Department of Zoology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi
Bangladesh
Department of Zoology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi
Bangladesh
M Khalequzzaman
Department of Zoology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi
Bangladesh
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An optimal sampling schedule for neonates, infants & children receiving cefazolin +/- vancomycin for cardiopulmonary bypass
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Poster session presented at the meeting of World Conference on Pharmacometrics (WCoP) 2016. Brisbane, Australia, 21-24 August 2016
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Background: Dosing of prophylactic antibiotics in children during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) remains poorly defined. Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies can be improved using optimal design when sampling is limited, or multiple factors influence PK. We aimed to optimize a sampling schedule designed to determine cefazolin and vancomycin PK in children undergoing CPB. Methods: A one compartment distribution model for vancomycin and a three compartment distribution model for cefazolin was used with theory based allometric scaling and maturation to describe first-order elimination clearance. The CPB circuit was represented by an additional compartment. We assumed 60 subjects received cefazolin 50 mg.kg-1, with 50 of these subjects undergoing a procedure with CPB. We assumed 15 subjects also received 15 mg.kg-1 vancomycin. Optimal times for up to 8 samples per patient were estimated, ignoring CPB effects, using WinPOPT (University of Otago, New Zealand). Optimal sampling times for determination of CPB related changes were considered separately. Designs were selected based on relative standard errors (RSEs) for model parameters and comparison of criterions summarizing design efficiency. Results: Sample times were 0.001, 0.001, 0.108, 0.36, 1.05, 1.85 h following the first dose, and 0.36 and 2.5 h after the second dose, for With CPB subjects. Sample times were 0.127, 0.43, 0.43, 1.3, 3.18, 6, 6 h after the first dose and 6 h after the second dose, for Without CPB subjects. Five samples, taken directly from the CPB circuit, were required to adequately capture CPB related changes in CPB V and CL. RSE estimates of cefazolin, vancomycin and CPB circuit parameters for the final design were ≤ 30%, with the exception of one of the cefazolin volumes (V2) for which RSEs were 49%. Conclusion: The sampling schedule may be used in the planning of a clinical study of children receiving cefazolin and vancomycin during CPB.
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United KingdomComparison of CT Findings of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Infection: Disease Stable versus Progressed Group
Yang GE, Han H, Hong JY, Ohk TG.
J Korean Soc Radiol.
2018 Aug 79(2):57-62. Korean.
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PURPOSE: To compare initial CT findings of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) pulmonary infection between stable and progressed groups and determine whether they could be used to predict disease prognosis and treatment response.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: From July 2006 to October 2013, 71 patients with NTM infection were retrospectively reviewed. Lung lesion pattern of CT finding, specific species, disease duration, and follow-up period were analyzed. These patients were classified into NTM stable (n = 46) and progressed (n = 25) groups.
RESULTS: The most common CT findings of NTM infection were small nodules (n = 71, 100%) and bronchiectasis (n = 67, 94%). Large consolidation (> 2 cm, n = 34, 48%) and involvement of more than four lobes (n = 49, 69%) were also commonly observed. According to disease prognosis, large consolidation (n = 18, 72%, p = 0.003), cavitary lesion (n = 17, p = 0.002), and involvement of four or more lobes (n = 21, p = 0.044) on CT were significantly more frequent in disease progressed group than that in the stable group.
CONCLUSION: Among common CT findings of NTM disease, some CT findings such as large consolidation, cavitary lesion, and disease extent are good predictors of response to treatment in NTM pulmonary disease.
Affiliation:Department of Radiology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea. hanheon@kangwon.ac.krDepartment of Medicine, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea.