Do you have any of these bad habits ? Check yourself by answering
“yes”or“no” to these questions.a)
Do you move your lips when reading silently ?b)
Do you point to words with your fingers as you read ?c)
Do you move your head from side to side as you read ?d)
Do you read one word at a time ?If your answer “yes”
to any of these questions , start at once to break the habits. If you move your lips, hold your fingers over them, or hold a piece of paper between your lips while you are reading. Then when your lips move, you will know it and stop them. If you point to words, hold the two sides of your book, one side with your left hand, the other side with your right hand. Then you won’t have a free finger to use in pointing while reading. If you move your head, place your chin in one hand, and hold your head still.If you read no more than one word at a time, you need to work in learning to take in more words at each glance as your eyes travel across the lines of words. Even if you read fairly fast now, you can learn to even faster. As you probably have been told, the secret of fast reading is to take in whole groups of words at each glance. Read in several groups and force your eyes along the lines of words as fast as you can make them go. Anyone who practices doing these two things will be able to read faster.
56. What do you think of those habits talked about in the text _________.A. we should remember those habitsB. they should be got rid ofC. they are difficult to get rid ofD. they are good for our studies57. You may hold your finger over your lips while reading so as to __________. A. hold a piece of paper between your lips B. keep yourself from talking to others C. tell others to be silent D. feel whether your lips move or not58. When your eyes travel across the lines of words, you need to __________. A. read the words out
B. look at every word carefully C. read several words at a time D. remember every word59. If you can read fairly fast now, __________. A. you don’t need to learn to read faster B. you can go on reading like that C. you can learn to read even faster D. you can enjoy reading - 跟谁学
在线咨询您好，告诉我您想学什么，15分钟为您匹配优质老师哦马上咨询
搜索你想学的科目、老师试试搜索吉安
在线咨询您好，告诉我您想学什么，15分钟为您匹配优质老师哦马上咨询&&&分类：Do you have any of these bad habits ? Check yourself by answering
“yes”or“no” to these questions.a)
Do you move your lips when reading silently ?b)
Do you point to words with your fingers as you read ?c)
Do you move your head from side to side as you read ?d)
Do you read one word at a time ?If your answer “yes”
to any of these questions , start at once to break the habits. If you move your lips, hold your fingers over them, or hold a piece of paper between your lips while you are reading. Then when your lips move, you will know it and stop them. If you point to words, hold the two sides of your book, one side with your left hand, the other side with your right hand. Then you won’t have a free finger to use in pointing while reading. If you move your head, place your chin in one hand, and hold your head still.If you read no more than one word at a time, you need to work in learning to take in more words at each glance as your eyes travel across the lines of words. Even if you read fairly fast now, you can learn to even faster. As you probably have been told, the secret of fast reading is to take in whole groups of words at each glance. Read in several groups and force your eyes along the lines of words as fast as you can make them go. Anyone who practices doing these two things will be able to read faster.
56. What do you think of those habits talked about in the text _________.A. we should remember those habitsB. they should be got rid ofC. they are difficult to get rid ofD. they are good for our studies57. You may hold your finger over your lips while reading so as to __________. A. hold a piece of paper between your lips B. keep yourself from talking to others C. tell others to be silent D. feel whether your lips move or not58. When your eyes travel across the lines of words, you need to __________. A. read the words out
B. look at every word carefully C. read several words at a time D. remember every word59. If you can read fairly fast now, __________. A. you don’t need to learn to read faster B. you can go on reading like that C. you can learn to read even faster D. you can enjoy readingDo you have any of these bad habits ? Check yourself by answering
“yes”or“no” to these questions.a)
Do you move your lips when reading silently ?b)
Do you point to words with your fingers as you read ?c)
Do you move your head from side to side as you read ?d)
Do you read one word at a time ?If your answer “yes”
to any of these questions , start at once to break the habits. If you move your lips, hold your fingers over them, or hold a piece of paper between your lips while you are reading. Then when your lips move, you will know it and stop them. If you point to words, hold the two sides of your book, one side with your left hand, the other side with your right hand. Then you won’t have a free finger to use in pointing while reading. If you move your head, place your chin in one hand, and hold your head still.If you read no more than one word at a time, you need to work in learning to take in more words at each glance as your eyes travel across the lines of words. Even if you read fairly fast now, you can learn to even faster. As you probably have been told, the secret of fast reading is to take in whole groups of words at each glance. Read in several groups and force your eyes along the lines of words as fast as you can make them go. Anyone who practices doing these two things will be able to read faster.
56. What do you think of those habits talked about in the text _________.A. we should remember those habitsB. they should be got rid ofC. they are difficult to get rid ofD. they are good for our studies57. You may hold your finger over your lips while reading so as to __________. A. hold a piece of paper between your lips B. keep yourself from talking to others C. tell others to be silent D. feel whether your lips move or not58. When your eyes travel across the lines of words, you need to __________. A. read the words out
B. look at every word carefully C. read several words at a time D. remember every word59. If you can read fairly fast now, __________. A. you don’t need to learn to read faster B. you can go on reading like that C. you can learn to read even faster D. you can enjoy reading科目:难易度:最佳答案56-59 BDCC 解析
知识点:&&基础试题拔高试题热门知识点最新试题
关注我们官方微信关于跟谁学服务支持帮助中心《英汉笔译》院级精品课程
外国语学院英语系
(Teacher’s Notes)
课程名称（Course）：英汉笔译
授课学期（Semester）:
06-07第1学期
授课教师（Instructor’s
Name）：黄乐平
课程描述：
《英汉笔译》是为英语专业学生开设的一门必修课程。该课程中既有翻译理论的精要讲解，又有大量的翻译实践练习，其目的是使学生了解国内外有关翻译的一般理论，掌握常用的翻译技巧，并能自觉地以理论指导翻译实践，摆脱翻译实践的盲目性；
该课程以译文赏析和翻译实践为重点，兼顾各种体裁和题材的内容，比如记叙、论说、描述以及文学、科普和新闻等，经贸资料与其他资料的比例为1：2。通过大量的实例归纳、分析和讲解，让学生总结并掌握英汉语言中带有规律性的异同现象，并能根据不同的文化环境，找出适合目的语文化的表达方式；
《英汉笔译》侧重训练学生必要的翻译方法和翻译技巧，即培养学生的理论知识，又培养学生的创造性，从而达到独立从事英汉互译的能力。
授课说明（Course
requirement）：
要求：（对学生学习本课程的要求）
①了解翻译基础理论知识
②掌握基本的翻译技巧
③能翻译专业性不强的英语短文
④学会欣赏高质量的译文与名著
2，教学内容：（教材名称、课数）
教材：孟庆升
《新编英汉翻译教程》&
辽宁大学出版社
《国际经贸英汉翻译》
时间：1-18周&&
3．成绩的计算：
平时成绩：30%（出勤、课堂表现、作业、测验）&&
期末成绩：70%
（期末考试卷面成绩*70%）
4.& 参考书目：
《实用翻译教程》
北京：外语教学与研究出版社&&&
《英汉翻译基础》
上海：上海外语教育出版社
郭著章、李庆生.
《英汉互译实用教程》
武汉：武汉大学出版社
《英汉与汉英翻译教程》
北京：北京大学出版社
《语篇翻译引论》
北京：中国对外翻译出版公司&&&
申雨平，戴宁.
《实用英汉翻译教程》
北京：外语教学与研究出版社
《英汉语研究与对比》
上海：华东理工大学出版社
《英语文体学引论》
北京：外语教学与研究出版社&&&&&&&&&
周仪、罗平.
《翻译与批评》&
武汉：湖北教育出版社&
《英汉翻译简明教程》
北京：外语教学与研究出版社
Lesson One&& Basic
Concepts of English-Chinese Translation
Introduction & Requirements of the study of the course
1, Self-introduction
&& &&My major,
the teaching style
2, About the course
I the forms, the themes
3, About the scores
The daily performance scores:
&&&&The performance at class, the assignment,& the attendance(5
The final scores:30%:&
theories, blanks, multi-choice,70%:& translations
4, About the teaching book & the materials
（Tuesday,
Basic concepts of English-Chinese Translation
The definition
&A rendering
from one language into another, that is to say, the faithful
representation in one language of what is written or said in another
It is the replacement of the information of the source language by
its counterpart of the target language.
The two terms translation and translating should be distinguished
for a translator.
Translation just refers to the act that the translator translates
from one language into another, and translating is the process in
which the translator does his best to convey the message of the
source language.
The nature and scope
What is translation on
earth? Some believe it is a science, others take it as an art, and
yet many consider it a craft, or a skill. Of these opinions, which
one holds true for our purpose? The answer depends on how we
understand or interpret the word “translation”, for the very word
“translation” itself is ambiguous, and the Chinese equivalent
“fanyi” sounds even fuzzier. Fanyi, in Chinese, may either stand for
a subject in the curriculum, a job people are engaged in, a piece of
literary work, or the translating or interpreting work itself.
Sometimes, fanyi may even refer to the translator or interpreter
If the word translation
refers to a subject, namely, the study of translation theory and
skills, it is no doubt a science, just as any subject is, it has its
however, if it refers to some specific
pieces of translation, then it is more like an art, with each piece
manifesting its own charms and style by the creative work of the
whereas, if it refers to a process, in which sth is
translated, then we may regard it as a craft or a skill.
Translation covers a very
broad range. In terms of languages, it can be divided into two
categories: from native languages into foreign languages and vice
versa. In terms of the mode, it can be divided into oral
interpretation, written translation and in
terms of materials to be translated, there is translation of
scientific materials, translation of literary works such as novels,
stories, prose, poetry, drama, translation of practical writing
The important roles
&& It plays an important
role in human civilization. A modern society sees an extensive use
of translation on various occasions. If a foreign language is
generally accepted as a tool of life, translation then obviously
serves as a dynamic means of employing this tool. A proper
translation helps to promote mutual understanding between peoples of
different cultural and social backgrounds, take some cases for
可口可乐， club
hacker 黑客
音意兼顾，读写俱佳。
&& whereas a
misunderstanding or improper rendering of words or expressions may
lead to confusion. Take some familiar word “menu” for example. Its
original meaning is “a list of dishes in a meal in a restaurant”,
the Chinese equivalent seems to be clear “菜单”.
However, when used in computer science “menu” no longer carries the
original meaning. Instead, the meaning shifts to “ a list shown on
the display of a computer from which a user can select the operation
the computer is to perform”. Evidently the Chinese counterpart
should be something like “选项，项目单”
&&& So is the rendering
of “Renaissance”. The original word refers to the period in Europe
between the 14th and 17th centuries, when the
art, literature, ideas of ancient Greece were discovered again and
widely studied, causing a rebirth of activity in all these things.
It is commonly known as “文艺复兴”
in Chinese, although we know today that the movement extended far
beyond literature and art circles, and the connotation of
Renaissance is much more profound than that of the Chinese term “文艺复兴”。
&&& By the way, the same
thing also occurred in Chinese-English translation. For example, a
popular Chinese lipstick with the trademark “芳芳”，
when translated into English as “Fangfang”，created
a hideous image---the English word “fang” happened to have two
disagreeable definitions: a) a long,
snake’s poisonous tooth.
Principles or criteria &&
&The so-called principals
and criteria of translation are actually the two sides of the same
thing. The former lays emphasis on the translator, who should follow
these principa while the latter on the reader
or critic, who may use the criteria to evaluate translation works.
Whenever principals or criteria of translation are under discussion
in china, Yan Fu’s “three-character guide”, which was first proposed
in 1898, would be mentioned, namely, the principals”信达雅”（faithfulness,
expressiveness and elegance）
&&& In fact, the criteria
of translation practically concern three fundamental aspects:
firstly the nature of translation as linking together content and
secondly, the principals for adequate and acceptable
and lastly the method to produce the satisfactory
translation.
&& However, in the
application of these principals, people have come to find some
limitations to the three characters and put forward a variety of new
standards instead.
means far more than the English word elegance, apart from the
traditional interpretation, it also means classicism. Some argue
that the word
out of place in translation. They adopt the first two characters of
Yan Fu’s principal, they discard the character
and try to find some other new criteria instead. Such as
fitness，信达切
&&& Despite the variety
of opinions, the following criteria are almost accepted and
followed, namely, the criteria of faithfulness, smoothness and
expressiveness.
&&& Faithfulness to the
original 忠实
This principal is the
most important one because translation tries to match the receptor
language message with the source language message. Otherwise, it
will bring about mistakes in translating. Simply speaking, by
faithfulness, we mean to be faithful not only to the original
contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the
original form and style.
&&& Now let us look at
the following sentences and analyze the underlined words.
The development of an
economical artificial heart is only a few transient failures
只消再经过几次实验，价格低廉的人工心脏不久可望研制成功。
The commuter dies
with tremendous mileage to his credit. (E.B.White:
The Three New Yorks)
上班族一生有着惊人的行程。
&&& In the 2 english
sentences, beginners would believe that they know every word and
translate them without thinking it over carefully, and they usually
make mistakes. The problem is that they do not understand the
original. So we can say that faithfulness is the key point in
translating, and understanding is the premise of faithfulness.
&& Smoothness and
Expressiveness&
&& It is the necessary
requirement in translating. On the premise of faithfulness, we
should come along with the language naturally, and try to avoid
translationese. By smoothness and expressiveness, we mean not only
easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expression in the
target language, free from stiff formula and mechanical copying from
dictionaries.
&& This season saw an
ominous dawning of the tenth of November.
在这个季节，11月10日黎明时分的景象，是个不祥之兆。
&& The Chinese version is
smooth in expression and intelligible in meaning. We Chinese can
easily understand it and feel it fluent, genuine and authentic.
Suppose that you read the version like this “这个季节遇到了11月10日一个不祥的黎明”.
How do you feel?
& Whatever we translate,
whether they are documents or fiction, the target language should be
expressive.
it gives way to pressure.
&Version 1:橡胶不硬，屈服于压力。Not
expressive
&Version 2:橡胶性软，受压会变形。Expressive
Means: Literal translation and Free translation
The process of translation consists of two phases: comprehension and
expression. Generally speaking, comprehension is of foremost
importance, and expression is the natural consequence of thorough
comprehension. However, in the practice of translation we may find
that now and then some words in their usual senses are very
difficult to deal with because of the disparity between the English
and the Chinese languages. In this case, we have to resort to some
special means of translation. Literal translation and free
translation are two useful approaches in dealing with such awkward
situations.
The so-called literal
translation, generally speaking, means “not to alter the original
words and sentences”; strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the
sentiments and style of the original”. It takes sentences as its
basic units and takes the whole text into consideration at the same
time in the course of translation. Furthermore, it strives to
reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the original
works and retains as much as possible the figures of speech.
&& For example, the
concept of “death” may be expressed as follows:
&& Breathe one’s last
go to one’s eternal rest
the long sleep
&& Pass away
see God 见上帝；
见马克思；See one’s
ancestors 见祖先
&& go west
go to heaven
kick the bucket
&& Actually, quite a
lot of successful literal translations have been adopted as
idiomatic Chinese expressions.
For example, crocodile
tears 鳄鱼的眼泪；
be armed to the teeth
武装到牙齿
Chain reaction
gentlemen’s agreement
Some Chinese words and
expressions may also find their English counterparts through literal
translation. For example,
三教九流（
the three religions and the nine schools of thought）,四书五经（the
Four Books and the Five Classics）,纸老虎
一国两制（one
country, two systems）
Free translation is an
alterative approach which is used mainly to convey the meaning and
spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence
patterns or figures of speech. This approach is most frequently
adopted when it is really impossible to translate the original
literally. Here, the definition of free is moving about at will,
that is , translating at will or in one’s own inclination. But it is
not the random translation.
&& For example: Don’t
cross the bridge till you get to it.
到了桥边才过桥。
This translation is
difficult for Chinese to understand. So we have to use liberal
translation to cope with it.不必担心过早。（不必自寻烦恼）
&&& Adam’s apple&
at sixes and sevens
&&& It rains cats and
dogs. 大雨滂沱
&&& Do you see any green
in my eye?
你以为我是幼稚可欺的吗？
&&& The above
illustrations cannot be translated literally. Otherwise, the Chinese
rendition would make no sense at all. More often than not, literal
translation and free translation may be alternately used in the
process of translation, as illustrated by the following examples
from Practical Translation Training of this unit:
There’s no pot so ugly it can’t find a lid.
再丑的罐儿也不愁配个盖儿。Or,
罐儿再丑，配个盖儿不犯愁。
再丑的姑娘也不愁找不到婆家。Or，丑女不愁嫁。
2，Little fish
does not eat big fish.
小鱼吃不了大鱼。
胳膊拧不过大腿。
3，Smashing a
mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way
to make social problems evaporate.
&Literal:砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮，也不能使社会问题烟消云散。
砸镜子不能解决实际问题。
4，Every life
has its roses and thorns.
人生道路既铺满鲜花，又布满荆棘。
生活总是有苦有乐。
5，He was a
dead shot. However, he met his Waterloo this time.
他是一个神枪手，可这一次却遭到参败。
他遭遇了滑铁卢。
The difference between English & Chinese
一、英语重结构，汉语重语义　　我国著名语言学家王力先生曾经说过：就句子的结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。我们看一看下面的例子：　　
（成为固定装置的，嵌入墙内的；内在的，固有的）
　　译文：儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视前休闲，到这时数字时代就来到了。
　　这句英语是由四个独立句构成的并列句，前三个句子都用简单将来时，最后一个句子用的是将来完成时，句子之间的关系通过时态、逗号和并列连词表示得一清二楚。而汉语译文明显就是简单的叙述，至于句子之间的关系完全通过句子的语义表现出来：前三个句子可以看成是并列关系，最后一个句子则表示结果。　　二、英语多长句，汉语多短句　　由于英语是法治的语言，只要结构上没有出现错误，许多意思往往可以放在一个长句中表达；汉语则正好相反，由于是人治，语义通过字词直接表达，不同的意思往往通过不同的短句表达出来。英译汉很多都是长而复杂的句子，而翻译成中文经常就成了许多短小的句子。　　例如：
（身心的锻炼，训练；纪律，风纪，命令服从；惩戒，惩罚；学科，科目）
　　译文：人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣，这与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战，还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵。　　英文原句是个典型的长句，由个词组成，中间没有使用任何标点符号，完全靠语法结构使整个句子的意思化零为整：构成一个复杂的状语修饰动词。在中文翻译中，产生兴趣这一重要内容通过一个独立的句子表达，两个不同的原因则分别由不同的句子表达，整个句子被化整为零。　　三、英语多从句，汉语多分句
　　英语句子不仅可以在简单句中使用很长的修饰语使句子变长，同时也可以用从句使句子变复杂，而这些从句往往通过从句引导词与主句或其它从句连接，整个句子尽管表面上看错综复杂却是一个整体。汉语本来就喜欢用短句，加上表达结构相对松散，英语句子中的从句翻成汉语时往往成了一些分句。　　例如：
　　译文：总的来说，得出这样一个结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比的另一个孩子的态度相同；他也没有因缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。　　原文中两个引导的从句显然使整个句子变得很复杂，可是由于有并列连词和，整句话的逻辑关系十分清楚：能够得出结论但是只要而且只要。从上面的译文我们可以看出，为了使中文表达更加清楚，首先提纲挈领：但是必须具备两个条件，这种做法给我们的感觉是译文中没有从句，有的只是一些不同的分句。　　四、主语，宾语等名词成分英语多代词，汉语多名词
在句子中，英语多用名词和介词，汉语多用动词。　　英语不仅有、、、等人称代词，而且还有、之类的关系代词，在长而复杂的句子，为了使句子结构正确、语义清楚，同时避免表达上的重复，英语往往使用很多代词。汉语虽然也有代词，但由于结构相对松散、句子相对较短，汉语里不能使用太多的代词，使用名词往往使语义更加清楚。请看下面的例句：　　
　　译文：届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视访谈节目及装有污染监测器的汽车，一旦这些汽车污染超标或违规，监测器就会使其停驶。　　五、英语多被动，汉语多主动
　　英语比较喜欢用被动语态，科技英语尤其如此。汉语虽然也有被、由之类的词表示动作是被动的，但这种表达远没有英语的被动语态那么常见，因此，英语中的被动在汉译中往往成了主动。下面我们先看一组常用被动句型的汉译：　　必须指出　　必须承认　　人们认为　　不可否认　　由此可知　　必须认识到　　人们总是强调　　可以毫不夸张地说
　　这些常用被动句型属于习惯表达法，在科技英语中出现频率很高，不仅要熟悉这些句型的固定翻译，同时要认识到许多英语中的被动从习惯上来讲要译成汉语的主动。我们再看一个典型的例子：　　
　　译文：许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比，认为这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。原文中有三个被动语态和，译成汉语都变成了主动表达：认为、相比和掌握。
有些英语被动需要把主语译成汉语的宾语，这样才能更加符合中文的表达习惯。　　例如：
（归还；恢复，复兴；恢复健康，复原）
　　译文：必须找到新的能源，这需要时间；而过去我们感觉到的那种能源价廉而充足的情况将不大可能再出现了。六、英语多变化，汉语多重复
　　熟悉英语的人都知道，英语表达相同的意思时往往变换表达方式。第一次说我认为可以用，第二次再用显然就很乏味，应该换成或之类的表达。相比之下，汉语对变换表达方式的要求没有英语那么高，很多英语中的变化表达译成重复表达就行了。请看下面的例子：　　
　　译文：这只猴子最了不起的成就是学会驾驶拖拉机。到九岁的时候，这只猴子已经学会了单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。和在句中显然都表示拖拉机，英语表达上有变化，而译成汉语时使用了重复表达法。　　七、英语多抽象，汉语多具体
　　做翻译实践较多的人都有这样的体会：英文句子难译主要难在结构复杂和表达抽象上。通过分析句子的结构，把长句变短句、从句变分句，结构上的难题往往迎刃而解。表达抽象则要求译者吃透原文的意思、用具体的中文进行表达，这对考生往往具有更大的挑战性。　　下面我们先看一组例子：　　土崩瓦解　　（热心的；热情的）赤胆忠心　　筋疲力尽　　远见卓识　　深思熟虑　　（和声；和睦）水乳交融　　画饼充饥　　如饥似渴　　三天打鱼，两天晒网　　
（捐款；捐助）添砖加瓦　　危在旦夕
　　从上面的例子不难看出，英语表达往往比较抽象，汉语则喜欢比较具体。我们再看一个翻译：　　
　　译文：除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度：使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食，否则人们将不得不接受更多的人造食品。　　原文中有三个抽象的名词：和和两个抽象的形容词和。根据大纲中词汇表提供的解释，可指感觉、判断力，的意思是点，的意思是支撑物、支持物，是舒适的，是非自然的，都是意思十分抽象的词，如果不进行具体化处理，译文就可能是这样：除非人类有这样的感觉，把人口减少到这样的，使地球能为大家提供舒适的支持，否则人们将不得不接受更多的非自然的食物。
八、英语多引申，汉语多推理　　英语有两句俗话：一是要知义如何，关键看词伙，二是词本无义，义随人生。这说明词典对词的定义和解释是死的，而实际运用中的语言是活的。从原文角度来说，这种活用是词义和用法的引申，翻译的时候要准确理解这种引申，译者就需要进行推理。　　例如：
　　译文：尽管关于历史的定义几乎和历史学家一样多，现代实践最符合这样一种定义，即把历史看作是对过去重大历史事件的再现和解释。　　根据构词法和一般词典上解释都是重新创造，而考研英语大纲词汇表中只有名词，所给词义为娱乐、消遣，在这种情况下，考生很容易把译成重新创造或者娱乐。仔细观察不难发现它带有宾语，从逻辑上来讲，过去的重大历史事件是不能重新创造的，作者显然对一词的词义进行了引申。做翻译的人经常会有这样一种感受：某个词明明认识，可就是不知道该怎样表达。这其实就是词的引申和推理在起作用。　　九、英语多省略，汉语多补充
　　英语一方面十分注重句子结构，另一方面又喜欢使用省略。英语省略的类型很多，有名词的省略，动词的省略，有句法方面的省略，也有情景方面的省略。在并列结构中，英语往往省略前面已出现过的词语，而汉语则往往重复这些省略了的词。　　例如：
　　野心不仅是罪恶的根源，同时也是毁灭的根源。　　　　阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写作训练人的思维。　　
　　在英译汉中，省略是一种很常见现象。例如：　　
　　译文：因此，究竟是使用测试，其它种类的信息，还是在特定的情况下两者都使用，取决于关于相对效度的来自经验的证据，同时还取决于成本和可获得性这样的因素。是并列连词，前面省略了不定式中间省了动词。　　
十、英语多前重心，汉语多后重心
　　在表达多逻辑思维时，英语往往是判断或结论等在前，事实或描写等在后，即重心在前；汉语则是由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论，即重心在后。　　比较：
　　译文：由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快地重新实现访问。这使我感到特别高兴。　　
（不足地，不充分地；一定不，绝不）（斗争；比赛）
　　译文：如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位，不能自由地保证其经济、社会和文化的发展，要享受其基本权利，即使不是不可能，也是不容易的。这一论断几乎是无可置辩的了。
English sentences are
generally bound by syntactical rules, and they are often arranged in
while Chinese sentences are more flexible, and
usually arranged according to the sequence of time and logic.
汉语重视“意合”，轻视形式，重视语句内部各要素之间意义的融会贯通，轻视句子成分的细微分析。汉语的语义表达以时间为大的背景，依靠时间顺序关系形成联系，句子与句子之间无需关系连词，一个动作之后接着下一个动作，形象上可称之为竹型结构。
英语重视“形合”，形式结构十分清晰，句子总是以主谓结构为轴心，通过非谓语动词结构，名词结构，介词结构和从句来进行扩展或者连接，形象上可称之为树型结构。
由于这一特点，英语的句子经常具有一定的长度。我们可以根据意群将句子分开，译成若干个短句，或对句子结构进行浓缩处理，从而使译语符合中文的短句样式。
翻译要尽可能忠实而准确地用译文形式把原作的思想内容，风格，神韵等再现出来，尽可能使译文读者的感受和反应与原文读者的感受和反应基本一致。对原作忠实并不是说译文在行为方式上同原文亦步亦趋，恰恰相反，在英汉翻译过程中，对汉语译文的句子结构进行调整是经常进行的事情，这是英汉两种语言在结构上存在着差异的实际情况造成的。
试看下面的英语原文和汉语译文：
example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and
thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have
been if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances.
译文：例如，它们无法弥补巨大的社会不公，因而也不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人所具有的实际才能，如果他在较好的环境中成长。
例如，它们无法弥补巨大的社会不公，因而也不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境中成长，它所具有的实际才能。
对于上面的翻译可以说已经很清楚，汉语也基本过得去，但仔细阅读我们就会发现，这样的汉语表达中有着浓厚的英语味道，即表示条件的“如果…”从句放在句子最后不大符合汉语的表达习惯，。另外，将“如果…”从句置于整个句子末尾也使得整个句子所表达的意义非常模糊不清。
上节课我们介绍了英汉十大不同，其中讲到英语句子多前重心，汉语句子多后重心。所谓前重心就指先说结构后说细节，后重心就是指先说细节后说结果。由于汉语句子多把重心放在后面，上述译文可以修改成：
was a keen disappointment that I had to postpone the visit I had
intended to pay to China in January.
&我原打算在1月访问中国，后来又不得不推迟，这使我深感失望。
在英语和汉语中都存在着包含总说与分述两个部分的句子，英语句子习惯于先总说，再分述，而汉语句子则多倾向于先分述，后总说。也就是说，再表达逻辑思维时，英语往往是判断或者结论在前，事实或描写在后，即重心在前，汉语则是由因到果，由假设到推论，由事实到结果，即重心在后。因此，在将英语中含有总说，分述的句子翻译成汉语时，多采用汉语的先分述，后总说的句式是可取的翻译方法。句中It
was a keen disappointment是总说，后面的介词短语引出的部分属于分述，在将类似句子翻译成汉语时，调整结构至关重要。
believe equally that it is in the interests of the world as a whole
that Europe should increasingly unite and speak with a common voice.
我同样认为，欧洲应该日益团结起来，并且用一个共同的声音说话，这是符合全世界的利益的。
most sensible people to be met with in society are men of business
and of the world, who argue from what they see and know, instead of
spinning cobweb distinctions of what things ought to be.
&商人和见过世面的人是我们在社会上能见到的最通达事理的人。他们讨论问题时从自己的所知所见出发，而不纠察于事物的是非曲折。
本例的主句谓语动词是are，其功能相当于数学符号“＝”，因此，在are左右两边的成分可以互换位置。即在翻译这类句子时，既可以依据原文语序进行翻译，也可将are右边的部分放到左边。但做出哪种选择取决于哪种行文更符合目的语的语言表达和目的语人们的逻辑思维方式；另外，上下文也是一个需要考虑的因素。
上面的译文将原文右边的部分移至左边充当主语，理由有二：第一，原文右边的部分比较简短，左边的部分比较冗长，用简短的成分充当主语，容易让读者立刻明白句子述说的对象。第二，原文中的关系代词who的先行词是men
of business and of the world，而译文将这一部分调整到主语位置充当主语，这有利于翻译由who引导的定语从句。只要将who翻译成“他们”充当主语就可以了，本例中对译文的调整属于微调，在翻译中是经常需要用到的。
seldom provides me with the word, the turn of phrase, that is
appropriate without being far-fetched or commonplace.要做到用词，措词恰到好处，既不牵强附会、又不落俗套，我天生少有这种本领。
对照原文，译文不仅对原文语序进行了调整，而且对原文的主语也进行了更换。译文用“我”来充当主语，这符合汉民族人们惯于用人充当主语的做法。英语中较常用物称（impersonal）表达法，即不用人称来叙述，而是让事物以客观的口气呈现出来；汉语则多用人称主语来表达。因此，在翻译英语中含有物称的表达法充当主语的句子时，多将物称主语改换成人称主语，由此带来整个句子结果的调整和变化。
再如：⑥From
the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and
kindness surrounded us on every side.一踏上中国人民共和国国土，我们就随时随地受到关怀与照顾。
began to take entire possession of him.
他开始变得惊恐万状。
⑧Einstein
confessed, “To make a goal of comfort or happiness has never
appealed to me.”
译文一：爱因斯坦承认：“把舒服或快乐作为人生目标，从未吸引过我。”
译文二：爱因斯坦承认：“我素来不喜欢把舒服或快乐当作人生目标。”
英文原文的引文中，充当主语的是动词不定式to
make a goal of comfort or happiness，宾格代词me充当介词to的宾语，这是英语中常见的表达方式。这种表达方式叫做物称表达法。同英语中的这种物称表达法相反，汉语中更注重人称表达法，即注重思维的主体，因此在叙述客观事物时，多从自我出发或倾向于描述人及其行为，因此主语多以人称充当。正是因为英汉两种语言在注重物称和人称上的不同，导致英汉两种语言在转换过程中要进行物称和人称上的转换或调整。
译文一按照原文的物称主语直接译为汉语，读来佶屈聱牙，不符合汉语表达。译文二则句子通顺流畅，因为译文将英语原文中的物称调整为汉语中的人称坐主语。由此可见，语言的思维模式对于语言的流畅表达起着至关重要的作用。
再如，⑨The
little chap’s good-natured honest for won his way for him.
这小伙子长相老实，看上去脾气也好，到处有人缘。
&“The majority of our
customers will not be in the west anymore. The majority are in
Asia,” he added. “You’re not going to be able to service them from
New York or London, for that matter. You have to have a very
significant presence in Asia if you want to be worldwide leader in
consumer electronics.”
美国柯达将招聘更多中国高管
“我们的大多数客户将不再位于西方，而是在亚洲，”他补充说。“你将无法从纽约州罗彻斯特或伦敦为他们服务。如果你想在电子消费品领域成为全球领导者，你得在亚洲开展大量业务。”&
the following sentences into Chinese, using the technique of
restructuring.
He was dumbfounded at her insistence that he explain where every
cent of his allowance had gone.
& &&她非要他讲清楚他的每一分钱都到哪儿去了，弄得他哑口无言。
That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our
abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.
&& &这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能，性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。
Behaviorists , in contrast, say that differences in scores are due
to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the
educational and other vantages that whites enjoy.同位语转换
&相反，行为主义学者认为，成绩的差异是由于白人在教育及其他方面所享有的许多有利条件，而黑人则被剥夺了这些条件。
Bright , very bright were the stars over the wild, dark Yan’an hill.
在延安的荒凉的漆黑的群山上空，闪烁着明亮洁白的星星。
It is easy to see what weight can be overcome and what thrust in
necessary to maintain flight.
要知道应该抵消多大重力并需要多大推力才能保持飞行，这很容易。
Nowadays, it is understood that a diet which contains nothing
harmful may result in serious disease if certain important elements
are missing.
如今人们知道，如果食物中缺少了某些重要的成分，即使其中不含任何有害的物质，也会引起严重的疾病。
He had cleared up those confusions which arose from different
medicines that had the same name and from various names that had
been given to the same substance.
药名很混乱，有的是由于不同药物有同一名称所引起，有的是由于同一药物却有不同名称所造成，他对此一一作了澄清。
For some, especially state universities, institutional autonomy and
academic freedom should be strengthened by federal and state support
in place of their domination, in order to ensure quality education.
对于有些大学，特别是州立大学来说，为保证教育质量，联邦政府和州政府对它们的自治权限和学术自由应采取支持态度而不应加以控制。
As we know, English has
two voice forms: the active voice and the passive voice. The former
is much easier for all translators to cope with in translating. So
our discussion will be focused on the passive voice which is the
more problematic and more difficult of the two voice forms.
Many actions involve two
people or things----one that performs the action and the other
affected by the action. The former is referred to as the agent, and
the latter is recipient.
In English, the passive
voice is much more often used than in Chinese, especially when the
text involves economic an besides, there are
quite a lot of differences between Chinese and English in the
expression of passive meaning.
Passive structure is less
used in the Chinese language than in English, and the passive
implication of a Chinese sentence is disguised in its object-first
active structure. For example ,“The
assignment has been finished作业做完了”，“the
task was completed.
任务完成了”，“the
radio was repaired.收音机修好了”etc.
These Chinese sentences seem to have no passive labels and in active
voice. But they demonstrate the passive implication. So English
sentences are often rendered into Chinese by using the active
Common methods of translating the Passive Voice
extensive use of passive-voice sentences is a distinct
characteristic of English language. They are used in English when:
1)it is not
necessary or not appropriate to mention the agent of the action
impossible to mention the agent of the action
3)the focus
of the sentence is on the recipient of the action
4)to improve
the coherence of the context or to make a better arrangement of
sentences.
In scientific and
technological papers, which are characterized by objectivity and
impartiality, passive-voice sentences are more frequently used. So
in order to do a good job in English-Chinese translation, we should
master the skill of translating English passive-voice sentences
properly. There are several methods of handling English
passive-voice sentences in translation.
Convert the Passive-voice English into the active-voice Chinese
The subject of the source
language sentence is used as the object of the TL sentence in
translation.
In handling English passive-voice sentences, we can convert the
subject of the SL sentence into the object of the TL sentence and
translate the object of SL, the agent of the action into the subject
of the TL sentence. If necessary, we can add general reference
subjects such as
人们，我们，大家，有人，部分人，etc.
in the translation.
people had been saved by soldiers in the earthquake.
在地震中，战士们已救出1200人。
by-agent , the logical subject of the original English, is
translated into the subject of an active-voice Chinese sentence,
while the subject of the original is converted into the object of
the Chinese sentence.
English is spoken in
Britain, the U.S and some other countries.
英国、美国和其他一些国家讲英语。
The subject of the
original is used as the object of an active-voice Chinese sentence
in the translation, while the adverbial of place in the original is
used as the subject of the Chinese sentence.
It is suggested that meeting be put off till next Monday.
有人建议会议推迟到下周一举行。
When “it” is used as the
formal subject of a passive-voice English sentence, we can translate
the sentence by adding a logical subject to the Chinese version.
This logical subject is often a pronoun of general-reference such as
人们，大家
All metals are found not to conduct electricity equally well.
人们发现，并非所有的金属都能同样好地导电。
In the TL sentence, a general-reference subject
is added and the subject of the SL sentence is converted into the
object of the predicate verb in the translation.
The subject of a SL sentence is
kept intact and the SL sentence is translated into a Chinese active
Keep the subject of SL,
and the SL sentence is translated into a Chinese active sentence
which is active in form but passive in meaning.
Other questions will be discussed briefly.
其他问题将简单地加以讨论。
The subject of the
original English is translated into the subject of an active voice
Chinese sentence.
His house is located on the edge of the city.
他的房屋坐落在市区的边缘。
During the World Cup our streets were filled with football fans.
世界杯比赛期间，街上挤满了足球迷。
Candidates are required to present themselves fifteen minutes before
the examination begins.
考生应于考试前15分钟到达考场。
Convert the Passive-voice English Sentences into Be-verb Chinese
英语被动句转换成含“是”的汉语句
In Chinese, we often use
“…是…的”
to show a fact about people or things. Such a structure often has a
passive meaning in Chinese, equivalent to a passive-voice English
sentence. So some passive-voice English sentences can be
conveniently rendered into be-verb Chinese sentences by adding
in the translation.
In the old
society, women were looked down upon.
在旧社会，妇女们是受歧视的。
History is
made by the people.
历史是人民创造的。
Some plastics have been discovered by accident.
某些种类的塑料是偶然发现的。
The Statue of Liberty was presented to the US in the nineteenth
century by the people of France.
自由女神雕像是法国人民在19世纪送给美国的。
Concrete is made of cement, sand, stones and water.
混凝土是用水泥，沙子，石子和水制成的。
In the above translations, the Chinese sentence pattern of
“…是…的”is
used to describe the objective circumstances of persons or things.
It usually has a passive meaning in Chinese so that it is equivalent
to the English passive form.
Convert the Passive-voice English Sentences into Subjectless Chinese
英语被动句转换成汉语无主语句
&& English
sentences always have their subjects, but Chinese sentences can have
no subject. This is an important difference between the two
languages. Therefore, passive-voice English sentences can be
converted into subjectless Chinese sentences when it is not
necessary to tell readers the agent of an action. As a rule , a
passive-voice English sentence without a by-agent but with a
can be translated into a subjectless sentence.
&⒁Smokers
must be warned that doctors have reached the conclusion that smoking
increases the possibility of lung cancer.
&必须警告吸烟者，医生已得出结论，吸烟会增加患肺癌的可能性。
As is shown in the translation of the above tow sentences, we can
convert the subjects of the original English sentences into the
objects of subjectless Chinese sentences, and place them behind the
predicate verbs.
Water can be shown as containing impurities.
可以证明水含有杂质。
The subject of the
original English sentence can be translated into the subject of
Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.
发现了错误一定要改正。
The subjects in the main clause and the subordinate clause of the
original English sentence are the same. So when this English
sentence is translated into a subjectless Chinese sentence,
serves as both the object of
Keep Passive-voice unchanged――convert
it into passive-form Chinese sentences
用含有被动概念的词翻译英语被动句
&& In Chinese,
we also have certain passive-form sentences that emphasize the
passiveness of the action. If the original passive-voice English
sentence is translated directly into a passive-voice Chinese
sentence, the latter usually has the effect of emphasis. We can
translate these kinds of sentences by adding Chinese functional
words such as
被、受、使、把、给、遭、由、为，etc.
in the translation.
Part of all of the light
may be reflected, absorbed, or transmitted by the thing or object
that comes into its way.
&一部分的光或全部的光可能给挡住其去路的东西或物体所反射、吸收、或透射。
Last year the region was visited by the worst
drought in 60 years.
去年这个地区遭受到60年来最严重的旱灾。
The success of our economic development is
continually lauded.
我国经济发展所取得的成功不断受到人们的赞扬。
The atomic theory was not accepted until the last century.
原子学说直到上世纪才为人们所接受。
These kinds of translation in the above sentences are frequently
used to emphasize the actions of passiveness or to lay stress on the
by-agents.
Some useful passive patterns
It is said that…
据说，有人说
It is well known that…
It is hoped that…
希望，有人希望
It is believed that…
大家相信，有人相信
It is reported that…
It is learned that…&
据闻，已经查明
It is found that…&&
据发现，人们认为
It is claimed that…&
据说，有人说
It is supposed that…
据推测，人们猜测
It is considered that…
据估计，人们认为
It is thought that…&&&
It has been announced that…
It is asserted that…&&&
It is rumored that…&&&
听说，谣传
It is universally accepted that…
人们普遍认为
It is taken that…&&&
人们认为，有人认为
It is regarded that…
It is suggested that…&
建议，有人建议
It is demonstrated that…
据证实，已经证明
It is recommended that…
It is proposed that…&&&&
It will be seen from this that…
由此可见，因此可知
It was noticed above that…&&
人们注意到，前面已指出
It must be admitted that…&&&
必须承认，老实说
It has been illustrated that…&
据说明，据图示
It is stressed that…&&&&&&&&
人们/有人强调说
It cannot be denied that…&&&
It is sometimes asked that…&
人们有时会问
It was felt that…&&&&&&&&&&
有人感觉到了
It is calculated that…&&&&&&&
It should be realized that…&&
我们应该认识到
It is pointed out that…&&&&&&
有人指出，人们指出
The principal of …is outlined…有人概述了…的原则
The apparatus for … is described…
本文描述了…的装置
Automation of … is discussed…&&
本文讨论了…的自动化
An account of … is given…&&&&&&
本文叙述了…
The use of … is addressed…&&&&&&
本文叙述了…的应用
The mechanism of … is established…
本文探讨了…的机制
The dependence of … is established…
本文确定了…的关系
An analysis of … was carried out that…
本文对…作了分析
定语从句的英汉翻译
ⅠA Comparative Study
of English and Chinese Attributive Structures.
comparative study of English and Chinese attributive structures helps us
to bring this disparity to light. As some linguists have pointed out, an
English sentence may be followed by an unlimited number of attributive
clauses following the word being modified, while a Chinese sentence
allows only a limited amount of words preceding the word being modified.
And eventually, there is no correspondence between their sentence
structures. Compare the structure of the following English sentences and
its Chinese version:
&This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in
the house.
这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在房间里的蛋糕的老鼠的猫。
Apparently, it’s impossible for a translator to put all the information
into one Chinese sentence in the same sequence as in English. Therefore,
a readable Chinese version of the above English sentence should be like
这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。老鼠偷吃了放在屋里的蛋糕。
Consequently, some efficient
ways have been suggested to tackle the problems that occur in the
translation of English attributive clauses.
Ⅱ Restrictive
Attributive Clauses
Restrictive
attributive clauses, which are characterized by the absence of a comma
between the subordinate clauses and the principal clauses, are very
closely related to the nouns or pronouns(antecedents) that they are
modifying. The meaning of the complex sentence would not be complete
unless the restrictive attributive clause is taken into consideration.
Generally, the following three methods are used to translate restrictive
attributive clauses.
1Combination
This is the most common
practice, in which an English restrictive attributive clause is embedded
in the Chinese sentence with “…的…”,
and is placed before the words being modified. By combination, we have
actually converted the complex English sentence into a simple Chinese
Pollution is a pressing
problem which we must deal with.
污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。
July and August are the
months when the weather is hot.
七八月是天气很热的月份。
In the room where the
electronic computer is kept, there must be no dust at all.
在存放电子计算机的房间里，不能有一点儿灰尘。
Sometimes, an English
sentence with a restrictive attributive clause is too long or too
complicated for the translator to take as a whole. In this case, we may
divide it in two, placing the attributive clause after the principal
clause to conform to the Chinese usage, repeating the antecedent being
&&& They are striving for the
ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the
past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.
他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。
They worked out a new method
by which production has now been rapidly increased.
他们制定出一种新方法，采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。
By mixture here we mean
combining the principal clause and the attributive clause into a single
Chinese sentence without any demarcation. This method is usually adopted
in translating English “there be…” structure.
There were men in that crowd who had stood there every day for a month.
在那群人中，有些人每天站在那里，站了一个月。
&&&&&& There are some metals
which possess the power to conduct electricity and the ability to be
magnetized.&
某些金属既能导电，又能被磁化。
Ⅲ Non-Restrictive
Attributive Clauses
Non－restrictive
attributive clauses are characterized by a comma between the principal
and the attributive clause. In comparison with restrictive attributive
clauses, non-restrictive attributive clauses hold a loose relationship
with the antecedents, functioning as a supplementary part in the
sentence. In terms of translation techniques, there is no significant
difference between these two kinds of attributive clauses. However, the
method of division is adopted more frequently in translating
non-restrictive attributive clauses than in translating restrictive
attributive clauses, while the method of combination is just the other
way around.
I told the story to John, who
told it to his brother.
我把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的兄弟。
After dinner, the four key
negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night.
饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜。
Nevertheless the problem was
solved successfully, which showed that the computations were accurate.不过问题还是圆满地解决了。这说明计算很准确。
2Combination
He liked his sister, who was
warm and pleasant, but he did not like his brother, who was aloof and
arrogant.&
他喜欢热情洋溢的妹妹，而不喜欢冷漠高傲的哥哥。
Prisms, which are made of
glass, may be used to break up a beam of incoherent light.
用玻璃制的棱镜就可以分解非相干光束。
Ⅳ Attributive Clauses
Functioning as Adverbials
attributive clauses (both restrictive and non-restrictive) function as
the adverbial in the complex sentence, having a very close logic
relationship with the principal clause and indicating the cause, result,
purpose, time, condition, concession and so on. Therefore, when
translating such sentences, we should render them into corresponding
Chinese adverbial sentences.
know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays than our eyes,
can see clearly at night.
我们知道,由于猫的眼睛比我们人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线,所以猫在黑夜也能看得很清楚.
insisted on building another house, which he had no use for.
他坚持要再造一幢房子,尽管他并无此需要。
Nothing is difficult in the world for anyone who dares to scale the
世上无难事，只要肯登攀。
can anyone hope to be a qualified teacher, who doesn’t know what the
students are thinking and demanding?
一个教师如果不知道他的学生在想什么，需要什么，怎能指望成为一个合格得教师呢？
set up a state of their own, where they would be free to keep negroes as
他们建立起自己的国家，在那里他们可以随心所欲地把黑人当作奴隶。
Lesson Five Translation of
English Nominal Clauses
Subject Clauses&
Subject Clauses Introduced by Pronouns
&&These clauses
include such pronouns as what, whatever, whoever, etc. and when they are
translated into Chinese, they may generally remain their original
翻译由what，whatever，whoever等引起的主语从句，可保持原词序不变。
he told me was only half-truth.&
他告诉我的只是半真半假的东西而已。
comes to our public reference library will be welcome.
什么人到我们公共参考图书馆来都受欢迎。
“it”functions
as a formal subject
In this case, the subject
clauses may either precede or follow the principal clauses.
但在翻译以it为形式主语的从句时，语序往往需要颠倒。
doesn’t make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not.他参不参加会议都没多大关系。
seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash.
驾驶员在飞机坠毁之后竟然还能活着，这看来是不可想象的事。
is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.真奇怪，她竟然没有看出自己的缺点。
Appositive Clauses
同位语从句
Apposition, a
state of affairs in grammar in which one simple sentence contains two or
more noun phrases that describe the same person or the same thing and
are used in the same way, appears more frequently in English than in
Chinese. The following methods are usually used to translate appositive
英语同位语从句的翻译可按这样四种方法来处理：
keeping the original order
&&保持原来的语序，用类似宾语从句的方法来翻译。
expressed the hope that he would come over to visit china again.他表示希望能再来中国访问。
are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy.我们不是在调查他是否可以信任的问题。
had no idea why she thought of him suddenly.她不明白自己为什么突然想到了他。
2，converting
into an attributive order or an independent clause
将同位语从句前置，用翻译定语从句的类似结构来翻译，或单独翻译成一句
from the beginning, the fact that I was alive was ignored.然而，从一开始，我仍活着这个事实却偏偏被忽视了。
were very suspicious of the assumption that he would rather kill himself
than surrender.
&对于他宁愿自杀也不投降这种假设，他们是很怀疑的。
does not alter the fact that he is the man responsible for the delay.迟延应由他负责，这个事实是改变不了的。
punctuation makes or specific words
Punctuation marks such as colon, dash or such expressions as
“这样”“这种”“这一”“即”etc.,
are usually used to introduce appositive clauses.
加入冒号、破折号或“这样”、“这一”、“即”等字眼
considering realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects
were less than good.
但是现实地考虑一下，我们不得不正视这样一个事实：我们的前景并不妙。
there was the possibility that a small electrical spark might
accidentally bypass the most carefully planned circuit.
而且总有这种可能性――一个小小的电火花，可能会意外地绕过了最为精心设计的线路。
long ago the scientists made an exciting discovery that this “waste”
material could be turned into plastics.
&&不久以前，科学家们有了一个令人振奋的发现，即可以把这种废物变为塑料。
4，changing
into sentences without the subject
&改变原文的同位语结构，用汉语的无主句或其他方式译出。
order has been given that the researchers who are now in the skylab
should be sent back.
已下命令将目前在太空实验室里的研究人员送回来。
the most precisely conducted experiments offer no hope that the result
can be obtained without any error.
即使是最精确的实验，也没有希望获得无如何误差的实验结果。
⒄However,
the writing of chemical symbols in the form of an equation does not give
any assurance that the reaction shown will actually occur.但是，将化学符号写成反应式，并不意味着所表示的反应确实会发生。
Predicative Clauses&
& English predicative
clauses, like object clauses, are generally translated without changing
their original position.
表语从句的翻译一般来说可一成不变地按原文的词序进行。
is where the shoe pinches.
这就是问题的症结所在了。
are not always as they seem to be.
事物并不总是如其表象。
view of the press was that the reporters were either for him or against
&&&他对新闻界的看法是，记者们不是支持他，就是反对他。
Object Clauses&
Generally speaking, there is no need to change the position of the
object clauses in translation. However, in some cases, when “it”
functions as the formal subject of a complex sentence, or sometimes,
when the object is preceded by a preposition, a change of order is
necessary.
翻译宾语从句一般可按原词序进行，有时也可放在主句前。但在翻译以it为形式宾语的从句时，语序往往需要颠倒。
have no definite information yet as to which route he will take.关于他将走那条路线，我们还没有确切的消息。
regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.
我被选参加会议，感到十分荣幸。
understand that he is well qualified, but I feel that he needs more
experience.
&我知道他完全够条件，但我觉得他需要更多的经验。
Lesson Six Translation in
Adverbial Clauses
English adverbial clauses
include adverbials of time, place, cause, condition, concession,
purpose, result and so on. Generally speaking, these adverbial clauses
do not pose any obstacles to either comprehending or translating, and
the crux is how to make the translation conform to Chinese usage,
namely, how to arrange them properly. Another point for attention is how
to deal with the redundant conjunctives when English adverbial clauses
are translated into Chinese.
尽量避免使用原来的英文状语从句结构：
如果条件状语从句或者让步状语从句在整个句子中的语气较弱，可以把主句译到前面，而把从句译到后面，这种欧式句型经借用以后，已经成了汉语的一种组句方式，并为中国读者所接受。比如我们常常会看到这样的句子：&他是如此的累，以至于不能再工作下去。&我们知道这是受英文so…that结果状语从句结构的影响，而不懂英文的人虽然可以明白这样的句子，可总会觉得别扭。其实不少采用英文结构译出来的句子都可以利用另外的译法，避免原文的句型结构。
1. He stole, not because he wanted the money but because he liked
如果我们直接采用英语的状语从句结构，就会译成：――他偷窃，不是因为钱，而是因为他喜欢偷。
但中文里这样表达会更加自然：――他偷窃的目的不是钱，他就是喜欢偷。
译者把原文的原因状语从句（because…）转换成了名词&目的&，彻底避免了状语从句结构。
2. When it is wet, the buses are crowded.
下雨天的公共汽车总是很拥挤。
&& 本句的时间状语（when…）被译者转换成了定语，修饰&公共汽车&。试比较一下紧靠原文结构的译法&当天下雨时，公共汽车总是很挤。&
两种说法没有对错之分。后者当然可以，但也别忘了前者。
3. As the sun rose, the
fog dispersed.
太阳一升起来，雾就散了。
本句用了&一……就&的结构，而没有用原文的结构。比较紧靠原文的译法：&随着太阳升起，雾就散了。&
4. I tried to be polite,
although I didn't like him.
我虽然不喜欢他，但还是显得很有礼貌。
本句中although引导的让步从句被放到了前面。当然放到后面也常看到。
Ⅱ 翻译中对于连词的使用能省略就省略，以便发挥汉语的“意合”优势。尤其是在“虽然…但是…”“当…”,“因为。。。所以。。。”，“如此。。。以至于。。。”这样的句型中，多数情况下连词都可省略或部分省略。能把意思说清楚，则尽量不使用或不完全使用这些连词。使用连词越少，汉语译文就越符合汉语的表达习惯。像“如此。。。以至于。。。”这样的译文句型，在许多情况下都被认为是幼稚的学生腔。这里我们并不是说绝对不能使用它，而是说应该尽量少用，让它只存意，而不“留形”，用汉语与之有对等信息的自然表达句式取而代之。
5. There was so much dust
that we couldn't see what was happening.
尘土很大，我们看不清发生了什么事。
本句没有沿用so…that的结构，试比较&尘土如此之大，以至于我们看不清发生了什么事。&
6. &The days were short,
for it was now December.
如果保留原文结构就会译成：――白日短了，因为现在是十二月。
很多原文用连接词的状语从句在中文里常常可以省略连接词。
现在是十二月，白日短了。
He must be ill, for he is
他肯定是病了，因为他没有来。
他没有来，肯定（是）病了。
译文1很忠实于原文，照译连词的形式，但不符合汉语的表达习惯。译文2不仅调整了语序，还省译了连词“for”，意思却更加明确。
As the desert is like a sea , so is the camel like a ship.
&&& &正如沙漠像海，因此骆驼就像一只船。
如果说沙漠像大海，那么骆驼就像航行在大海上的一只船。
沙漠似海，骆驼似舟。
译文1中的“正如…因此”显然是硬译英语中的“as
… so…”结果因词害义，译文生硬；译文2将上述连接成分改成了“如果说…那么…”使译文通顺了很多，因此亦不失为一种可取的译文；译文3完全省略了连接成分，文字简练，意义仍很清楚，比喻的形象生动，在书面语中可以说要比译文2好一些。
9.When we were
about to get away a police car came to the front door.
当我们正要离开的时候，一辆警车来到了前门。
我们正准备离开，一辆警车来到前门。
译文2要比译文1通顺一些，许多初涉翻译的人在翻译when从句时总离不开“当…”字，破坏了汉语的自然流畅。
10.Everybody loves
him because he is a good comrade.
（因为）他是个好同志，（所以）大家都喜欢他。
They have it but you don’t so they are very haughty.
他们有（而）你们没有，（所以）他们神气得很。
12.&John rose
gloomily as the train stopped, for he was thinking of his ailing mother.
(由于)火车停了，约翰忧郁地站了起来，（因为）他想起了病中的母亲。
上述例子旨在提醒用惯了西化表达法的译者，我们自己的语言里不乏简洁的表达法，可以表达同样的概念。当然我们有时也可以用一些语言形式接近英文的表达法，但在很多情况下，译者应该用转换、颠倒、省略等方法把原文脱胎换骨成更加地道的中文，因为说到底，so…that之类表示状语的语言形式没有任何实际意义。
13.&When I review
these past few years, it seems in many ways that I have lived a lifetime
since I acquired cancer.
&回顾我得癌症后这几年，从许多方面来看，我似乎已经活了一辈子。
14.&She sang as
she prepared the experiment.
&她一边唱着歌，一边准备实验。
15.&They set him
free when his ransom had not yet been paid.
他还没有交赎金，他们就把他释放了。
16.&Turn off the
switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.
如果机器发生故障，就把电门关上。
17.&A body at rest
will not move till a force is exerted on it.
若无外力的作用，静止的物体则不会移动。
18.The materials
are excellent for use where the value of the work pieces is not high.
如果零件价值不高，使用这些材料是最好不过的了。
19.Where water
resources are plentiful, hydroelectric power stations are being built in
large numbers.
只要哪里水源充足，就在哪里修建大批的水电站。
20.Pure iron is
not used in industry because it is too soft.
纯铁太软，所以不用在工业上。
21.Because he was
convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion.
他深信这件事正确可靠，因此坚持己见。
22.Steel parts are
usually covered with grease for fear that they should rust.
钢制零件通常涂上润滑脂，以防生锈。（为了防锈，钢制零件通常需要涂上润滑脂。）
23.The mountain is
not valued because it is high.
山因为高而无价值。
山的价值并不因为它高。
Notes：从歧义的角度来看，两种情况都有可能，但从逻辑的角度来看，译文2能站得住脚。
24.She will never
accept any dictates, no matter where they come from.
她决不会接受无论来自哪一方面的任何霸道行径。
matter where
引起的状语从句被译成了定语，修饰dictates。
25.The veins are
different from the arteries in that the former bring food back to the
静脉与动脉的区别在于前者将血液导回心脏。