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Nutritional strategies for the prevention of hypocalcaemia at calving for dairy cows in pasture-based systems
McNeill, D. M.; Roche, J. R.; Stockdale, C. R.; McLachlan, B. P.
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This review considers the current literature on the macro-mineral nutrition of the soon-to-calve, or transition, dairy cow. Calcium is the main focus, since milk fever (clinical hypocalcaemia) appears to be the most common mineral-related problem faced by the transition cow Australia-wide. The importance of minimising calcium intake and optimising the balance of the key dietary electrolytes, sodium, potassium, sulfate, and chloride, in the weeks before calving is highlighted. Excess dietary potassium can, in some situations, induce milk fever, perhaps even more effectively than excess calcium. Excess sodium remains under suspicion. In contrast, excess dietary chlorine and, to a lesser extent, sulfur can improve the ability of the cow to maintain calcium homeostasis. Diets that promote either a hypomagnesaemia or hyperphosphataemia have also the potential to precipitate milk fever at calving. Current prevention strategies focus on the use of forages with moderate to low levels of calcium, potassium, and sodium, and also rely on or utilise addition of chloride and sulfate in the form of 'anionic' feeds. Anionic salts are one example of an anionic feed. However, legitimate questions remain as to the effectiveness of anionic salts in pasture-feeding systems. The causes and prevention of milk fever are considered from the perspective of the variety of Australian feedbases. Impediments to the use of anionic feeds in Australia feeding systems are outlined. The potential for improving maternal reserves of calcium around calving to reduce the risk of milk fever is also discussed.
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重新安装浏览器，或使用别的浏览器"Externalising stories: When research becomes therapy" by Pauline Lysaght
Article Title
Stories can be expressed in a variety of different ways: they may involve oral or written accounts of experiences or they may exist in visual form. Regardless of the medium, however, the story resides in a space that is external to the teller of the tale and accessible to interpretation by others. According to White (2007), this externalised space can become a productive site for collaboration between a therapist and client, resulting in therapeutic value for the storyteller. Researchers involved in narrative inquiry also negotiate this space as they encourage participants to tell their stories, blurring the boundaries between research and therapy. An awareness of the challenges faced by participants and the ability to respond sensitively and appropriately is necessary as the transition from research to therapy (and back again) occurs.
Recommended Citation
Lysaght, Pauline, Externalising stories: When research becomes therapy, Current Narratives, 1, .
Available at:https://ro.uow.edu.au/currentnarratives/vol1/iss1/4JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it.
Socio-economic analysis of community-based micro hydro electricity schemes in Kenya
This thesis addresses three economic and social impediments to the successful deployment of community-based micro hydro grids using a case study from the Republic of Kenya. Kenya is one of the countries in Sub-Sahara Africa currently faced with low rural electricity access rates, but with abundant micro hydro resources spread across vast rural locations. Although majority of financial resources are channeled to grid extension in developing countries like Kenya, many rural households still live 'under the grid' because they cannot afford connection fees and/or cost of grid electricity. Such phenomenon has led to innovative solutions such as the concept of Community-Based Renewable Energy Schemes (CRES), facilitating joint exploitation of a local renewable energy (RE) resources. The government of Kenya in partnership with non-state actors set up demonstration points for Community-Based Micro Hydro Schemes (CBMHS) in two locations, and other communities have adopted this model by setting up their own electrification schemes in Kenya. However, the success of such schemes continues to be very limited in Kenya and other developing countries with majority of them disintegrating after few years of operation. This phenomenon is widely documented in literature, and a variety of barriers to success of such schemes continue to be interrogated in both published and unpublished academic literature. There are issues relevant to both establishment and continued operation of such electrification that have not received much scholarly research, but continue to largely limit delivery of sustainable and quality service, as well as hindering scaling up of these potentially useful rural electrification alternatives. These include: a) mismatch between the provided services by such group electrification schemes and the expectations of their consumers b) lack of supportive capacity for joint effort mobilization and capacity for self-governance within such schemes c) unsubstantiated claims of the capability of small scale renewable energy electrification impact on households that make them not to be considered as equally important energy solutions. This thesis makes a threefold contribution to the literature of rural electrification by firstly analyzing preference for properties of decentralized electricity delivery service in a field dominated by utility provided grid solutions. Secondly, the literature on governance of man-made common pool resources (CPR) is extended by providing evidence for the requirements for successful management of a small-scale electricity commons line a CBMHS. Lastly, the study produces reliable evidence regarding immediate or short-term changes to households anticipated from small scale electrification projects. Overall, the study presents lessons on implementing and sustaining rural communities' investments in decentralized RE electrification while demonstrating why such schemes should now form essential part of rural electrification delivery models. The three research issues are addressed independently in three chapters that follow the introductory chapter of this thesis.
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(C) University of Cape Town 2014. All rights reserved.
Resources on this site are free to download and reuse according to associated licensing provision. Please read the terms and conditions of usage of each resource.In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their w——精英家教网——
暑假天气热？在家里学北京名师课程，
& 题目详情
4、In recent years many countries of the world have been
faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some
experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do more varied jobs
lead to greater productivity? There is evidence to suggest that while variety
certainly makes workers’ life more enjoyable, it does
not actually make them work harder. As far as increasing productivity is
concerned, the variety is not an important factor. Other experts feel that
giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important and there
is no doubt that this is true. The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot
easily be given in the modern factory with its complicated machinery which must
be used in a fixed way. Thus while freedom of choice may be important, there is
usually very little that can be done to creat it. Another important
consideration is how much each worker contributes to the product he is making.
In most factories the worker sees only one small part of the product. Some car
factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather
than one large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of
the cars on his line. It would seem that not only is degree of workers’ contribution an important factor, but it is also one we can do
something about. To what extent more money lead to greater productivity? The
workers themselves certainly think this important. But perhaps they want more
money only because the work they do is so boring. Money just lets them enjoy
their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working
hours. Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more enjoyable, they will
neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to
1．Which of the following is not mentioned as a factor
leading to greater productivity?
　　A．Making
jobs more varied.
　　B．More
money and shorter working hours.
　　C．Degrees
of work contribution.
　　D．Modern
and complicated machinery.
2．According to the passage, workers want more money
because&&&&&&&&& .
A．their jobs are very
boring&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
B．they can enjoy more freedom
C．it makes their jobs more
interesting&&&&&&& D．they want shorter working hours
3．If we succeed in making workers’ job more interesting,&&&&&&&&&
　　A．they
will want more money
　　B．they
will demand shorter working hours
　　C．they
will ask for more money and shorter working hours
　　D．more
money and shorter working hours will not be so concerned
4．In this passage, the author tries to tell us&&&&&&&&&
　　A．how
to make workers more comfortable
　　B．possible
factors leading to greater productivity
　　C．more
money leads to greater productivity
　　D．how
to make workers’ jobs more interesting
5．The author of this passage is probably a &&&&&&&&&&.
　　A．teacher
　　&& B．worker 　　&&& C．manager 　　& D．physicist
科目：高中英语
题型：阅读理解
In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do more various jobs lead to greater productivity? There are facts to suggest that while variety certainly makes the worker's life more enjoyable, it does not actually make him work harder. As far as increasing productivity is concerned, then variety is not an important factor.
Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important, and there is no doubt that this is true. The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modern factory with its complicated machinery that must be used in a fixed way. Thus while freedom of choice may be important, there is usually very little that can be done to create it.
Another very important consideration is how each worker contributes to the product he is making. In most factories the worker sees only one part of the product. Some car factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than one large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line. It would seem that not only is degree of the worker’s contribution an important factor, therefore, but it is also one we can do something about.
To what degree does more money lead to greater productivity? The workers themselves certainly think this is important. Maybe they want more money only because the work they do is boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more interesting, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them.
Which of the following is the best way to make workers work harder according to the author?
A．Increasing their pay.
B．Giving them more spare time.
C．Making the work itself meaningful.
D．Replacing large production lines with small ones.
The reason why a worker cannot have freedom in doing the job in his own way is that ___& . A．the machine is so badly needed that more of it should be bought
B．there are e production lines in factories
C．the bosses can create very little freedom of choices D．the machines must be operated strictly according to instructions and rules
Besides money, what may make workers work more actively? A. extra free hours&&&& B. More comfort of life C. interesting jobs&&&&& D. better working conditions The best title for this passage may be _______.
A．Problems of Modern Workers&&&&&&&&&&& B．Making Jobs More Interesting
C．Pushing Workers to Produce More&&&&& &&D．How to Improve Labor Productivity
科目：高中英语
题型：阅读理解
In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive . Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do more various jobs lead to greater productivity ?There is evidence to suggest that while variety certainly makes the worker's life more enjoyable ,it does not actually make him work harder . As far as increasing productivity is concerned, then variety is not an important factor.
Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important ,and there is no doubt that this is true. The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modern factory with its complicated machinery which must be used in a fixed way .Thus while freedom of choice may be important ,there is usually very little that can be done to create it .
Another very important consideration is how each worker contributes to the product he is making .In most factories the worker sees only one part of the product .Some car factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than one large one ,so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line .It would seem that not only is degree of the worker contribution an important factor, therefore ,but it is also one we can do something about .
To what extent does more money lead to greater productivity ?The workers themselves certainly think this is important. Maybe they want more money only because the work they do is boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more interesting ,they will neither want more money ,nor will shorter working hours be so important to them.
Which of the following is the best way to make workers work harder according to the author?
&&&&&& A．Increasing their pay.
&&&&&& B．Giving them more spare time.
&&&&&& C．Making the work itself meaningful.
&&&&&& D．Replacing large production lines with small ones .
The reason why a worker cannot have freedom in doing the job in his own way is that &&&&&&.
&&&&&& A．the machinery is so badly needed that more of it should be bought &&&&&& B．there are production lines in factories &&&&&& C．the bosses can create very little freedom of choices &&&&&& D．the machines must be operated strictly according to instructions and rules Besides money, what may make workers work more actively? &&&&&& A．Extra free hours.&&&&&&&&&&& B．More comfort of life. &&&&&& C．Interesting jobs.&&&&&&&&&&&&& D．Better working conditions. The best title for this passage may be&&&&&&&&&&& &.
&&&&&& A．Problems of Modern Workers &&&&& B．Making Jobs More Interesting
&&&&&& C．Pushing Workers to Produce More &&&&&& D．How to Improve Labor Productivity．
科目：高中英语
题型：阅读理解
In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts say the ___1___ is to make jobs more varied(多样的). But do more varied jobs ___2___ greater productivity? There is evidence to suggest that ___3___variety certainly makes the worker’s life more enjoyable, it doesn’t ___4___ make him work harder. As far as increasing productivity is concerned, then, ___5___ is not an important factor. Other experts feel that giving the worker___6___ to do his job in his own way is important, and there is no doubt that this is true. The ___7___ is that this kind of freedom can’t easily be given in the modern factory with its complicated(复杂的) machinery which must be used in a ___8___ way. Thus while freedom of choice may be important, there is usually very little that can be done to ___9___ it. Another important ___10___ is how much each worker ___11___ to the product he is making. In most factories the worker ___12___ only one small part of the product. Some car factories are now ___13___ with having many small production lines rather than one large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his___14___. It would seem that not only is degree of worker contribution an important factor ___15___ it is one we can do something about. To what___16___ does more money lead to greater productivity? The workers themselves certainly think this is ___17___. But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring. ___18___ just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A ___19___ argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if we ___20___ making their jobs more interesting, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them. 1. A. answer&& B. course C. attempt&&&&& D. system 2. A. run across&&&&& B. lead to&&&&&& C. result from D. pick up 3. A. because& B. as&&&&&& C. while& D. as though 4. A. mentally B. physically&& C. carefully&&& D. actually 5. A. variety&& B. relaxation C. creativity&&& D. machinery 6. A. judgement&&&& B. freedom&&&& C. direction&&& D. comfort 7. A. secret&&&& B. skill&&& C. problem&&&& D. strength 8. A. amusing B. dull&&& C. changeable D. fixed 9. A. use& B. create& C. supply D. fear 10. A. measure&&&&&& B. invention&&& C. consideration&&&& D. work 11. A. lies&&&&&& B. sticks& C. objects&&&&&& D. contributes 12. A. likes&&&& B. equips C. transports&& D. sees 13. A. tired&&&& B. pleased&&&& & C. worrying&&&&&& D. experimenting 14. A. own&&&& B. will&&& C. line&&&& D. hand 15. A. but&&&&&& B. and&&&& C. so&&&&&& D. however 16. A. extent&& B. quality&&&&&& C. store&& D. difference 17. A. natural& B. important&& C. worrying&&& D. unbelievable 18. A. Rest&&&& B. Sports C. Money&&&&&& D. Playing 19. A. complete&&&&& B. friendly&&&&& C. given& D. similar 20. A. advise&& B. succeed in& C. object to&&&& D. are tried of
科目：高中英语
题型：阅读理解
In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do more various jobs lead to greater productivity? There is evidence to suggest that while variety certainly makes the worker’s life more enjoyable, it does not actually make him work harder. As far as increasing productivity is concerned, then variety is not an important factor.
Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important, and there is no doubt that this is true. The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modern factory with its complicated machinery which must be used in a fixed way. Thus while freedom of choice may be important, there is usually very little that can be done to create it.
Another very important consideration is how each worker contributes to the product he is making. In most factories the worker sees only one part of the product. Some car factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than one large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line. It would seem that not only is degree of the worker contribution an important factor, therefore, but it is also one we can do something about.
To what extent does more money lead to greater productivity? The workers themselves certainly think this is important. But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more interesting, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them.
Which of the following is the best way to make workers work harder according to the author?
A. Increasing their pay.
B. Giving them more spare time.
C. Making the work itself meaningful.
D. Replacing large production lines with small ones.
The reason why a worker cannot have freedom in doing the job in his own way is that _______.
A. the machinery is so complex that it should be fixed
B. the production lines are too large in modern factories
C. the bosses can create very little freedom of choices for workers
D. the machines must be operated strictly according to instructions and rules
For a worker on an assembly line in a car factory, the job is not enjoyable because _______.
A. he can only make a part of a car
B. he does not know what he is doing
C. his life in spare time is more interesting
D. the importance of his job is not clear to him
In the article, the word “productivity” means _______.
A. the activity of producing something
B. the production volume in a time unit
C. the plan and the method of production
D. both the quantity and quality of a product
The best title for this passage may be _______.
A. Problems of Modern Workers
B. Making Jobs More Interesting
C. Pushing Workers to Produce More
D. How to Improve Labor Conditions
科目：高中英语
题型：阅读理解
In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do more various jobs lead to greater productivity? There is evidence to suggest that while variety certainly makes the worker’s life more enjoyable, it does not actually make him work harder. As far as increasing productivity is concerned, then variety is not an important factor. Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important, and there is no doubt that this is true. The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modern factory with its complicated machinery which must be used in a fixed way. Thus while freedom of choice may be important, there is usually very little that can be done to create it. Another very important consideration is how each worker contributes to the product he is making. In most factories the worker sees only one part of the product. Some car factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than one large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line. It would seem that not only is degree of the worker contribution an important factor, therefore, but it is also one we can do something about. To what extent does more money lead to greater productivity? The workers themselves certainly think this is important. But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more interesting, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them.1.Which of the following is the best way to make workers work harder according to the author? A.Increasing their pay.B.Giving them more spare time.C.Making the work itself meaningful.D.Replacing large production lines with small ones.2.The reason why a worker cannot have freedom in doing the job in his own way is that _______. A.the machinery is so complex that it should be fixedB.the production lines are too large in modern factoriesC.the bosses can create very little freedom of choices for workersD.the machines must be operated strictly according to instructions and rules3.For a worker on an assembly line in a car factory, the job is not enjoyable because _______. A.he can only make a part of a carB.he does not know what he is doingC.his life in spare time is more interestingD.the importance of his job is not clear to him4.In the article, the word “productivity” means _______. A.the activity of producing somethingB.the production volume in a time unitC.the plan and the method of productionD.both the quantity and quality of a product5.The best title for this passage may be _______. A.Problems of Modern WorkersB.Making Jobs More InterestingC.Pushing Workers to Produce MoreD.How to Improve Labor Conditions
科目：高中英语
题型：阅读理解
&&& In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do more varied jobs lead to greater productivity? There is evidence to suggest that while variety certainly makes the workers' life more enjoyable, it does not actually make him work harder. As far as increasing productivity is concerned, the variety is not an important factor. &&& Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important and there is no doubt that this is true. The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modern factory with its complicated machinery which must be used in a fixed way. Thus while freedom of choice may be important, there is usually very little that can be done to create it. Another important consideration is how much each worker contributes to the product he is making. In most factories the worker sees only one small part of the product. Some car factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line. It would seem that not only is the degree of workers' contribution an important factor, therefore, but it is also one we can do something about. &&& To what extent does more money lead to greater productivity? The workers themselves certainly think this is important. But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more interesting, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them. &68.Which of these possible factors leading to greater productivity is not true? &A. To make jobs more varied. &&&&&&&&&&&&& &B. To give the worker freedom to do his job in his own way. &C. Degree of work contribution. &D. Demands for longer working hours. 69. Why do workers want more money?________&A. Because their jobs are too boring. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. In order to enjoy more spare time. &C. To make their jobs more interesting. &&&&&&&&&&&&&& D. To demand shorter working hours. 70.The last sentence in this passage means that if we succeed in making workers' jobs more interesting, ______. &A. they will want more money &B. they will demand shorter working hours &C. more money and shorter working hours are important factors &D. more money and shorter working hours will not be so important to them 71 . In this passage, the author tells us _______. &A. how to make the workers more productive &B. possible factors leading to greater efficiency &C. to a certain extent more money lead to greater productivity &D. how to make workers' jobs more interesting
科目：高中英语
题型：阅读理解
In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do more varied jobs lead to greater productivity? There is evidence to suggest that while variety certainly makes workers’ life more enjoyable, it does not actually make them work harder. As far as increasing productivity is concerned, the variety is not an important factor. Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important and there is no doubt that this is true. The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modern factory with its complicated machinery which must be used in a fixed way. Thus while freedom of choice may be important, there is usually very little that can be done to creat it. Another important consideration is how much each worker contributes to the product he is making. In most factories the worker sees only one small part of the product. Some car factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than one large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line. It would seem that not only is the degree of worker’s contribution an important factor, but it is also one we can do something about. To what extent more money led to greater productivity? The workers themselves certainly think this is important. But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more enjoyable, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them. 1．Which of the following is not mentioned as a factor leading to greater productivity? &&&&&& A．Making jobs more varied.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B．More money and shorter working hours. &&&&&& C．Degrees of work contribution.&&&&&&&&&&&&& D．Modern and complicated machinery. 2．According to the passage, workers want more money because &&&&&&&. &&&&&& A．their jobs are very boring&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B．they can enjoy more freedom &&&&&& C．it makes their jobs more interesting&&&&&&& D．they want shorter working hours 3．If we succeed in making workers’ job more interesting, &&&&&&&&&. &&&&&& A．they will want more money &&&&&& B．they will demand shorter working hours &&&&&& C．they will ask for more money and shorter working hours &&&&&& D．more money and shorter working hours will not be so concerned 4．In this passage, the author tries to tell us &&&&&&&&. &&&&&& A．how to make workers more comfortable &&&&&& B．possible factors leading to greater productivity &&&&&& C．more money leads to greater productivity &&&&&& D．how to make workers’ jobs more interesting
5．The author of this passage is probably a &&&&&&&. &&&&&& A．teacher&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B．worker&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C．manager&&&&&&&&&&&&& D．physicist
科目：高中英语
题型：阅读理解
In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do more varied jobs lead to greater productivity? There is evidence to suggest that while variety certainly makes workers’ life more enjoyable, it does not actually make them work harder. As far as increasing productivity is concerned, the variety is not an important factor. Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important and there is no doubt that this is true. The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modern factory with its complicated machinery which must be used in a fixed way. Thus while freedom of choice may be important, there is usually very little that can be done to creat it. Another important consideration is how much each worker contributes to the product he is making. In most factories the worker sees only one small part of the product. Some car factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than one large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line. It would seem that not only is degree of workers’ contribution an important factor, but it is also one we can do something about. To what extent more money lead to greater productivity? The workers themselves certainly think this important. But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more enjoyable, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them.
1．Which of the following is not mentioned as a factor leading to greater productivity?
　　A．Making jobs more varied.
　　B．More money and shorter working hours. 　　C．Degrees of work contribution.
　　D．Modern and complicated machinery. 2．According to the passage, workers want more money because&&&&&&&&& . A．their jobs are very boring&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B．they can enjoy more freedom C．it makes their jobs more interesting&&&&&&& D．they want shorter working hours 3．If we succeed in making workers’ job more interesting,&&&&&&&&& . 　　A．they will want more money
　　B．they will demand shorter working hours
　　C．they will ask for more money and shorter working hours 　　D．more money and shorter working hours will not be so concerned 4．In this passage, the author tries to tell us&&&&&&&&& . 　　A．how to make workers more comfortable
　　B．possible factors leading to greater productivity
　　C．more money leads to greater productivity
　　D．how to make workers’ jobs more interesting
5．The author of this passage is probably a &&&&&&&&&&. 　　A．teacher 　　&& B．worker 　　&&& C．manager 　　& D．physicist
科目：高中英语
来源：101网校同步练习　高三英语　人民教育出版社(新课标A　2002-3年初审) 人教版
　　In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive．Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied．But do more various jobs lead to greater productivity?There is evidence to suggest that while variety certainly makes the worker’s life more enjoyable, it does not actually make him work harder．As far as increasing productivity is concerned, then variety is not an important factor．
　　Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important, and there is no doubt that this is true．The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modern factory with its complicated machinery which must be used in a fixed way．Thus while freedom of choice may be important, there is usually very little that can be done to create it．
　　Another very important consideration is how each worker contributes to the product he is making．In most factories the worker sees only one part of the product．Some car factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than one large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line．It would seem that not only is degree of the worker contribution an important factor, therefore, but it is also one we can do something about．
　　To what extent does more money lead to greater productivity?The workers themselves certainly think this is important．But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is boring．Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more．A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours．Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more interesting, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them．
Which of the following is the best way to make workers work harder according to the author?________．
Increasing their pay
Giving them more spare time
Making the work itself meaningful
Replacing large production lines with small ones
The reason why a worker cannot have freedom in doing the job in his own way is that ________．
the machinery is so complex that it should be fixed
the production lines are too large in modern factories
the bosses can create very little freedom of choices for workers
the machines must be operated strictly according to instructions and rules
For a worker on an assembly line(生产线)in a car factory, the job is not enjoyable because ________．
he can only make a part of a car
he does not know what he is doing
his life in spare time is more interesting
the importance of his job is not clear to him
In the article, the word “ productivity ” means ________．
the activity of producing something
the production volume in a time unit
the plan and the method of production
both the quantity and quality of a product
The best title for this passage may be ________．
Problems of Modern Workers
Making Jobs More Interesting
Pushing Workers to Produce More
How to Improve Labor Productivity
科目：高中英语
来源：四川省成都外国语学校学年高二上学期期中考试英语试题
CLOZE TEST
　　In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive．Some experts say the 　　1　　 is to make jobs more varied(多样的)．But do more varied jobs 　　2　　 greater productivity? There is evidence to suggest that 　　3　　 variety certainly makes the worker's life more enjoyable, it doesn't 　　4　　 make him work harder．As far as increasing productivity is concerned, then, 　　5　　 is not an important factor．
　　Other experts feel that giving the worker 　　6　　 to do his job in his own way is important, and there is no doubt that this is true．The 　　7　　 is that this kind of freedom can't easily be given in the modern factory with its complicated(复杂的)machinery which must be used in a 　　8　　 way．Thus while freedom of choice may be important, there is usually very little that can be done to 　　9　　 it．
　　Another important 　　10　　 is how much each worker 　　11　　 to the product he is making．In most factories the worker 　　12　　 only one small part of the product．Some car factories are now 　　13　　 with having many small production lines rather than one large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his 　　14　　．It would seem that not only is degree of worker contribution an important factor 　　15　　 it is one we can do something about．
　　To what 　　16　　 does more money lead to greater productivity? The workers themselves certainly think this is 　　17　　 ．But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring．　　18　　 just lets them enjoy their spare time more．A 　　19　　　argument may explain demands for shorter working hours．Perhaps if we 　　20　　　making their jobs more interesting, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them．
run across
result from
physically
relaxation
creativity
changeable
consideration
contributes
transports
experimenting
difference
unbelievable
succeed in
are tried of
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