rise和raise:rise是不及物动词.其过去式是rose.过去分词是risen.而raise是及物动词.是规则动词.——精英家教网——
暑假天气热？在家里学北京名师课程，
rise和raise:rise是不及物动词.其过去式是rose.过去分词是risen.而raise是及物动词.是规则动词. 【】
题目列表(包括答案和解析)
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用arise ,arouse ,rise 和raise 填空。1. The sun ____ in the east.2. A new problem has_____.3. The gentleman ____ his cap in token of respect to the ladies.4. The&noise&_____&&&her&from&sleep.
用rise, arise, raise和arouse的适当形式填空。1. The speech made by Yu Dan__________ great attention.2. New difficulty will _________ from such situation.3. I was tired of the quarrel ___________between them.4. After the earthquake many volunteers ___________money for people in great need.5. My spirits__________ when I heard the good news.6. I saw tears___________ from her eyes.
第三部分&&阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节&&阅读理解（共15小题，每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列三篇短文，从每题所给的四个选现（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。American like to visit the national parks.In 1996, over 250,000,000 people visited areas run by the National ParkService. Experts predict that by 0,000 people per year will visitthe parks. As a result, people are trying to think of ways to protect the parksfrom the crowds.The crowding of the parks has causedseveral problems. One is that there is not enough space for all of the peoplewho want to use the parks. To cope with this problem, national parks mayrequire reservations months in advance for some spots. The Park Service mayalso raise entrance fees at these places.Another problem caused by increased parkuse is pollution. Some garbage and waste can be cleaned up, and the cleanup canbe paid for by increased entrance fees. To cut down on noise pollution and airpollution, officials may decrease the number of cars allowed in parks. If thishappens, people may use buses to travel around the parks. Officials may alsolimit the use of jet-skis, snowmobiles (摩托雪橇), motorboats, and sightseeing helicopters and planes.The parks are also threatened bydevelopment that is going on around them. For example, around Yellow StonePark, many motels (汽车旅馆), golf courses, resorts, and other tourist attractions have beenbuilt. Some of these developments affect areas that are used by animals. Peoplewill have to learn to agree about ways to protect the parks. If they do not,there will soon be no reason to visit these national treasures.1. By 2010, the number of visitors willrise by ______ per year.A. 250million&&&&&&&&&&&&&B. 500million&&&&&&&&&&&&&C. 2.5 billion&&&&&&&& D. 5 billion2. If you want to visit the national parks,you may have to _____ in the future.A. pay less than before&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&B. stay there for monthsC. book the ticket beforemonths&&&&&&&&&& D. fill in aform to apply for the ticket3. Entrance fees may be increased _______.A. just for the benefit of the NationalPark ServiceB. either to limit the number of visitorsor to pay for the cleanerC. not only to protect the animals but toreduce the noise pollutionD. merely for the development of thenational parks4. What does the underlined sentence in thepassage mean?A. People are not supposed to visit thenational parks for fear that they will harm the animals.B. Only if more man-made touristattractions are built will more people visit the parks.C. It is reasonable to keep the balancebetween the development of the parks and the reserve.D. People will not visit the national parkssince there are no golf courses and resorts.5. What can be inferred from the passage?A. High fees may probably keep some peopleout of parks.B. Helicopters and planes will not be usedin parks any longer.C. The bus will become the only toot inparks with the purpose of pollution reduction.D. The National Park Service welcomes asmany visitors as possible.&
完形填空（共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。&&& David, my neighbor, has two young kids who arefive and seven. One day he was &36 &his seven-year-oldson Kelly how to push the lawn mower(割草机) around the yard. As he was telling him howto turn the mower &37 , his wife, Jan, called to him to ask aquestion. As David answered the question, Kelly pushed the lawn mower &38&through the flower bed at the edge of the lawn — 39 &atwo-foot wide path leveled to the ground!&&& When Davidturned back and saw what had happened, he began to lose &40 . Davidhad put a lot of time and &41 &into making those flower bedsthe &42 &of the neighbourhood. As he began to &43 &hisvoice to his son, Jan walked quickly over to him, put her hand on his shoulderand said, “David, please remember we are raising children, not &44 !”&&& Jan &45&me how important &46 &is as a parent to remember ourpriorities (things that need attention before others). The window shattered(打碎) by a &47 ,a lamp knocked over by a careless child, or a plate dropped in the kitchen arealready &48 . The flowers are already dead. We must remember not to&49 &to the destruction by breaking a child’s spirit anddeadening his &50 .&&& A few weeksago Mark Michaels, the owner of a store, and I were together &51 &parenting.He told me while his family were out for dinner, his daughter knocked over herwater glass. &52 &the water was cleaned up without any blamingremarks from her parents, she looked up and said, “I &53 &wantto thank you for not being like other parents. Most of my friends’ parents &54&have shouted at them and given them a lecture about paying moreattention. Thanks for not &55 &that!”1.A. teaching&&&&&& B. helping&&&&&&&&& C.looking at&&&&&&&&&& D.asking2. A. up&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.around&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.down&&&&&&&&&&&& D.over3. A. nearly&&&&&&&&&&& B.even &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.almost&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.right4. A. leaving&&&&&&&&&& B.staying&&&&&&&&& C. remaining&&&&&&&&&&& D.finding5. A. hope&&&&&&&&& B.control&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.mind&&&&&&&&&&&& D.heart6. A. strength&&&&&&&&& B.effort&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.power&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.courage7. A. pride&&&&&&&& B.respect&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.envy&&&&&&&&&&&& D.honor8. A. rise&&&&&&&&& B.expand&&&&&&&&&& C. improve&&&&&&&&& D.raise9. A. flowers&&&&&&&&&& B.trees&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.grass&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.vegetables10. A. called&&&&&&&&&& B.reminded&&&&&&&& C. warned&&&&&&&&&& D.told11. A. this&&&&&&&& B.that&&&&&&&&&&&& C.it&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.one12. A. mower&&&&&&&&&&& B.baseball&&&&&&&& C. chair&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.book13. A.broken&&&&&&&&&&& B.shabby&&&&&&&&&& C. torn&&&&&&&&&&&& D.worn14. A. attend&&&&&&&&&& B.tend&&&&&&&&&&&& C.add&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.see15. A. happiness&&&&&&& B.liveliness&&&&&&&&&& C. bravery&&&&&&&&& D.humor16. A. talking&&&&&&&&& B.speaking&&&&&&&& C. telling&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.discussing17. A. Before&&&&&&&&&& B.After&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.Until&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.Since18. A. really&&&&&&&&&& B.actually&&&&&&&& C. eventually&&&&&&&&&& D.especially19. A. should&&&&&&&&&& B.need&&&&&&&&&&&& C.would&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.must20. A. saying&&&&&& &&& B.doing&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.thinking&&&&&&&& D. Showing&
完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Around twenty years ago I was living in Seattle and going through hard times. I could not find &&36&work and I found this especially difficult as I had a lot of experience and a Master’s degree. To my &&37&&I was driving a school bus to &&38&&my family. I had been through five &&39&&with a company and one day they &&40&&to say I did not get the job. I went to the bus barn, feeling &&41&. Later that afternoon, &&42&&doing my rounds through a quiet suburban neighborhood I had an inner wave &&43&&from deep inside me and I thought “Why has my &&44&&become so hard?” “Give me a sign, I asked, a physical sign, not some inner &&45&&type of thing.” Immediately after this internal（内心的） scream I &&46&&the bus over to drop off a little girl and as she &&47&&she handed me an earring saying I should keep it &&48&&somebody looked for it. The &&49&&was stamped metal, painted black and said “BE HAPPY”. Then it struck me. I had been putting all of my &&50&&into what was wrong with my life &&51&&than what was right!&One night there was a phone call for me from the &&52&&at a large hospital. She asked me whether I &&53&&do a report for 200 hospital workers. I said &&54&&and got the job. My day with the hospital workers &&55&&very well. I got a great welcome and many more days of work. To this day I KNOW that it was because I changed my attitude to gratitude. 【小题1】A. satisfying&&&&&B. probable&&&&&&particular&&&&&&D. considerate【小题2】&A. joy&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. luck&&&&&&&&&&&&&shame&&&&&&&&&&& D. surprise【小题3】&A．meetB．supplyC．provideD．support【小题4】 &A. meetings&&&&&&&&&&& B. interviews&&&&conferences&&&&&&&& D. reports【小题5】&A. came&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. hoped&&&&&&&&&&called&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D. expected【小题6】&A. excited&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. worried&&&&&&&&disappointed&&&&&&&&&&&&& D. frightened【小题7】&A. though&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. while&&&&&&&&&&&unless&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D. until【小题8】 &A. rise&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. shout&&&&&&&&&&&raise&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D. cry【小题9】& A. work&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. situation&&&&&&&life&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D. position【小题10】 A. sound&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. voice&&&&&&&&&&&noise&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D. thought【小题11】 A. pulled&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. carried&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&brought&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D. held【小题12】 A. took off&&&&&&&&&&&& B. put off&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&gave off&&&&&&&&&&&& D. got off【小题13】 A. as long as&&&&&&&&&& B. now that&&&&&&&in case&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D. as soon as【小题14】 A. earring&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. watch&&&&&&&&&&&necklace&&&&&&&&&&&& D. bag【小题15】 A. money&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. ideas&&&&&&&&&&&&energies&&&&&&&&&&&&& D. strength【小题16】 A. rather&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. other&&&&&&&&&&&&more&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D. less【小题17】 A. nurse&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. work&&&&&&&&&&&&patient&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D. manager【小题18】 A. should&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. would&&&&&&&&&&must&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D. ought【小题19】 A. no&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. hello&&&&&&&&&&&&yes&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D. nothing【小题20】 A. went&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. looked&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&seemed&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D. appeared
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28天速学英语：过去/完成时态
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英语语法大全（28天速学计划），363节，共461页。打赏编者即可获得，本电子书PDF格式。第14天：过去时态＋完成时态175 一般过去时 形式A规则动词的过去式是在动词原形后＋ed构成的：动词原形work过去式worked以e结尾的动词只加d：动词原形love过去式loved对所有人称，均无词形变化：I worked，you worked，he worked规则和不规则动词的否定式均由 did not／didn’t＋动词原形构成：I did not／didn’t work疑问式则均由 did＋主语＋动词原形构成：did I work？否定疑问式：did you not／didn’t you work？B拼写注意事项+ing时最后一个辅音字母双写的规则也适用于加ed的场合：admit，admitted, travel，travelled以y结尾的动词，y前为辅音字母时，在加ed之前要把y变为i：carry， carried但y前面是元音字母时则不变：obey， obeyed176不规则动词不规则动词的一般过去时形式差别很大：动词原形：eatleaveseespeak过去式：ateleftsawspoke因此必须牢记每一个不规则动词的过去式，这样其他问题也就迎刃而解了，因为不规则动词也像规则动词一样，其过去式都没有人称变化。177用来叙述过去发生的事件A表示在过去某一特定时间结束的动作，因此可用于：1指明发生在过去的动作：Pasteur died in 1895．巴斯彻于1895年去世(Louis, , 法国化学家 、细菌学家)2询问过去的特定时间：When did you meet him？你是什么时候见到他的？3动作显然在过去某特定时刻发生时，虽然并末明确提及该时刻：I bought this car in Montreal．我在蒙特利尔买的这辆车4有时由于用现在完成时作了问答而使时间随之变得明确时：―Where have you been？―I’ve been to the opera．―Did you enjoy it？―你去哪儿了？―我看歌剧去了。―你喜欢这歌剧吗？B一般过去时用来表示一个并未指明发生在过去何时的动作，但是，（a）该动作占用了现已结束的某一段时间；或（b）该动作发生在现已结束的某一段时间之内的某一时刻。可以用图解表示如下，TS表示现在说话时的时间。类型（a）的例句：She lived in Rome for a long time．她在罗马住过很长时间。（但现在并不住在那里了。）类型（b）的例句：Did you ever hear Maria Callas sing？你听过玛丽娅?卡拉斯唱歌吗？上述情况与现在完成时的用法相比时就更易理解。C一般过去时还用来表示过去的习惯：He always carried an umbrella．他总是带着一把雨伞。178 过去进行时 形式过去进行时是由动词be的过去式＋现在分词构成的：肯定式否定式疑问式I/he/she/it was workingI/he/she/it was not workingwas I/he/she/it working?You/we/they were workingYou/we/they were not workingwere you/we/they working注意有些动词不能用于进行时态。179 过去进行时 主要用法A过去进行时主要用来表示在过去延续了一段时间的动作，但动作延续的界限不清楚，也无关紧要。可以用图解表示。……表示这一动作的开始或结束是不明确的：......._______.......B不与时间状语连用时，可以表示逐渐的发展：It was getting darker．天越来越黑了The wind was rising．起风了。C与表示某一时刻的词语连用，表示动作在那一时刻之前开始，并可能继续下去。 At eight he was having breakfast意指 8点时他正在吃早饭，即他在8点前就已开始吃早饭了。 He had breakfast at eight意指他是在8点开始吃早饭的。D时间状语可以用动词过去式代替。这时就可以用图解表示为：When I arrived我到达时Tom was talking on the phone．汤姆正在打电话。在这个句子中，我们表达了这样一个概念：过去进行时表示的动作在一般过去时表示的动作发生之前就已开始，并可能延续下去。上面的图解可能有助于说明这一关系。一般过去时表示的动作由X表示。把这一组合与两个一般过去时态的组合进行对比，就可以看出差别；后者一般表示两个一前一后的动作：When he saw me he put the receiver down．他一看到我就把电话听筒放下了。E在描述性的段落中常使用进行时态。注意以下描述（过去进行时）与叙述（一般过去时）的组合：A wood fire was burning on the hearth，and a cat was sleeping in front of it．A girl was playing the piano and（was）singing softly to herself．Sud－ denly there was a knock on the door．The girl stopped playing．The cat woke up．木柴在壁炉中燃烧着，一只猫在炉前睡觉。女孩弹着钢琴并径自柔声地唱着。突然传来一阵敲门声。女孩停下来。猫惊醒了。180 过去进行时 其他用法表示过去相当于现在进行时的动作：A直接引语：He said，‘I am living in London．’他说：“我现在住在伦敦。”间接引语：He said he was living in London．他说他那时住在伦敦。B现在进行时可以用来表示对将来确定的安排：I’m leaving tonight．I’ve got my plane ticket．我今天晚上就要动身了，已经买好了机票。同样，过去进行时也可以表示过去对将来的安排：He was busy packing，for he was leaving that night．他那时正忙着打点行李，因为那天晚上他就要走了。（在那之前某时已做出走的决定。）C过去进行时与always连用：He was always ringing me up．他老是给我打电话。He was always working．他总是在工作。181过去进行时替代一般过去时的用法过去进行时可以用来代替一般过去时，表示更为偶然而非预定的动作：I was talking to Tom the other day．那天我跟汤姆聊天来着。这里的过去进行时给人的印象是这一动作既不特殊，也不引人注目。它同时还倾向于解除主语对于这一动作所负的责任。句中谁先开口说话既不清楚，也无关紧要。要注意它与一般过去时的差异：I talked to Tom（我跟汤姆谈话了）表示主语I是主动的。类似的句子还有：From four to six Tom was washing the car．从4点到6点汤姆在洗车。这通常表示一个随便的、可能是例行的活动，可与下句相比：From four to six Tom washed the car．从4点到6点汤姆洗了车。（表示汤姆有意的、经过考虑的行动）注意：进行时态只用于表示显然是连续不断的动作。如果把动作分割开，或者说出其发生的次数，就必须用一般过去时：I talked to Tom several times．我跟汤姆谈过几次话。Tom washed both cars．汤姆把两辆汽车都洗了。当然，看来是并行的两个动作可以都用进行时态来表示：Between one and two I was doing the shopping and walking the dog．一点到两点之间我在购物、遛狗。这样用的进行时态通常和某些时间状语如 today，last night，in the afternoon连用。这些时间状语可以看做是表示某一时刻，也可以看做是表示某一段时间。如上面例句所示，某一段时间也可以用确切的时间来表示。如想问起一段时间怎样度过时，用过去进行时态要用比一般过去时显得有礼貌： What were you doing before you came here？（你来这里之前做什么工作？）要比 What did you do be－ fore you came here？听起来有礼貌。另一方面， What were you doing in my room？（你在我的房间里干什么来着？）可能表示这样一种情感：我认为你没有权利在我的屋子里。但 What did you do in my room？却毫无这种含义。182 现在完成时 形式和用法A形式现在完成时由have的现在式＋过去分词构成：I have worked等规则动词的过去分词形式与过去式完全相同，如 loved，walked 等。（参见第三十七章拼写规则。）不规则动词的过去分词形式则各不相同，需要记住。（参见第364节。）否定式由助动词后加not构成。疑问式由倒装了的助动词与主语构成。现在完成时的各种形式如下：肯定式否定式I/you/we/they have workedI/you/we/they have not workedHe/she/it has workedHe/she/it has not worked疑问式have I/you/we/they workedhas he/she/it worked缩略形式： have／has和 have not／has not可以缩略：I’ve worked you haven’t worked hasn’t he worked？等缩略形式在日常口语中说得很轻，经常是几乎听不见的。have和has的缩略形式如在第104节B中所示：Where’ve you been？你去哪儿了？What’s he done？他做了什么事？B用法这一时态可以说是现在时与过去时的一种混合，它总与现在有密切联系，主要用于对话、书信、报纸以及电视与电台报导183与just连用表示刚完成的动作He has just gone out．他刚出去。相当于：He went out a few minutes ago．他在几分钟前出去了。这是现在完成时态的一种特殊用法。just必须位于助动词与主要动词之间。这种搭配主要用于肯定式，也可用于疑问式：Has he just gone out？他刚刚出去吗？just一般不用于否定式。184用于未指明的动作用于表示时间尚未指明或不确定的过去发生的动作A它可以表示未说明最近何时发生的动作：I have read the instructions but I don’t understand them．我已经看了说明，但没看懂。―Have you had breakfast？―No，I haven’t had it yet．―你吃过早饭了没有？―没有，我还没吃呢。和下面的例句相比：I read the instructions last night．我昨天晚上看了说明。（指明时间，因此等于有了具体时间，所以要用一般过去时。）Did you have breakfast at the hotel？He hasn’t come yet．他还没有来。（所以我们一直在等他。）C现在完成时也可用来表示在更早一点的过去发生的动作，它和现在的时间的联系仍然保持着，即该动作有可能现在仍在重复：I have seen wolves in that forest．我在那片森林里见过狼。意指还可能在那森林里见到狼。John Smith has written a number of short stories．约翰?史密斯已经写了许多短篇小说。意指他仍活着并可能写更多的小说。如果第一句中的狼已被杀，第二句中的约翰?史密斯已死了，就会说：I saw wolves in that forest once／several times．我在那片森林里曾经／几次看到过狼。I used to see wolves here．我过去常在这里看到狼。John Smith wrote a number of short stories．约翰?史密斯写过许多短篇小说。还要注意，这样用现在完成时时，并不一定想着某一具体动作（该动作可能已发生若干次）或者想着该动作完成的确切的时间。如果想到的是在某一具体时间完成的某一具体的动作，很可能要用一般过去时185表示一个尚未过去的时间段内发生的动作A 表示尚未成为过去的时间段的词有：today（今天）或this morning／afternoon／evening／week／month／year／century（这个早上／下午／晚上／周／月／年／世纪）等。注意：现在完成时与this morning连用仅限于表示大约1点以前。因为1点钟以后，this morning就成了一个过去的时间段，在此阶段内发生的动作就要用一般过去时表示：（at 11 a．m．） Tom has rung up three times this morning already．（上午11点时说）今天上午汤姆已经打三次电话了。（at 2 p．m．）Tom rang up three times this morning．（下午两点时说）汤姆今天上午打过三次电话。同样，this afternoon可以用于现在完成时，但限于到下午5点左右：（at 4 p．m．）I haven’t seen Tom this afternoon．（下午4点时说）我今天下午还没见到过汤姆。（at 6 p．m．）I didn’t see Tom this afternoon．（下午6点时说）今天下午我没看见过汤姆。现在完成时与尚未成为过去的时间段连用时，意指动作在该时期中某一不确定的时刻发生或者未发生过：―Have you seen him today？―Yes，I have．／Yes，I’ve seen him today．―你今天看到他了吗？（在今天任何时刻）―是的，我见过。／是的，我今天看到他了。（在今天某一时刻）但是，如果知道一个动作通常在某一时刻或在尚未过去的一段时间中的某一段发生的话，就要用一般过去时。如果我的闹钟通常在早上6点钟响，在早饭时我可能会这样说：My alarm clock didn’t go off this morning．我的闹钟今天早上没有闹。试设想这种情景：邮递员通常早上9点至10点来。从9点开始到10点为止，我们会这么说：Has the postman come yet／this morning？邮递员今天早上／来过没有？但过了9点到10点这一段时间，我们就会说：Did the postman come this morning？邮递员今天上午来过吗？这里用过去时是因为我们想着已经过去的一段时间，尽管没有明确地提到这段时间。Has the postmanDid the postmancome this morning？come this morning？邮递员来了吗？邮递员来过吗？B lately和recently与现在完成时连用也可表示一段尚未完全过去的时间。Has he been here lately／recently？（他最近来过吗？）和He hasn’t been here lately／recently（他最近没来过）这两句中lately／recently意指在最近的一周／月等中的任何一个时刻。另外He has been here recently（他最近来过这里）中的 recent－ ly意指在最近一周／月等中的一个未明确说明的时间。除表示不断发生于一段时间内的动作之外，lately与肯定式连用的情况比较少见：There have been some changes lately／recently．最近发生了一些变化。He’s had a lot of bad luck lately／recently．近来他的运气坏得很。recently与一般过去时连用时意指在此以前不久：He left recently．相当于：He left a short time ago．他刚刚离开不久。C现在完成时可以与ever，never，always，occasionally，often，sev－ eral times，since＋某一具体的时间，since＋从句或作副词用的since连用，表示与上面所述同样的意思：1 Ann： Have you ever fallen off a horse？安：你从马上摔下来过吗？Tom：Yes，I’ve fallen off quite often／occasionally．汤姆：是的，我常／偶尔从马背上摔下来。但是如果汤姆现在不骑马了，可以说：Ann：Did you ever fall off a horse？（一般过去时）安：你那时从马背上摔下来过吗？Tom：Yes，I did occasionally／frequently．汤姆：摔过，那时我偶尔／时常从马背上摔下来。I haven’t seen him since November．11月以来我一直没看到过他。Has he written since he left home？他离开家后来过信吗？We had a letter last week．We haven’t heard since．上星期我们接到了一封信。从那以后没有收到过信。I’ve since changed my mind．相当于：I’ve changed my mind since then．从那以后我改变了主意。3现在完成时可以用于表示习惯性动作：They’ve always answered my letters．他们总是给我回信的。I’ve never been late for work．我上班从来没迟到过。有时这些好像是连续的动作，而不是重复的动作：Since my accident I have written with my left hand．出了事故以后我一直用左手写字。I’ve worn glasses since my childhood．我从小就戴眼镜。可以用for＋一段时间来代替since＋某一具体的时间：I’ve used my left hand for a month now．我使用左手已经一个月了。I’ve worn glasses for ten years．我戴眼镜已经十年了。（参见第186节。）4还要注意以下这种句型：This is the best wine I have ever drunk．这是我喝过的最好的葡萄酒。This is the worst book I have ever read．这是我读过的最糟的书。This is the easiest job I have ever had．这是我干过的最容易的工作。可以去掉这种结构中的ever，也不用形容词的最高级形式，而和 the first，the second等以及 the only连用：It／This is the first time I have seen a mounted band．这是我第一次看到骑兵乐队。It is only the second time he has been in a canoe．这才是他第二次乘独木舟。This is the only book he has written．这是他写的唯一的一本书。186表示一个尚未完全过去的时期内延续的动作表示时间的词 for，since（参见第 187节），all day／night／week， all my等life，all the time，always，lately，never，recentlyA现在完成时用来表示一个从过去开始而且将继续到现在说话时间之后的动作：He has been in the army for two years．他在军队里已经服役两年了。（他还在军队里。）I have smoked since I left school．我离开中学以来一直抽烟。（我仍然抽烟。）We have waited all day．我们等了整整一天了。（现在仍在等。）He has lived here all his life．他一辈子都住在这里。（他还住这里。）He has always worked for us．他一直在为我们工作。（他现在仍在为我们工作。）可以把上述例句和下面例句相比：He was in the army for two years．他在军队里呆了两年。（他现在不在军队里。）I smoked for six months．我抽了六个月烟。（然后戒了烟。）He lived here all his life．他一辈子都住在这里。（可能他现已去世。）以上三个例句都与已完时段有关：所以要用一般过去时。（参见第117节B。）B但是现在完成时有时可以用来表示一个开始于过去而正巧在说话时刻结束的动作：Ann（on meeting someone）：I haven’t seen you for ages．安（遇见了某人）：我很久没见到你了。（但现在看到了你）This room hasn’t been cleaned for months．这房间已有好几个月没有清扫了。（但我们现在正在打扫）It has been very cold lately but it’s just beginning to get warmer．近来天气一直很冷，但现在开始暖和了。C 表示知道、相信和理解等的动词不能用于现在完成时，只有上文A中所述的情况例外：I have known him for a long time．我已经认识他很长时间了。I have never believed their theories．我从来就不信他们的理论。因此，最近的动作即使未指明时间，也必须用一般过去时来表示：Did you know that he was going to be married？你知道他要结婚了吗？（这里不能用Have you known）Hello！I didn’t know you were in London．How long have you been here？你好！我本不知道你在伦敦。你在这里多久了？但think和wonder可以按第185节D中的用法使用：I have sometimes thought that I should have emigrated．我有时想我早该移居国外。I have often wondered why he didn’t marry her．我常常纳闷他为什么不娶她。D注意以下问答：―How long have you been here？―I’ve been here six months．―你到这里多久了？―我到这里已经六个月了。继这种回答之后，一般常用现在完成时对已提到的这一时期之内的动作进行提问。这一段时期可以认为是未终结的时间段，用下图来表示：因为停留、存在等动作都还没有结束：Have you been to the zoo／the theatre／the museums／the casino？你去过动物园／戏院／博物馆／娱乐场吗？Have you enrolled in a school／found a job／met many people？你已经入学／找到工作／见许多人了吗？如果未提到时间，回答也用同一时态，否则就要用一般过去时：Yes，I have（been to the zoo etc．）／Yes，I went there last week．对，我去过了。／对，我上周去了。No，I haven’t enrolled yet．／Yes，I enrolled on Monday／this morning．不，还没有。／对，周一／今早入的学。187与for和since连用A for与表示一段时间的短语连用：for six days六天for a long time很久for与一般过去时连用，表示一段终结了的时间：We lived there for ten years．我们在那里住过十年。（但我们现在不住那里了）for与现在完成时连用表示延续到现在的一段时间：We have lived in London for ten years．我们在伦敦已经住了十年。（并且还住在那里）for有时可以省略，特别是在be，live和wait之后：We’ve been here an hour／two days．我们在这里已经呆了一小时／两天了。表示时间的for不能用于以all开头的短语的前面：They’ve worked all night．他们整整干了一晚上。B since与某一时刻连用，表示从那一时刻到说话时为止。除下文D与第188节所述外，它总是与完成时态连用。She has been here since six o’clock．从6点钟起她一直在这里。（并且现在还在这里）We’ve been friends since our schooldays．从上学的时候起我们就是好朋友了。C注意：last和 the last之间存在着差别。比较：（a）I have been here since last week（month， year etc．）．我从上周（上月、去年等）起一直在这里。（b）I have been here for the last week．过去一周内我一直在这里。第一句里last week意指大约七天前的某一时刻，而第二句的the last week却意指刚刚结束的七天长的时间。D since＋从句也可表示相同的意思：I’ve worked here since I left school．离开学校后我就一直在这里工作。ever since作副词用：He had a bad fall last year and has been off work ever since．他去年摔伤了，从那以后就没工作过。188 it is＋一段时间＋since＋一般过去时或现在完成时下面的不同说法都是可以的：It is three years since I（last）saw Bill．自从我（上次）和比尔见面到现在已经三年了。It is three years since I have seen Bill．自我和比尔那次见面以来已经有三年了。I last saw Bill three years ago．我最后一次见到比尔是在三年以前。I haven’t seen Bill for three years．我已经有三年没见到过比尔了。It is two months since Tom（last） smoked a cigarette．汤姆最后一次抽烟到现在已有两个月了。It is two months since Tom has smoked a cigarette．汤姆已经两个月没抽烟了。He last smoked a cigarette two months ago．他最后一次抽烟是两个月以前。He hasn’t smoked a cigarette for two months．他已经有两个月没有抽烟了。我们可以用 it is… since结构，不带副词 last：It is two years since he left the country．他离开这个国家已经两年了。然而，如果想换用一个别的句式，则只能用下面的办法：He left the country two years ago．他两年前离开了这个国家。在这里不能像上面有关比尔的句子那样用现在完成时的否定形式。 He hasn’t been（living） in this country for the last two years（这两年他没有在这个国家住过）是可以的，但与 He left two years ago（他离开两年了）意思不完全等同。这种结构可以用于一般过去时：He invited me to go riding with him． But it was two years since I had ridden a horse．他邀请我和他一起去骑马。但那时我已经两年没有骑马了。（在他邀请我之前，我已经有两年没有骑马了，所以我不知道自己是否还能骑得开心。）189现在完成时和一般过去时A Tom（visiting Philip for the first time）：I didn’t know you lived in a houseboat．汤姆（第一次走访菲利普）：我原来不知道你住在船屋里。Philip：I’ve always lived in a houseboat．I was born in one．菲利普：我一直住在船屋里。我出生在船上。―I thought you were still on holiday．When did you get back？―I came back last week．―Has your term started yet？―Yes，it started on Monday．―我以为你还在休假。你是什么时候回来的？―我是上周回来的。―学校开学了吗？―是的，是星期一开学的。B 注意：关于过去的动作的对话常常用现在完成时的问答开始，但是通常会以一般过去时继续下去，即使没有指明时间。这是因为在开头一句中提到的动作这时在说话人的脑子里已经确定了：―Where have you been？―I’ve been to the cinema．―What did you see？／What was the film？―（I saw）‘ Amadeus’．―Did you like it？―你去哪儿了？―我看电影去了。―看的什么电影？／电影的内容是什么？―《莫扎特传》。―你喜欢这电影吗？Husband：Where have you been？丈夫：你去哪儿了？Wife：I’ve been at the sales．妻子：商店大减价，我去买东西去了。Husband：What have you bought？／What did you buy？丈夫：你买了什么东西？Wife：I have bought／I bought you some yellow pyjamas．妻子：我给你买了一套黄色的睡衣睡裤。Husband：Why did you buy yellow？I hate yellow．丈夫：你为什么买黄色的？我讨厌黄颜色。C 现在完成时常常用于报纸和广播中，用于开头，说起某项活动，接着就用一般过去时进行描述。事情发生的时间常常在第二句里点出来：Thirty thousand pounds’worth of jewellery has been stolen from Jonathan Wild and，Company，the jewellers．The thieves broke into the flat above some time during Sunday night and entered the shop by cutting a hole in the ceiling．珠宝商店乔纳森?威尔德公司价值三万英镑的珠宝被盗。窃贼约在星期日夜间某时潜入楼上的一套房子，然后在商店的天花板上挖洞进入商店。即使未指明动作的时间，在第二句里也通常用一般过去时：Two prisoners have escaped from Dartmoor．They used a ladder which had been left behind by some workmen，climbed a twenty-foot wall and got away in a stolen car．两个囚犯从达特姆尔监狱逃走。他们用了工人丢下的梯子，爬上20英尺高的围墙，然后乘偷来的汽车逃走了。D 现在完成时常用于书信中：I am sorry I haven’t written before but I’ve been very busy lately as Tom has been away．很抱歉，在这之前没给你写信。因为汤姆外出了，我最近一直很忙。We have carefully considered the report which you sent us on 26 April，and have decided to take the following action．我们已经仔细地考虑了你于4月26日寄来的报告，并已决定采取以下行动。190 现在完成进行时 形式这种时态由动词be的现在完成时形式＋现在分词构成：肯定式：I have been working，he has been working等否定式：I have not／haven’t been working等疑问式：have I been working？等否定疑问式：have I not／haven’t I been working？等191 现在完成进行时 用法现在完成进行时表示一个过去开始、现仍在继续中的动作：I’ve been waiting for an hour and he still hasn’t turned up．我等了一小时了，可他还没来。I’m so sorry I’m late．Have you been waiting long？真对不起，我迟到了。你等了很久了吗？必请记住，许多动词一般情况下不能用进行时（参见第168节），但其中有些动词在某些场合可以用进行时（参见第169节至第171节）。因此可以说：Tom has been seeing about a work permit for you．汤姆一直在想办法给你弄一个工作许可证。She has been having a tooth out．她（刚才）正让医生给她拔牙呢。I’ve been thinking it over．我一直在考虑这件事。I’ve been hearing all about his operation．我一直在听人讲他动手术的全部情况。此外，动词want常用于这种时态，wish也可以这样用：Thank you so much for the binoculars．I’ve been wanting a pair for ages．我非常感谢你送给我望远镜。我一直想要一副。现在完成进行时没有被动语态。They have been repairing theroad（他们这一阵一直在修这条路）的最近似的被动形式通常是 The road has been repaired lately（这条路最近修过）。这是现在完成时的被动语态，但是这两个句子并不完全相同。192 现在完成时的一般式与进行式的比较A 在表达一个在过去开始而现在仍在继续或刚刚结束的动作时，某些动词既可以用现在完成时，也可以用现在完成进行时。这样的动词有expect，hope，learn，lie，live，look，rain，sleep，sit，snow，stand，stay，study，teach，wait，want，work等：How long have you learnt English？你学习英语多久了？How long have you been learning English？（译文同上。）He has slept for ten hours．他已经睡了十个小时了。He has been sleeping for ten hours．（译文同上。）It has snowed for a long time．雪下了好长时间了。It has been snowing for a long time．（译文同上。）没有进行式的动词不可能有这样的用法（参见第168节），即现在完成进行时不能代替以下例句中的现在完成时：They’ve always had a big garden．他们一直有一座大花园。How long have you known that？你知道这事多久了？He’s been in hospital since his accident．他从发生事故之后，一直在医院里。注意：现在完成进行时可以和时间短语连用，也可以不连用，这一点就有别于现在完成时，因为后者与像for six days，since June，never等一些时间短语连用才能表示这类动作。不用这些时间状语时，现在完成时指的是完成了的一个动作。B 用现在完成时表示的反复的动作，有时可以作为连续的动作用现在完成进行时表示：I’ve written six letters since breakfast．早饭后我已经写了六封信。I’ve been writing letters since breakfast．早饭后我一直在写信。I have knocked five times．I don’t think anyone’s in．我敲了五次门。我想屋里没有人。I’ve been knocking．I don’t think anybody’s in．我一直在敲门。我想屋里没有人。注意：现在完成进行时表示一种看来似乎是不间断的动作，所以提到做一件事的次数或一共做了多少事情时，不能用现在完成进行时。C 用现在完成时表达的单一动作和用现在完成进行时表达的动作是有区别的：（a）I’ve polished the car．我擦了车。意指这件事已经结束了。（b） I’ve been polishing the car．我在擦车来着。意指过去一小时我就是这样度过的，而不一定指动作已结束。注意：用现在完成进行时表示单一动作时，这一动作持续到说话的时间或者接近这一时间为止：He’s been taking photos．他一直在拍照。（他大概手里正拿着照相机。）He has taken photos．他拍过相片。（这件事可能是也可能不是最近发生的。）193 进一步举例A：I haven’t seen your brother lately．Has be gone away？甲：我近来一直没有见到过你的兄弟。他是不是到别的地方去了？B：Yes，he’s／he has been sent to America．乙：是的，他被派到美国去了。A：When did he go？甲：他什么时候走的？B：He went last month．乙：他是上个月走的。A：Have you had any letters from him？甲：你收到他的来信了吗？B：I haven’t，but his wife has been hearing from him regularly．乙：我没有收到，但他的妻子常收到他的来信。A：Does she intend to go out and join him？甲：她想出去跟他团聚吗？B：They’ve been thinking about it but haven’t quite decided yet．Unfortu－nately they’ve had a lot of expense lately and perhaps haven’t got themoney for her fare．乙：他们正在考虑这件事，可还没有最后决定。但是不巧得很，最近他们开销很大，也许没有钱给她买票。Tom：What have you done with my knife？汤姆：你怎么动我的小刀了？（你把我的小刀放在哪里了？）Ann：I put it back in your drawer．安：我把它放回你的抽屉里了。Tom（taking it out）：But what have you been doing with it？The blade’s alltwisted！Have you been using it to open tins？汤姆（拿出小刀）：可你用这刀子干什么来着？刃都卷了！你用它开罐头了吧？A：Do you see those people on that little sandy island？They’ve been wav－ing handkerchiefs for the last half hour．I wonder why．甲：你看见小沙洲上的那些人了吗？半小时了，他们一直挥舞着手绢。我不知是怎么回事。B：They need help．The tide’s coming in and very soon that little islandwill be under water．Have you been sitting here calmly and doing noth－ing to help them？乙：他们需要救援。潮水正在上涨，不一会儿那小岛就要被淹没。你难道一直在这里无动于衷地坐视不救吗？A：I’ve never been here before．I didn’t know about the tides．甲：我以前从来没来过这里。我不了解潮水的情况。194 过去完成时 形式和用法A 形式过去完成时由had＋过去分词构成，因此无人称变化：肯定式：I had／I’d worked等否定式：I had not／hadn’t worked等疑问式：had I worked？等否定疑问式：had I not／hadn’t I worked？等B 用法1 过去完成时是与现在完成时相当的过去式。现在完成时：Ann has just left．If you hurry you’ll catch her．安刚刚走。如果你快一点，就能追上她。（参见第183节。）过去完成时：When I arrived Ann had just left．我到的时候，安刚刚离开。现在完成时：I’ve lost my case．我的手提箱丢了。（参见第184节。）过去完成时：He had lost his case and had to borrow Tom’s pyjamas．他的手提箱丢了，不得不去向汤姆借睡衣睡裤。但是，过去完成时不像现在完成时那样限于表达未指明时间的动作，因此可以说：He had left his case on the 4∶40 train．他把手提箱丢在4点40分的火车上了。2 现在完成时可以和 since／for／always等词连用，表示一个开始于过去并仍在继续或刚刚结束的动作。（参见第186节。）与此同理，过去完成时也可以用来表示在所说的过去某一时刻之前就已开始的动作，这一动作：（a）在该时刻仍然在继续；或（b）在该时刻停止或刚刚停止。但应注意，过去完成时还可以用来表示：（c）在所说时刻之前某一时候停止的动作。（a），（b），（c）这三种类型的例句分别列举如下：（a）Bill was in uniform when I met him．He had been a soldier for ten years／since he was seventeen，and planned to stay in the army till he was thirty．我遇到比尔的时候，他身穿军服。那时他已经当了十年兵了／他从17岁就当兵，并且还计划在军队里呆到30岁。Ann had lived in a cottage for sixty years／ever since she was born，andhad no wish to move to a tower block．安在小屋里已经住了60年／安出生以来就一直住在小屋，也不想搬到塔楼去住。（这里也可以用过去完成进行时形式 had beeniiving。）（b）The old oak tree，which had stood in the churchyard for300 years／since before the church was built，suddenly crashed to the ground．屹立在教堂墓地上已300百年之久的老橡树／在教堂建造之前就屹立着的老橡树突然间哗啦一声巨响倒在地上。（这里也可以用过去完成进行时形式 had been standing。）Peter，who had waited for an hour／since ten o’clock，was very angry with his sister when she eventually turned up．彼得等了一小时／从10点钟起就等着，他妹妹终于来到时他非常生气。（也可以用had been waiting。）（c）He had served in the army for ten years；then he retired and married．His children were now at school．他在军队里服役十年，后来退伍并结了婚。他的孩子现在已上学了。这里既不能用since也不能用过去完成进行时。还要注意到，这里的过去完成时没有与之相当的现在完成时。如果把句中最后一个动词变成现在时，其他动词时态都要变成一般过去时。He served in the army for ten years；then retired and married．His chil－dren are now at school．他在军队里服役十年，然后退伍并结了婚。他的孩子现在都在上学。这些结构以图解形式分别表示如下，直线AB表示过去完成时的动作，TS表示过去说话的某一时刻：3 过去完成时也是一般过去时的过去时，用来表示叙述者或主语在过去的某一时刻回顾更早的动作：Tom was 23 when our story begins．His father had died five years before and since then Tom had lived alone．His father had advised him not to get married till he was 35，and Tom intended to follow this advice．我们的故事开始时汤姆23岁。他父亲五年以前就已去世，打那以后汤姆一直独自生活。他父亲劝告过他不到35岁不要结婚，汤姆打算遵从这个忠言。I had just poured myself a glass of beer when the phone rang．When I came back form answering it the glass was empty．Somebody had drunk the beer or thrown it away．我刚刚给自己倒了一杯啤酒，电话铃就响了。我接电话回来时，啤酒杯空了。一定有人喝掉了啤酒或者把它泼掉了。He met her in Paris in 1977．He had last seen her ten years before．Her hair had been grey then；now it was white．1977年他在巴黎遇见了她。他上一次见到她是十年之前。那时她的头发是灰白的，这时已经全白了。He met her in 1967 and again ten years later．Her hair，which had been grey at their first meeting，was now white他1967年见到过她，十年以后又见到了她。她的头发在他们第一次见面时还是灰白的，这时已经全白了。但是如果只是依次叙述先后发生的事件，就不需要用过去完成时：Tom’s father died when Tom was eighteen．Before he died he advisedTom not to marry till he was 35，and Tom at 23 still intended to follow this advice．汤姆的父亲在汤姆18岁那一年去世了。在他去世之前，他劝告汤姆要到35岁再结婚。汤姆到了23岁仍然打算遵从父亲的忠言。He met her first in 1967 when her hair was grey．He met her again in1977．／He didn’t meet her again till 1977．Her hair was now white．1967年他第一次遇见她，那时她的头发是灰白色。1977年他再次遇见她。／直到1977年才再次遇见她。这时她的头发全白了。上述两个例句中，都没有从过去某时刻去回顾过去，因此就没有理由用过去完成时。注意以下例句含义上的区别：She heard voices and realized that there were three people in the next room．她听到了说话的声音，知道隔壁房间里有三个人。She saw empty glasses and cups and realized that three people had been in the room．她看到了空玻璃杯子和茶杯，知道房间里曾来过三个人。（他们已经不在那里了。）He arrived at 2∶30 and was told to wait in the VIP lounge．他在两点半到达并被告知在贵宾休息室等候。He arrived at 2∶30．He had been told to wait in the VIP lounge．他在两点半到达。来之前已被告知在贵宾休息室等候。在倒数第二句中，他在抵达后才接到指示；在最后一句中，他是在抵达之前就接到指示的，可能在出发之前就已接到。195 时间从句中的一般过去时与过去完成时A 由when连接的从句一个过去的动作紧接另一动作时：He called her a liar．他骂她撒谎。She smacked his face．她打了他一个耳光。可以用when把这两个一般过去时的句子连接起来。连接的条件是，从意思上可以明显看出后一动作跟随前一动作，二者并不是同时发生的：When he called her a liar she smacked his face．他骂她撒谎时，她打了他一个耳光。两个过去时这样用时，通常存在这样的概念：第一个动作导致第二个动作，而后者是紧接前者发生的：When he opened the window the bird flew out．他一打开窗户鸟就飞出去了。When the play ended the audience went home．剧结束后，观众就回家了。When he died he was given a state funeral．他去世后，为他举行了国葬。过去完成时用于when之后，是为了避免使用两个一般过去时可能给人造成两个动作同时发生的印象：When he had shut the window we opened the door of the cage．他关了窗户之后，我们把笼门打开了。（我们等他关紧了窗户才打开笼门。）When she had sung her song she sat down．她唱完歌之后坐了下来。（如写成 When she sang her song she sat down，可能造成她是坐着唱歌的印象。）When he had seen all the pictures he said he was ready to leave．他看了所有的画之后说他要走了。（在他看完画之后……）试和下句相比较：When he saw all the pictures he expressed amazement that one man should have painted so many．他看见所有的画时，表示十分惊奇，一个人竟然画了这么多画。（他一看见画就这么说。）过去完成时同样可以与as soon as，the moment，immediately连用。（关于as作为表示时间的连词的用法，参见第332节。）B 过去完成时可以与till／until和before连用，强调一个动作结束或预期将结束，但要注意在till／until＋过去完成时＋一般过去时结构中，表示一般过去时的动作可以位于表示过去完成时的动作之前，而在before＋过去完成时＋一般过去时结构中表示一般过去时的动作总是位于表示过去完成时的动作之前：He refused to go till he had seen all the pictures．他在看完所有的画之后才同意走。He did not wait till we had finished our meal．他没等到我们吃完饭就走了。Before we had finished our meal he ordered us back to work．没等我们吃完饭，他就命令我们回去干活。Before we had walked ten miles he complained of sore feet．我们还没走出十英里路，他就抱怨脚痛了。也可以在表示时间的从句中和主句中都用过去完成时：It was a very expensive town．Before we had been here a week we had spent all our money．那是一个物价很贵的地方。我们到这儿还不到一星期，就花光了所有的钱。C 在after之后一般用过去完成时态：After the will had been read there were angry exclamations．遗嘱宣读完之后，激起了一片愤怒的喊声。D 第194节中已经讲过，在过去某一时刻回顾更为过去的动作时，要用过去完成时。如果有两个这样的动作：He had beento school but he had learnt nothing there，so was now illiterate（他上过学但什么也没学到，因此现在还是个文盲），而又想用时间连词把它们连接起来，就可以用when等连词连接两个过去完成时：When he had been at school he had learnt nothing，so he was now illiter－ate．他上学的时候什么也没学到，所以现在还是个文盲。但更常见的情况是，这里时间从句中的动词用一般过去时：When he was at school he had learnt nothing，（译文同上。）类似的例句还有：He had stayed in his father’s firm till his father died．Then he had started his own business and was now a very successful man．他在父亲的公司里一直呆到父亲去世。之后他便自己开业，其时已成为一个事业有成的商人。E 表示认识、理解等的动词一般在时间从句中不用过去完成时，除非有时间修饰：When she had known me for a year she invited me to tea．她认识了我一年之后，邀请我吃茶点。When I knew the work of one department thoroughly I was moved to the next department．在我完全熟悉了一个部门的工作之后，又被调到另一部门。相当于：As soon as I knew…试与下句比较：When I had learnt the work of one department I was moved．我学会一个部门的工作之后，就被调走了。F 带有过去完成时的时间从句可以和条件时态连用，但这主要见于间接引语，例句见下。196 过去完成时在间接引语中的用法A 引导动词如果是一般过去时，直接引语中的现在完成时在间接引语中要变成过去完成时：He said，‘I’ve been in England for ten years．’他说：“我已经在英国住了十年了。”相当于：He said that he had been in England for ten years．他说他在英国已经住了十年。He said，‘When you’ve worked for a year you’ll get a rise．’他说：“你工作一年之后，会加工资。”相当于：He said that when I’d worked for a year I’d get a rise．他说我工作一年之后会加工资。She said，‘I’ll lend you the book as soon as I have read it myself．’她说：“我一看完这本书就借给你。”相当于：She said she’d lend me the book as soon as she’d read it herself．她说她一看完那本书就借给我。B 直接引语中的一般过去时通常也作同样的变化：He said，‘I knew her well．’他说：“我过去很了解她。”相当于：He said that he had known her well．他说他过去很了解她。但在许多情况下一般过去时保持不变。197 过去完成进行时 形式与用法A 形式过去完成进行时是由 had been＋现在分词构成，因此无人称变化：I had／I’d been workingthey had not／hadn’t been workinghad you been working？had you not／hadn’t you been working？凡不能用于进行时的动词均不能有这种时态，但动词want（有时还有wish）除外：The boy was delighted with his new knife．He had been wanting one fora long time．男孩对新小刀很高兴。他早就想要一把了。注意：这一时态没有被动语态，像They had been picking ap－ples（他们一直在摘苹果）这样的句子，最近似的被动式是Ap－ples had been picked（苹果已摘完），实际上这两种说法意思并不相同。（参见下面B3。）B 用法过去完成进行时与过去完成时之间的关系，同现在完成进行时与现在完成时之间的关系相同。（参见第192节。）1 表示动作在所说的过去某一时刻之前就已开始并持续到那一时刻或者在那一时刻之前刚刚停止时，常常可以用两个时态中的任一个：It was now six and he was tired because he had worked since dawn．已经6点了，他感到很累，因为他从天亮起一直工作到现在=It was now six and he was tired because he had been working since dawn．那时正是6点，他因从一大早就干活而累了2 用过去完成时表示的反复的动作，有时可以作为一种连续的动作用过去完成进行时表示：he had tried five times to get her on the phone．他曾试着打了五次电话要找她He had been trying to get her on the phone．他一直在试着打电话找她3 一个用过去完成时表达的单一动作和一个用过去完成进行时表达的动作不同（参见第192节C）：By six o’clock he had repaired the engine．到6点钟时他已经修好发动机了（这项工作已经完成）但He had been repairing the engine（他一直在修理发动机）仅告诉我们他在前面的时间／前半小时里做什么，而并不告诉我们这项工作是否完成。另一个区别是，由过去完成进行时表示的动作常持续进行直到或甚至超过说话的时间（这个时间是在过去）。而由过去完成时表示的动作虽可以发生在这一说话时间之前不久，但动作与说话之间可以有较长的时间间隔：He had been painting the door．他当时一直在油漆门（油漆大概还未干）He had painted the door．他油漆了门（可能是最近，也可能是一段时间之前）
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