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Lecture 1PsychologyNarratorListen to part of a psychology lecture. The professor is discussing behaviorism.ProfessorNow, many people consider John Watson to be the founder of behaviorism. And like other behaviorists, he believed that psychologists should study only the behaviors they can observe and measure. They're not interested in mental processes. While a person could describe his thought, no one else can see or hear them to verify the accuracy of his report. But one thing you can observe is muscular habits. What Watson did was to observe muscular habits because he viewed them as a manifestation of thinking. One kind of habits that he studied are laryngeal habits.Watson thought laryngeal habits… you know, from larynx, in other words, related to the voice box… he thought those habits were an expression of thinking. He argued that for very young children, thinking is really talking out loud to oneself because they talk out loud even if they're not trying to communicate with someone in particular. As the individual matures, that overt talking to oneself becomes covert talking to oneself, but thinking still shows up as a laryngeal habit. One of the bits of evidence that supports this is that when people are trying to solve a problem, they, um, typically have increased muscular activity in the throat region. That is, if you put electrodes on the throat and measure muscle potential—muscle activity—you discover that when people are thinking, like if they're diligently trying to solve a problem, that there is muscular activity in the throat region.So, Watson made the argument that problem solving, or thinking, can be defined as a set of behaviors—a set of responses—and in this case the response he observed was the throat activity. That's what he means when he calls it a laryngeal habit. Now, as I am thinking about what I am going to be saying, my muscles in my throat are responding. So, thinking can be measured as muscle activity. Now, the motor theory… yes?StudentProfessor Blake, um, did he happen to look at people who sign? I mean deaf people?ProfessorUh, he did indeed, um, and to jump ahead, what one finds in deaf individuals who use sign language when they're given problems of various kinds, they have muscular changes in their hands when they are trying to solve a problem… muscle changes in the hand, just like the muscular changes going on in the throat region for speaking individuals.So, for Watson, thinking is identical with the activity of muscles. A related concept of thinking was developed by William James. It's called ideomotor action.Ideomotor action is an activity that occurs without our noticing it, without our being aware of it. I'll give you one simple example. If you think of locations, there tends to be eye movement that occurs with your thinking about that location. In particular, from where we're sitting, imagine that you're asked to think of our university library. Well, if you close your eyes and think of the library, and if you're sitting directly facing me, then according to this notion, your eyeballs will move slightly to the left, to your left, ‘cause the library's in that general direction.James and others said that this is an idea leading to a motor action, and that's why it's called "ideomotor action"—an idea leads to motor activity. If you wish to impress your friends and relatives, you can change this simple process into a magic trick. Ask people to do something such as I've just described: think of som think of something on their right. You get them to think about two things on either side with their eyes closed, and you watch their eyes very carefully. And if you do that, you'll discover that you can see rather clearly the eye movement—that is, you can see the movement of the eyeballs. Now, then you say, think of either one and I'll tell which you're thinking of.OK. Well, Watson makes the assumption that muscular activity is equivalent to thinking. But given everything we've been talking about here, one has to ask: are there alternatives to this motor theory—this claim that muscular activities are equivalent to thinking? Is there anything else that might account for this change in muscular activity, other than saying that it is thinking? And the answer is clearly yes. Is there any way to answer the question definitively? I think the answer is no.
根据做过的题目，在文中定位出与题目相关的信息，注意与题目信息关联的修辞提示（重听题不需要标出题点）。
What is the professor mainly discussing?
Why does the professor say about people who use sign language?
What point does the professor make when he refers to the university library?
The professor describes a magic trick to the class, what does the magic trick demonstrate?
What is the professor's opinion of the motor theory of thinking?
Psychology
Listen to part of a psychology lecture. The professor is discussing behaviorism.
Now, many people consider John Watson to be the founder of behaviorism. And like other behaviorists, he believed that psychologists should study only the behaviors they can observe and measure. They're not interested in mental processes. While a person could describe his thought, no one else can see or hear them to verify the accuracy of his report. But one thing you can observe is muscular habits. What Watson did was to observe muscular habits because he viewed them as a manifestation of thinking. One kind of habits that he studied are laryngeal habits.
Watson thought laryngeal habits… you know, from larynx, in other words, related to the voice box… he thought those habits were an expression of thinking. He argued that for very young children, thinking is really talking out loud to oneself because they talk out loud even if they're not trying to communicate with someone in particular. As the individual matures, that overt talking to oneself becomes covert talking to oneself, but thinking still shows up as a laryngeal habit. One of the bits of evidence that supports this is that when people are trying to solve a problem, they, um, typically have increased muscular activity in the throat region. That is, if you put electrodes on the throat and measure muscle potential—muscle activity—you discover that when people are thinking, like if they're diligently trying to solve a problem, that there is muscular activity in the throat region.
So, Watson made the argument that problem solving, or thinking, can be defined as a set of behaviors—a set of responses—and in this case the response he observed was the throat activity. That's what he means when he calls it a laryngeal habit. Now, as I am thinking about what I am going to be saying, my muscles in my throat are responding. So, thinking can be measured as muscle activity. Now, the motor theory… yes?
Professor Blake, um, did he happen to look at people who sign? I mean deaf people?
Uh, he did indeed, um, and to jump ahead, what one finds in deaf individuals who use sign language when they're given problems of various kinds, they have muscular changes in their hands when they are trying to solve a problem… muscle changes in the hand, just like the muscular changes going on in the throat region for speaking individuals.
So, for Watson, thinking is identical with the activity of muscles. A related concept of thinking was developed by William James. It's called ideomotor action.
Ideomotor action is an activity that occurs without our noticing it, without our being aware of it. I'll give you one simple example. If you think of locations, there tends to be eye movement that occurs with your thinking about that location. In particular, from where we're sitting, imagine that you're asked to think of our university library. Well, if you close your eyes and think of the library, and if you're sitting directly facing me, then according to this notion, your eyeballs will move slightly to the left, to your left, ‘cause the library's in that general direction.
James and others said that this is an idea leading to a motor action, and that's why it's called "ideomotor action"—an idea leads to motor activity. If you wish to impress your friends and relatives, you can change this simple process into a magic trick. Ask people to do something such as I've just described: think of som think of something on their right. You get them to think about two things on either side with their eyes closed, and you watch their eyes very carefully. And if you do that, you'll discover that you can see rather clearly the eye movement—that is, you can see the movement of the eyeballs. Now, then you say, think of either one and I'll tell which you're thinking of.
OK. Well, Watson makes the assumption that muscular activity is equivalent to thinking. But given everything we've been talking about here, one has to ask: are there alternatives to this motor theory—this claim that muscular activities are equivalent to thinking? Is there anything else that might account for this change in muscular activity, other than saying that it is thinking? And the answer is clearly yes. Is there any way to answer the question definitively? I think the answer is no.
根据已定位的题目相关信息，结合题目本身重新确认答案选项。
Psychology
Listen to part of a psychology lecture. The professor is discussing behaviorism.
Now, many people consider John Watson to be the founder of behaviorism. And like other behaviorists, he believed that psychologists should study only the behaviors they can observe and measure. They're not interested in mental processes. While a person could describe his thought, no one else can see or hear them to verify the accuracy of his report. But one thing you can observe is muscular habits. What Watson did was to observe muscular habits because he viewed them as a manifestation of thinking. One kind of habits that he studied are laryngeal habits.
Watson thought laryngeal habits… you know, from larynx, in other words, related to the voice box… he thought those habits were an expression of thinking. He argued that for very young children, thinking is really talking out loud to oneself because they talk out loud even if they're not trying to communicate with someone in particular. As the individual matures, that overt talking to oneself becomes covert talking to oneself, but thinking still shows up as a laryngeal habit. One of the bits of evidence that supports this is that when people are trying to solve a problem, they, um, typically have increased muscular activity in the throat region. That is, if you put electrodes on the throat and measure muscle potential—muscle activity—you discover that when people are thinking, like if they're diligently trying to solve a problem, that there is muscular activity in the throat region.
So, Watson made the argument that problem solving, or thinking, can be defined as a set of behaviors—a set of responses—and in this case the response he observed was the throat activity. That's what he means when he calls it a laryngeal habit. Now, as I am thinking about what I am going to be saying, my muscles in my throat are responding. So, thinking can be measured as muscle activity. Now, the motor theory… yes?
Professor Blake, um, did he happen to look at people who sign? I mean deaf people?
Uh, he did indeed, um, and to jump ahead, what one finds in deaf individuals who use sign language when they're given problems of various kinds, they have muscular changes in their hands when they are trying to solve a problem… muscle changes in the hand, just like the muscular changes going on in the throat region for speaking individuals.
So, for Watson, thinking is identical with the activity of muscles. A related concept of thinking was developed by William James. It's called ideomotor action.
Ideomotor action is an activity that occurs without our noticing it, without our being aware of it. I'll give you one simple example. If you think of locations, there tends to be eye movement that occurs with your thinking about that location. In particular, from where we're sitting, imagine that you're asked to think of our university library. Well, if you close your eyes and think of the library, and if you're sitting directly facing me, then according to this notion, your eyeballs will move slightly to the left, to your left, ‘cause the library's in that general direction.
James and others said that this is an idea leading to a motor action, and that's why it's called "ideomotor action"—an idea leads to motor activity. If you wish to impress your friends and relatives, you can change this simple process into a magic trick. Ask people to do something such as I've just described: think of som think of something on their right. You get them to think about two things on either side with their eyes closed, and you watch their eyes very carefully. And if you do that, you'll discover that you can see rather clearly the eye movement—that is, you can see the movement of the eyeballs. Now, then you say, think of either one and I'll tell which you're thinking of.
OK. Well, Watson makes the assumption that muscular activity is equivalent to thinking. But given everything we've been talking about here, one has to ask: are there alternatives to this motor theory—this claim that muscular activities are equivalent to thinking? Is there anything else that might account for this change in muscular activity, other than saying that it is thinking? And the answer is clearly yes. Is there any way to answer the question definitively? I think the answer is no.
1.What is the professor mainly discussing?
The development of motor skills in children.
How psychologists measure muscle activity in the throat.
A theory about the relationship between muscle activity and thinking.
A study on deaf people's problem-solving techniques.
2.Why does the professor say this?（重听题不需要标出题点）
To give an example of a laryngeal habit.
To explain the meaning of a term.
To explain why he is discussing laryngeal habits.
To remind students of a point he had discussed previously.
3.Why does the professor say about people who use sign language?
It is not possible to study their thinking habits.
They exhibit laryngeal habits.
The muscles in their hands move when they solve problems.
They do not exhibit ideomotor action.
4.What point does the professor make when he refers to the university library?
A study on problem solving took place there.
Students should go there to read more about behaviorism.
Students' eyes will turn toward it if they think about it.
He learned about William James' concept of thinking there.
5.The professor describes a magic trick to the class, what does the magic trick demonstrate?
An action people make that they are not aware of.
Those behaviorists are not really scientists.
How psychologists study children.
A method for remembering locations.
6.What is the professor's opinion of the motor theory of thinking?
Most of the evidence he has collected contradicts it.
It explains adult behavior better than it explains child behavior.
It is the most valid theory of thinking at the present time.
It cannot be completely proved or disproved.
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参照正确答案及解析，分析第一步和第四步的答案，如果答案正确，请回顾正确选择的思路；如果答案错误，找到错误原因。
Psychology
Listen to part of a psychology lecture. The professor is discussing behaviorism.
Now, many people consider John Watson to be the founder of behaviorism. And like other behaviorists, he believed that psychologists should study only the behaviors they can observe and measure. They're not interested in mental processes. While a person could describe his thought, no one else can see or hear them to verify the accuracy of his report. But one thing you can observe is muscular habits. What Watson did was to observe muscular habits because he viewed them as a manifestation of thinking. One kind of habits that he studied are laryngeal habits.
Watson thought laryngeal habits… you know, from larynx, in other words, related to the voice box… he thought those habits were an expression of thinking. He argued that for very young children, thinking is really talking out loud to oneself because they talk out loud even if they're not trying to communicate with someone in particular. As the individual matures, that overt talking to oneself becomes covert talking to oneself, but thinking still shows up as a laryngeal habit. One of the bits of evidence that supports this is that when people are trying to solve a problem, they, um, typically have increased muscular activity in the throat region. That is, if you put electrodes on the throat and measure muscle potential—muscle activity—you discover that when people are thinking, like if they're diligently trying to solve a problem, that there is muscular activity in the throat region.
So, Watson made the argument that problem solving, or thinking, can be defined as a set of behaviors—a set of responses—and in this case the response he observed was the throat activity. That's what he means when he calls it a laryngeal habit. Now, as I am thinking about what I am going to be saying, my muscles in my throat are responding. So, thinking can be measured as muscle activity. Now, the motor theory… yes?
Professor Blake, um, did he happen to look at people who sign? I mean deaf people?
Uh, he did indeed, um, and to jump ahead, what one finds in deaf individuals who use sign language when they're given problems of various kinds, they have muscular changes in their hands when they are trying to solve a problem… muscle changes in the hand, just like the muscular changes going on in the throat region for speaking individuals.
So, for Watson, thinking is identical with the activity of muscles. A related concept of thinking was developed by William James. It's called ideomotor action.
Ideomotor action is an activity that occurs without our noticing it, without our being aware of it. I'll give you one simple example. If you think of locations, there tends to be eye movement that occurs with your thinking about that location. In particular, from where we're sitting, imagine that you're asked to think of our university library. Well, if you close your eyes and think of the library, and if you're sitting directly facing me, then according to this notion, your eyeballs will move slightly to the left, to your left, ‘cause the library's in that general direction.
James and others said that this is an idea leading to a motor action, and that's why it's called "ideomotor action"—an idea leads to motor activity. If you wish to impress your friends and relatives, you can change this simple process into a magic trick. Ask people to do something such as I've just described: think of som think of something on their right. You get them to think about two things on either side with their eyes closed, and you watch their eyes very carefully. And if you do that, you'll discover that you can see rather clearly the eye movement—that is, you can see the movement of the eyeballs. Now, then you say, think of either one and I'll tell which you're thinking of.
OK. Well, Watson makes the assumption that muscular activity is equivalent to thinking. But given everything we've been talking about here, one has to ask: are there alternatives to this motor theory—this claim that muscular activities are equivalent to thinking? Is there anything else that might account for this change in muscular activity, other than saying that it is thinking? And the answer is clearly yes. Is there any way to answer the question definitively? I think the answer is no.
Lecture 1PsychologyNarratorListen to part of a psychology lecture. The professor is discussing behaviorism.ProfessorNow, many people consider John Watson to be the founder of behaviorism. And like other behaviorists, he believed that psychologists should study only the behaviors they can observe and measure. They're not interested in mental processes. While a person could describe his thought, no one else can see or hear them to verify the accuracy of his report. But one thing you can observe is muscular habits. What Watson did was to observe muscular habits because he viewed them as a manifestation of thinking. One kind of habits that he studied are laryngeal habits.Watson thought laryngeal habits… you know, from larynx, in other words, related to the voice box… he thought those habits were an expression of thinking. He argued that for very young children, thinking is really talking out loud to oneself because they talk out loud even if they're not trying to communicate with someone in particular. As the individual matures, that overt talking to oneself becomes covert talking to oneself, but thinking still shows up as a laryngeal habit. One of the bits of evidence that supports this is that when people are trying to solve a problem, they, um, typically have increased muscular activity in the throat region. That is, if you put electrodes on the throat and measure muscle potential—muscle activity—you discover that when people are thinking, like if they're diligently trying to solve a problem, that there is muscular activity in the throat region.So, Watson made the argument that problem solving, or thinking, can be defined as a set of behaviors—a set of responses—and in this case the response he observed was the throat activity. That's what he means when he calls it a laryngeal habit. Now, as I am thinking about what I am going to be saying, my muscles in my throat are responding. So, thinking can be measured as muscle activity. Now, the motor theory… yes?StudentProfessor Blake, um, did he happen to look at people who sign? I mean deaf people?ProfessorUh, he did indeed, um, and to jump ahead, what one finds in deaf individuals who use sign language when they're given problems of various kinds, they have muscular changes in their hands when they are trying to solve a problem… muscle changes in the hand, just like the muscular changes going on in the throat region for speaking individuals.So, for Watson, thinking is identical with the activity of muscles. A related concept of thinking was developed by William James. It's called ideomotor action.Ideomotor action is an activity that occurs without our noticing it, without our being aware of it. I'll give you one simple example. If you think of locations, there tends to be eye movement that occurs with your thinking about that location. In particular, from where we're sitting, imagine that you're asked to think of our university library. Well, if you close your eyes and think of the library, and if you're sitting directly facing me, then according to this notion, your eyeballs will move slightly to the left, to your left, cause the library's in that general direction.James and others said that this is an idea leading to a motor action, and that's why it's called "ideomotor action"—an idea leads to motor activity. If you wish to impress your friends and relatives, you can change this simple process into a magic trick. Ask people to do something such as I've just described: think of som think of something on their right. You get them to think about two things on either side with their eyes closed, and you watch their eyes very carefully. And if you do that, you'll discover that you can see rather clearly the eye movement—that is, you can see the movement of the eyeballs. Now, then you say, think of either one and I'll tell which you're thinking of.OK. Well, Watson makes the assumption that muscular activity is equivalent to thinking. But given everything we've been talking about here, one has to ask: are there alternatives to this motor theory—this claim that muscular activities are equivalent to thinking? Is there anything else that might account for this change in muscular activity, other than saying that it is thinking? And the answer is clearly yes. Is there any way to answer the question definitively? I think the answer is no.
1.What is the professor mainly discussing?
The development of motor skills in children.
How psychologists measure muscle activity in the throat.
A theory about the relationship between muscle activity and thinking.
A study on deaf people's problem-solving techniques.
正确答案为：
您第一次的答案为：
您第二次的答案为：
题目解析：教授讲述了约翰沃森的观点。根据教授所说内容 What Watson did was to observe muscular habits because he viewed them as a manifestation of thinking. 约翰沃森观察肌肉运动规律，因为他把这看成是思考的一种表现。后文对这个理论做了阐述。讲座最后教授提到 Watson makes the assumption that muscular activity is equivalent to thinking. 沃森假设肌肉运动等同于思考。选项 C 正确。
2.Why does the professor say this?
To give an example of a laryngeal habit.
To explain the meaning of a term.
To explain why he is discussing laryngeal habits.
To remind students of a point he had discussed previously.
正确答案为：
您第一次的答案为：
您第二次的答案为：
题目解析：重听内容 Watson thought laryngeal habits... you know, from larynx, in other words, related to the voice box… he thought those habits were an expression of thinking. 沃森认为喉部运动，也就是与喉头相关，这些行为都是思考的表现。教授说 you know, from larynx, in other words, related to the voice box 是为了对 laryngeal 进行进一步的解释，选项 B 正确。
3.Why does the professor say about people who use sign language?
It is not possible to study their thinking habits.
They exhibit laryngeal habits.
The muscles in their hands move when they solve problems.
They do not exhibit ideomotor action.
正确答案为：
您第一次的答案为：
您第二次的答案为：
题目解析：学生问 Professor Blake, um, did he happen to look at people who sign? I mean deaf people? 沃森有没有研究过用手语交流的人，比如聋哑人。教授回答说：沃森研究过，用手语交流的人他们用手部肌肉的活动来解决问题，就像健全人的喉部肌肉活动一样。所以思维是和肌肉运动一致的。所以选项 C 正确。
4.What point does the professor make when he refers to the university library?
A study on problem solving took place there.
Students should go there to read more about behaviorism.
Students' eyes will turn toward it if they think about it.
He learned about William James' concept of thinking there.
正确答案为：
您第一次的答案为：
您第二次的答案为：
题目解析：教授举图书馆的例子时说，当学生闭上眼睛思考图书馆的位置时眼球会轻轻向左移动，因为图书馆的方向是在左边的。所以选项 C 正确。
5.The professor describes a magic trick to the class, what does the magic trick demonstrate?
An action people make that they are not aware of.
Those behaviorists are not really scientists.
How psychologists study children.
A method for remembering locations.
正确答案为：
您第一次的答案为：
您第二次的答案为：
题目解析：讲座中介绍了 ideomotor action，即动念动作，它是指人的动作是在无意识情况下做出的行为。后面举出 magic trick 的例子就解释了人们的无意识行为，选项 A 正确。
6.What is the professor's opinion of the motor theory of thinking?
Most of the evidence he has collected contradicts it.
It explains adult behavior better than it explains child behavior.
It is the most valid theory of thinking at the present time.
It cannot be completely proved or disproved.
正确答案为：
您第一次的答案为：
您第二次的答案为：
题目解析：文章的最后教授说 Is there anything else that might account for this change in muscular activity, other than saying that it is thinking? And the answer is clearly yes. Is there any way to answer the question definitively? I think the answer is no. 有没有其他可以解释肌肉运动的理论呢，而不仅仅说肌肉运动是思考？当然是有的。有没有确切回答这个问题的答案呢？我想是没有的。所以肌动理论并不是完全成熟的，还需要探讨，选项 D 正确。
浏览原文，将生词整理到左侧单词本。
还没添加单词哦！
是否确认删除单词？
Lecture 1PsychologyNarratorListen to part of a psychology lecture. The professor is discussing behaviorism.ProfessorNow, many people consider John Watson to be the founder of behaviorism. And like other behaviorists, he believed that psychologists should study only the behaviors they can observe and measure. They're not interested in mental processes. While a person could describe his thought, no one else can see or hear them to verify the accuracy of his report. But one thing you can observe is muscular habits. What Watson did was to observe muscular habits because he viewed them as a manifestation of thinking. One kind of habits that he studied are laryngeal habits.Watson thought laryngeal habits… you know, from larynx, in other words, related to the voice box… he thought those habits were an expression of thinking. He argued that for very young children, thinking is really talking out loud to oneself because they talk out loud even if they're not trying to communicate with someone in particular. As the individual matures, that overt talking to oneself becomes covert talking to oneself, but thinking still shows up as a laryngeal habit. One of the bits of evidence that supports this is that when people are trying to solve a problem, they, um, typically have increased muscular activity in the throat region. That is, if you put electrodes on the throat and measure muscle potential—muscle activity—you discover that when people are thinking, like if they're diligently trying to solve a problem, that there is muscular activity in the throat region.So, Watson made the argument that problem solving, or thinking, can be defined as a set of behaviors—a set of responses—and in this case the response he observed was the throat activity. That's what he means when he calls it a laryngeal habit. Now, as I am thinking about what I am going to be saying, my muscles in my throat are responding. So, thinking can be measured as muscle activity. Now, the motor theory… yes?StudentProfessor Blake, um, did he happen to look at people who sign? I mean deaf people?ProfessorUh, he did indeed, um, and to jump ahead, what one finds in deaf individuals who use sign language when they're given problems of various kinds, they have muscular changes in their hands when they are trying to solve a problem… muscle changes in the hand, just like the muscular changes going on in the throat region for speaking individuals.So, for Watson, thinking is identical with the activity of muscles. A related concept of thinking was developed by William James. It's called ideomotor action.Ideomotor action is an activity that occurs without our noticing it, without our being aware of it. I'll give you one simple example. If you think of locations, there tends to be eye movement that occurs with your thinking about that location. In particular, from where we're sitting, imagine that you're asked to think of our university library. Well, if you close your eyes and think of the library, and if you're sitting directly facing me, then according to this notion, your eyeballs will move slightly to the left, to your left, ‘cause the library's in that general direction.James and others said that this is an idea leading to a motor action, and that's why it's called "ideomotor action"—an idea leads to motor activity. If you wish to impress your friends and relatives, you can change this simple process into a magic trick. Ask people to do something such as I've just described: think of som think of something on their right. You get them to think about two things on either side with their eyes closed, and you watch their eyes very carefully. And if you do that, you'll discover that you can see rather clearly the eye movement—that is, you can see the movement of the eyeballs. Now, then you say, think of either one and I'll tell which you're thinking of.OK. Well, Watson makes the assumption that muscular activity is equivalent to thinking. But given everything we've been talking about here, one has to ask: are there alternatives to this motor theory—this claim that muscular activities are equivalent to thinking? Is there anything else that might account for this change in muscular activity, other than saying that it is thinking? And the answer is clearly yes. Is there any way to answer the question definitively? I think the answer is no.
务必做到脱稿跟读，一般跟读5-8遍能够达到这项要求。
Lecture 1PsychologyNarratorListen to part of a psychology lecture. The professor is discussing behaviorism.ProfessorNow, many people consider John Watson to be the founder of behaviorism. And like other behaviorists, he believed that psychologists should study only the behaviors they can observe and measure. They're not interested in mental processes. While a person could describe his thought, no one else can see or hear them to verify the accuracy of his report. But one thing you can observe is muscular habits. What Watson did was to observe muscular habits because he viewed them as a manifestation of thinking. One kind of habits that he studied are laryngeal habits.Watson thought laryngeal habits… you know, from larynx, in other words, related to the voice box… he thought those habits were an expression of thinking. He argued that for very young children, thinking is really talking out loud to oneself because they talk out loud even if they're not trying to communicate with someone in particular. As the individual matures, that overt talking to oneself becomes covert talking to oneself, but thinking still shows up as a laryngeal habit. One of the bits of evidence that supports this is that when people are trying to solve a problem, they, um, typically have increased muscular activity in the throat region. That is, if you put electrodes on the throat and measure muscle potential—muscle activity—you discover that when people are thinking, like if they're diligently trying to solve a problem, that there is muscular activity in the throat region.So, Watson made the argument that problem solving, or thinking, can be defined as a set of behaviors—a set of responses—and in this case the response he observed was the throat activity. That's what he means when he calls it a laryngeal habit. Now, as I am thinking about what I am going to be saying, my muscles in my throat are responding. So, thinking can be measured as muscle activity. Now, the motor theory… yes?StudentProfessor Blake, um, did he happen to look at people who sign? I mean deaf people?ProfessorUh, he did indeed, um, and to jump ahead, what one finds in deaf individuals who use sign language when they're given problems of various kinds, they have muscular changes in their hands when they are trying to solve a problem… muscle changes in the hand, just like the muscular changes going on in the throat region for speaking individuals.So, for Watson, thinking is identical with the activity of muscles. A related concept of thinking was developed by William James. It's called ideomotor action.Ideomotor action is an activity that occurs without our noticing it, without our being aware of it. I'll give you one simple example. If you think of locations, there tends to be eye movement that occurs with your thinking about that location. In particular, from where we're sitting, imagine that you're asked to think of our university library. Well, if you close your eyes and think of the library, and if you're sitting directly facing me, then according to this notion, your eyeballs will move slightly to the left, to your left, ‘cause the library's in that general direction.James and others said that this is an idea leading to a motor action, and that's why it's called "ideomotor action"—an idea leads to motor activity. If you wish to impress your friends and relatives, you can change this simple process into a magic trick. Ask people to do something such as I've just described: think of som think of something on their right. You get them to think about two things on either side with their eyes closed, and you watch their eyes very carefully. And if you do that, you'll discover that you can see rather clearly the eye movement—that is, you can see the movement of the eyeballs. Now, then you say, think of either one and I'll tell which you're thinking of.OK. Well, Watson makes the assumption that muscular activity is equivalent to thinking. But given everything we've been talking about here, one has to ask: are there alternatives to this motor theory—this claim that muscular activities are equivalent to thinking? Is there anything else that might account for this change in muscular activity, other than saying that it is thinking? And the answer is clearly yes. Is there any way to answer the question definitively? I think the answer is no.
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原文精听第1遍
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Conversation 1
Listen to part of a conversation between a student and a librarian.
Hi, um…, I really hope you can help me.
That's why I'm here. What can I do for you?
I'm supposed to do a literature review for my psychology course, but I'm… having a hard time finding articles. I don't even know where to start looking.
You said this is for your psychology course,right? So your focus is on….
Dream Interpretation.
1.选中文章中的词汇、短语或句子。
2.在弹出框中选择与选中部分关联的题目，单击确认题点，鼠标再次移入可以取消选中。
Conversation 1
Listen to part of a conversation between a student and a librarian.
Hi, um…, I really hope you can help me.
That's why I'm here. What can I do for you?
I'm supposed to do a literature review for my psychology course, but I'm… having a hard time finding articles. I don't even know where to start looking.
You said this is for your psychology course,right? So your focus is on….
Dream Interpretation.
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取消标记题点
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