grievances
n. 抱怨，不平（grievance的复数形式）；垒块
我应许信赖小本、迪亚拉的大倒苦水(Grievances)是对竞赛的饥饿感，对注明本人的热切渴望，然而我更欲望他们可能心平气和下来，不要为那些不愿在你身上花费时间的人而浪费你的时...
基于314个网页-
王先生退了一套鸡翅木的家具，根据连天(Grievances)红终身无理由退货相关规定(Provision)，没必要对现女友将自己的历史全盘托出，你会认为你真诚，她们会整夜不睡去分析你说过的话。
基于242个网页-
基本上(Basically)都是眼高于顶，七个不服、八个不忿(Grievances)，怀有“老子天下第一(One in charge of)”的心态(Mentality)：
基于218个网页-
对NBA的积怨(Grievances)越积越深(Deeper)。以至美国领袖奥巴马都指示东主和球员，说他们(They)即日的获胜与球迷对篮球的敬佩分不开，路是走出来的，知识...
基于207个网页-
中国的委屈
一切都怨我
更多收起网络短语
- 引用次数：6
Teacher grievance system provide a positive condition for teaching and scientific research, and play an important role in maintain university science affair, and just about though this system, American university can achieve three blance.
教师申诉制度在很大程度上保障了教师的合法权利免受侵害,为保证教师安心教学和科研创造了积极条件,对于维持高校学术事务的正常进行具有举足轻重的作用,而美国高等教育界正是通过教师申诉制度实现了以上三者的平衡。
参考来源 - 美国高校教师申诉制度研究
&2,447,543篇论文数据，部分数据来源于
a resentment strong enough to justify retaliation
an allegation that something imposes an illegal obligation or denies some legal right or causes injustice
a complaint about a (real or imaginary) wrong that causes resentment and is grounds for action
以上来源于:
['ɡri:v?ns]
不平的事，委屈，冤情，苦情
(对不公正行为的)不平，不满，怨愤，愤懑；不满的理由，抱怨的缘由
抱怨，诉苦，申诉
[废语]苦难，伤害，痛苦；受苦的原因
air one's grievances
诉苦，发泄不满情绪
rip up old grievances
重提旧怨，翻出老账
更多收起结果
以上来源于：《21世纪大英汉词典》
/'ɡri:v?ns/
grievances
If you have a grievance about something that has happened or been done, you believe that it was unfair. 委屈; 不满
They had a legitimate grievance.
他们的委屈是合乎情理的。
The main grievance of the drivers is the imposition of higher fees for driving licences.
司机们的主要不满是加诸在驾驶执照上的更高的费用。
冤屈投诉程序；苦情处理制度；抱怨程序；申诉程序
n. 抱怨，不平（grievance的复数形式）；垒块
He poured out all his grievances.
他把一肚子的冤屈都倒了出来。
Both army and protesters, then, have their grievances.
军方和示威者双方都心存怨恨。
Despite their grievances, they came to one conclusion.
尽管不满，但他们的结论一致。
While Prime Minister Abhisit says he will not call elections under pressure, he acknowledges the grievances of many of the protesters.
VOA: standard.
And she says they dominate the protesters. Naruemon thinks the protesters carry diverse grievances that have found a common identity.
VOA: standard.
In the recording, the man identified as Bin Laden reiterates long-standing grievances including American support for Israel and "some other injustices."
VOA: standard.
As workers shouted their grievances to journalists at the gate, police kept their distance.
They have for quite some time, and their grievances have reached a boiling point.
Every State should provide an effective framework of remedies to redress human rights grievances or violations.
冤屈投诉程序；苦情处理制度；抱怨程序；申诉程序
$firstVoiceSent
- 来自原声例句
请问您想要如何调整此模块？
感谢您的反馈，我们会尽快进行适当修改！
请问您想要如何调整此模块？
感谢您的反馈，我们会尽快进行适当修改！【图文】汉译英_百度文库
您的浏览器Javascript被禁用，需开启后体验完整功能，
享专业文档下载特权
&赠共享文档下载特权
&100W篇文档免费专享
&每天抽奖多种福利
两大类热门资源免费畅读
续费一年阅读会员，立省24元！
阅读已结束，下载本文到电脑
定制HR最喜欢的简历
你可能喜欢当前位置： >>
新视野大学英语第三版第四册课文及翻译
Love and logic: The story of fallacy I had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob. That year every guy on campus had a leather jacket, and Rob couldn't stand the idea of being the only football player who didn't, so he made a pact that he'd give me his girl in exchange for my jacket. He wasn't the brightest guy. Polly wasn't too shrewd, either. But she was pretty, well-off, didn't dye her hair strange colors or wear too much makeup. She had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer. If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant, well-spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition. &Radiant& she was already. I could dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make her &well-spoken&. After a banner day out, I drove until we were situated under a big old oak tree on a hill off the expressway. What I had in mind was a little eccentric. I thought the venue with a perfect view of the luminous city would lighten the mood. We stayed in the car, and I turned down the stereo and took my foot off the brake pedal. &What are we going to talk about?& she asked. 爱情与逻辑：谬误的故事 在我和室友罗伯的交易成功之后，我和波莉有了第一次约会。那一年校园里每个人都有件皮夹克，而罗伯是校足球队员中唯一一个没有皮夹克的，他一想到这 个就受不了，于是他和我达成了一项协议，用他的女友换取我的夹克。他可不那么聪明，而他的女友波莉也不太精明。 但她漂亮而且富有，也没有把头发染成奇怪的颜色或是化很浓的妆。她拥有合适的家庭背景，足以胜任一名坚忍而睿智的律师的女友。如果我能够让我所申请 的顶尖律师事务所看到我身边伴随着一位光彩照人、谈吐优雅的另一半，我就很有可能在竞聘中以微弱优势获胜。 “光彩照人”，她已经是了。而我也能施予她足够多的“智慧之珠”，让她变得“谈吐优雅”。 在一起外出度过了美好的一天之后，我驱车来到了高速公路旁一座小山上一棵古老的大橡树下。我的想法有些怪异。而这个地方能够俯瞰灯火灿烂的城区，我 觉得它会使人的心情变轻松。我们呆在车子里，我调低了音响并把脚从刹车上挪开。“我们要谈些什么？”她问道。&Logic.& &Cool,& she said over her gum. &The doctrine of logic,” I said, &is a staple of clear thinking. Failures in logic distort the truth, and some of them are we ll known. First let's look at the fallacy Dicto Simpliciter.& &Great,” she agreed. &Dicto Simpliciter means an unqualified generalization. For example: Exercise is good. Therefore, everybody should exercise.& She nodded in agreement. I could see she was stumped. &Polly,& I explained, &it's too simple a generalization. If you have, say, heart disease or extreme obesity, exercise is bad, not good. Therefore, you must say exercise is good for most people.& &Next is Hasty Generalization. Self-explanatory, right? Listen carefully: You can't speak French. Rob can't speak French. Looks like nobody at this school can speak French.& &Really?& said Polly, amazed. &Nobody?& &This is also a fallacy,& I said. &The generalization is reached too hastily. Too few instances support such a conclusion.& She seemed to have a good time. I could safely say my plan was underway. I took her home and set a date for another conversation. Seated under the oak the next evening I said, &Our first fallacy tonight is called Ad Misericordiam.& She nodded with delight. &Listen closely,& I said. &A man applies for a job. When the boss asks him what his qualifications are, he says he has six children to feed.& &Oh, this is awful, awful,& she whispered in a choked voice.&Yes, it?s awful,& I agreed, &but it's no argument. The man never answered the boss's question. Instead he appealed to the boss's sympathy - Ad Misericordiam.& “逻辑学。” “好酷啊，”她一边嚼着口香糖一边说。 “逻辑学的原理，”我说道，“即清晰思考的主要原则。逻辑上出现的问题会歪曲事实，其中有些还很普遍。我们先来看看一种叫做?绝对判断?的逻辑谬误。” “好啊，”她表示同意。 “?绝对判断?是指在证据不足的情况下所作出的推断。比方说：运动是有益的，所以每个人都应该运动。 她点头表示赞同。 我看得出她没弄明白。“波莉，”我解释说，“这个推断太过简单化了。如果你有心脏病或者超级肥胖症什么的，运动就变得有害而不是有益。所以你应该说，运 动对大多数人来说是有益的。” “接下来是?草率结论?。这似乎不言自明，对吧？仔细听好了：你不会说法语，罗伯也不会说法语，那么这所学校里好像是没有人会说法语。” “是吗？”波莉吃惊地说。“没有人吗？” “这也是一种逻辑谬误，”我说，“这一结论太草率了，因为能够支持这一结论的例证太少了。” 她似乎学得很开心，而我也可以放心地说我的计划正在稳步推进中。我把她送回家，并且定下了下一次约会交谈的日子。 第二天晚上，坐在那棵橡树下，我说：“今天晚上我们要谈的第一个逻辑谬误叫?文不对题?。” 她高兴地点了点头。 “听好了，”我说，“有个人去申请工作，当老板问他有什么应聘资格时，他说他有六个孩子要抚养。” “哇，这太可怕了，太可怕了，”她哽咽着轻声说到。 “对，是挺可怕的，”我表示赞同地说，“但这不是理由。这个人根本没有回答老板的问题，而只是在博取老板的同情，这就是?文不对题?。” She blinked, still trying hard to keep back her tears.& Next,& I said carefully, &we will discuss False Analogy. An example, students should be allowed to look at their textbooks during exams, because surgeons have X-rays to guide them during surgery. &I like that idea,& she said. &Polly,& I groaned, &don't derail the discussion. The inference is wrong. Doctors aren't taking a test to see how much they have learned, but students are. The situations are altogether different. You can't make an analogy between them.& &I still thi nk it?s a good idea,& said Polly. With five nights of diligent work, I actually made a logician out of Polly. She was an analytical thinker at last. The time had come for the conversion of our relationship from academic to romantic. &Polly,& I said when next we sat under our oak, &tonight we won't discuss fallacies.& &Oh?& she said, a little disappointed. Favoring her with a grin, I said, &We have now spent five evenings together. We get along pretty well. We make a pretty good couple.& &Hasty Generalization,& said Polly brightly. &Or as a normal person might say, that's a little premature, don't you think?&'I laughed with amusement. She'd learned her lessons well, far surpassing my expectations. &Sweetheart,& I said, patting her hand in a tolerant manner, &five dates is plenty. After all, you don't have to eat a whole cake to know it's good.& 她眨着眼睛，仍在竭力地忍住眼泪。 “接下来”，我小心地说，“我们来讨论?错误类比?。举个例子：学生考试时应该允许看课本，因为外科医生在做手术时可以看 X 光片。” “我喜欢这个主意，”她说。 “波莉，”我抱怨道，“别打岔，这一推论是错误的。医生们不是在参加考试以检查他们学到了多少，而学生却是。他们的情况完全不同，你不能将他们作类比。” “我仍然认为这是一个好主意，”波莉说。 经过五个夜晚的辛勤努力，我竟然真的将波莉打造成了一个逻辑行家，她总算能够分析思考了。现在应该是时候让我们的关系从学术向浪漫发展了。“波莉，”当我们又一次坐在那棵橡树下的时候我对她说，“今晚我们不讨论逻辑谬误了。” “哦？”她回答说，有一点失望。 我赞许地对她笑了笑，说：“我们在一起已经度过了五个晚上，相互之间挺合得来，我们是蛮相配的一对。” “草率结论，”波莉伶俐地说，“或者是按一般人的说法，这个结论有些不成熟，你不这样认为吗？”我被逗得笑了起来，她功课还真学得不错，大大超过了我的 预期。“亲爱的，”我开口说，同时宽容地拍了拍她的手，“五次约会已经够多了，毕竟你不需要吃掉整个蛋糕才知道它是不是好吃。”&False Analogy,& said Polly promptly. &Your premise is that dating is like eating. But you're not a cake. You're a boy.& I laughed with somewhat less amusement, hiding my dread that she'd learned her lessons too well. A few more false steps would be my doom. I decided to change tactics and try flattery instead. &Polly, I love you. Please say you'll go out with me. I'm nothing without you.& &Ad Misericordiam,& she said. &You certainly can discern a fallacy when you see it,& I said, my hopes starting to crumble. &But don't take them so literally. I mean this is all academic. You know the things you learn in school don't have anything to do with real life.& &Dicto Simpliciter,& she said. &Besides, you really should practice what you preach.& I leaped to my feet, my temper flaring up. &Will you or will you not go out with me?& &No to your proposition,& she replied. &Why?& I demanded.&I'm more interested in a different petitioner - Rob and I are back together. With great effort, I said calmly, &How could you give me the axe over Rob? Look at me, an ingenious student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future. “错误类比，”波莉立即回应。 “你的前提是约会就如同吃东西。可你不是蛋糕，你是个男孩。” 我又笑了笑，不过不觉得那么有趣了，同时还不能表露出我害怕她学得太好了。 再错几步我可就无法挽回了。我决定改变策略，转而尝试奉承她的办法。 “波莉，我爱你。请答应做我的女朋友，没有你我什么也不是。” “文不对题，”她说。 “你还真是能在遇到逻辑谬误时一一辨别它们了，”我说，心里的希望已经开始动摇。 “不过不要对它们太死板，我是说这都是些学术的东西。你知道，学校里学的东西和实际生活根本没有什么联系。” “绝对判断，”她说道，“而且，你自己教的东西应该自己身体力行。” 我一下跳了起来，怒火中烧，“你到底愿不愿意做我的女朋友？” “我不愿意，”她答道。 “为什么？”我追问道。“我对另一位求爱者更感兴趣DD罗伯和我重归于好了。” 我极力地保持着平静，说道：“你怎么会甩了我而选择罗伯？ 看看我，一个聪明过人的学生，一个不同凡响的学者，一个前途无量的人。32 “错误类比，”波莉立即回应。“你的前提是约会就如同吃东西。可你不是蛋糕，你是个男孩。”33 我又笑了笑，不过不觉得那么有趣了，同时还不能表露出我害怕她学得太好了。 再错几步我可就无法挽回了。 我决定改变策略，转而 尝试奉承她的办法。 34 “波莉，我爱你。请答应做我的女朋友，没有你我什么也不是。”35 “文不对题，”她说。36 “你还真是能在遇到逻辑谬误时一一辨别它们了，” 我说，心里的希望已经开始动摇。 “不过不要对它们太死板，我是说这都是些学术 的东西。你知道，学校里学的东西和实际生活根本没有什么联系。”37 “绝对判断，”她说道，“而且，你自己教的东西应该自己身体力行。” 38 我一下跳了起来，怒火中烧，“你到底愿不愿意做我的女朋友？”39 “我不愿意，”她答道。40 “为什么？”我追问道。41 “我对另一位求爱者更感兴趣――罗伯和我重归于好了。”42 我极力地保持着平静，说道：“你怎么会甩了我而选择罗伯？看看我，一个聪明过人的学生，一个不同凡响的学者，一个前途无量的人。 再看看罗伯，一个肌肉发达的蠢材，一个有了上顿没下顿的家伙。你是否能给我一个充足的理由，为什么要选择跟他？”43 “喔，这是什么假设啊！为了让像你这样聪明的人能够明白，我这么说吧，”波莉反驳道，声音里充满了讽刺，“事情的真相是――我喜 欢罗伯穿皮衣。是我让他同意你们的协议的，这样他就能拥有你的夹克！”再看看罗伯，一个肌肉发达的蠢材，一个有了上顿没下顿的家伙。你是否能给我一个充足的理由，为什么要选择跟他？”43 “喔，这是什么假设啊！为了让像你这样聪明的人能够明白，我这么说吧，”波莉反驳道，声音里充满了讽刺，“事情的真相是――我喜 欢罗伯穿皮衣。是我让他同意你们的协议的，这样他就能拥有你的夹克！”Unit 2The confusing pursuit of beauty If you're a man, at some point a woman will ask you how she looks. You must be careful how you answer this question. The best technique is to form an honest yet sensitive response, then promptly excuse yourself for some kind of emergency. Trust me, this is the easiest way out. No amount of rehearsal will help you come up with the right answer. The problem is that men do not think of their looks in the same way women do. Most men form an opinion of themselves in seventh grade and stick to it for the rest of their lives. Some men think they're irresistibly desirable, and they refuse to change this opinion even when they grow bald and their faces visibly wrinkle as they age. Most men, I believe, are not arrogant about their looks. If the transient thought passes through their minds at all, they like to think of themselves as average-looking. Being average doesn' average is fine. They don't affix much value to their looks, or think of them in terms of aesthetics. Their primary form of beauty care is to shave themselves, which is essentially the same care they give to their lawns. If, at the end of his four-minute allotment of time for grooming, a man has managed to wipe most of the shaving cream out of the strands of his hair and isn't bleeding too badly, he feels he's done all he can. Women do not look at themselves this way. If I had to guess what most women think about their appearance, it would be: &Not good enough.& No matter how attractive a woman may be, her perception of herself is eclipsed by the beauty industry. She has trouble thinking I'm beautiful, She magnifies the smallest imperfections in her body and imagines them as glaring flaws the whole world will notice and ridicule. 令人困惑的对美的追求 如果你是一位男士，肯定在某个时候会有女士问你她看起来怎么样。 对于如何应对这个问题，你一定得小心。最好的对策就是给一个诚实但又谨慎的回答，然后借口有急事马上脱身。相信我，这是最简单的方法。对于她的这一 问题，无论你事先练习多少次，都不会找到正确答案。 其原因是，男性和女性对外表的看法截然不同。大多数男性对自己外表的评价在七年级时就形成了，而且终生不变。有些男性认为自己有不可抗拒的魅力，即 使随着年龄的增长，他们头发掉光了，脸上布满皱纹，他们仍然拒绝改变这种看法。我相信，大多数男性都不会对自己的相貌感到过分自傲。如果他们偶尔想到自己外表的话，他们愿意认为自己样貌中等。长相普通不会使他们有任何烦恼，因 为普通就已经是很好了。男性不是特别注重自己的外貌，也不会从美学的角度去审视自己。他们的打扮方式主要就是刮刮胡子，就像打理自家草坪一样。对于 一位男性来说，如果能花四分钟刮刮胡子，结束之后再把粘到头发上的剃须膏擦净，又没有出血太厉害，他就觉得自己已经尽心尽力了。 女性可不是这样看待自己的。如果非要我猜测大多数女性对自己的相貌是如何评价的话，那肯定是：“还不够好。”一位女士，无论她看起来多么吸引人，她对 自己的看法总是由于受美容业的影响而蒙着一层阴影。要她认为“我很漂亮”是一件难事。她把身体上的极小的不完美之处加以放大，并且幻想这些缺点十分明 显，以至于全世界的人都会注意到并且嘲笑她。Why do women consider their looks so deficient? This chronic insecurity isn't inborn, but created through the interaction of many complex psychological and societal factors, beginning with the dolls we give them as children. Girls grow up playing with dolls proportioned so that, if they were human, they would be seven feet tall and weigh 61 pounds, with tiny thighs and a large upper body. This is an absurd standard to live up to, especially when you consider the size of the doll's waist, a relative measurement physically impossible for a living human to achieve. Contrast this absurd standard with that presented to little boys with their &action figures&. Most of the toys that young boys have played with were weird-looking, like the one called Buzz-Off that was part human, part flying insect. This guy was not a looker, but he was still extremely self-confident. You could not imagine him saying to the others, &Is this accessory the right shade of violet for this outfit?& But women grow up thinking they need to look like Barbie dolls or girls on magazine covers, which for most women is impossible. Nonetheless, the multibillion-dollar beauty industry, complete with its own aisle in the grocery store, is devoted to constant warfare on female self-esteem, convincing women that they must buy all the newest moisturizing creams, bronzing powders and appliances that promise to &stimulate and restore& their skin. I once saw an Oprah Show in which supermodel Cindy Crawford dispensed makeup tips to the studio audience. Cindy had all these middle-aged women apply clay masks and other &wrinkle-removing& pro she stressed how important it was to adhere to the guidelines, like applying products via the tips of their fingers to protect elasticity. All the women dutifully did this, even though it was obvious to any rational observer that, no matter how carefully they applied these products, they would never have Cindy Crawford's face or complexion. 为什么女性会把自己的外貌想得这么差呢？这种长期的不安全感并不是与生来的，而是由许多复杂的心理和社会因素的相互作用造成的，从小时候大人们给 她们买洋娃娃时就开始了。女孩成长过程中摆弄的洋娃娃，如果按照身材比例还原为真人大小的话，就会是 7 英尺高，61 英磅重，大腿纤细，上身丰满。要 达到这样的标准是很荒唐的，尤其是当我们想想那种洋娃娃的腰围尺寸，就知道其相对尺寸对任何一个活人来说都是不可企及的。与女孩玩具的这种荒唐标准 相比，小男孩们得到的“动作玩偶”却是完全不同的模样。大多数男孩的玩具都样貌古怪，例如那个叫作“蜜蜂侠”的玩偶，一半像人，一半像会飞的昆虫。这个 玩偶尽管样子不好看，但仍然非常自信。你肯定无法想象他会问别人说：“这个配饰的紫罗兰色和这件外套配不配呢？” 然而，女性在成长过程中却认为自己应该长得像芭比娃娃或杂志的封面女郎那样，这对大多数女性来说是不可能的。尽管如此，产值达几十亿美元的美容业， 在超市化妆品销售专区的配合下，总是在不停地攻击着女性的自尊，使其相信自己只有购买最新的保湿面霜、古铜散粉，以及各种美容器具，才能“激发和恢复” 肌肤活力。我曾经看过一期《奥普拉脱口秀》，在节目中，超级名模辛迪?克劳馥和演播室里的观众分享了自己的化妆秘诀。辛迪要求这些中年妇女在脸上敷上 黏土面膜和其他去皱产品；她还强调一定要遵守这些方法，例如：往脸上涂抹这些产品时，要用指尖，这样可以保护皮肤的弹性。所有这些妇女都非常忠实地 按照辛迪说的做了。可是对任何一个理智的旁观者来说，无论她们如何认真地使用这些产品，她们都不可能拥有辛迪那样的面容或肤色。I'm not saying that men are superior. I'm just saying that you're not going to get a group of middle-aged men to plaster cosmetics to themselves under the instruction of Brad Pitt in hopes of looking more like him. Men don't face the same societal focus purely on physical beauty, and they're encouraged to reach out to other characteristics to promote their self-esteem. They might say to Brad: &Oh yeah? Well, what do you know about lawn care, pretty boy?& Of course women argue that they become obsessed with appearance as a reaction to pressure from men. The truth is that most men think beauty is more than just lipstick and perfume and take no notice of these extra details. I have never once, in more than 40 years of listening to men talk about women, heard a man say, &She had gorgeous fingernails!& To most men, little things like fingernails are all homogeneous anyway, and one woman's flawless pink polish is exactly as invisible as another's bare nails.By participating in this system of extreme conformity, women are actually opening themselves up to the scrutiny of other women, the only ones qualified to judge their efforts. What is the real benefit of working this hard to appease men who don't notice when it only exposes women to prosecution from other women? Anyway, to get back to my original point: If you're a man, and a woman asks you how she looks, you can't say she looks bad without receiving immediate and well-deserved outrage. But you also can't shower her with empty compliments about how her shoes complement her dress nicely because she'll know you're lying. She has spent countless hours worrying about the differences between her looks and Cindy Crawford's. Also,she suspects that you're not qualified to voice a subjective opinion on anybody's appearance. This may be because you have shaving cream in your hair and inside the folds of your ears. 我并不是说男性优于女性。我的意思是你不可能让一群中年男子在布拉德?皮特的指导下把化妆品敷到自己脸上，期望自己能看起来更像布拉德。与女性不同， 男性的外貌美不是社会所关注的唯一焦点。人们会鼓励男性借助其他特征来提升自尊。他们也许会对布拉德说：“是吗？那么帅哥，你对草坪维护又知道多少？” 当然，女性会争辩说她们对外表的热衷追求是出于对来自男性的压力的一种反应。而事实是，大多数男性认为美丽不仅仅来自于口红和香水，而且他们也不会 去注意这些额外的细节。四十多年来，我在听男性谈论女性时，从来没有一次听到过哪位男性这样说：“她的指甲真漂亮啊！”对大多数男性来说，像指甲这样 小的东西看起来都一样，无论一个女士的指甲是用粉色指甲油涂得完美无瑕，还是光光的毫无修饰，男性都一概视而不见。 女性参与这种极端的从众行为，实际上是把自己置于其他女性的审视之下，因为只有那些女性才有资格评价她们所付出的努力。但是，如此费力地去取悦男性 而他们却根本不会注意，同时又只是招致其他女性的指责，这样做究竟有什么好处呢？ 不管怎样，言归正传：如果你是一位男性，当有女士问你她看起来怎么样时，你千万不能说她看起来很糟糕，那样肯定会使她立刻迁怒于你，这也是你咎由自 取。但是，你也不能慷慨地大放空洞之词，赞美她的鞋子和裙子是多么相配，因为她知道你是在说谎。她已经花费了无数个小时发愁自己的容貌不能和辛迪? 克劳馥的一样。而且，也许因为你的头发和耳廓上粘着剃须膏，她会怀疑你根本没有资格对任何人的外表给出主观评价。Unit 3Fred Smith and FedEx: The vision that changed the world Every night several hundred planes bearing a purple, white, and orange design touch down at Memphis Airport, in Tennessee. What prec edes this landing are package pickups from locations all over the United States earlier in the day. Crews unload the planes' cargo of mor e than half a million parcels and letters. The rectangular packages and envelopes are rapidly reshuffled and sorted according to address, then loaded onto other aircraft, and flown to their destinations to be dispersed by hand - many within 24 hours of leaving their senders. This is the culmination of a dream of Frederick W. Smith, the founder, president, chief executive officer, and chairman of the board of t he FedEx Corp. - known originally as Federal Express - the largest and most successful overnight delivery service in the world. Conceive d when he was in college and now in its 28th year of operation, Smith's exquisite brainchild has become the standard for door-to-door p ackage delivery. Recognized as an outstanding entrepreneur with an agreeable and winning personality, Smith is held in high regard by his competitors a s well as his employees and stockholders. Fred Smith was just 27 when he founded FedEx. Now, so many years later, he's still the &capt ain of the ship&. He attributes the success the company simply to leadership, something he deduced from his years in the military, and f rom his family. Frederick Wallace Smith was born into a wealthy family clan on August 11, 1944 in Mississippi. His father died when he was just four ye ars old. As a juvenile, Smith was an invalid, suffering from a disease that left him unable to walk normally. He was picked on by bullies, and he learned to defend himself by swinging at them with his alloy walking stick. Cured of the disease by the age of 10, he became a st ar athlete in high school, playing football, basketball, and baseball. 弗雷德? 史密斯与联邦快递：一个改变了世界的创想 每天夜晚，在田纳西州的孟菲斯机场，都有几百架带着白、紫、桔色图案的飞机降落。而在每天此前的早些时候，这些飞机都在美国各地收集包裹。工作人员 从飞机上卸下的包裹及信件数量超过五十万之巨。长方形的包裹和信封又在这里依据收件地址被迅速整理分拣，然后装载上其他飞机，飞往各自的目的地，在 那儿再由人工投递――到这时很多邮件离开寄件人之手还不到 24 小时。这是弗雷德里克? W? 史密斯的终极梦想，他就是联邦快递集团（最初为联邦快递）这一 全球最大、最成功的隔夜送达服务企业的创始人、总裁、首席执行官及董事会主席。如今，史密斯这一源于大学时代的妙想已在现实中经营到了第 28 个年头， 并已成为包裹快递入户行业的标杆。史密斯被公认为是一位和蔼可亲、性格迷人的杰出企业家。无论是他的竞争者、员工，还是他公司股票的持有人，都对他十分敬重。弗雷德? 史密斯创建“联邦 快递”时只有 27 岁。现在多年过去了，他仍然坐在“掌门人”的位置上。他将公司的成功简单地归因于领导力，而这一推论则来自于他的军旅生涯及其家庭的影 响。 弗雷德里克? 华莱士? 史密斯 1944 年 8 月 11 日出生于密西西比州一个富裕的家族。 他四岁时父亲就离世了。 史密斯年少时被视为病残者， 因为他得了一种病， 使他无法正常行走。为此他常遭受坏孩子的侮辱捉弄，他学会了挥舞合金拐杖来保护自己。十岁时他的病治好了，到了高中他则成了学校里的体育明星，足球、 篮球、棒球样样能行。 Smith's passion was flying. At 15, he was operating a crop-duster over the skyline of the Mississippi Delta, a terrain so flat that there was little need for radar navigation. As a student at Yale University, he helped revive the Y its alumni had populated naval aviation history, including the famous &Millionaires' Unit& in World War I. Smith administrated the club's business end and ran a small charter operation in New Haven. With his study time disrupted by flying, his academic performance suffered, but Smith never stopped looking for his own &big idea&. He thought he had found it when he wrote a term paper for an economics class. He drafted a prototype for a transportation company that would guarantee overnight delivery of small, time-sensitive goods, such as replacement parts and medical supplies, to major US regions. The professor wasn't impressed and told Smith he couldn't quantify the idea and clearly it wasn't feasible. However, Smith was certain he was onto something, even though several more years elapsed before he could turn his idea into reality. In the interim, he graduated from Yale in 1966, just as America's involvement in the Vietnam War was deepening. Since he was a patriot and had attended officers' training classes, he joined the Marines. Smith completed two tours in Vietnam, eventually flying more than 200 missions. &In the military, leadership means getting a group of people to subordinate their individual desires and ambitions for the achievement of organizational goals,& Smith says, fusing together his military and business experiences. &And good leadership has very measurable effects on a company's bottom line.& Home from Vietnam, Smith became fascinated by the notion that if you connected all the points of a network through an intermediary hub, the streamlined efficient could be enormous compared to other disjointed, decentralized businesses, whether the system involved moving packages and letters or people and planes. He decided to take a stab at starting his own business. With an investment from his father's company, as well as a chunk of his own inheritance, Smith bought his first delivery planes and in 1971 formed the Federal Express. 史密斯对飞行充满了激情。15 岁时，他就曾驾驶一架作物喷粉飞机在密西西比三角洲的天际翱翔，三角洲的地形平坦开阔，甚至都不需要雷达导航。在耶鲁 大学上学时，他参与重建了耶鲁飞行乐部，在美国海军航空史的每个时期都有这一俱乐部出来的校友的身影，包括一战时期著名的“百万富翁飞行队”。史密 斯负责管理俱乐部的事务，同时还在纽黑文经营一项小规模的租赁业务。 由于飞行打乱了学习时间，他的学业受到了影响，但史密斯从未停止寻找自己的“伟大想法”。在撰写一门经济学课程的学期论文时，他认为自己已经找到了它。 他设计了一份运输企业的经营草案，该运输企业可以确保连夜递送小型或时间紧迫的货品到达美国的主要地区，如替换零件、医药用品等等。教授对这篇论文 未予重视，他告诉史密斯说，他无法量化他的想法，并说这一想法明显不切合实际。 然而，史密斯确信自己已经发现了些什么，尽管又过了好几年他才得以把自己的想法付诸实施。在此期间，他于 1966 年从耶鲁大学毕业，那时正值美国在越 战中越陷越深，而他是个充满爱国热情的人，又参加过士官训练课程，所以他加入了美国海军陆战队。 史密斯在越南战场上服役两期，完成了两百多次飞行任务。“在军队中，领导力意味着能使团队中所有成员将个人的期望与抱负置于从属地位，而以实现集体目 标为重，”史密斯说道，这其中融合了他军旅生涯和经营管理的经验。“而优秀的领导力对控制一个公司的盈亏底线来说具有相当重要的作用。” 从越南战场回国后，史密斯开始执着于这样一个理念，即如果能将某个运输网络的各个节点通过一个中介枢纽相互连接，其效率较之其他各环节相互之间无联 系的分散经营的模式来说要高出许多，不论这一系统所涉及的是运送包裹和信件还是人员和飞机。他决定放手一搏，创建自己的企业。史密斯用父亲公司的投 资和他自己继承财产的一部分购买了第一架快递飞机，并于 1971 年创建了联邦快递。 The early days were underscored by extreme frugality and financial losses. It was not uncommon for FedEx drivers to pay for gasoline for their vans out of their own pockets. But despite such problems, Smith showed concern for the welfare of his employees. Just as he recalled, even when they didn't have the money, even when there weren't couches in the office and electric typewriters, they still set the precedent to ensure a good medical and dental plan for their people. Along the way, FedEx pioneered centralization and the &hub and spoke& system, which has since been adopted by almost all major airlines. The phrase FedEx it has become a fixture in our language as much as Xerox or Google.Smith says success in business boils down to three things. First, you need to have appealing product or service and a compelling strategy. Then you need to have an efficient management system. Assuming you have those things, leading a team is the single most important issue in running an organization today. Although Smith avoids the media and the trappings of public life, he is said to be a friendly and accessible employer. He values his people and never takes them for granted. He reportedly visits FedEx's Memphis site at night from time to time and addresses sorters by name. For years he extended an offer to any courier with 10 years of service to come to Memphis for an &anniversary breakfast&. That embodies Fred Smith's philosophy: People, Service, Profit (P-S-P). Smith says, &The P-S-P philosophy is like an unbroken circle or chain. There are no clearly definable points of entry or exit. Each link upholds the others and is, in turn, supported by them.& In articulating this philosophy and in personally involving himself in its implementation, Frederick Smith is the forerunner of the new sphere of leadership that success in the future will demand. 最初的日子伴随着极度的拮据乃至财务损失。联邦快递公司的司机自己掏腰包为货车付汽油费的情况屡见不鲜。但是，尽管面对这样的问题，史密斯仍然为公 司雇员的福利着想。正如他所回忆的那样，即使在他们公司没有钱、办公室没有沙发和打字机的情况下，他们仍然开辟先例，保证员工享受很好的医疗和牙齿 保健福利。 一路走来，联邦快递率先践行了集中调控和“轴辐式”空中交通系统。自它以后，该系统被几乎所有大航空公司所采纳。而“联邦快递一下”也成为了像“复印一下” 或“谷歌一下”这样的固定说法，成为了我们的词汇。 史密斯说生意上的成功归根结底就是三点：首先你需要一项吸引人的产品或服务以及一套制胜的战略；其次你需要一套高效的管理系统；在拥有这些之后，如 何领导好一个团队就是当今经营一家公司最为重要的事了。 尽管史密斯回避媒体采访和公众生活的荣耀，但他却被称为是一位友善而平易近人的雇主。他重视自己的雇员，从不认为他们理所应当该为自己工作。有报道 称，他会时不时在晚上造访联邦快递位于孟菲斯的基地，并且称名道姓地与包裹分拣人员打招呼。他会主动发邀请给任何一位已在公司服务十年的快递员，请 他们到孟菲斯出席“周年庆典早餐”，这已经持续了很多年。而这其中包含了弗雷德?史密斯自己的哲学：人员，服务，利润（P-S-P）。史密斯说，“P-S-P 的 哲学理念就好像一个不可分割的循环，没有清晰可辨的入口或出口，每一个环节都支持着其他环节，同时也反过来受其他环节支撑。”通过明确表达并亲身践行 这一理念，弗雷德里克?史密斯已成为未来成功所必需的新领导领域的开拓者。Unit 4Achieving sustainable environmentalism Environmental sensitivity is now as required an attitude in polite society as is, say, belief in democracy or disapproval of plastic surgery. But now that everyone from Ted Turner to George H. W. Bush has claimed love for Mother Earth, how are we to choose among the dozens of conflicting proposals, regulations and laws advanced by congressmen and constituents alike in the name of the environment? Clearly, not everything with an environmental claim is worth doing. How do we segregate the best options and consolidate our varying interests into a single, sound policy? There is a simple way. First, differentiate between environmental luxuries and environmental necessities. Luxuries are those things that would be nice to have if costless. Necessities are those things we must have regardless. Call this distinction the definitive rule of sane environmentalism, which stipulates that combating ecological change that directly threatens the health and safety of people is an environmental necessity. All else is luxury. For example, preserving the atmosphere - stopping ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect - is an environmental necessity. Recently, scientists reported that ozone damage is far worse than previously thought. Ozone depletion has a correlation not only with skin cancer and eye problems, it also destroys the ocean's ecology, the beginning of the food chain atop which we humans sit. The possible thermal consequences of the greenhouse effect are far deadlier: melting ice caps, flooded coastlines, disrupted climate, dry plains and, ultimately, empty breadbaskets. The American Midwest feeds people at all corners of the atlas. With the planetary climate changes, are we prepared to see Iowa take on New Mexico's desert climate, or Siberia take on Iowa's moderate climate? 实现可持续性发展的环保主义在上流社会，对环境的敏感就如同信仰民主、反对整容一样，是一种不可或缺的态度。然而，既然从泰德?特纳到乔治?W.H.布什，每个人都声称自己热爱地球 母亲，那么，在由议员、选民之类的人以环境名义而提出的众多的相互矛盾的提案、规章和法规中，我们又该如何做出选择呢？显而易见，并不是每一项冠以 环境保护名义的事情都值得去做。我们怎样才能分离出最佳选择，并且把我们各自不同的兴趣统一在同一个合理的政策当中呢？ 有一种简便的方法。首先要区分什么是环境奢侈品，什么是环境必需品。奢侈品是指那些无需人类付出代价就能拥有的给人美好感受的东西。必需品则是指那 些无论付出什么代价，都一定要去拥有的东西。这一区分原则可以被称为理性环保主义的至高原则。它规定，对那些直接威胁人类健康与安全的生态变化采取 应对措施是环境保护的必需品，而其他则都属于奢侈品。 例如，保护大气层――阻止臭氧损耗及控制温室效应――是环境保护的必需品。近来，科学家报告说臭氧层遭受破坏的程度远比我们先前认为的要严重得多。 臭氧损耗不仅与皮肤癌及眼疾有关，而且它还会破坏海洋生态。而海洋生态是食物链的起点，人类则位于该食物链的顶端。 温室效应所可能引发的热效应是非常具有毁灭性的：冰川融化、海岸线被淹没、气候遭受破坏、平原干涸，最终食物消失殆尽。美国中西部地区的粮食供养着 全世界。随着全球气候的变化，我们难道准备看到衣阿华州变成新墨西哥州的沙漠气候，而西伯利亚变成衣阿华州的温和气候吗？ Ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect are human disasters, and they are urgent because they directly threaten humanity and are not easily reversible. A sane environmentalism, the only kind of environmentalism that will strike a chord with the general public, begins by openly declaring that nature is here to serve human beings. A sane environmentalism is entirely a human focused regime: It calls upon humanity to preserve nature, but merely within the parameters of self-survival. Of course, this human focus runs against the grain of a contemporary environmentalism that indulges in overt earth worship. Some people even allege that the earth is a living organism. This kind of environmentalism likes to consider itself spiritual. It is nothing more than sentimental. It takes, for example, a highly selective view of the kindness of nature, one that is incompatible with the reality of natural disasters. My nature worship stops with the twister that came through Kansas or the dreadful rains in Bangladesh that eradicated whole villages and left millions homeless. A non-sentimental environmentalism is one founded on Protagoras's idea that &Man is the measure of all things.& In establishing the sovereignty of man, such a principle helps us through the dense forest of environmental arguments. Take the current debate raging over oil drilling in a corner of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). Environmentalist coalitions, mobilizing against a legislative action working its way through the US Congress for the legalization of such exploration, propagate that Americans should be preserving and economizing energy instead of drilling for it. This is a false either-or proposition. The US does need a sizable energy tax to reduce consumption. But it needs more production too. Government estimates indicate a nearly fifty-fifty chance that under the ANWR rests one of the five largest oil fields ever discovered in America. It seems illogical that we are not finding safe ways to drill for oil in the ANWR. 臭氧损耗和温室效应是人类的灾难，而且是需要紧急处理的灾难，因为它们直接威胁到人类，且后果很难扭转。理性环保主义――唯一能够引起公众共鸣的环 保主张――首先公开声明，自然是服务于人类的。理性环保主义是一种完全以人类为中心的思想。它号召人类保护自然，但是是在人类自我生存得到保证的前 提之下。 当然，这种以人类为中心的主张与当下盛行的环保主义是格格不入的，后者已经沉溺于对地球的公然崇拜。有的人甚至声称地球是一个活的生物体。这种环保 主义喜欢把自己看作是神圣的，其实它只是感情用事而已。比如，在自然是否友善的问题上，当下的环保主义采取了高度选择性的片面的观点，而这种观点与 自然造成的灾难这一现实是不相协调的。当龙卷风肆虐堪萨斯州，当瓢泼大雨袭击孟加拉国，毁灭了整座整座的村庄，使几百万人失去家园的时候，我对自然 的崇拜便停止了。 非感情用事的环保主义是建立在普罗泰哥拉的格言“人是万物的尺度”的基础上的。在建立人类权威的过程中，这条原则会帮助我们梳理各种错综复杂的关于环 境保护的争议。就以当前关于是否在北极国家野生动物保护区的某一角落开采石油的激烈争论为例吧。环保主义者联盟动员人们反对目前正在试图通过美国国 会审议、使这一开采行为变得合法化的一项立法行动。他们散布说美国应该保护并且节约能源而不是开采能源。这其实是一个错误的非此即彼的主张。美国确 实需要征收高额的能源税以减少能源消耗，但同时也需要生产更多的能源。政府的估测表明，在北极国家野生动物保护区的地下蕴藏着美国五大油田之一的可 能性几乎到达 50%。我们没有寻找安全的方法开采北极国家野生动物保护区地下的石油，这看上去是不符合情理的。The US has just come through a war fought in part over oil. Energy dependence costs Americans not just dollars but lives. It is a bizarre sentimentalism that would deny oil that is peacefully attainable because it risks disrupting the birthing grounds of Arctic caribou. I like the caribou as much as the next person. And I would be rather sorry if their mating patterns were disturbed. But you can't have your cake and eat it too. And in the standoff of the welfare of caribou versus reducing an oil reliance that gets people killed in wars, I choose people over caribou every time.I feel similarly about the spotted owl in Oregon. I am no enemy of the owl. If it could be preserved at a negligible cost, I would agree that it should be - biodiversity is after all necessary to the ecosystem. But we must remember that not every species is needed to keep that diversity. Sometimes aesthetic aspects of life have to be sacrificed to more fundamental ones. If the cost of preserving the spotted owl is the loss of livelihood for 30,000 logging families, I choose the families (with their saws and chopped timber) over the owl. 11 The important distinction is between those environmental goods that are fundamental and those that are not. Nature is our ward, not our master. It is to be respected and even cultivated. But when humans have to choose between their own well-being and that of nature, nature will have to accommodate. 12 Humanity should accommodate only when its fate and that of nature are inseparably bound up. The most urgent maneuver must be undertaken when the very integrity of humanity's habitat, e.g., the atmosphere or the essential geology that sustains the core of the earth, is threatened. When the threat to humanity is lower in the hierarchy of necessity, a more modest accommodation that balances economic against health concerns is in order. But in either case the principle is the same: protect the environment - because it is humanity's environment. 13 The sentimental environmentalists will call this saving nature with a totally wrong frame of mind. Exactly. A sane and intelligible environmentalism does it not for nature's sake but for our own. 美国刚刚经历了一场战争，其部分原因就是为了获取石油。对能源的依赖使美国不但付出了金钱的代价，而且也付出了生命的代价。就因为可能破坏北美驯鹿 的繁衍地而放弃能够以和平手段获得的石油，这是一种十分怪异的感情用事。 我像别人一样喜欢驯鹿。如果他们的交配模式受到干扰，我会感到非常遗憾。但是，鱼和熊掌不能兼得。是要保护驯鹿，还是要为了避免人们在战争中丧生而 减少对石油的依赖，面对这一僵局，我每次都会选择人类而不是驯鹿。 我对俄勒冈州的斑点猫头鹰的态度也是一样。我绝不是仇视猫头鹰。如果花很少的代价就可以保护猫头鹰，我会赞同它应受保护――毕竟，生物多样性对生态 系统是非常必要的。但是，我们必须记住，保持生物多样性并不意味着要留住每一种物种。有时候，为了更加根本的利益，我们不得不牺牲一部分生活中美的 东西。如果为了保护斑点猫头鹰而让三万伐木工家庭失去生计，我会选择伐木工家庭（包括他们的锯子和砍伐的木材），而不是猫头鹰。 重要的是，我们要区分哪些东西对环境保护是根本性的，哪些是非根本性的。自然受我们的监护，而不是我们的主人。我们应该尊重自然，也可以开发利用自 然。但是，如果人类必须在自身的福利和自然的福利之间作出选择，自然则必须作出让步。 只有当人类的命运与自然的命运密不可分时，人类才应该作出让步。当人类栖息地的完整性（比如大气层或维持地球核心的基本地质状况）受到威胁时，人类 就必须立即调整自己的行为。而当人类受到的威胁不大，不太需要对自己的行为进行调整时，恰当的做法是平衡考虑经济方面和与之相对的健康方面的因素， 以便作出适度的调整。但是，无论是哪种情况，其遵循的原则是一致的：保护环境，因为这是我们人类的环境。 感情用事的环保主义者会说这种拯救自然的思路是完全错误的。的确是这样。理性、明确的环保主义保护环境是为了人类自身，而不是为了自然。Unit 5Speaking Chinese in America Once, at a dinner on the Monterey Peninsula, California, my mother whispered to me confidentially: &Sau-sau (brother's wife) pretends too hard to be a polite recipient! Why bother with such nominal courtesy? In the end, she always takes everything.& My mother acted like a waixiao, an emigrant, no longer patient with old taboos and courtesies. To prove her point, she reached across the table to offer my elderly aunt from Beijing the last scallop from the garlic seafood dish, along with the flank steak and the cucumber salad. Sau-sau frowned. &B'yao, zhen b'yao!& she cried, patting her substantial stomach. I don't want it, really I don't. &Take it! Take it!& my mother scolded in Chinese, as predictably as the lunar cycles. &Full, I'm already full,& Sau-sau muttered weakly, eying the scallop. &Ai!& exclaimed my mother. &Nobody wants it. It will only rot!& Sau-sau sighed, acting as if she were doing my mother a favor by taking the scrap off the tray and sparing us the trouble of wrapping the leftovers in foil. My mother turned to her brother, an experienced Chinese magistrate, visiting us for the first time. &In America, a Chinese person could starve to death. If you don't breach the old rules of etiquette and say you want it, they won't ask you again.& My uncle nodded and said he understood fully: Americans take things quickly because they have no time to be polite. 在美国说中文有一次，在加州蒙特雷半岛上用餐时，我母亲私下悄悄地对我说：“嫂嫂想做个彬彬有礼的客人，但是装得太厉害了！何必费劲讲究形式上的客套呢？到最后她 还是什么都要。” 我母亲行事像个“外侨”，即一个移民国外的侨民，因为她已经不耐烦老一套的禁忌和礼数了。为了证明她刚才的观点，她手伸过桌子，把蒜香海鲜拼盘里的最 后一个扇贝，连同牛腩排及黄瓜沙拉一起，递给我从北京来的年长舅妈。 嫂嫂皱起了眉头，“不要，真不要！”她一边大声说一边拍着自己已经吃得很饱的肚子。我不要了，真的不要了。 “拿去吧！拿去吧！”我母亲用中文责备道。预料到她就会这样，就像月亮盈亏周期似的。 “饱了，我已经饱了，”嫂嫂低声嘀咕着，眼睛却瞟着扇贝。 “哎！”我母亲感叹着说，“没人愿意吃，只能让它坏掉了！” 嫂嫂叹了口气，从碟子上拿去了那个扇贝，就好像是帮了我母亲一个大忙，并省去了我们用箔纸将剩菜打包的麻烦似的。 我母亲转头看着她兄长――一位经验丰富的中国地方法官，这是他初次来看我们。她说：“在美国，一个中国人可能会饿死。要是你不打破老一套的礼数说你要 吃，他们就不会再问你了。” 我舅舅点点头，说他完全理解：美国人待人接物快速迅捷，因为他们没有时间客气来客气去。 I read an article in The New York Times Magazine on changes in New York's little cultural colony of Chinatown, where the author mentioned that the interwoven configuration of Chinese language and culture renders its speech indirect and polite. Chinese people are so &discreet and modest&, the article started, that there aren't even words for &yes& and &no&. Why do people keep fabricating these rumors? I thought. They describe us as though we were a tribe of those little dolls sold in Chinatown tourist shops, heads moving up and down in contented agreement! As any child of immigrant parents knows, there is a special kind of double bind attached to knowing two languages. My parents, for example, spoke to me in both Chinese and E I spoke back to them in English. &Amy-ah!& they'd scold me. &what?& I'd answer back. &Do not question us when we call,& they'd scold in Chinese. &It's not respectful.& &what do you mean?& &Ai! Didn't we just tell you not to question?& If I consider my upbringing carefully, I find there was nothing discreet about the Chinese language I grew up with, no censorship for the sake of politeness. My parents made everything abundantly clear in their consecutive demands: &Of course you will become a famous aerospace engineer, they prodded.& And yes, a concert pianist on the side.& It seems that the more forceful proceedings always spilled over into Chinese: &Not that way! You must wash rice so not a single grain is lost.& Having listened to both Chinese and English, I'm suspicious of comparisons between the two languages, as I notice the reciprocal challenges they each present. English speakers say Chinese is extremely difficult because different words can be denoted by very subtle variations in tone. English is often bracketed with the label of inconsistency, a language of too many broken rules. 我在《纽约时报杂志》上读到过一篇文章，描述的是纽约市内的中国城这一小块文化聚居地的变迁。作者在文章中提到，中国语言与文化错综交织，使中文十 分委婉和客套。中国人是如此“谨慎和谦虚”，文章开头写道，以至于他们都没有词语来表达“是”和“不是”。 我思索着，为什么人们会不断地编造这样的谣言呢？他们把我们描述得就像是唐人街旅游品商店里出售的一批小布娃娃。那些布娃娃的头不停地上下晃动，似 乎对一切都心满意足，完全赞同。 生于移民家庭的孩子都清楚，有一种特殊的两难境地与说两种语言的生活联系在一起。比如我父母，他们和我说话时中文和英文都用，但我和他们说话时只用 英文。 “艾米啊！”他们会这样责备我。 “怎么啦？”我会回问道。 “我们叫你时，不要对我们反问，”他们会用中文训斥道。“这是不礼貌的！” “你们什么意思？” “哎！我们不是刚刚说过，叫你不要反问吗？” 仔细想想自己的成长过程，我发现，我从小到大所接触到的中文并不是什么特别谨慎的语言，也不存在出于客气而对所说的话进行仔细检查的现象。我父母向 我提一连串的要求时，总是把一切都表述得清清楚楚：“你当然会成为著名的航空工程师，”他们会鼓励我说，“对了，你业余时间还要做音乐会的钢琴师。”似乎更加强硬的事情总是通过中文倾泻出来：“不能那样！你淘米的时候，必须一粒都不漏。” 由于一直同时听着中英文两种语言，故而我对它们之间的任何对比总是心存怀疑，因为我注意到它们各自都有对方所没有的难点。说英文的人会认为中文极其 难，因为中文用非常微妙的声调变化就可以表示不同的词语。而英文则常常被认为缺乏一致性，因为英文具有太多不合规则的用法。 Even more dangerous, in my view, is the temptation to view the gulf between different languages and behavior in translation. To listen to my mother speak English, an outside spectator might make the deduction that she has no concept of the temporal differences of past and future or that she is gender blind because she refers to my husband as &she&. If one were not careful, one might also generalize that all Chinese people take an indirect route to get to the point. It is, rather, my mother's individual tendency to ornament her language and wander around a bit. I worry that the dominant society may see Chinese people from a limited perspective, hedging us in with the stereotype. I worry that the seemingly innocent stereotype may lead to actual intolerance and be part of the reason why there are few Chinese in top management positions, or in the main judiciary or political sectors. I worry about the power of language: If one says anything enough times, it might become true, with or without malicious intent. Could this be why the Chinese friends of my parents' generation are willing to accept the generalization? &why are you complaining?& one of them said to me.& If people think we are modest and polite, let them think that. Wouldn't Americans appreciate such an honorary description?& 在我看来，更危险的做法是，人们往往倾向于通过翻译来理解不同语言和行为之间的差异。如果一个旁观的外人听我母亲说英语，可能会得出结论，说她对过 去和将来这样的时间区别没有概念，或者认为她对人的性别不加区分，因为她提到我丈夫时总是说“她”。如果一个人对此类现象不假思虑，他也许还会概括说， 所有中国人都是通过委婉迂回的方式才能说到话题重点的。而实际上喜欢修饰和绕弯子只是我母亲个人的说话风格。 我担心主流社会可能会从一个狭隘的角度、以一种成见看待中国人。我担心这种看似无害的成见实际会导致人们对中国人难以容忍，并成为中国人在高层管理 职位或主要的司法及政府部门寥寥无几的部分原因。我担心语言的力量，即如果一个人将一件事说了很多遍，无论其是否有恶意，这件事都会变成事实。 这会不会就是我父母辈的中国朋友愿意接受那些对中国人的简单概括的原因呢？ “你为什么要抱怨呢？”他们中有人问我。“如果人们认为我们谦虚礼让，就让他们那样想好了。难道美国人不喜欢这种赞誉性的话吗？ And I do believe that anyone would take the description as a compliment - at first. But after a while, it annoys, as if the only things that people heard one say were what had been filtered through the sieve of social niceties: I'm so pleased to meet you. I've heard many wonderful things about you. These remarks are not representative of new ideas, honest emotions, or considered thought. Like a piece of bread, they are only the crust of the interaction, or what is said from the polite distance of social contexts: greetings, farewells, convenient excuses, and the like. This generalization, therefore, is not a true composite of Chinese culture but only a stereotype of our exterior behavior. &So how does one say 'yes' and 'no' in Chinese?& my friends may ask carefully. At this junction, I do agree in part with The New York Times Magazine article. There is no one word for &yes& or &no&, but not out of necessity to be discreet. If anything, I would say the Chinese equivalent of answering &yes& or &no& is specific to what is asked. Ask a Chinese person if he or she has eaten, and he or she might say chrle (eaten already) or meiyou (have not). Ask, &Have you stopped beating your wife?& and the answer refers directly to the proposition being asserted or denied: stopped already, still have not, never beat, have no wife. What could be clearer? 我当然相信每个人在一开始都会把这种描述的话当成称赞。 但过了一段时间， 这种话就会让人恼怒， 就好像所听到的只是些经过细微的社交区别过滤后的言辞， 诸如“很高兴认识你，我听到许多人都夸奖你”之类的话。 这些话不能表达什么新观点，也不能传达什么真实的情感或深思熟虑的想法。它们就像一片面包，只是人们交往中最表层的东西，或社交场合下出于礼貌而说 的一些话：问候、道别、顺口的托词，诸如此类。由此看来，那些对中国人的概括性评价并非是对中国文化成分的真实描述，而仅仅是对我们外在行为的一种 成见而已。 “那么中文究竟怎么表达?是?和?不是?呢？”我的朋友也许会小心翼翼地问。 在这一点上，我的确在某种程度上同意《纽约时报杂志》的那篇文章。在中文里，没有哪一个字专门用于表达“是”或“不是”，但这并非是因为需要保持谨慎。 若的确有什么不同的话，那我会说中文里对应的“是”或“不是”的表达通常是针对所问的具体内容而定的。 如果你问一个中国人是否吃饭了，他（或她）会说“吃了”（已经吃过）或“没有”（没有吃过）。你若问：“你停止打老婆了吗？”他会直接就所断定或所否认的假设进行回答：已经停止了，还没有，从来不打，没有老婆。 还有什么能比这更明了的呢？Unit 6The weight men carry When I was a boy growing up off the grid in the Commonwealth of Virginia, the men I knew labored with their bodies from the first rooster crow in the morning to sundown. They were marginal farmers, shepherds, just scraping by, or welders, steelworkers, they built cabinets, dug ditches, mined coal, or drove trucks, their forearms thick with muscle. They trained horses, stocked furnaces, made tires, stood on assembly lines, welding parts onto refrigerators or lubricating car engines. In the evenings and on weekends, they labored equally hard, working on their own small tract of land, fixing broken-down cars, repairing broken shutters and drafty windows. In their little free time, they drowned their livers in beer from cheap copper mugs at a bar near the local brewery or racecourse. The bodies of the men I knew were twisted and wounded in ways visible and invisible. Heavy lifting had given many of them spinal problems and appalling injuries. Some had broken ribs and lost fingers. Racing against conveyor belts had given some ulcers. Their ankles and knees ached from years of standing on concrete. Some had partial vision loss as the glow of the welding flame damaged their optic receptors. There were times, studying them, when I dreaded growing up. All around us, the fathers always seemed older than the mothers. Men wore out sooner, being martyrs of constant work. Only women lived into old age. There were also soldiers, and so far as I could tell, they scarcely worked at all. But when the shooting started, many of them would die for their patriotism in fields and forts of foreign outposts. This was what soldiers were for - they were tools like a wrench, a hammer or a screw. 男人背负的重担 当我还是个小男孩时，我住在弗吉尼亚州一个偏远的地区，那时我所认识的男人们从清晨的第一声公鸡啼鸣一直劳作到日落。他们都是些不起眼的农民、牧羊 人，勉强度日，或是焊接工、钢铁工或木匠；他们制作橱柜、挖掘沟渠、开采煤炭，或驾驶卡车，这使他们拥有肌肉结实的上臂。他们训练马匹、填塞炉膛、 制造轮胎，站在装配线上将零件焊接到冰箱，或是给汽车发动机上润滑剂。到了傍晚或周末，他们也要同样辛苦地劳作，在自己的一小片土地上耕作，修理出 了问题的汽车，修复坏掉的百叶窗和漏风的窗户。在仅剩的闲暇时间里，他们会在当地的啤酒作坊或赛马场附近的酒馆里用盛在廉价铜杯中的啤酒将自己灌得 烂醉。 我所认识的那些男人的身躯遭受着种种看得见或看不也的扭曲和伤痛。 搬运沉重的物品给他们很多人造成了脊柱病和可怕的伤痛。 有些人断了肋骨， 掉了手指。 在传输带上不停地工作使他们有些人患了溃疡。他们的脚踝和膝盖由于经年累月站立在水泥地上疼痛不已。有些人由于焊接火光损伤视觉感官而遭受部分视觉 缺失的折磨。有些时候，打量着他们，我会害怕长大。在我们周围的人中，父亲们看上去总是比母亲们要老。男人衰老得更早，长期遭受着因持续劳作带来的 病痛。只有女人才活到年老。 还有士兵也是男人的工作。据我所知，他们几乎不工作，但当战争一打响，他们很多人都会出于爱国热情而战死在疆场或异域前哨的堡垒前。这就是士兵的作 用――他们就像工具，如同扳钳、锤子或螺丝一样。 These weren't the only destinies of men, as I learned from having a few male teachers, from reading books and from watching television. But the men on television - the news commentators, the lawyers, the doctors, the politicians who levied the taxes and the bosses who gave orders - seemed as remote and unreal to me as the figures in old paintings. I could no more imagine growing up to become one of these sophisticated people than I could imagine becoming a sovereign prince. A scholarship enabled me not only to attend college, a rare enough feat in my social circle, but even to traverse the halls of a historic university meant for the children of the rich. Here for the first time I met women who told me that men were guilty of having kept all the joys and privileges of the earth for themselves. I was puzzled, and demanded clarification. What privileges? What joys? I thought about the grim, wounded lives of most of the men back home. What had they allegedly stolen from their wives and daughters? The right to work five days a week, 12 months a year, for 30 or 40 years, wedged in tight spaces in the textile mills, or in the coal mines, struggling to extract every last bit of coal from the rock-hard earth? The right to die in war? The right to fix every leak in the roof, every gap in the fence? The right to pile banknotes high for a rich corporation in a city far away? The right to feel, when the lay-off came or the mines shut down, not only afraid but also ashamed?这些并非男人们唯一的归宿，我从曾经有过的几位男教师、从看书及看电视中认识到了这一点。但是，那些上电视的男人们――新闻评论员、律师、医生、课 征 税款的政治家及发号施令的老板们――在我看来就像古老绘画上的人像，遥远而不真实。我不能想象自己长大会变成这些精明世故的人中的一员，就像我无法 想象自己能变成一个权力至高无上的国君一样。 一份奖学金使我得以上大学，这可是我社交圈子里极其难得的荣耀。不仅如此，它还让我能够穿行于为富人家的孩子打造的史上著名的大学殿堂里。就在这里， 我生平头一次碰到女人告诉我说男人是有罪的，因为他们把地球上所有的欢乐和特权都据为己有。我被弄糊涂了，要求她们予以解释。什么特权？什么欢乐？ 我想到家乡大多数男人那种艰难严酷、伤痛累累的生活。人们所说的他们从妻子和女儿那里偷走的东西又能是些什么呢？难道是每周五天、每年十二个月，如 此三四十年里挤缩在纺织厂狭小的空间里，或是在煤矿下挣扎着从岩石般坚硬的泥土中挖出最后一点煤的劳作的权力？战死疆场的权利？修缮屋顶上每条裂缝 和围栏上每个断栏的权利？为一个遥远的城市某个富裕财团垒积钱钞的权利？在遭遇解雇或煤矿倒闭时感到既害怕又羞耻的权利？ In this alien world of the rich, I was slow to understand the deep grievances of women. This was because, as a boy, I had envied them. Before college, the only people I had ever known who were interested in art or music or literature, the only ones who ever seemed to enjoy a sense of ease were the mothers and daughters. What's more, they did not have to go to war. By comparison with the narrow, compartmentalized days of fathers, the comparatively lightweight work of mothers seemed expansive. They clipped coupons, went to see neighbors, or ran errands at school or at church. I saw their lives as through a telescope, all twinkling stars and shafts of light, missing the details that truly defined their days. No doubt, had I taken a more deductive look at their lives, I would have envied them less. I didn't see, then, what a prison a house could be, since houses seemed to me brighter, handsomer places than any factory. As such things were never spoken of, I did not realize how often women suffered from men's bullying. Even then I could see how exhausting it was for a mother to cater all day to the needs of young children. But, as a boy, if I had to choose between tending a baby and tending a machine, I think I would have chosen the baby. So I was baffled when the women at college made a racket accusing me and my sex of having cornered the world's pleasures. They demanded to be emancipated from the bonds of sexism. I think my bafflement has been felt by other boys (and by girls as well) who grew up in dirt-poor farm country, by the docks, in the shadows of factories - any place where the fates of men and women are symmetrically bleak and grim. When the women I met at college thought about the joys and privileges of men, they didn't see the sort of men I had known. These daughters of privileged, Republican men wanted to inherit their fathers' power and lordship over the world. They longed for a say over their future. But so did I. The difference between me and these daughters was that they saw me, because of my sex, as destined from birth to become like their fathers, and therefore as an enemy to their desires. But I knew better. I wasn't an enemy to their desires, in fact or in feeling. I was an ally in their rebellion. If I had known, then, how to tell them so, or how to be a mediator, would they have believed me? Would they have known? 在这样一个满是富人的陌生世界里，我在理解女人们深深的怨怒方面很是迟钝。这是因为，当我还是一个小男孩时，我就嫉妒过她们。在上大学之前，我所认 识的唯一对艺术、音乐或文学有兴趣的人，唯一看上去能够享受一丝自在的一群人就是那些做母亲和女儿的人。而且，她们也不必去参加战争。与父亲们所遭 受的狭隘的、封闭的日子相比，母亲们所承担的相对较轻的工作显得更加宽泛一些。她们剪用购物券，探访邻居，在学校或教堂跑跑腿。我仿佛是透过望远镜 看到她们的生活，满是闪烁的星星和一缕缕光线，而漏掉了她们生活岁月的真实细节。毋庸置疑，如果我用更具理性的方式审视她们的生活，我就不会那么嫉 妒她们了。可在那时，我实在看不出一幢房子能成为什么样的牢狱，因为房子在我看来比任何厂房都更亮堂、更体面。我也没有意识到女人是多么频繁地遭受 男人的欺凌，因为这样的事情从未被提及过。即使在那时，我也能够看出一个母亲整日忙碌着应付年幼孩子们的需要是多么地辛苦。但是，作为男孩，如果我 那时必须在照顾婴儿和照看机器之间作选择，我想我会选择照顾婴儿。 所以，当学校里的女性大吵大囔，谴责我和我所属的性别，说我们霸占着世间的欢乐时，我很困惑。她们要求从性别歧视的束缚中解放出来。我认为别的男孩 （女孩也一样） 也会有我这样的迷惑， 只要他们成长于一贫如洗的农村， 成长于码头边或工厂附近――成长于任何让男人和女人的命运同样苍白和严酷的地方。 当我在大学里遇到的那些女子们想到男人的享乐和特权时，她们并没有见过我以前认识的那些男人。这些特权阶层的、共和党男人的女儿们渴望继承她们父亲 的权力和凌驾世界的贵族身份。她们渴望能对自己的未来拥有发言权。而我也渴望这样。我和这些女儿们之间的区别在于，她们看我时想到的是，我因为自己 的性别而自出生起就注定可以成为像她们父亲那样的人，从而也是她们实现自己欲望的敌人。但我比她们更清楚，无论是事实上还是情感上，我都不是她们欲 望的敌人。我是她们反抗行动的同盟者。如果那时我就知道如何把这些告诉她们，或如何在中间做一个调停人，她们会相信我吗？她们能够理解吗？
新视野大学英语(第三版)第四册课文及翻译 - Love and logic: The story of fallacy I had my first date with Polly after ...新视野大学英语第三版第四册课文与翻译 - Unit 8 A turning point of my life 我人生的转折点 I wasn't yet 30 years old and was ...新视野大学英语第三版第四册课文与翻译 - Unit 8 A turning point of my life 我人生的转折点 I wasn't yet 30 years old and was ...新视野大学英语第四册第三版课文及翻译 - Unit 5 Speaking Chinese in America 在美国说中文 Once, at a dinner on the Monterey ...新视野大学英语(第三版)第四册课文翻译 - unit 1 TextA Love and logic: The story of a fallacy 爱情与逻辑:谬误的故事 1 I had my ...新视野大学英语4第三版读写教程课文翻译 - Unit1 爱情与逻辑:谬误的故事 1 在我和室友罗伯的交易成功之后, 我和波莉有了第一次约会。 那一年校园里每个人都有...新视野大学英语第三版第四册课文及翻译_其它_高等教育_教育专区。新视野大学英语第三版第四册课文以及翻译 12456 Love and logic: The story of fallacy 爱情与...新视野大学英语第三版第四册课文及翻译 - Unit 5 Speaking Chinese in America 在美国说中文 Once, at a dinner on the Monterey ...新视野大学英语(第三版)第四册课文翻译 - 爱情与逻辑:谬误的故事 在我和室友罗伯的交易成功之后,我和波莉有了第一次约会。那一年 校园里每个人都有件皮夹克, ...新视野大学英语(第三版)第四册课文与翻译 - 爱情与逻辑:谬误的故事 在我和室友罗