英语学科高考动态---短文改错命题规律初探
英语学科高考动态---短文改错命题规律初探
短文改错命题规律分析
一、题型概述
短文改错题一般是一篇含有9-10处学生常犯行文错误的120字左右的记叙文体小短文。分值一般为10或15分，每处错误1或1.5分，属于试卷中的写作部分，重点考察考生写作能力中的校验能力和语法知识掌握情况。要求考生改正短文中的错误。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或更正，一般设0-1处正确，2-3处增词或删词，以及6-7处改词。
09年共有八套高考英语试卷设有短文改错题，包括全国I卷、全国II卷、辽宁卷、宁夏、海南卷、陕西卷、四川卷、浙江卷和重庆卷；07、08年曾考过短文改错的安徽卷、福建卷和天津卷将此题分别换成了任务型读写、短文填词和阅读表达。辽宁卷、宁夏、海南卷和浙江卷假定了同桌之间交换修改作文的情景，每句中设置最多2处错误，更加强调从句子或语篇角度分析文章，发现行文错误；而其他五套仍延续每行最多1处错误的形式。
二、命题规律
通过分析近年短文改错题，此题型覆盖的知识面较广，在语言知识上重点考察动词时态、非谓语动词、名词的数、冠词使用、形容词和副词的用法和辨析、代词指代、介词用法、从句关系词、句子逻辑（连词使用）和词语搭配等内容。
动词 ★★★★★
动词，尤其是动词时态是短文改错中重点考察的内容，几乎每年每道短文改错题中都有至少1处与动词有关的错误。常见错误有动词做谓语时的时态错误、主谓不一致，以及非谓语动词和语态错误等，其中动词的时态是重点考点。
1）& 时态错误
动词的时态错误主要变现在三个方面：上下文时态不一致、时态不合语境和时态结构错误。其中前两点是重点考点。
①&&&
上下文时态不一致
主要表现为考题短文中某一句子谓语动词的时态与整个语篇的中心时态不一致，通常为一般现在时与一般过去时之间的混用。需要考生首先明确语篇中心时态，然后找出时态不一致的句子，并判断是否应与全文时态一致。
真题再现：
（全国I卷）I was only about six
that（when） he held his hand out to me. I took it in
me（mine） and we walked. Then I
ask（asked） him, “Grandpa, how
come you have so much（many） lines on your hand?”
解析：根据前后文,这是在描述过去发生的事情,应该用一般过去时。
（宁夏、海南卷）I first met Li Meng at a
friend（friend’s） birthday party five years ago. Then I
invited Li Meng over in（to） my place. We
listen（listened） to my CDs
together and soon become best friends.
解析：整个语篇的中心时态是过去时，而且此动作亦发生在过去，所以要用一般过去时listened。
（陕西卷）I left school as soon as I
can（could） and started work.
解析：整个语篇的中心时态是过去时，根据I left
school可判断出此处动作也发生在过去，谓语要用一般过去时。
（四川卷）The farmer was worried because
of his wallet was in the pocket. But, to my（his）
surprise, when he gets（got）
home, he saw the animal waiting at the door, still
wore（wearing） his jacket with the wallet in the pocket.
解析：整个语篇都在讲述过去发生的事情，应该用一般过去时。
（天津卷）In Grade Eight I took physics. In one
test I get（got）only 36 percent
of the answer（answers） correct.
解析：整个语篇用的是过去时，这里是描述过去发生的一件事，所以应该用过去式，get改为got。
（浙江卷）All the students on the playground
cheer（cheered） me on, “Come on!”
I was so encouraged that I ran faster and fast（faster） till
I caught up ^with all the other runners.
解析：这个故事发生在过去，所以要用一般过去时。
（全国II卷）Third, since I
was（am） familiar with Beijing, I
can help visitors find their ways（way） in the city.
解析：整个语篇的中心时态是现在时，此处也表示现在的情况，与全文一致，用一般现在时态。
（安徽卷）We
choose（chose） the cheapest
biscuits and ate it（them） under a tree. We thought the
biscuits were great.
解析：整个语篇的中心时态是过去时，这里也表示的是过去的情况，应用一般过去时。
（宁夏、海南卷）I am secretary of City Student Union
(CSU). We were（are） organizing
an art exhibition for high school student in ^the city .
解析：整个语篇的中心时态是现在时，介绍正在开展的工作，要用现在进行时，而非过去进行时态。
（陕西卷）However,
while（when） John went back home, the
tickets were still there. In the fact, there were four
tickets on the seat. Someone
has（had） placed another pair of
tickets on top of them!
解析：整个语篇的时态是过去时，另一个人放票发生在他查看之前，应用过去完成时。
（四川卷）My parents have agreed to
visiting（visit） me, and I will have a different vacation.
When they came（come） here, I
will show them around my university and the city just as
解析：整个语篇都是用一般现在时或将来时，而且该句主句用的是一般将来时，故前面时间状语从句要用一般现在时表示将来。
（四川延考卷）Dancing
was（is） not difficult. If you
want to do it good（well）, you need to find a good dancing
teacher and taking（take） lessons regularly.
解析：整个语篇中心时态是现在时，而且这里只是陈述客观事实，应用现在时。
（重庆卷）It is also
a window ^through/from which we can learn about American society.
And there were（are） many
meaningful things that are worth think（thinking） of, such as
the relationship between parents and children in a lot of American
family（families）.
解析：整篇文章的都是使用现在时，这里并不是描述过去的事情。
（全国卷I）After five years away
in（from） my hometown, I find that the neighborhood which I
used to living（live）in has changed a lot. The Sichuan
Restaurant and the older（old）fish shop across the street
from our middle school
were（are）gone.
解析：整个语篇的中心时态为现在时，而were表示过去时态，不一致，需要将were改为are。
（全国II卷）I
mean（meant） to give it back to
you before four in the afternoon，and（but） I was
hold（held） up on my way back.
解析：整个语篇描述的是过去发生的事情，中心时态是过去时，这里的mean要改为meant。
（辽宁卷）My father was pleased if（when） I
showed him the money a month after（later）. He
gives（gave） me the other
解析：整个语篇的中心时态为过去时，且动词发生的时间与全文所用时态一致，需将gives改为gave。
（四川卷）The angel then turned to the third man,
^who threw up his hands in fear. “Don’t touch me!” he
cries（cried）.
解析：整个语篇用的都是过去时态，这里动作发生时间与全文一致，要用cried。
（浙江卷）I stood there and couldn’t believe
in that a complete stranger
is（was） so thoughtful.
解析：语篇中心时态是过去时，此句动作发生时间与整篇时间一致，要用was。
（重庆卷）I’m glad to know that
you had（have） an interest in
Chinese food.
解析：语篇中心时态是现在时，这里描述的并不是过去发生的动作，从句谓语应与整体时态一致，had改为have。
②&&& 时态不合语境
主要表现为考题短文中的某一句子的动词时态与所表示语境的失态不符，通常为现在时与过去时之间的混用。考生需要关注文中表明时间的状语，结合句意来明确动作发生的时间，进而判断出动词应用的时态。
真题再现：
（全国II卷）I meant to write ^a
long letter and tell you all the things I’m doing at school, but
the bell was（is） ringing, so I
just have to stop here.
解析：本文是信件, 所以应该用写信时的语境。铃声响是正在发生的事情, 而不是过去发生的事情,
应该用现在进行时。
（安徽卷）I’m eighteen years old and I live in ^a
small village in the Peak District, not far from Nottingham. I
grow（grew） up in this village,
so I know everyone here.
解析：我长大是过去的事情，所以应该用过去时grew。
（福建卷）I was in
greatly（great） pain at that moment, but
I tried to act as if nothing
has（had） happened until the
class was over.
解析：前面I tried
是过去式，所以从句要用过去完成时，表示在过去的某个时间前已经发生的事情。
（辽宁卷）One day in the restaurant where I
worked, I am（was） serving a
table of four and each person had ordered the（a） different
kind of fish.
解析：根据时间状语one day可判断出故事发生在过去, 所以要用一般过去时。
（重庆卷）We started going down. It
had rained even harder.
解析：过去完成时是在过去某个时间已经完成的动作, 而本句中没有明显的时间状语表示是过去完成的动作,
所以“雨下得更大了”是对过去某个时间的描述, 应该用一般过去时。
（全国I卷）I
win（won） a national prize for
painting last week.
解析：句末有last week表示过去发生的事情，就应用一般过去时。
（辽宁卷）It is five years now since I
graduate（graduated） from No.3
High School.
解析：since引起的从句用过去时。
（天津卷）Last summer I
go（went） to America and studied
at a language school.
解析：通过时间状语last summer可确定时态为一般过去式。
（浙江卷）Last winter
vacation, some of my classmates
decide（decided） to travel with
their friends, while I chose to take ^a part-time job to gain
experience and earn some money.
解析：前面的时间状语为last winter vacation，句子自然为过去时态。
（宁夏、海南卷）I remember asking for a room as far
away from the lifts as possible and they
find（found） me a comfortable one
on ^the second floor.
解析：“他们给我找到一间舒服的位于二楼的寝室”，“找到”表示的是过去的动作，谓语要用动词的过去式found。
（四川卷）The angel touched his back, and he
recovered.&&&&&&
解析：这里recover发生在touch之后，不应该用过去完成时，要去掉had。
③&&& 时态结构错误
主要表现为某个句子谓语时态的结构发生错误，常见为and连接的两个并列的谓语的时态结构不一致。考生需要明确动词发生的时间和时态的构成结构；注意and连接的两个并列的动词时态一致，部分相同的成分（如助动词等）第二次使用时可以省略。
真题再现：
（辽宁卷）Three plate（plates） were already
on the table when the man closest to me
pointing（pointed） to one plate
and asked me the name of the fish on it.
解析：point在句中作谓语，与asked并列，所以要把pointing改为pointed。
（宁夏、海南卷）Since then we haven’t
see（seen） each other much, but
we’ve kept writing to each other.
解析：根据haven’t可判断要把see改为seen，构成现在完成时的否定式。
（陕西卷）We had to sit at our desks in silence
and paid（pay） attention to what
the teachers were saying.
解析：sit和pay是并列关系，与had to构成谓语。
（浙江卷）At first, I could not to
run very fast and fell behind.
解析：could是情态动词，后接动词原形。
（浙江卷）I headed for the company, feeling sure
I would easy（easily） finish 300 envelopes in five hours and
to earn the money.
解析：finish与earn为并列关系，都使用原型。
（重庆卷）However , every kind of the
Chinese food is worth trying, because each has a delicious taste
and ^is good for health.
解析：从句中and链接的两个分句的谓语不同，不能省略，在good前面加is。
2）& 主谓不一致
主要表现为句子主语和谓语在单复数表达上不一致。通常为第三人称单数主语与复数谓语混用，或第三人称复数主语与单数谓语混用。考生需要注意判断动词的主语，根据其单复数决定谓语动词的单复数，遵循“单数主语对单数谓语，复数主语对复数谓语”的原则。
真题再现：
（四川卷）But as soon as the kangaroo
were（was） free, it jumped up and
ran away with the jacket.
解析：the kangaroo是单数，应该用was而不是were。
（安徽卷）One day, while my friend and I
was（were） traveling through
Germany, we were not very hungry but we only had a little
解析：主语my friend and I是复数，谓语动词也应用复数。
（陕西卷）John Brown is London taxi driver who
love（loves）
going to the theatre.
解析：关系代词who指代的先行词driver是单数第三人称，所以动词也用单数第三人称形式。
（四川卷）As summer vacation
are（is） coming soon, my
classmates are trying very hardly（hard） to get train tickets
to go home.
解析：句子主语summer vacation为单数，故谓语动词相应用第三人称单数。
（浙江卷）（was） 10 cents per
解析：the pay为单数形式，后面谓语应用was。
（重庆卷）With such
stories it make（makes） people
think about life, but（and） therefore attracts the
解析：it是句子的主语，谓语用单数第三人称形式。
（全国I卷）There
exist（exists）now a park that has
a small river running through.
解析：这是一个倒装语序，真实的主语是a park，为单数，所以谓语动词要用单数第三人称形式。
（全国II卷）When I got back, it
were（was） already 6 pm.
解析：it是单数，且描述的是实际发生的事情，不是虚拟语气，谓语要用was。
（重庆卷）For example, Shanghai food, a little
bit sweet, differ（differs） from
Sichuan food that is rather hot.
解析：这句话的主语是food，是不可数名词，谓语要用differs。
非谓语动词
1）& 动名词
主要考查动名词作介词、某些动词或短语的宾语。通常考点为动名词和不带to的不定式的用法辨析。考生要记住一些常见的只跟动名词作宾语的动词或短语：enjoy,
finish, keep, be busy(in), be worth, feel like, can’t help, be fond
of, dream of, think of, prevent…(from)…, keep…(from)…, stop…
(from)…, protect…(from)…, spend…(in)…, look forward to, insist on,
pay attention to, be used to等；还要特别注意判断to在句中是介词还是动词不定式符号。
真题再现：
（福建卷）Though I had difficulty
walk（walking） back to my
classroom.
解析：have difficulty(in)doing sth. 意为“做某事有……困难”。
（陕西卷）Now I really enjoy
study（studying） because I’m
growing old and know what I want it.
解析：enjoy后接动词+ing形式作宾语。
（重庆卷）Last weekend we went mountain-climbing.
Even the heavy rain in the morning could not prevent us
go（going）.
解析：prevent 的用法是物主代词(宾格)+v. -ing,
所以应该把go改为going。
（全国I卷）I have often dreamed of
talk（talking） face to face with
解析：dream. of sth./doing sth.梦想做某事，其后跟名词或动名词作宾语。
（宁夏、海南卷）Looking forward to
hear（hearing）from you soon.
解析：在look forward to中to是介词，后接动词时要动名词形式。
（四川延考卷）If you want to do it
good（well）, you need to find a good dancing teacher and
taking（take） lessons regularly. That’s ^what I did and I
also had to take exams every six months. Now, I’ve stopped
go（going） to lessons.
解析：stop doing sth.停止做某事。
（重庆卷）It is also a window ^through/from which
we can learn about American society. And there were（are）
many meaningful things that are worth
think（thinking） of, such as the
relationship between parents and children in a lot of American
family（families）.
解析：be worth doing sth.…值得去……。
（陕西卷）He is not losing any time from school
because he is busy study
（studying） what he has missed in classes.
解析：“忙于做某事”be busy (in) doing sth.。
（浙江卷）It was a lesson to us that it was
possible ^to give without
expect（expecting）
anything in return.
解析：介词宾语要用动名词，expect要改为expecting。
（重庆卷）I’m looking forward to
meet（meeting） you here so that I
can tell you more about Chinese food at table.
解析：这里的to是介词，要用动名词做介词宾语meeting。
2）& 不定式
主要考查动词不定式作动词宾语或宾语补足语。通常考点为动词不定式与动名词的用法辨析和不定式符号的增减。考生要记住一些常见的接动词不定式作宾语或宾语补足语的动词，如want/would
like, let, help, agree, promise, prefer, pretend, learn, plan,
decide/determine, expect/hope/wish, refuse, manage, care, offer,
choose, ask等；还要注意一些需要省略动词不定式符号的情况，如let/make/have/get, help, had
better等动词或短语后接不带to的动词不定式。
真题再现：
（宁夏、海南卷）Li Meng came ^to see me every
解析：come to do sth.表示“来做某事”。
（全国I卷）I’d like to
staying（stay） there for half a
month, visiting place（places） of interest or（and）
practicing my English as well.
解析：would like to do 喜欢做某事。would like
后跟名词或动词不定式作宾语。
（全国II卷）In short, I will do my
best to help making（make） the
Games a success.
解析：help后接不带to的动词不定式作宾语。
（安徽卷）We decided ^to stop at a village
market to buy something to eat.
解析：decide后接带to的不定式作宾语。
（安徽卷）We thought
the biscuits were great. “Let’s
got（get） some more,” I said,
“They’re cheap and they really taste well（good）.”
解析：let后接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。
（辽宁卷）Last Saturday, the class that I was
on（in） held a get-together, which took us a long time
^to prepare.
解析：花费时间去做某事take…to do。
（陕西卷）Last week his mother gave him two
tickets for a play. … He wouldn’t go to see a play that no one
liked it, so two hours before the play started, he left the
ticket（tickets） on the back seat of his taxi, perhaps
someone who wanted ^to see the play would take them.
解析：want 后接带to的动词不定式作宾语。
（四川卷）My parents have agreed to
visiting（visit） me, and I will
have a different vacation.
解析：agree to do同意做某事。agree后跟动词不定式作宾语。
（四川延考卷）Dancing
was（is） not difficult. If you want to do it
good（well）, you need to find a good dancing teacher and
taking（take） lessons
regularly.
解析：and连接两个并列的非谓语动词，实际上是to take，这里避免重复省略to。
（重庆卷）We’d better not to miss
the chance to enjoy it.
解析：固定搭配had better (not) do sth.。
（全国I卷）After five years away
in（from）my hometown, I find that the neighborhood which I
used to living（live）in has
changed a lot.
解析：过去常常做某事（但现在不做了）：used to do sth.。
（全国II卷）So I helped them
going（go） to the nearest
解析：help sb. do
sth.帮助某人做某事。help后面接省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。
（陕西卷）He was walking to school the other day
when he let a bicycle ran（run）
right into him.
解析：let后面接不带to的不定式做宾语补足语，所以将ran改为run。
（浙江卷）It was a
lesson to us that it was possible ^to give without
expect（expecting） anything in
解析：不定式在从句中做真正主句，不定式符号to不可以省略。
主要考查动词的现在分词和过去分词作宾语补足语、名词定语或句子状语。常见考点为现在分词与过去分词的辨析。考生要特别注意现在分词和过去分词的区别。现在分词与逻辑主语是主动关系或表示正在进行，过去分词与逻辑主语是被动关系或表示处于已经完成的状态。
真题再现：
（四川卷）The farmer was worried because
of his wallet was in the pocket. But, to my（his）
surprise, when he gets（got） home, he saw the animal waiting
at the door, still wore（wearing）
his jacket with the wallet in the pocket.
解析：前后句子结构完整，still后应用非谓语动词，所以用wearing。
（重庆卷）We could hear the sound of the rain and
our footsteps mixing（mixed） with
our laughter.
解析：footsteps与mix是被动关系，应用过去分词。
（辽宁卷）We all enjoyed this precious day
greatly, remember（remembering）
the time we spent together and the people they（we） were
familiar with.
解析：现在分词作状语。
（陕西卷）My classmate, Joseph, is at present in
hospital with a breaking（broken）
解析：非谓语动词做定语，与所修饰词是被动关系，要用过去分词broken。
主要考查主动语态和被动语态的用法以及被动语态的结构。通常表现为主动语态与被动语态之间的误用以及被动语态结构中过去分词的拼写错误。考生需要明确谓语动词与主语之间的关系，以判断出使用哪种语态，还要注意语态的结构上是否存在问题。
真题再现：
（天津卷）He pulled me aside and told me that he
knew I could do better .He permitted ^me to retake the test, and I
was pulled my grade to an A.
解析：我把成绩提高到A, 应该是主动形式, 而不是被动。
（全国II卷）If I have the honor to
be chose（chosen） to work for the
29th Olympic Games, I will at first improve my
English so that I can talk easily about（with/to） foreign
解析：动词不定式的被动形式，应该使用过去分词。
（天津卷）One day, the school held ^a party,
where I ^was invited to talk about Tianjin.
解析：“我”被邀请讲述一下天津，应用被动。
（全国I卷）The market at the corner
of Friendship Street and Xinhua Road has been given
way to a supermarket.
解析：市场为超市“让路”，是主动语态，不用被动形式，所以去掉been。
（全国II卷）I mean（meant） to
give it back to you before four in the afternoon，and（but） I
was hold（held） up on my way
解析：hold up阻碍，耽搁，这里“我”是被耽搁，所以要用被动语态。
名词 ★★
名词也几乎是每套试卷的短文改错题目中必考的考点之一，而且其考查重点十分明确——名词的数。
主要表现为可数名词单数和复数间的误用。通常为名词的数与数量词或句意不符，以及固定短语中名词的数的误用。考生首先要注意文中提示数量的词或短语，或判断是不是固定短语；如不行，可以根据常识通过分析句意再次判断。
真题再现：
（全国I卷）I looked at his other
hands（hand）. “But Grandpa,
what（why） do you have more lines on that one?”
解析：other表示另外（一个）人只有两只手，所以另外是一只手，用单数。
（全国II卷）It will be lots of fun
for practicing out in the playground in the afternoon with
the tree（trees） around us all
red and yellow and everybody laughing and shouting.
解析：根据后面的“around us”可知不是特指具体某棵树，所以需要用the
trees，不能用the tree。
（安徽卷）At the
moments（moment） I travel into
Nottingham every day to the shop as（where） I work.
解析：at the moment是固定搭配，“当时”的意思，不能用moments。
（辽宁卷）Three
plate（plates） were already on
the table when the man closest to me pointing（pointed） to
one plate and asked me the name of the fish on it.
解析：根据前面的数词three可判断出plate要用复数。
（宁夏、海南卷）Three years ago, Li Meng’s parents
invited I（me） to spend
two（或a） wonderful
week（或weeks） in Qingdao with
them during the summer holiday.
解析：week是可数名词，要么变成复数weeks，要么two改为a。
（陕西卷）Personally, I found most
lesson（lessons） rather
uninteresting.
解析：most后接可数名词复数。
（四川卷）An Australian farmer found
the（a） kangaroo caught in the fence around his
farms（farm）.
（天津卷）In Grade Eight I took physics. In one
test I get（got）only 36 percent of the
answer（answers） correct.
解析：根据前面的36%可知答案不止是一个，所以应该用复数，answer改为answers。
（浙江卷）Many of my
classmate（classmates）
threw me up into the air.
解析：根据上文中的many可判断出classmate要用复数形式。
（重庆卷）On every（either/each） side of
the road were green fields and some farm
house（houses）.
解析：house是可数名词, 根据前面的some可知应该用复数形式。
（全国I卷）I’d like to
staying（stay） there for half a month, visiting
place（places） of interest
or（and） practicing my English as well.
解析：places of interest风景名胜属于固定结构，place要用复数形式。
（全国II卷）Third, since I
was（am） familiar with Beijing, I can help visitors find
their ways（way） in the city.
解析：在固定短语find one’s way中，way不用复数形式。
（福建卷）Both my
parent（parents） miss you a
解析：从Both确定应该是双亲，要用复数。
（辽宁卷）It was a pity which（that） some
of us were not present as they had gone abroad for further studies,
but they called back or sent greeting
card（cards） from different
解析：sent … from different
places，从不同的地方发过来，所以贺卡不止一张，要用名词复数形式。
（宁夏、海南卷）More than 1000
painting（paintings） will be on
show, but（and） high school students and teachers from all
the eight districts will come to the event.
解析：painting为可数名词，既然是1000多幅，要用复数。
（陕西卷）Last week his mother gave him two
tickets for a play. … He wouldn’t go to see a play that no one
liked it, so two hours before the play started, he left the
ticket（tickets） on the back seat
of his taxi, perhaps someone who wanted ^to see the play would take
解析：前面提到是两张票，这里应用是复数。
（四川卷）But I have made up my
minds（mind） to spend the
vacation far from home for ^the first time in my life.
解析：make up one’s
mind下决心。mind要与前面主语保持一致，即主语是单数，mind用单数；主语是复数，mind则用复数。
（四川延考卷）I started when I was eight
year（years） old, and it’s great
解析：年龄的表达法：eight years old或eight-year-old。
（天津卷）I had many wonderful
experience（experiences）, but I
also had a sad one.
解析：通过many及a sad
one可判断此处experience为“经历”可数名词，many后要用复数形式。
（浙江卷）I learned from my teacher that a nearby
company was looking after（for） students with good
handwriting to write addresses on
envelope（envelopes）.
解析：写信封上的地址是复数，说明不只是一封信，所以应用复数形式。
（重庆卷）It is also a window ^through/from which
we can learn about American society. And there were（are）
many meaningful things that are worth think（thinking） of,
such as the relationship between parents and children in a lot of
American family（families）.
解析：a lot of“许多”，后面接可数名词复数。
（全国II卷）So I helped them
going（go） to the nearest hospital. I stayed
here（there） for one and a half
hour（hours） and made sure that
the girl was all right.
解析：一个半小时，hour应该用复数形式hours。
（宁夏、海南卷）There are two girls from my course
here and I plan to make
friend（friends） with them so
that we can help each other on（with） the course work.
解析：（与……）交朋友，make friends with，固定用法。
（辽宁卷）When I was in high school, most of my
friend（friends） had
解析：most
of…意味“……中的多数”，所以of后面应接表示复数的名词，要将friend给为friends。
（陕西卷）Some friends of his go to see him every
day, ^and they take him lots of good
book（books） and fresh fruit.
解析：lots of“很多”，后面被修饰的名词要用复数books。
（四川卷）The second
man pointed to his
glass（glasses） and asked if the
angel could cure her（his） poor eyesight.
解析：根据后面的poor
eyesight，可以判断出前面glass实际上要表示的是“眼镜”，要改成glasses。
（浙江卷）One rainy
day while I was walking home with one of my
friend（friends）, a truck came to
a stop besides（beside） us.
解析：one of… “……中的一个”，后面要接名词复数friends。
（重庆卷）Since the
restaurant in China usually serves special
dish（dishes） of different areas,
you can enjoy various Chinese foods whenever（wherever） you
解析：“不同地区的菜”，不是一种，dish要用复数形式dishes。
名词所有格
真题再现：
（宁夏、海南卷）I first met Li Meng at a
friend（friend’s） birthday party
five years ago.
解析：a friend’s birthday
party表示“一个朋友的生日聚会”，在birthday前要用名词的所有格。
真题再现：
（四川卷）I have decided to buy them some nice
gifts. It will be a big
surprising（surprise） for
解析：It will be a big surprising for
them是一个主系表结构，从句子结构来看，应用名词作表语，surprising是形容词，名词是surprise。
冠词 ★★
冠词几乎每套试卷中都会有一题考查，但形式不同，一般表现为冠词的漏用、误用和多余。主要考查定冠词表示特指，不定冠词表泛指，零冠词和一些固定搭配中冠词的用法。
主要表现为零冠词误用。通常，在不可数名词、复数名词表泛指时才不适用冠词；可数名词单数，只有表示月份、季节、星期、节假、洲、三餐、球类、称呼语、头衔、职务等时，或在某些固定用法中才不加冠词。考生要注意分析名词的数、表意和是否特指，来判断是否应该加冠词，以及应该加哪个冠词。
真题再现：
（全国II卷）I meant to write
^a long letter and tell you all the things I’m doing at
school, but the bell was（is） ringing, so I just have to stop
解析：letter是可数名词, 所以要加a。
（安徽卷）I’m eighteen years old and I live in
^a small village in the Peak District, not far from
Nottingham.
解析：由于village是可数名词，所以要加不定冠词a，加在形容词small的前面。
（福建卷）As ^a result, the hurt in my
foot became worse.
解析：result是可数名词，而且是单数，所以前面应该加“a”。
（陕西卷）Are the years you spent at school
^the best years of your life?
解析：best是形容词的最高级，所以要在前面加定冠词the。
（重庆卷）At noon we reached the top of the
mountain. That（What） surprised us most there was the beauty
of ^the scenes.
解析：这里是特指山上的景色, 所以要加上定冠词the。
（全国II卷）Second, I will learn
more about ^the history of the Olympics as good（well）
as the 2008 Olympic Games.
解析：history后有定语，说明是特指。
（福建卷）My house is about three kilometers
far away from the National Stadium, also known as the
“Bird’s Nest”, where ^the opening ceremony will be held.
解析：此处应该是特指2008年奥运会开幕式。
（宁夏、海南卷）I am secretary of City Student Union
(CSU). We were（are） organizing an art exhibition for high
school student in ^the city .
解析：这里的城市我所在的城市，要加定冠词。
（四川卷）But I have made up my
minds（mind） to spend the vacation far from home for
^the first time in my life.
解析：序数词前要用定冠词修饰。for the first time in my
life我一身中第一次。
（天津卷）One day, the school held ^a
party, where I ^was invited to talk about Tianjin.
解析：可数名词单数，泛指加a。
（浙江卷）Last winter vacation, some of my
classmates decide（decided） to travel with their friends,
while I chose to take ^a part-time job to gain experience
and earn some money.
解析：take a part-time job，做兼职，固定搭配。
（全国I卷）The factory at the comer
of Friendship Street and Zhongshan Road has been moved out of the
city, and ^a sports center has been built in
their（its） place.
解析：后面谓语是单数形式，所以这里表示的是“一个体育中心”，名词前要加不定冠词a。
（全国II卷）Just before I turned
^the corner of Park Street, I happened to see an
解析：这里特指“Park Street”的转角，所以要加定冠词the。
主要表现为三个冠词之间的误用。考生首先应分析后面的名词是否特指，来判断用定冠词还是不定冠词；然后看紧跟冠词后面的词读音的第一个音是否是元音，确定是用a还是用an。
真题再现：
（辽宁卷）One day in the restaurant where I
worked, I am（was） serving a table of four and each person
had ordered the（a） different
kind of fish.
解析：different kind of fish表示泛指,
所以要用不定冠词a，表示一种不同的鱼。
（四川卷）An Australian farmer found
the（a） kangaroo caught in the
fence around his farms（farm）.
解析：本句的kangaroo不是特指，所以应该用不定冠词a。
（浙江卷）I had
a（an） interesting dream last
解析：interesting的第一个音是原因，前面的冠词要用an。
（四川卷）Three men were fishing when
the（an） angel appeared in the
boat with them.
解析：由于前面没有提到，不是特指，这里不能用定冠词。
（浙江卷）The driver put the window down and
offered us a（an） umbrella
because he found we were wet through.
解析：umbrella读音的第一个音是元音，前面的不定冠词要用an。
通常表现为固定用法中冠词的多余，考生备考时需要关注固定用法的记忆。
真题再现：
（全国I卷）“Because there are more
the honors and joys in my life.”
解析：不是特指，所以复数前不用定冠词the。
（辽宁卷）It was indeed not easy to get in
the touch with everybody and set a well（good）
time for all of us.
解析：get in touch with和……取得联系,保持联系。
（陕西卷）In the fact, there were
four tickets on the seat.
解析：in fact为固定短语。
（重庆卷）The play tells humorous stories that
happen in the Green’s family.
解析：在某人的家中：在姓氏后加所有格，前面不加定冠词。如：在史密斯家中in Smith’s
& 在李雷家at Li Lei’s house。
（辽宁卷）So I went to sell newspapers after
the school.
解析：“放学后”after school，固定用法，不用加冠词。
（陕西卷）He never watches where he is going, so
he often gets into the trouble.
解析：“陷入麻烦之中”get into trouble，固定短语。
（重庆卷）However ,
every kind of the Chinese food is worth trying,
because each has a delicious taste and ^is good for health.
解析：这里Chinese food是泛指，不需要加定冠词。
形容词、副词 ★★★
形容词和副词在短文改错的考点中出现的频率也很高，几乎每套试卷中都有一题考查此项目，内容主要涉及形容词和副词功能的混淆、易混形容词或副词辨析、等级使用错误和多余形容词或副词，其中前两项是重点考点。
形容词和副词句法功能混淆（形容词常作定语和表语；副词常作状语）
主要表现为形容词和副词在句中用法的混淆。考生要注意分析形容词和副词在句中作的成分，来判断其使用是否正确。通常，形容词在句中作名词的定语或者句子的表语；而副词常作状语，修饰动词、形容词或者整个句子。
真题再现：
（全国II卷）I’m little of course,
but terribly quick and
bravely（brave）.
解析：terribly是副词, 修饰形容词, 所以bravely应该改成brave, 和quick
一样用形容词。
（福建卷）I was in
greatly（great） pain at that
moment, but I tried to act as if nothing has（had） happened
until the class was over.
解析：因为pain是名词，所以应该用形容词来修饰而不能用副词，副词用来修饰动词或形容词。
（宁夏、海南卷）Li Meng and I loved walking along
the beautifully（beautiful）
beaches there.
解析：beautiful是形容词，修饰名词beaches，副词不修饰名词。
（浙江卷）I won the race. I felt very
proudly（proud） of myself.
解析：felt是系动词，后接形容词作表语。
（重庆卷）Setting off very early, we went along
an extreme（extremely） narrow
road, all in high spirits.
解析：narrow是形容词, 应该用副词来修饰,
所以应该把extreme改为extremely。
（安徽卷）We thought the biscuits were great.
“Let’s got（get） some more,” I said, “They’re cheap and they
really taste well（good）.”
解析：taste是系动词，后接形容词作表语。
（辽宁卷）It was indeed not easy to get in
the touch with everybody and set a well（good） time
for all of us.
解析：well 是副词，修饰名词用good。
（宁夏、海南卷）As you are very
popularly（popular）
with us Chinese high school students, we’d like to invite
for you to the exhibition.
解析：be popularly with中要用形容词，因为这里作表语，而非修饰动词。
（陕西卷）Then John read some reviews of the
play, which all said it was a
terribly（terrible） one!
解析：修饰名词或代词，作定语，要用形容词。
（四川延考卷）Dancing was（is） not difficult.
If you want to do it good（well）,
you need to find a good dancing teacher and taking（take）
lessons regularly.
解析：修饰动词应该使用副词。
（天津卷）After that they asked me a lot of
things about China. But I couldn’t explain them with（in）
English clearly. I felt
sadly（sad）.
解析：表感觉为系动词后加形容词做表语。
（天津卷）I have already studied English for
eight years, ^but/and/yet I can’t use it very
good（well）.
解析：应用副词修饰动词。
（浙江卷）I headed
for the company, feeling sure I would
easy（easily） finish 300
envelopes in five hours and to earn the money.
解析：做finish的状语，要用副词形式easily。
（宁夏、海南卷）Everyone else seems very nice and
warmly（warm） here.
解析：warmly是副词，这里作表语要用其对应的形容词warm。
（陕西卷）He has a comfortable room,
patiently（patient） nurses, and a
great deal of time to read.
解析：修饰nurses作定语，要用形容词patient。
（四川卷）“I’m on disability pay! I don’t want to
be a normally（normal）
解析：作名词的定语要用形容词normal，副词不能作定语。
（浙江卷）The man insisted, so I
grateful（gratefully） accepted
the offer, thanked him and watched the truck disappear down the
解析：修饰动词要用副词gratefully。
（重庆卷）The food in one area can be
easy（easily） told from that in
解析：修饰told要用副词形式easily。
易混形容词、副词辨析
主要表现为形近和义近形容词、副词的辨析。考生平时应注意一些形近或义近词的辨析，注意区别其在词形和用法上的差别。
真题再现：
（全国I卷）Then I ask（asked）
him, “Grandpa, how come you have so
much（many） lines on your
解析：line是可数名词,所以用many修饰,much修饰不可数名词。
（全国I卷）I looked at his other
hands（hand）. “But Grandpa,
what（why） do you have more lines
on that one?”
解析：根据后面的答语中的because，可以推知问句应该问的是原因，疑问代词要用why。
（安徽卷）From September,
therefore（however）, I’m going to
stay in Nottingham by（with） my aunt and uncle when my cousin
joins in the Navy.
解析：根据前后两句的意思，前半句是需要坐公交车来回跑，从9月开始就住在叔叔家，所以是转折关系。
（辽宁卷）I was about to answer him
while（when） I noticed that the last plate on my tray(托盘)
began to fall. They（It） fell noisily to the floor seconds
late（later）, spreading its
contents on the carpet.
解析：late“晚”；later意为“后来”，也可以单独用在句子中，作时间状语。
（陕西卷）I read books at the public library, and
late（later） I decided to attend
解析：late表示“晚”；later意为“后来”，用于表示动作的先后顺序。
（天津卷）In Grade Eight I took physics. In one
test I get（got）only 36 percent of the answer（answers）
correct. I failed the next one,
either（too）.
解析：either 是否定句中的“也”，
而本句是肯定句（虽然用fail表示否定的意思），所以用too。
（天津卷）This is what I discovered: just because
a subject is
difficulty（difficult） to learn,
It does not mean you are not good at it.
解析：应该用形容词作表语, 而不是名词。
（重庆卷）On
every（either/each） side of the
road were green fields and some farm house（houses）.
解析：注意every和each的差别, each强调各别、各个, 而every 强调全部、都,
另外街道是两边, 所以用either(两者之一)也是可以的。
（全国I卷）My father was so
pleasing（pleased/happy） that he
suggested I go to England for a holiday.
解析：某人感到…要用动词的ed形式，某物令人…用动词的ing形式。be pleased /happy
with对…感到高兴/满意。
（全国II卷）Second, I will learn
more about ^the history of the Olympics as
good（well） as the 2008 Olympic
解析：as well as介词短语，“和，也”，固定搭配。
（安徽卷）She looked at it and started to laugh,
“How（Why） are you laughing?” I
asked. “Because they’re dog biscuits!” She said.
解析：用后文Because可知前面问的是原因，要用疑问副词why。
（福建卷）I am very
exciting（excited） to learn that
you’re coming to Beijing for the Olympic.
解析：主语是人应用excited 来修饰。
（福建卷）August is the best time of the year to
visit Beijing, because of there is only a
few（little） rain and the weather
is neither too hot nor too cold.
解析：a few修饰可数名词，a
little修饰不可数名词。因为rain是不可数名词，所以要用little。
（四川卷）As summer vacation are（is）
coming soon, my classmates are trying very
hardly（hard） to get train
tickets to go home.
解析：hard可以做副词表示“努力地”，hardly则表示“几乎不”。
（天津卷）I hope I can be a bridge between China and
others（other） countries in the
解析：others其余的人(或物)，名词性代词，不可修饰名词；other其他的，形容词。
（重庆卷）The Story about Growth is my favorite
American TV play because it is very
interested（interesting）.
解析：说明事物的特征，常用interesting表示令人感兴趣的，interested前一半主语是人。
（全国II卷）So I helped them
going（go） to the nearest hospital. I stayed
here（there） for one and a half
hour（hours） and made sure that the girl was all right.
解析：这里的here指代前面“the nearest
hospital”，而描述者现在并不在那里，所以应该是“那儿”——there。
（辽宁卷）My father
was pleased if（when） I showed him the money a month
after（later）.
解析：after是介词，用在时间之前；在时间之后，表示“……之后”要用later。
等级使用错误
主要表现为形容词或副词原级和比较级、比较级和最高级之间的误用。考生应关注句中是否有一些表示比较的词或短语，如ever，of
all，than等；然后根据句意判断比较的级别。
真题再现：
（全国II卷）These are the
happier（happiest） girls I’ve
ever seen and I’m the happiest in（of） all!
解析：根据后面的ever可知应该用形容词最高级。
（浙江卷）All the students on the playground
cheer（cheered） me on, “Come on!” I was so encouraged that I
ran faster and fast（faster） till
I caught up ^with all the other runners.
解析：run faster and
faster表示“跑得越来越快”，所以要把fast改为faster。
（全国I卷）The Sichuan Restaurant
and the older（old） fish shop
across the street from our middle school were（are） gone.
解析：这里只表示老、旧，而没有比较的意思，所以要用形容词的原级。
（陕西卷）The doctor
says he is recovering
fast（faster） than expected and
will be out of hospital ^in/within a few weeks.
解析：“医生说他恢复得比想象中的快”要用比较级faster。
多余形容词、副词
主要表现为一些近似表达方式的混用。考生应该注意一些相似表达的区别，注意其用法的不同。
真题再现：
（福建卷）My house is about three kilometers
far away from the National Stadium, also known as the
“Bird’s Nest”, where ^the opening ceremony will be held.
解析：前面有具体的数字，后面不用加far。
（四川卷）When they came（come） here, I
will show them around my university and the city just
解析：“我要带他们去参观我的大学和大学所在的城市。”as well也，是固定结构。
（四川延考卷）You asked
in your last letter about my spare time activities. Well, I like
much more than one, such as painting and model
making, so（but/and） my favorite is dancing.
解析：much
more词组是“更加”的意思，与句子的意思不符，这里要表达的是“我喜欢的（课余活动）不止一项”（more than
one），much是多余的。
（辽宁卷）You can
imagine how much happy I was when I rode to school on
my own bicycle.
解析：“可以想象，当骑自己的自行车上学的时候，我有多么高兴。”这里how是副词，表“多么”；而how
much表示“多少”，后面接不可数名词。
代词 ★★
代词指代错误
主要表现为文中的人称代词指代不一致。考生需根据句意分析代词指代的内容，从而分析出应该使用的代词。
真题再现：
（全国II卷）While the others are
jumping about in the air, I can run under
my（their） legs and get the
解析：人不能在自己腿下跑, 所以是在别人跳起时在别人腿下抢到球。
（福建卷）We can tell others our need for help
and accept his（their） help.
解析：由于接受的是他人(others)的帮助，所以物主代词应该用their。
（辽宁卷）I was about to answer him
while（when） I noticed that the last plate on my tray(托盘)
began to fall. They（It） fell
noisily to the floor seconds late（later）, spreading its
contents on the carpet.
解析：这里的代词指上句中的the last plate, 表示单数要用it。
（四川卷）The farmer was worried because
of his wallet was in the pocket. But, to
my（his） surprise, when he
gets（got） home, he saw the animal waiting at the door, still
wore（wearing） his jacket with the wallet in the pocket.
解析：这句意思是“让农夫奇怪的是”，本文没有提到“我”。
（全国II卷）Finally, I should be
able to tell visitors about our history and culture and show them
their（our） great
achievements.
解析：人称不一致，指代错误，向外国人展示的是我们的成就。
（安徽卷）We
choose（chose） the cheapest biscuits and ate
it（them） under a tree. We
thought the biscuits were great.
解析：指代错误，biscuits 是可数名词，应用them来指代。
（辽宁卷）We all enjoyed this precious day
greatly, remember（remembering） the time we spent together
and the people they（we） were
familiar with.
解析：“（我们）记得我们在一起度过的时光和我们熟悉的人们”，这里的应该用we。
（宁夏、海南卷）As you are very
popularly（popular） with us Chinese high
school students, we’d like to invite for you to the
exhibition. We would be grateful when（if） you could join
them（us） that day .
解析：根据上下文，这是一份邀请函，应是加入到我们之中。
（全国I卷）The factory at the
corner of Friendship Street and Zhongshan Road has been moved out
of the city, and ^a sports center has been built in
their（its） place.
解析：根据句意“在工厂原来的位置，已经建起了一个体育中心”。这里的代词指代的是the
factory，单数，所以要用its。
（辽宁卷）I asked my father ^for the money. But
he said he could only give me half of the money.
He（I） should find the other half
解析：“我向父亲要钱，但是他只能给我一半钱，我需要自己找另一半。”根据句意，这里的主语应该是“我”——“I”。
（四川卷）The
second man pointed to his glass（glasses） and asked if the
angel could cure her（his） poor
解析：这里指代的是the second man，男性，应该用his。
主要考查代词主格、宾格、形容词性物主代词、名词性物主代词和反身代词的用法辨析，以及不定代词之间的辨析。考生需明确每种代词常见用法和其表达的词义，根据句意判断用法正误。
真题再现：
（全国I卷）I was
only about six that（when） he held his hand out to me. I took
it in me（mine） and we
解析：这句的意思是我抓起他的手放在我手里,所以应该是in mine(my hand)。
（宁夏、海南卷）Three years ago, Li Meng’s parents
invited I（me） to spend
two（或a） wonderful week（或weeks） in Qingdao with them
during the summer holiday.
解析：invited后接人称代词的宾格。
（浙江卷）Just at that time I woke up and found
me（myself） still in bed!
解析：myself是反身代词，found myself still in
bed表示“发现自己仍在床上”。
（福建卷）When you come, you can stay with
ourselves（us）.
解析：此处应该是和我们呆在一起。介词后面应该用宾格。
（宁夏、海南卷）We were（are） organizing an
art exhibition for high school student in ^the city .
This（It） will be held on the
9th of July in the Exhibition Hall of Beihai.
解析：this不能指代前句提到的名词，要用it来代指上文刚提到an art
exhibition。
（四川卷）My parents have done a lot for me, and
I think it is high time that I did
anything（something） special to
express my thanks.
解析：anything作某事物意思时，一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中，肯定句中用something。
（浙江卷）Getting out of the classroom is indeed
necessary for we（us） all.
解析：作介词宾语要用代词的宾格形式。
（重庆卷）It is quite different from
those（that）in China. The play is
very popular.
解析：前后比较替代的是单数名词。
（宁夏、海南卷）I’m glad to say that
anything（everything） has worked
out fine in the dorm.
解析：anything指“任意一件事”，通过句意理解这里指的是“所有的事情”，所以应该用everything。
（宁夏、海南卷）I’m going to attend
mine（my） first lesson this
afternoon, for（so） I’ve got some preparation to make.
解析：做名词lesson的定语，要用形容词性的物主代词my；mine是名词性物主代词，一般在句子中主语或宾语。
（辽宁卷）When I was in high school, most of my
friend（friends） had bicycles. I hoped I could also have
it（one）.
解析：“我上高中时，我朋友大部分都有自行车。我希望我也能有一辆”。这里是泛指“一辆（自行车）”，而不是特指某一辆，所以要用不定代词one。
（浙江卷）This man might need the umbrella
himself, and（but） he preferred to give it to
everyone（someone/somebody）
解析：一把伞不能给每个人，应该是某个人，所以将everyone改为someone或者somebody。
（重庆卷）I’m glad to know that you
had（have） an interest in Chinese food. Here I’d like to tell
you something about
them（it）.
解析：这里的代词指代的是food，food这里指食物，是不可数名词，对应代词应该用单数第三人称it。
主要表现为及物动词后宾语的漏用，以及固定词组和从句中代词的漏用。最常见的是it的漏用。考生注意分析句子各个成分是否完整。
真题再现：
（四川卷）He thought the poor animal was injured,
but（so） the kind farmer took off his jacket and put
^it on the animal.
解析：put on
后加clothes是“穿上(衣服)”的意思，本句意思是把衣服给动物盖上，所以用put it on。
（天津卷）He pulled me aside and told me that he
knew I could do better .He permitted ^me to retake the test,
and I was pulled my grade to an A.
解析：permit是及物动词, 后面应该有宾语作为被允许的对象,
所以应该是允许我再次参加考试。
（全国I卷）We’ve been writing to
each ^other for nearly a year now.
解析：each other是相互代词，为固定搭配，意思是“互相”。
（浙江卷）Now, I fully understand how hard
^it is to earn money.
解析：“how hard … earn
money”做understand的宾语，是个宾语从句，从句中缺少主语。
主要表现为代词和所带名词的重复使用，以及关系词在从句中作宾语时，从句中作宾语代词和关系词的重复使用。
真题再现：
（辽宁卷）Before I could answer him, he continued
to ask me the name of the fish on another one
解析：another修饰plate，代词one多余。
（陕西卷）Now I really enjoy
study（studying） because I’m growing old and know what I want
解析：what引导宾语从句，在从句中作宾语，所以要把want后的it去掉。
（陕西卷）He wouldn’t go to see a play that no
one liked it, so two hours before the play started,
he left the ticket（tickets） on the back seat of his taxi,
perhaps someone who wanted ^to see the play would take them.
解析：that no one liked是定语从句修饰a play，关系代词that代a
play作liked的宾语，it与that 意义重复，为多余，应去掉。
介词 ★★
主要表现为固定短语中链接宾语介词的漏用。
真题再现：
（全国I卷）He was silent for a
moment. So（Then/And） he answered slowly: “Each ^of
these lines stands for a trouble in my life.”
解析：each of 表示每一个。
（辽宁卷）Everyone stared ^at me and I
stood there with a red face.
解析：stare at sb. 是固定短语。
（浙江卷）All the students on the playground
cheer（cheered） me on, “Come on!” I was so encouraged that I
ran faster and fast（faster） till I caught up ^with
all the other runners.
解析：catch up with意为“赶上”，所以要在all前加with。
（辽宁卷）I asked my father ^for the
解析：“向某人要某物”ask sb. for sth.。
（陕西卷）The doctor says he is recovering
fast（faster） than expected and will be out of hospital
^in/within a few weeks.
解析：表示将来，“过几周”要用介词in或within，in/within a few
主要表现为固定用法中介词误用和易混介词的误用。
真题再现：
（全国II卷）These are the
happier（happiest） girls I’ve ever seen and I’m the happiest
in（of） all!
解析：注意in 和of在表示范围时的差别，in用在某个团体(单位)前面，例如 in the
class；of 后面跟的是同种的复数。本题后面是all，指的是all the girls，所以用of。
（安徽卷）From September,
therefore（however）, I’m going to stay in Nottingham
by（with） my aunt and uncle when
my cousin joins in the Navy.
解析：应该是和我叔叔婶婶在一起，用stay with sb.。
（福建卷）In this way, we can get along
to（with） each other happily and
peacefully.
解析：get along with 是固定搭配，表示(和某人)相处。
（宁夏、海南卷）Then I invited Li Meng over
in（to） my place.
解析：invite sb. to some
people表示“把某人邀请到某个地方”，要用介词to。
（天津卷）I started to think that maybe I was not
good at it. However, I was not lucky enough to have a
teacher which（who/that） did not take my bad grades as a
judgment of my abilities, but simply
like（as） an indication
how（that） I should study harder.
解析：take ... as 表示“把……视为”， 根据上文中的take my bad grades
as a judgement of abilities可判断出要把like改为as。
（全国I卷）I imagine you’ll be
at（on） vacation yourself by that
解析：on vacation度假，固定搭配。
（全国II卷）If I have the honor to
be chose（chosen） to work for the 29th Olympic
Games, I will at first improve my English so that I can talk
easily about（with/to） foreign
解析：talk about是“谈论关于”，而“同某人交谈”则用talk with/to。。
（福建卷）There are so many places I want to take
you to after I finish my work
like（as） a volunteer.
解析：“作为”志愿者应该用as , like 表示“像”。
（辽宁卷）Last Saturday, the class that I was
on（in） held a get-together,
which took us a long time ^to prepare.
解析：“在哪个班级”，介词要用in。
（陕西卷）Last week his mother gave him two
tickets for a play. The tickets were
on（for） Sunday evening.
解析：什么的票用介词for例“a ticket for a film”，“一张电影票”。
（天津卷）After that
they asked me a lot of things about China. But I couldn’t explain
them with（in） English
解析：in后加语言，媒体，手段，材料等，而with后加工具。
（浙江卷）I learned
from my teacher that a nearby company was looking
after（for） students with good
handwriting to write addresses on envelope（envelopes）.
解析：look after，照顾，看护；look
for寻找。句意为“附近的一家公司在找写字好的学生去写信封地址”。
（全国I卷）After five years away
in（from） my hometown, I find
that the neighborhood which I used to living（live）in has
changed a lot.
解析：远离某地，应该用from。
（宁夏、海南卷）There are two girls from my course
here and I plan to make friend（friends） with them so that we
can help each other on（with） the
course work.
解析：（与……）交朋友，make friends with，固定用法。
（四川卷）The first man got over his shock and
politely said to the angel, “I’ve suffered
by（from） back pain for years.
Can you help me?”
解析：“遭受……（痛苦）”suffer from… 。
（浙江卷）One rainy day while I was walking home
with one of my friend（friends）, a truck came to a stop
besides（beside） us.
解析：besides除了……之外；beside在……旁边。此句的意思是“一辆卡车定在我们旁边”，要用beside。
（重庆卷）Chinese food is famous
with（for） its wide variety.
解析：“以……著名”be famous for，固定搭配。
主要表现为及物动词接宾语时，介词的多余使用，偶尔也考查相似表达中加与不加介词时用法的不同。考生需分辨句中动词此时是否是及物动词，尤其要注意一些同时具有及物和不及物两种属性的动词。及物动词可以直接接宾语，不用介词连接。
真题再现：
（全国II卷）It will be lots of fun
for practicing out in the playground in the afternoon
with the tree（trees） around us all red and yellow and
everybody laughing and shouting.
解析：It’s fun doing sth. 表示“做某事很有趣”。
（安徽卷）From September,
therefore（however）, I’m going to stay in Nottingham
by（with） my aunt and uncle when my cousin joins
in the Navy.
解析：join是及物动词，“参军”是join the army(Navy)。
（四川卷）The farmer was worried because
of his wallet was in the pocket.
解析：because of后面应该加名词，而后面引导的是从句，所以用because。
（重庆卷）After having a short rest there and
sharing with the food we had brought.
解析：share with一般指和某人分析, 而food是分享的东西, 所以不能加with。
（全国I卷）I have just got some
good news to tell to you.
解析：tell sb. sth告诉某人某事。tell是及物动词，直接宾语是some good
mews，you是间接宾语。
（全国II卷）If I have the honor to
be chose（chosen） to work for the 29th Olympic
Games, I will at first improve my English so that I
can talk easily about（with/to） foreign visitors.
first表示“首先”，一般用于句首；放在句中，first（首先）为副词，前面不加介词。
（福建卷）August is the best time of the year to
visit Beijing, because of there is only a
few（little） rain and the weather is neither too hot nor too
解析：because of后面不能跟句子。后面是句子应该用because 引导。
（宁夏、海南卷）As you are very
popularly（popular） with us Chinese high
school students, we’d like to invite for you to the
exhibition.
解析：invite为及物动词，后面不必接介词，invite sb. to do sth。
（全国II卷）I’m sorry that I wasn’t
able to return to your bike on time yesterday.
解析：return sth. to
sb.“将某物归还给某人”，这里return是及物动词，后面加归还的物品时不用加介词。
（浙江卷）I stood
there and couldn’t believe in that a complete
stranger is（was） so thoughtful.
解析：believe
in“信任，信赖，信仰”，后面常接人；这里相信某件事情要用believe。
从句 ★☆
形容词性从句（定语从句、表语从句）
主要表现为关系代词的误用。考生首先需注意关系词指代的先行词是人、物、地点，还是时间，选择正确的关系词，之后判断关系词在句中所作的成分，从句是否是非限制性定语从句（标志性符号：“，”）。
真题再现：
（全国II卷）My school is organizing
a basketball team and there’s just a chance
which（that） I can join it.
解析：先行词有the only, the very, just修饰时, 只用that。
（安徽卷）At the moments（moment） I travel
into Nottingham every day to the shop
as（where） I work.
解析：shop是地点，所以应该用where引导定语从句，在从句中作地点状语。
（天津卷）I started to think that maybe I was not
good at it. However, I was not lucky enough to have a
teacher which（who/that） did not
take my bad grades as a judgment of my abilities, but simply
like（as） an indication how（that） I should study
解析：which引导定语从句一般指物, 而the teacher是人, 所以应该用who或者what
（四川延考卷）I sometimes take part in performances
at our school, that（which） I
really enjoy very much.
解析：非限制性定语从句的引导词不可以用that，代物应该用which。
（重庆卷）It is also a window
^through/from which we can learn about American society.
解析：window在定语从句中做介词的宾语，“通过这个窗口（through
which），我们能够了解美国社会”。
（辽宁卷）One day I saw a second-hand bicycle,
that（which） was only one hundred
解析：that不能引导非限制性定语从句，这里关系词在从句中代前面的bicycle，要用which。
（四川卷）The angel
then turned to the third man, ^who threw up his hands in
解析：逗号后面的句子修饰the third man，是非限制性定语从句，关系词代人要用who。
表语从句很少作为考查项目，主要表现为关系词的漏用或误用。
真题再现：
（四川延考卷）If you want to do it
good（well）, you need to find a good dancing teacher and
taking（take） lessons regularly. That’s ^what I did
and I also had to take exams every six months.
解析：这里That’s后是表语从句，从句中缺少do的宾语成分，代做的事情，应该加what。
副词性从句（状语从句）
主要表现为状语从句关系词的误用。常考查when与while和if的辨析。
真题再现：
（全国I卷）I was only about six
that（when） he held his hand out
解析：这是一个时间状语从句(我6岁的时候),所以应该用when引导而不能用that。
（福建卷）Today I was having a PE lesson
while（when） I fell down and hurt
解析：while引导的时间状语从句中的动词必须是延续性动词，而fall和hurt都不是延续性动词，所以应该用when引导。
（辽宁卷）I was about to answer him
while（when） I noticed that the
last plate on my tray(托盘) began to fall.
解析：while引导时间状语从句时，从句的谓语动词必须是延续性动作，notice意为“注意到”，是非延续性动词，所以要把while改为when。
（宁夏、海南卷）As you are very
popularly（popular） with us Chinese high
school students, we’d like to invite for you to the
exhibition. We would be grateful
when（if） you could join
them（us） that day .
解析：这里表示的是虚拟语气，条件状语从句，要用if。
（陕西卷）However,
while（when）
John went back home, the tickets were still there.
解析：while要与持续性动词连用。went back
home应与表点时间的when连用。这里强调的是时间先后发生的关系，而不是同时发生的关系。
（辽宁卷）My father was pleased
if（when） I showed him the money
a month after（later）.
解析：“当一个月后我把钱拿给父亲时，父亲很高兴。”前后并非是条件关系，这里应该是时间状语从句，要用when来引导。
（重庆卷）Since the restaurant in China usually
serves special dish（dishes） of different areas, you can
enjoy various Chinese foods
whenever（wherever） you are.
解析：前面提到“中国餐馆经常会提供各个地区的特色菜肴”，餐馆指的地点，后面。
名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）
主要表现为从句关系词的误用。经常考查的是主语从句和宾语从句关系词的使用。
真题再现：
（天津卷）I started to think that maybe I was not
good at it. However, I was not lucky enough to have a
teacher which（who/that） did not take my bad grades as a
judgment of my abilities, but simply like（as） an indication
how（that） I should study
解析：how 引导表示方式的定语从句。而本句中的indication就是指要更努力学习,
从句作indication的同位语，所以要用that引导。
（重庆卷）At noon we reached the top of the
mountain. That（What） surprised
us most there was the beauty of ^the scenes.
解析：这是个主语从句, 不是定语从句, 所以应该用what来引导而不能用that。
（辽宁卷）It was a pity
which（that） some of us were not
present as they had gone abroad for further studies, but they
called back or sent greeting card（cards） from different
解析：主语从句 it is + adj \ n.&
that…，关系词要用that。
（宁夏、海南卷）No lectures this morning so I think
I’d email you and let you know
what（how） things are going.
解析：“让你知道事情进行得怎么样”。表示“怎么样”，宾语从句的关系词应该用how。
句子逻辑 ★☆
肯定和否定语意判断错误（是否该加否定副词not、never等）
主要表现为是否加否定词not、never等。常见的是not的漏用或多余。考生需根据上下文理解句意，从而判断句子真正要表达的是肯定还是否定的句意。
真题再现：
（安徽卷）I grow（grew） up in this village,
so I know everyone here. That’s ^not the problem—the problem
is that there’s nothing to do, and nobody of my age to do it
解析：根据前后句的意思，“问题是没有事情做”，所以前面这句的意思应该是“(认识人)不是问题”。
（福建卷）We can tell others our need for help
and accept his（their） help. Some day we can
not help others in return.
解析：根据上句接受别人的帮助和本句中的“in
return”(回报)，可以推断出以后可以帮助别人而不是不能。
（天津卷）I started to think that maybe I was not
good at it. However, I was not lucky enough to have a
teacher which（who/that） did not take my bad grades as a
judgment of my abilities, but simply like（as） an indication
how（that） I should study harder.
解析：根据后面的意思, 老师没有用坏成绩来否定作者的能力, 所以作者是幸运的, 有个好老师,
而不是不走运。
（安徽卷）One day, while my friend and I
was（were） traveling through Germany, we were
not very hungry but we only had a little money.
解析：but前后两句为转折关系，由此可以判断这里说的是“我们很饿，但却没有多少钱”。
（天津卷）I must work hard to improve my spoken
English so that I will not be able to communicate
freely with foreigners.
解析：根据上下文逻辑，此处应为肯定关系，“我必须努力提高我的英语口语，这样才能自由地和外国人士交流”。
句子间关系判断错误（连词and, but, so, or, for,
etc. 错误使用）
这也是历年几乎每张试卷的短文改错必考的考点。主要表现为连词and，but，so，or，for等连词的误用。最常见的是and，but和so的误用。考生需根据上下文分析句中分句之间的关系，从而判断出正确的连词。
真题再现：
（全国I卷）He was silent for a
moment. So（Then/And） he answered
slowly: “Each ^of these lines stands for a trouble in my life.”
解析：前后句不是因果关系，只是时间先后的关系,所以不能用so，可以用then或者and。
（安徽卷）There’s a bus at 7:30 in the morning
or（and） the last bus back in the
evening is at 5:30.
解析：这句的前后两部分分别描述了早上和晚上的公交车时间，是并列关系而不是选择关系。
（福建卷）Though I had difficulty
walk（walking） back to my classroom. I still didn’t tell
anyone but（and） even refused the
offer of help of classmates.
解析：根据前后两个动作的关系判断，“I still didn’t tell anyone”和“even
refused the offer of help of my
classmates”是并列关系，都是不想接受帮助，所以用and而不用but。
（宁夏、海南卷）Last year I was ill
but（and） had to stay in hospital
for a week.
解析：was ill和had to stay in hospital for a
week是并列关系，所以要把but改为and。
（四川卷）He thought the poor animal was injured,
but（so） the kind farmer took off
his jacket and put ^it on the animal.
解析：根据前后逻辑关系，农夫认为袋鼠受伤了，所以就用衣服盖上它，而不是转折关系。
（浙江卷）I dreamed that I took part in a race.
At first, I could not to run very fast and fell behind.
So（But） I didn’t lose heart and
kept running.
解析：根据这两句话的意思可判断出它们是转折关系，所以要用But。
（重庆卷）We were wet to the skin,
and（but） we still sang and
laughed happily.
解析：根据前后句的逻辑关系, 应该是转折关系而不是并列关系。
（全国I卷）I’d like to
staying（stay） there for half a month, visiting
place（places） of interest
or（and） practicing my English as
解析：参观名胜和练习英语是并列关系，不是选择关系。
（安徽卷）My friend could read some German, but I
couldn’t, and（so） I gave her the
biscuit bag to find the name.
解析：前后句构成因果关系，所以用并列连词so。
（宁夏、海南卷）More than 1000
painting（paintings） will be on show,
but（and） high school students
and teachers from all the eight districts will come to the
解析：这里是承接上一句的意思，而非转折。
（四川延考卷）You asked in your last letter about
my spare time activities. Well, I like much more than one,
such as painting and model making,
so（but/and） my favorite is
解析：根据句意理解，句子前后不构成因果关系，应为并列关系。“我喜欢的不止一项，比如绘画和模型制作，但是/而且我最喜欢的是跳舞。”
（天津卷）I have
already studied English for eight years, ^but/and/yet I
can’t use it very good（well）.
解析：两个并列的句子之间需用连词连接。
（重庆卷）With such stories it make（makes）
people think about life,
but（and） therefore attracts the
解析：“因为有这样（幽默）的故事，它（电视剧）让人们对生活进行思考，也因此吸引了观众。”句子前后为递进关系。
（全国I卷）The market at the corner
of Friendship Street and Xinhua Road has been given
way to a supermarket.
Besides（But） the bookstore next
to our middle school is still there.
解析：besides是“除此之外”的意思，表示的是递进、补充；而此句与前一句是转折关系，所以要将其改为but。
（全国II卷）I mean（meant） to
give it back to you before four in the
afternoon，and（but） I was
hold（held） up on my way back.
解析：“我本想在下午四点之前将它会给你，但是路上被耽搁了”。前后两句之间是转折关系，所以要将and改为but。
（宁夏、海南卷）I’m going to attend mine（my）
first lesson this afternoon,
for（so） I’ve got some
preparation to make.
解析：“因为今天下午要上我的第一节课，所以我需要准备一下。”前面主句应该是原因，后面从句是结果，所以应该用so（所以）。
（陕西卷）Some
friends of his go to see him every day, ^and they take him
lots of good book（books） and fresh fruit.
解析：前后两句是并列关系，中间要加并列连词and。
（四川卷）The second man pointed to his
glass（glasses） and asked if the angel could cure
her（his） poor eyesight. The angel touched his eyes,
but（and） he could see everything
解析：连词前“天使碰了一下他的眼睛”和“弱视的人能看清一切”之间应该是递进关系，而非转折关系，要用and。
（浙江卷）This man might need the umbrella himself,
and（but） he preferred to give it
to everyone（someone/somebody） else.
解析：根据句意，前后两句之间应该是转折关系，要用转折连词but。
三、解题策略
通览全文，了解大意。
短文改错虽然从语法角度出题，但重点考查的是考生写作能力中的校验能力，需要考生具有较强的语篇意识。在改错前，要快速阅读全文，了解语篇大意，切忌拿来就改。阅读时考生要把握语篇的题材，注意理解作者的写作意图，从整体上把握整个语篇。这样，在后面的改错中才能更好地联系上下文，找出与语篇有关的指代、逻辑等错误，有效地改正。
细读语篇，逐句改错。
通读全文后，开始细读语篇，以句子为单位找出短文行文中的逻辑和语法错误。在保证语意通顺的前提下，重点对句子的词法、句法进行分析和判断，同时兼顾前后句之间的联系，发现句子的逻辑错误。
改后复读，减少失误。
细读修改完毕后，将改后的答案放回原文中，重新通读全文，检查修改得是否合乎逻辑，句子表达是否通畅，是否还有漏改或误改的错误。
认真备考，心中有数
在备考过程中，应了解本省出题的侧重点，有计划地针对考点语法进行系统而有重点的复习，并注意一些特殊用法和常用短语的记忆。训练时，要注意从语篇到句子，有层次地查找行文中的错误，有意识地培养改错的语篇整体意识。这样，通过系统而有针对性的备考，对改错中的常见错误类型做到心中有数，充满信心地面对高考。
注：①“近三年短文改错各省考点分布”可参见附录；②各语法点重点考点及形式可参考“命题规律”。
“粗中有细”，有的放矢
改错时遵循“全文→句为单位细节改错→全文”的解题思路，做到“粗中有细”。
同时，明确要改的内容，从而有的放矢。短文改错要求删除、补漏、更正一个单词，注意更正的并非拼写错误；每篇短文最多10处错误，改多于10处不计分，10处中有可能会设1处正确，错误一般包括2-3处多词或漏词，以及6-7处需改词。其中：①
多词错误常出现在助动词、不定式符号to、冠词、语义重复的副词、介词（及物动词后）和涉及到句子逻辑的否定副词（not、never等）；②
少词错误常出现在不定式符号to、冠词、代词it、介词（不及物动词后或固定搭配中）、从句关系词和表示句子见逻辑关系的连词；③
改词涉及的考点比较广，但重点在于动词时态（通常是一般时和过去时之间的误用）、非谓语动词、名词的数、形容词和副词（形容词和副词功能混淆或相似词辨析）、代词（指代和用法辨析）和表句子间逻辑关系的连词，其次是介词、主谓一致和从句关系词等。
规范答题，卷面整洁
高考对短文改错的答题规范有明确的要求：
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在该行右边横线上（每行一错形式改错）或在其下面（每句最多两错形式改错）写上该加的词；
删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉，每行一错形式改错还需在该行右边横线上写出该词，并也用斜线划掉；
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该行右边横线上写出改正后的词（每行一错形式改错）或在该词下面（每句最多两错形式改错）写上修改后的词；
正确：每行一错形式改错对于没有错误的行，要在该行右边横线上画一个勾（√），每句最多两错形式改错对于没有错误的句子不修改，保持原样即可。
在平时训练中，就要注意答题的规范，以避免造成不必要的技术性失分。
高考答题中，不规范的表现主要有：①
修改错词时，没有在短文中要改的词下面划线只直接写出正确答案，或采用文字说明“把……改成……”；②
修改漏词错误时，漏词符号错标或者漏标；③
每行一错形式改错在修改多词错误时，多余的词没有在原文中用斜线划掉，或没有将多余的词在右边的横线上用斜线划掉。
已投稿到：
以上网友发言只代表其个人观点，不代表新浪网的观点或立场。