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时代轻卡的英文
英文翻译times light truck:&&&& epoch:&&&&light:&&&& be jammed:&&&&1.（时期） epoch ...:&&&&colt:&&&&nlaw:&&&&nlaw:&&&&kbs song festival:&&&& the valach ...:&&&&time equivalence
例句与用法Production increased 32 . 6 percent and sales 24 percent from the comparable figures of last year , said dfm sources . dfm produces a wide range of automobiles from heavy - duty and light - duty trucks to cars models teana , sunny , bluebird , dongfeng citroen picasso , dongfeng citroen elysee and dongfeng peugeot 3072004年11月，福田强势推出欧v客车，欧v客车总投资1 . 6亿元，是继时代轻卡奥铃汽车欧曼重卡风景mpvsuv之后福田汽车旗下的第五个品牌，弥补了福田汽车中大型客车产品序列的空白。 For now , carmakers are expected to rein in expansion , trim prices and gird for a shake - out to cull weaker players . shanghai volkswagen s chief , joerg blecker , said his firm is focused on cutting costs , but does not have plans for further price cuts . " if carmakers continue to rely on pushing out new models and cutting prices , it s unlikely there ll be any improvement , " said xu xiang at southern securities2003年，福田汽车产销量全国排名第五，位列2003年中国企业500强第88位，被财富杂志评为中国上市公司100强之一和中国最具发展潜力上市公司50强之一在纪念中国汽车工业50周年评选中，福田汽车被评为“发展速度最快，成长性最好”的企业，公司总经理王金玉荣获“中国汽车工业五十年杰出人物”称号，时代轻卡被评为中国轻卡行业第一品牌。 &&
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All rights reserved[转载]欧盟排放标准&&&汽车和轻卡&&中英文翻译
敬告：本文纯属自己翻译，有错误之处请指出，或是体谅，谢谢
Cars and Light Trucks
排放标准& 欧盟
汽车和轻卡
Background 背景
European Union emission regulations for new light
duty vehicles (passenger cars and light commercial vehicles) were
once specified in Directive
with a number of amendments adopted through 2004. In 2007, this
Directive has been repealed and replaced by Regulation 715/2007
(Euro 5/6). Some of the important regulatory steps implementing
emission standard for light-duty vehicles were:
欧盟针对新型轻型汽车（客车和轻型商用汽车）的排放规范曾经在指令中被指定出来。这个排放规范具有许多在2004年中采用的修正。在2007年，该指令已经被废除，替代它的是715/2007排放法规（欧5/6排放法规）。
下面是执行轻型汽车排放标准的一些重要的监管措施：
Euro 1 standards (also known as EC 93): Directives 91/441/EEC
(passenger cars only) or 93/59/EEC (passenger cars and light
欧1标准（也就是EC
93）：91/441/EEC指令（只是客车）或93/59/EEC指令（客车和轻型卡车）
Euro 2 standards (EC 96): Directives 94/12/EC or 96/69/EC
欧2标准(EC 96): 94/12/EC指令或96/69/EC指令
Euro 3/4 standards (): Directive ,
further amendments in
欧三欧四标准（）：指令，在中进一步修正
Euro 5/6 standards (): Regulation 715/2007 (“political”
legislation) and Regulation 692/2008 (“implementing”
legislation)
欧五欧六标准(): 715/2007指令 （政策法规) 和692/2008
法规(强制执行标准)
Applicability. Emission standards for
light-duty vehicles are applicable to all vehicles
M1, M2, N1 and N2 with
a reference mass not exceeding 2610 kg (Euro 5/6). EU regulations
introduce different emission limits for compression ignition
(diesel) and positive ignition (gasoline, NG, LPG,
ethanol,...) vehicles. Diesels have more stringent CO standards but
are allowed higher NOx. Positive ignition vehicles were exempted
from PM standards through the Euro 4 stage. Euro 5/6 regulations
introduce PM mass emission standards, equal to those for diesels,
for positive ignition vehicles with DI engines.
适用性。轻型车排放标准，适用于所有具有参考不超过2610千克（欧5 /
6）车辆类别M1，M2，N1和N2。欧盟法规为压燃式（柴油）和强制点火（汽油，天然气，液化石油气，乙醇,...)
车辆引入了不同的排放限制。柴油机有更严格的CO排放标准，但允许排放更多的NOx。欧4阶段，强制点火车辆没有设定微粒质量排放标准。与柴油机相等同的是，欧五欧六标准为安装有直接点燃式发动机的强制点火的车辆引入了微粒质量排放标准。
Fuels. The
standards were
accompanied by an introduction of more stringent
that require minimum diesel cetane number of 51
(year 2000), maximum diesel sulfur content of 350 ppm in 2000 and
50 ppm in 2005, and maximum petrol (gasoline) sulfur content of 150
ppm in 2000 and 50 ppm in 2005. “Sulfur-free” diesel and gasoline
fuels (≤ 10 ppm S) must be available from 2005, and became
mandatory from 2009.
燃料。伴随着标准，引入了更加严格的燃料规定，要求最小的柴油十六烷值为51（2000年），2000年最大的柴油含硫量为百万分之350，2005年为百万分之50；最高汽油含硫量2000年为百万分之150,2005年为百万分之50
。 “无硫”柴油和汽油燃料（≤百万分之10的硫）必须从2005年上市，从2009年开始强制使用。
Emission Testing. Emissions are tested over
(ECE 15 + EUDC) chassis dynamometer procedure. Effective year 2000
(Euro 3), that test procedure was modified to eliminate the 40 s
engine warm-up period before the beginning of emission sampling.
This modified cold start test is referred to as the New European
Driving Cycle (NEDC) or as the MVEG-B test. All emissions are
expressed in g/km.
排放测试。排放测试是基于
EUDC)）底盘测功机程序。欧3生效时，该测试程序做出修改，以消除排放抽样开始之前的40秒的发动机预热时间。此修改后的冷启动测试被称为新欧洲标准行驶循环（NEDC）或称为MVEG
- B的试验。所有排放均以克/公里为单位。
The Euro 5/6 implementing legislation introduces a
new PM mass emission measurement method (similar to the US 2007
procedure) developed by the UN/ECE Particulate Measurement
Programme (PMP) and adjusts the PM mass emission limits to account
for differences in results using the old and the new method. The
Euro 5/6 legislation also introduces a particle number
emission limit (PMP method), in addition to the mass-based limits.
At the time of adoption of the Euro 5/6 regulation, its mass-based
PM emission limits could only be met by closed particulate filters.
Number-based PM limits were adopted to prevent the possibility that
in the future open filters are developed that meet the PM mass
limit but enable a high number of ultra fine particles to pass.
6强制执行标准引入了一个新的颗粒质量排放测试方法（类似美国2007年的程序），该方法由联合国/欧洲经委会颗粒测量计划（PMP）发明，它通过调整颗粒质量排放的限制条件来应对因为运用旧的和新的方法引起的结果的差异。除了基于质量的限制之外，欧5
6法规还引入了微粒数量的排放限额（PMP法）。在采用欧五欧六标准的时候，它的以质量为基础的颗粒物排放限额只能满足通过时封闭式微粒过滤器。以颗粒数量为基础的颗粒排放被采纳，以防止出现这样一种可能性：未来的开放式过滤器只是满足颗粒的质量限制，但是可以让超细颗粒大量通过。
Emission Standards
EU emission standards are summarized in the
following tables. All dates listed in the tables refer to new type
approvals. The EC Directives also specify a second date—one year
later, unless indicated otherwise—which applies to first
registration (entry into service) of existing, previously
type-approved vehicle models.
　排放标准
欧盟排放标准总结在下面的表格里。所有列在表中的日期是新的型式认定时间。在型式认定的车辆模型出现之前，欧盟指令也指定第二个日期（通常是一年之后）应用于最早的该型式的注册（进入使用阶段）。
Table 1（表1）
EU Emission Standards for Passenger Cars (Category M1*),
欧盟排放标准——客车（种类为M1*），单位为g/km
Compression Ignition
(Diesel)压燃（柴油）
2.72 (3.16)
0.97 (1.13)
0.14 (0.18)
Euro 2, IDI
Euro 2, DI
Positive Ignition
(Gasoline)点燃（汽油）
2.72 (3.16)
0.97 (1.13)
At the Euro 1..4 stages, passenger vehicles & 2,500
kg were type approved as Category N1 vehicles
& Values in brackets are conformity of production (COP)
(after that date DI engines must meet the IDI
b - 2011.01 for all models
c - and NMHC = 0.068 g/km
d - applicable only to vehicles using DI engines
e - 0.0045 g/km using the PMP measurement procedure
欧1到欧4阶段，规定质量& 2,500
kg的客车作为N1类别的车辆
括号内的值是产品符合性限制
到（在直喷发动机必须符合IDI限制的时间之后）
2011.01针对各种车型
非甲烷类= 0.068 g/km
只适用于直喷发动机
e-颗粒测量程序的为0.0045 g/km
Table 2（表2）
EU Emission Standards for Light Commercial Vehicles, g/km
欧盟排放标准----针对轻型商用车，单位g/km
Category&种类
Compression Ignition (Diesel)
N1, Class I（级别I）
Euro 2, IDI
Euro 2, DI
N1, Class II
Euro 2, IDI
Euro 2, DI
N1, Class III
Euro 2, IDI
Euro 2, DI
Positive Ignition (Gasoline)
N1, Class I
N1, Class II
N1, Class III
& For Euro 1/2 the Category N1 reference
mass classes were Class I ≤ 1250 kg, Class II
III & 1700 kg.
(after that date DI engines must meet the IDI
b - 2011.01 for all models
c - 2012.01 for all models
d - applicable only to vehicles using DI engines
e - 0.0045 g/km using the PMP measurement procedure
f - and NMHC = 0.068 g/km
g - and NMHC = 0.090 g/km
h - and NMHC = 0.108 g/km
欧一欧二中，N1的参考质量级别是Class I ≤ 1250 kg, Class
kg, Class III & 1700 kg.
a-到（在直喷发动机必须符合IDI限制的时间之后）
b-2011.01针对各种车型
c-2012.01针对各种车型
d-只适用于直喷发动机
e-颗粒测量程序的为0.0045 g/km
f-非甲烷类= 0.068 g/km
g-非甲烷类= 0.090 g/km
h-非甲烷类= 0.108 g/km
Particle Number Emissions. A particle number
emission limit of 6 & 1011 km-1 (PMP method,
NEDC test) becomes effective at the Euro 5/6 stage for all
categories of diesel vehicles (M, N1, N2).
The particle number limit must be met in addition to the PM mass
emission limits listed in the above tables.
A particle number emission limit for gasoline
vehicles is to be defined by 1 September 2014.
颗粒数排放。6 & 1011 km-1(PMP
method, NEDC test)的颗粒数量限制生效，该颗粒数量限制处于欧5欧6阶段的而且针对所有类别柴油机(M,
N1, N2)。颗粒数量限制和颗粒质量排放限额必须满足上表。
日，将制定一个针对汽油机汽车的颗粒数量排放限额。
Durability. Useful vehicle life for the
purpose of emission regulations is:
Euro 3 stage—80,000 km or 5 years (whichever occurs first); in lieu
of an actual deterioration run, manufacturers may use the following
deterioration factors:
Positive ignition: 1.2 for CO, HC, NOx
Compression ignition: 1.1 for CO, NOx, HC+NOx and 1.2 for PM
Euro 4 stage—100,000 km or 5 years, whichever occurs first.
Euro 5/6 stage—in-service conformity: 100,000 km or 5
durability testing of pollution control devices for type approval:
160,000 km or 5 years (whichever occurs first); in lieu of a
durability test, manufacturers may use the following deterioration
Positive ignition: 1.5 for CO, 1.3 for HC, 1.6 for NOx, 1.0 for
Compression ignition, Euro 5: 1.5 for CO, 1.1 for NOx, HC+NOx and
1.0 for PM; Euro 6 deterioration factors to be determined.
　耐久性。满足排放标准的有效车辆寿命：
欧3阶段-80,000千米或5年（以先发生的为准）；为替代实际劣化试验，制造商可以使用下列劣化系数：
　　点燃: 1.2 for CO, HC, NOx
　　压燃: 1.1 for CO, NOx, HC+NOx and 1.2 for PM
　欧4阶段-100,000千米或5年，以先发生的为准。
欧5欧6阶段-在用车符合性 ：100,000 千米 或 5 年;
为型式认定而进行对污染控制设备的耐久性试验：160,000 千米 或
5年(以先发生的为准);为代替耐久性试验，,制造商可以用以下的劣化系数。
点燃: 1.5 for CO, 1.3 for HC, 1.6 for NOx, 1.0 for
压燃，欧5：1.5 for CO, 1.1 for NOx, HC+NOx and 1.0 for
PM;欧6的劣化系数未定。
Other Provisions. The regulations include
several additional provisions, such as:
EU Member States may introduce tax incentives for early
introduction of vehicles that comply with future emission
standards.
Requirement for low temperature emission test (-7°C) for gasoline
vehicles effective 2002 [Directive /EC]. The limits
for cars are 15 g/km for CO and 1.8 g/km for HC, measured over the
urban part of the test only.
Onboard diagnostic (OBD) requirements for emission systems.
其他规定。规定包括一些附加条款,如:
早期引进高排放标准的车辆时，欧盟成员国可以引入税收优惠政策。
2002年开始，需要进行针对汽油机车辆低温排放测试(-7°C)
[指令/EC】
　对汽车的限制（只是测试中的城市部分）：一氧化碳：15克/公里，HC：180克/公里。
需要对排放系统进行车载诊断。
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求翻译：重卡、中卡、轻卡是什么意思？
重卡、中卡、轻卡
问题补充：
Heavy truck, medium truck, light truck
The card, the card, the light card
Heavy card, card, light card
Light cards, cards, cards
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