&&&&&&&&& get off下来；从......下来get on上(车)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& get up起床&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& give up放弃go on继续&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& go out出去&&&&& go over过一遍；仔细检查grow up长大；成长&&&&&& hand in交上来&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& hurry up赶快hold on (口语)等一等；(打电话时)不挂断&&&&&&&&&&&&& look out留神；注意look over (仔细)检查&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& look up向上看；抬头看&& pass on传递；转移到....&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& pick up拾起；捡起put away放好；把....收起来&& put on穿上；戴上；(戏剧等)上演；放(唱片等put down把(某物)放下来&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& put up挂起；举起run away流失；逃跑；逃走& rush out冲出去& set off出发；动身；启程send up发射；把......往上送&& shut down把......关上&&&&&& sit down坐下slow down减缓；减速&&&&&& take off脱掉(衣服)&&&&&&&&&& take out取出throw about乱丢；抛撒&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& trip over (被......)绊倒try on试穿(衣服、鞋等)；试戴(帽子等)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& try out试验；尝试turn down关小；调低&&&&&&&& turn on打开(电灯、收音机、煤气、自来水等turn off关(电灯、收音机、煤气、自来水等)&&&&&&&&&&& turn over (使)翻过来wake up醒来&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& wear out把......穿旧；磨坏work out算出；制订出&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& write down写下....C) be + 形容词+ 介词&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& be angry with对(某人)发脾气&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &be interested in对......感兴趣& be able to能；会&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &be afraid of害怕be amazed at对......感到惊讶&&&&&&&&&&&& be excited about对......感到兴奋be filled with用......充满&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& be full of充满......的be good at =do well in在....方面做得好；善于&&&&&&&&&&&&& be late for迟到be made in在......生产或制造&&&&&&&&&&&& be made of由....组成；由....be pleased with对......感到满意&&&&&&&&&&&&&& be proud of以......自豪/高兴be used for用于D)动词+ 名词/ 代词&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& beg one′s pardon请原谅；对不起&&&&&&&&& do morning exercises做早操do one′s homework做作业&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& enjoy oneself =have a good time过得快乐；玩得愉快&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& give a concert开音乐会&&&&& go boating去划船&&&&&& go fishing去钓鱼go hiking去徒步旅行&&&&& go skating去滑冰&&&&& go shopping (去)买东西have a cold (患)感冒&&&& have a cough (患)咳嗽&& have a headache (患)头痛&& have a try尝试；努力&&&& have a look看一看&&&&&&&&& have a rest休息& have a seat (= take a seat ) 就坐；坐下&&&&&&&& have sports进行体育活动&& have supper吃晚餐&&& hear of听说&&& hold a sports meeting举行运动会make a decision作出决定&& make a mistake犯错误&& make a noise吵闹make faces做鬼脸&&&&&& make friends交朋友&&&&&&& make money赚钱take one′s place坐某人的座位；代替某人的职务&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& teach oneself (=learn by oneself ) 自学&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& watch TV看电视& take photos照相&&&&&&& take time花费(时间)&&&&&&&&& take turns轮流E)动词+ 名词/ 代词/ 副词+ 介词&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& catch up with赶上&&&&&&&&&&& come up with找到；提出(答案、解决办法等) get on well with与......相处融洽&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& give birth to生(孩子)& help yourself / yourselves to自取；随便吃&&& make room for给.....腾出地方play a joke on戏弄人；对人恶作剧&&&&&&&&&&&&&& speak highly of称赞&&& say good bye to告别；告辞&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& take an active part in积极参加 take care of照顾；照料；注意F)其他类型&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& be awake醒着的&&&&&&&&&& be born出生&&&&&&&&& be busy doing忙着做come true实现&&&&& do one′s best尽最大努力&&&&& fall asleep睡觉；入睡&& go home回家&&&& go on doing (sth.)继续做某事；尽力&&& get married结婚 get together相聚&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& go straight along& 沿着...一直往前走had better (do)最好(做...)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& keep doing sth.一直做某事&&&&&&&& make sure确保；确认；查明&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& make up one′s mind下决心
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