当前位置： >>
（1）表语从句1． 定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。 2． 构成：关联词+简单句 3． 引导表语从句的关联词的种类： (1) 从属连词 that。如：The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。 (2) 从属连词 whether, as, as if。如：He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。 The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。 注：从属连词 if 一般不用来引导表语从句，但 as if 却可引导表语从句，如： All this was over twenty years ago, but it’s as if it was only yesterday. 这都是 20 多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。 能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词 be, seem, look 等。如： It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。 (3)连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。 如： The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她 呢。 The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。 That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了 阁楼干的。解释： 1． 连词 because 可引导表语从句。如：I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。 2． 在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。s hould+动词原形表示，should 可省略。如： My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天 一早就出发。（2）主语从句1． 定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。 2． 构成：关联词+简单句 3． 引导主语从句的关联词有三类： (1) 从属连词 that。 如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。 (2) 从属连词 whether。如：Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。 (3) ver 连接副词 where, when, how, why。如： What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。 How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。 Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。 Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的 家----我唯一的家。 连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whiche解释： 1． 主语从句能用 it 作形式上的主语。常以 it 作形式主语的句型有： A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, fun ny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that 从句。如： It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。 B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surpri se, etc.)+that 从句。如： It’s a pity that we can’t go. 很遗憾我们不能去。It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛 真意外。 C. It+be+过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announc ed, arranged, etc.)+that 从句。如： It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。 It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orb it. 据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。 D. It+seem, happen 等不及物动词及短语+that 从句。如：It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice 似乎不来参加晚会。 It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。 E. It+doesn’t matter (makes no difference, etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起 的主语从句。如： It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。 It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无 区别。F.当 that 引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以 it 作形式主语，而把主语从句后 置。如：Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科学家将 给我们作报告是真的吗？ Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他们明天不来很要紧 吗？ G. 当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以 it 作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如： How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子们这么安静真奇怪！ 2．注意连接代词 whoever, whatever, whichever 等引导主语从句的含义 Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 来的人将受到欢 迎。 Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正确 的。 Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of yo u who) 你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖励。 （3）宾语从句 1． 定义：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 2． 构成：关联词+简单句 3． 引导宾语从句的关联词有三类： (1) 从属连词 that。如：He told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服。 I know he has returned. 我知道他已经回来了。 注： that 在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that 不能 省略。1． Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and 连接两个宾语从句，that 宾语从句放在 and 的后面时，that 不能省略。) 大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道 Tom 非常害怕。 2．I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that 引导的宾 语从句作介词宾语时，that 不能省略。) 对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。 3． That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe. (that 从句位于句首时， that 不可省略。) 我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。 4． We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit h im for a probationary period. (主句谓语动词与 that 从句之间有插入语，that 不可 省略。) 鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决定应允他一段试用期。 (2)从属连词 if/whether。如： I doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。 I don’t know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否帮助我。 (3)连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。 如： Who or what he was, Martin never learned. 他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道。 I wonder what he’s writing to me about. 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。 I’ll tell you why I asked you to come. 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。 You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。 (1) 介词宾语从句宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如： He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day. 他对那天发生的事感到很不快。 I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什么。 Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it. 你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。 有时介词可以省略。如： I don’t care (for) who marries him. 我不管谁跟他结婚。 Be careful (as to) how you do that. 你要注意做这件事的方式。解释： 1．如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用 it 作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。如： We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday. 我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。 He has made it clear that he will not give in. 他已表明他不会屈服。 2．作介词的宾语：连词 that 引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在 except, bu t, in 后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词 that 引导，则需用 it 先行一步，作形式宾 语。如： He is a good student except that he is careless. 他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。 You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的。 介词宾语不可以用 which 来引导，而要用 what 来引导。如： Are you sorry for what you’ve done?你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗？ 3．某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有 sure, glad, cert ain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied 等，连词 that 可省略。如： I am not sure what I ought to do. 我不能确定我该做什么。 I’m afraid you don’t understand what I said. 恐怕你没领会我说的意思。 I’m surprised that I didn’t see all that before. 我好奇怪，我以前没看到过。 Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams. 妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到高兴。 4．连词 whether (…or not)或 if 引导的宾语从句 if 和 whether 引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但 whether 常和 or not 连用，if 一般不 与 or not 连用。如： I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。 用 if 引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用 if 而用 wheter。试比较： Please let me know if you want to go. Please let me know whether you want to go. if 从句可理解为宾语从句，意为“请告诉我你是否想去”；此句又可理解为条件状语从句意 为“如果你想去的话，请告诉我一声”。 5．宾语从句的否定转移。在 think, believe, suppose, expect 等动词后的宾语从句， 有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将 think 等动词变为否定形式。如： I don’t think you are right. 我认为你错了。 I don’t believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他们还未完成他们的工 作。I don’t suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在意，是吗？ 6． 宾语从句的时态变化规律： (1) (2) 如： The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. 老师说地球绕着太阳运行。 当主句是一般现在时态时，从句可根据需要用任何时态。 当主句是一般过去时态时， 从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。 但客观真理除外。（4）同位语从句1． 定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。 2． 用法：同位语从句的先行词多为 fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, r eport, remark 等，关联词多用从属连词 that。如： They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。 Where did you get the idea that I could not come? 你在哪儿听说我不能来？ Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia. 德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。 注：同位语从句偶尔由从属连词 whether 引导。如： I have no idea whether he’ll come or not. 我不知道他是否来。 连接代词 who, which, what 和连接副词 where, when, why, how 亦可引导同位语从 句。 The question who should do the work requires consideration.谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。 We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summ er vacation. 到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。 It is a question how he did it. 那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。解释： 1．that 引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别 that 引导的同位语从句 that 引导的定语从句 句法功能上 that 只起连接从句的作用，无意义。在从句中不充当句子成分。不可省。 that 替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用，还充当一个句子成分。如在从句中作动词的 宾语时可省略。 意义上 从句是被修饰名词的内容。 从句起限定作用，是定语 如：The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位语从句， that 不可省。) 李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。 The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定语从句，that 在从句中作 told 的宾语，可省。) 他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。 2．一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后所跟的同位语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气 should+动词原形表示。should 可省。如： This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible. 这就是我们唯一的请求：尽快解决这个问题。测试： A. 用适当的连接词填空： 1． It worried her a bit her hair was turning gray. 2. I have no idea we can do with these waste materials. 3. the doctor really doubts is my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. 4. 5. 6. It is hoped nature will never be destroyed. do you guess will give a talk on English tomorrow? ---- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. ---- Is that you had a few days off? 7. Word came I was wanted at the office. 8. Do you know of them will be our new headmaster? 9. The teacher didn’t tell me we were wrong. 10. It’s generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants. B. 单项选择：1． It was true Alice did surprised her mother. A. that 2. B. what C. that, what D. what, thatDoes matter much he can’t come to the meeting. A. it, if B. that, if C. it, whether ---- . D. this, whether3.----What are you anxious about? A. How can we succeedB. Whether we can succeedC. When can we succeed 4.D. That we can succeed she is bThe reason the little actress has been such a success isoth clever and hard-working. A. why, why B. why, that C. that, because D. for, because5. leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. A. Who 6. B. Whoever C. Anyone D. The personI really don’t know ____________ I had this photo taken. B. it was that C. where it waA. where it was that s D. it was why7. Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge. I can’t remembe r A. where . B. there C. which --D. that different life is today from i8. ----What do you think of China? t used to be. A. How, what B. What, what 9.C. How, thatD. What, thatGive this to you think can do the work well. A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever10.troubles me is I can’t learn all these English idioms by heart. A. That, that B. What, what C. That, what D. What, that答案:A. 1. that 5. who 9. where B. 1―5 CABBB2. what 6. why 10. whatever 6―10 ACACD3. what, whether 4. that 7. that 8. which（5）定语从句（一）定义及相关术语 1．定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的 先行词之后。 2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。 3．关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。 关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；关系副词有 when, where, why 等。 关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句 中担当一个成分。例如： The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 该句中，wh o is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词 the man， “who”是 引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词 the man，在定语从句中作主语。 （二）关系代词引导的定语从句 1．who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。 The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 一班的。 Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomo rrow morning. 想去博物馆的人必须在明晨 7 点到大门口集合。 昨天我帮助了一 正在踢足球的男孩是Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 位迷路的老人。 That is the teacher who teaches us physics.那就是教我们物理的老师。2．whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。 Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。 Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 李明正是我想要见的男孩。 你正在等的教授已 刘先生就The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. 经来了。The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor. 的那个女孩是我们的班长。老师经常表扬注意：关系代词 whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用 who 来代替，也可省略。 The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend. 3．Which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。 Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 动。 The factory which makes computers is far away from here. 家公司离这儿很远。 He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 写的书。 The house which is by the lake looks nice. 湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。 这是他昨天买的钢笔。 他 他喜欢外国作家 制造计算机的那 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday.The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。4．That 指人时，相当于 who 或 whom；指物时，相当于 which.。在定语从句中作主 语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches o ne million. 每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 在哪儿？我今天早上看到的那个人The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. 个人很友好。 The season that / which comes after spring is summer. 季。你介绍给我的那春天以后的季节是夏Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia. 了一封来自澳大利亚的信。 5．Whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。 I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 个全国知名的科学家。 He has a friend whose father is a doctor.昨天我收到我拜访了一他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 塌了的房子里。 注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。 The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出 名。 Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for. Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我将把你要的 杂志带来。 This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday. This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打 台球的男孩。 We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talke d about. We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.我们将 去听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。 The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving o ur working conditions. The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving o ur working conditions. 我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。 注意：１． 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look f or, look after, take care of 等。 This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. 表。 This is the watch for which I am looking . (误) (正) 这是我正在找的手The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very health y. (正) 那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。 （误）The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy.２．若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用 whom，不可用 who, that；关系 代词指物时只可用 which，不可用 that。关系代词是所有格时用 whose。 The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. 谈话的那个人是我的邻居。 The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. 拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。 The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (误) (误) (正)我们去加 (正) 你刚才跟他３．“介词+关系代词”前还可有 some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, mos t, each, few 等代词或者数词。如： He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 爱着他的父母，他们俩待他都很好。 In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone ba d. 篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。 他深深地There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big citie s. 我们班总共有４０个学生，大多数来自大城市。Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country lif e. 迄今为止，他写了１０部小说，其中３部是关于农村生活的。（四）关系副词引导的定语从句 1． when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。 I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。 The time when we got together finally arrived. 了。 October 1, 1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of China was f 我们团聚的时刻终于到 我仍然记得ounded.1949 年 10 月 1 日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his gr andparents. 你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗？2． where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。 Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。 The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 我十年前住的 房子已经被拆掉了。 I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised . 我参观了那个饲养了许多奶 牛的农场。 Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 这是他们当初打敌人的地方 吗？ 3． why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。 The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不 知道。 I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 我不知道他今天为什么 看上去不愉快。 注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表 示。如： From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the c ountry he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. 农村读小学时，他就已经知道长大后要做什么。 Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they liv e. 他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。 The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clea 自从他在r.他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。（五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 形式上 不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。 用逗号“，”与主句隔开。 意义上 是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。 只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。 译法上 译成先行词的定语：“．．．的” 通常译成主句的并列句。 关系词的使用上 A．作宾语时可省略 A．不可省略 B．可用 that B．不用 that C．可用 who 代替 whom C．不可用 who 代替 whom 限制性定语从句举例： The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend o n. 老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。 In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 在街上我看到一个来自非洲的 人。 非限制性定语从句举例 ： His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他妈妈十分地爱他， 对他要求很严格。 China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerfu l. 中国是 1949 年成立的， 现在正变得越来越强大。 Last summer I visited the People’s Great Hall, in which many important me etings are held every year. 去年夏天，我参观了人民大会堂，在那儿每年都要举行 许多重要会议。 注意区分下列几组句子的不同含义： 1. Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college. 她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学。（意含： 她还有其他哥哥。） Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college. 她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学。（意含： 她只有一个哥哥。） 2. All the books that have pictures in them are well written. 所有里面带插图的书都写得很好。（意含： 不带插图的书则不一定写得好。） All the books, which have pictures in them, are well written. 所有的书都带插图，这些书都写得很好。（意含： 没有不带插图的书。）（一）限制性定语从句中只能用 that 引导定语从句的情况 1．当先行词是 everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, fe w, little, some 等代词时， 或当先行词受 every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等代词修饰时。如： Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? 李老师讲的你都记下来了 吗？ There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 对他来说 似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。 All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。 There is little that I can do for you. 我不能为你干什么。 He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they neede d. 他呆在图书馆查找所需的资料。 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词 who，如： Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing. 任何有责任 感的人都不会做这样的事。 All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important peopl e. 所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。 2．当先行词被序数词修饰时。如： The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在伦敦他们参观 的第一个地方是大本钟。 3．当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如： This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 4．当先行词被 the very, the only 修饰时。如： This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这正是我要买的词典。 After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 家里发 生了火灾过后，那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词 who。如： Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 王华是我校唯一出席会议的人。 5．当先行词前面有 who, which 等疑问代词时。如： Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁？ Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件 T 恤衫最合我的身？ 6．当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如： They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at schoo l 他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。 Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. 街走来的人和他的 毛驴。 （二）关系代词 as 和 which 引导的定语从句 as 和 which 引导非限制性定语从句时， 其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况 是： 1. as 和 which 都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如： 瞧瞧那个沿He married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。 He is honest, as / which we can see. 他很诚实， 这一点我们看得出来。 2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主 句。 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有“正如、正像” 的含义。如： As is known to all, China is a developing country. 家。 He is from the south, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人，这一点我 们从他的口音可以知道。 John, as you know, is a famous writer. 正如你所知， 约翰是个著名作家。 Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don’t believe. 张 华已去过巴黎十多次了，这一点我不相信。 众所周知，中国是发展中国注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用 which。如： Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angr y. 汤姆老是迟到，这使得老师很恼火。 These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy. 这些桌子是 金属的，这使得这些桌子很重。 1. 当先行词受 such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用 as。 如： I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。 He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那样傻。 This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一 样。 注意：当先行词受 the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that 引导定语从句，但与 as 引导的定 语从句意思有区别。如： She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿着她在玛丽 婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。 She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的 一样的连衣裙。 (三) 以 the way 为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由 in which 或 that 引导， 而且通常 可以省略。如： The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising. 他回 答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。 I don’t like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her. 她的样子。 我不喜欢你冲（四）关系代词与关系副词的选择 用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。试比较： A. I know a place where we can have a picnic. 地方。 I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scener y. B. 我知道一个以自然景色优美而闻名的地方。 I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. 我 我知道一个我们可以野炊的永远忘不了我们一起度假的日子。 I will never forget the days that / which we spent together. 不了我们一起度过的日子。 C. This is the reason why he was dismissed. 这就是他被解雇的原因。 我永远忘This is the reason that / which he explained to me for his not attending t he meeting. 这就是他向我解释的他没有参加会议的原因。（五）but 有时也用作关系词引导定语从句。如： There are very few but admire his talents. 很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。（b ut = who don’t） （六）定语从句与同位语从句的区别 1．定语从句修饰限定先行词，它与先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内 容，它与先行词是同位关系。 The plane that has just taken off is for Paris. （定语从句） 那架飞机是开往巴黎的。 The fact that he has already died is quite clear. （同位语从句） 他已经去世 了，这个事实很明了。 2．定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，关系代 词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词 that 引导，在从句中一般不担 当成分；有时也由 where, when, how, who, whether, what 等连词引导，这些连词 刚刚起飞的则在从句中担当成分。 The news that he told me is true. （定语从句） 的。 The news that he has just died is true. 个消息是真的。 The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much mo ney. (定语从句) 我们现在面临的问题是如何筹集这么多资金。 （同位语从句） 他刚刚去世了，这 他告诉我的消息是真The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solv e. （同位语从句） 我们如何筹集这么多资金，这个问题很难解决。 他提出的问The question that he raised puzzled all of us. （定语从句） 题让我们很为难。The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answe r. （同位语从句） 他是否一定会赢得那场比赛，这个问题很难回答。 3．同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词 be 发展成一个完整的句子, 而定语从句则 不能。如： A. The idea that he we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. （同位语从句）我们可以向老师请教，这个主意不错。 The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice. B. The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all. （同位 语从句） 地球围绕太阳转，这个事实人人皆知。 The fact is that the earth moves around the sun. C. Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals. （同位语从句） 请注意如何保护野生动物这个问题。 The problem is how we can protect the wild animals.（6）不定式的构成1.不定式的构成不定式是由不定式符号 to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下 to 也可省略。 不定式一般有时式和语态的变化，通常有下表中的几种形式（以 do 为例）：主动式 被动式 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be doing / 完成进行式 to have been doing 1) 不定式的一般式不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之 后发生。如： They invited us to go there this summer. He stood aside for me to pass. 他们邀请我们今年夏天去那儿。他站到一边让我通过。2)不定式的完成式不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之后发生，它在句中可作表语、状语、 宾语，有时也可作主语、定语等。如： She seemed to have heard about this matter. I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 她似乎已听说过这件事。 我很抱歉让你等了这么久。I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thin g to do. 我本来想告诉你这件事的，但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。 It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country. 对我来说，在你们国家旅行这么多地方是一件很荣幸的事情。 3)不定式的进行式不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。它在句中可以用作除谓语 以外的所有成分。如： It’s nice of you to be helping us these days. 你真好，这些天一直帮我们。 He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully. 讲课。 We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here. 们。 4) 不定式的完成进行式 我们没料到你一直在这儿等我 他假装在认真地听老师如果不定式表示的动作是谓语所表示时间之前一直进行的动作，就需要用完成进行式。 如： They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years. 经在西藏工作 20 年了。 据说他们已We are happy to have been helping each other these days. 这些天能互相帮助。 5) 动词不定式的否定形式是由 not 或 never 加不定式构成。如： Try not to be late again next time. He wished us never to meet her again. 6) 疑问词+动词不定式：我们很高兴尽量下次不要再迟到。他希望我们永远不要再见到她。不定式和疑问词 whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why 等连用 可以在句中起名词的作用，通常跟在 tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, exp lain, advise, teach, discuss, find out 等动词后面作宾语，有时也可以充当主语、表 语等。如： On hearing the news, he didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry. 听到这个消息，他不知道该哭还是该笑。 When to hold the meeting has not decided. 什么时候开会还没有决定。 The most important problem is how to get so much money. 最重要的事情是如何搞到这么多钱。 介词后一般不直接接不定式，但可以接疑问词+不定式短语作宾语。如： Mary gave some advice on how to learn English. 建议。 I have no idea of how to do it. 7) 我不知道该怎么做。 玛丽提了一些如何学习英语的不定式的被动式：当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形 式，to be +过去分词和 to have been +过去分词。这些形式可以用来作主语、表语、 宾语、定语、状语、补语。如： It’s a good thing for him to have been scolded by the teacher. 对他来说，被老师责备是一件好事。 They seemed to be satisfied with the result. 他们似乎对结果很满意。 He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. 他要求被派往农村工作。She was the last person to have been mentioned at the meeting. 她是会上最后一个被提到的人。 I had to shout to be heard. 我不得不大喊才能被听到。 我们不喜We don’t like our friends to be laughed at from time to time. 欢我们的朋友不时地被嘲笑。 2. 1) 不定式的语法作用 不定式作主语：To see once is better than to hear a hundred times. 百闻不如一见。 To master a foreign language is not an easy thing. 掌握一门外语不是一件容易 的事。 在很多情况下，人们通常用 it 作为形式上的主语，而把不定式短语移到谓语之后，使句 子显得平稳一些。如： It’s good manners to wait in line. 排队等候是很有礼貌的。 听到他那It made us very angry to hear him speak to his mother like that. 样跟他妈妈说话我们很生气。 2) 不定式作表语：The most important thing is to put theory into practice. 论付诸实践。最重要的事情是把理The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all. 是为大家的幸福而工作。 3) 不定式作宾语： 他想知道真相。最大的幸福就He wanted to know the truth.I prefer to be starved to death rather than beg.我宁愿被饿死也不愿乞讨。He pretended to have read the book when I asked him about it. 我问到他的时候，他假装读过这本书。 另外，不定式在某些复合宾语中作宾语时，人们常常用 it 代表不定式，而将真实宾语放 在补足语之后。如： Do you think it better to translate it in this way? 好？ I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so man y students. 我觉得被邀请在会上面对这么多学生发言是一件很光荣的事情。 4) 不定式作补语： 你认为这样翻译是不是更①不定式可以和名词或代词一起构成复合结构作动词的宾语，这时不定式被称为宾语补 足语。如： I would like you to help me with my English exercises. 做英语练习。 I never expected the shoes to be worn out so soon. 这么快就穿破了。 注意：动词 help 后面接不定式作宾语或宾语补足语可以带 to 也可以不带 to。如： Who can help me (to) carry this heavy box? 谁能帮我拎这个重箱子？ 我从来没想到鞋子 我想请你帮我②在 make, let, have 等使役动词和 see, watch, notice, hear, feel 等感官动词后 的复合宾语中，动词不定式不带 to。 I often hear her sing in the next room. 我经常听到她在隔壁唱歌。 他们每They make the baby go to bed at 7:00 p.m. every day. 天让孩子晚上 7：00 上床睡觉。注意：get, leave 等词也有“让”“叫”的意思，和使役动词意思相近，但它们后面的不定式作宾语补足语必须要有 to。如： I’ll get him to try it again. 我将让他再试一次。How could you leave him to have supper with a stranger? 你怎么让他跟一个陌生人一起吃晚饭？ 注意：当使役动词和感官动词变为被动语态时，不定式就成了主语补语，作主语补语的 不定式必须加 to。如： Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was mad e to cry by his little sister. 弄哭了。 He is often heard to sing the song. 经常有人听到他唱这首歌。 尽管他经常弄哭他的小妹妹，但今天他却被他的小妹妹③think, consider, believe, declare, suppose, find, imagine, know, understan d, take, prove, feel 等动词后面接的不定式短语作补语多由 to be+形容词或名词构 成，think, consider, find 后的 to be 常可省略。如： When he woke up, she found herself (to be ) badly injured. 她醒来的时候，发现自己受了重伤。 I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her. 我第一次见到她的时候就认为她人很好，很诚实。 含有此类复合宾语的句子变成被动语态时， 不定式同样被称之为主语补足语。 如： The young man was considered to have great promise. 人被认为大有前途。 The situation was found to be quite encouraging. 鼓舞。 ④以 be said, be reported, be known, seem, happen, prove, appear 等构成谓 语的句子中，动词不定式通常也可看作主语补语。如： More than 20 people were reported to have been killed in the accident. 形势看来很使人 这个年轻据报道，有 20 多个人死于事故。 I happened to be talking with him when he was hit by a car. 候，我碰巧在和他谈话。 5) 不定式作定语： 他被汽车撞的时不定式在句中作定语通常放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后，以下几种情况常用不定式作 定语： ①能带不定式作宾语的动词，其同源名词可以带不定式作定语，常见的有 attempt, dec ision, promise, plan, intention, failure, wish, determination 等。如： He hasn’t kept his promise to write to his parents regularly. 诺言定期给他父母亲写信。 My wish to be a teacher is quite understandable. 是可以理解的。 ②常与不定式搭配的形容词，其同源名词一般可以带不定式作定语，常见的有 ability, a nxiety, eagerness, ambition 等。如： His eagerness to finish his work in time was quite obvious.他急切地想准时完 成工作是很明显的。 We admire his ability to speak a foreign language so well. 我们欣赏他能把一门外语说得这么好。 ③序数词、形容词最高级或被 only, last, next 等词修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。 如： He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave.他总是第一个 来最后一个离开。 The next person to attend the meeting is Dr. Baker.下一个出席会议的人是贝克 先生。 ④还有一些名词经常带不定式作定语。如：person, man, thing, something, anythi 我想成为一个教师的愿望 他没有遵守ng, nothing, time, way, reason, chance, courage, opportunity 等。如： We students should have the courage to face any difficulty. 我们学生应该有勇气面对任何困难。 He had no reason to leave his friends and live alone on the island. 他没有理由离开他的朋友独自住到岛上去。 ⑤不定式作定语时，有时与被修饰的名词之间有意义上的动宾关系，如果该不定式动词 是不及物动词，它后面需加上适当的介词。如： There is nothing to worry about. 没什么可担心的。There are many interesting books to choose from, but I don’t know which t o borrow. 有很多有趣的书可以挑选，但我不知道该借哪一本。6) 不定式作状语： 不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。 ① 不定式作目的状语，有时也可以用 in order (not) to, so as (not) to 结构。如： In order to protect the young plants from the sun, Mother put the m in the shade. 为了保护幼苗不被太阳晒坏，妈妈把它们放到了阴凉处。 He got up very early this morning so as not to be late for schoo l again. 今天早上他起身很早以免上学再迟到。 注意：so as (not) to do 不可以置于句首。 ②不定式作结果状语， 常见的结构有 too…to, enough…to, so…as to, such…as to, o nly to…等。如： The question is too difficult for me to answer. 对我来说，这个问题很难回答。He said he was clever enough to deal with it by himself.他说他足够聪明可以独 自应付这件事。Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio? 请你帮我把收音机调低一点好 吗？ He woke up only to find himself in hospital. 他醒来发现自己在医院里。 注意：too…to 通常表示太……而不……，但在下列句子中没有否定的意思。 She is only too glad to stay at home. 她太想留在家里了。He is too anxious to know the examination results. 他很急切地想知道考试结果。 ③不定式作原因状语，通常用来修饰表示情感、心理状态、性格等的形容词。常见的形 容词有：happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quic k, slow, cruel, clever, frightened, shocked, sorry, eager, proud, disappointe d, foolish, impatient, unwise, naughty 等。如： They are surprised to learn of his death. 得知他死亡的消息，他们很惊讶。We are proud to be young people of new China. 成为新中国的青年，我们感到很 骄傲。 另外，hard, difficult, easy, fit，comfortable 等词也可以接动词不定式。这时候，作 句子主语的除了是表示人的词外，还可以是表示物的词。如： The water is not fit to drink. 这水不适合饮用。 这个房间住起来很舒服。The room is very comfortable to live in.注意：后两句中的不定式与句子的主语或宾语之间是动宾关系，此时如果不定式动词是 不及物动词，则需要带上适当的介词。 3. 1) 不定式的复合结构 不定式复合结构的构成不定式在使用时通常有自己的逻辑主语，一般可以是句子的主语或宾语，或者由物主代 词暗示出来。如： They plan to build a hotel. 他们计划建造一个酒店。 他父亲送他出国去学文学。His father sent him abroad to study literature.I could see her eagerness to go abroad.我可以看出他急切地想出国。但有时需要明确表示出不定式的逻辑主语（即不定式动作的执行者），此时一般用 for/o f +名词（代词）短语+不定式来构成不定式的复合结构。如： It’s expensive for people to use electricity for cooking. 贵的。 It’s careless of you to make such a mistake. 真是粗心。 2) 不定式复合结构的语法作用 你犯这样的错误 人们用电做饭是很昂不定式的复合结构在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语。 ①不定式的复合结构作主语、宾语，通常用 it 作形式主语或形式宾语来代替不定式的复 合结构。如： It’s necessary for the goods to be packed in strong cases. 坚固的箱子打包。 They thought it impossible for us to find the lost child in the darkn ess. 他们认为我们要在黑暗中找到迷路的小孩是不可能的。 ②不定式的复合结构作表语、状语、定语。如： That’s for you to decide. 那个由你来决定。 货物很有必要用For the test to be passed, the students should work harder than before. 为了能通过考试，学生们应该比以往更认真学习。 I have some books for you to read. 我有几本书送给你读。1.不定式不带 to 的规则：前面我们已经谈到，在一些使役动词和感官动词后的不定式作宾语补语时，不定式符号 to 常常省略，下面还有几种情况请大家注意： ① 动词原形 come, go 等在口语中可接不带 to 的不定式。如： Go tell her. 去告诉他。 Come have a glass. 来喝一杯。②在 why 引起的一些疑问句中，疑问词直接跟动词原形或 not+动词原形。如： Why spend so much money? Why not let her have a try? 为什么花这么多钱？ 为什么不再让她试一试？③在 had better（还是……最好）, had best（最好，顶好）, would rather（宁可， 宁愿）, would rather…than（宁可……而不……）, would sooner（宁可，宁愿）, w ould sooner…than（宁可……而不……）, cannot but（不得不，必然）, cannot cho ose but（只得）, cannot help but（不得不）等结构后直接跟动词原形或 not +动词 原形。如： You’d better listen to your teacher’s opinion. I would rather work than stay idle. 你最好听一听老师的看法。我宁愿工作而不愿闲坐。Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle. 他宁愿挤公共汽车也不愿骑自行车。 Liu Hulan would sooner die than surrender. 刘胡兰宁死不屈。One’s world outlook cannot but come through in what one says and does. 一个人的世界观必然在他的言行中表现出来。 ④在介词 but, except 之前如有动词 do 的任一形式，其后的动词不定式不用 to。如： Last evening I did nothing but repair my farm tools. 昨晚上我除了修理农具外， 没有做其它的事情。 Now there was nothing he could do except admit defeat. 如 but 之前没有 do，其后的不定式则一般要加 to。如： I’m afraid we have no choice but to take a taxi. 恐怕我们别无选择，只好乘出租 现在他只有认输。车了。 They desired nothing but to succeed. 他们只想成功。⑤在出现并列的动词不定式时，为了避免重复，后面的不定式符号 to 可省略。如： I really don’t know what to say and do. 我真的不知道该说什么，该干什么。Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2:00 p. m.? 你能不能帮我打电话给他，叫他下午两点来开会？ 但如果两个不定式有对比的意思，则不定式符号 to 不可被省去。如： I came not to scold you but to praise you. 我是来夸你的，不是来骂你的。The purpose of the new technology is to make life easier, not to make i t more difficult. 新技术的目的是为了使生活更容易，而不是使生活更艰难。 2. 动词不定式的省略问题：上文中出现了某一动词或动词短语，下文中再遇到此动词的不定式结构时，往往要省略 动词不定式，但通常省略动词原形或短语而保留不定式符号 to，一般有下面几种情况： ①含有助动词或情态动词如 be going to, used to, have to, ought to, be able t o, be about to 等+动词原形结构时： ---Do you think I ought to go to see my doctor? 你认为我应该去看医生吗？ ---Yes, I think you ought to. 是的，我想你应该去。 她必须走，但你没有必要。She must go but you don’t have to.②含有动词 want, decide, like, love, hope, wish, mean, refuse, try 等+不定式作 宾语结构时： ---Did you go to see the Great Wall? ---I wanted to, but I was too busy. 你去看长城了吗？ 我本来想去的，但我太忙了。 如果你希望的话，你可以和他们一起去。You may go with them if you hope to.③含有动词如 ask, tell, order, advise, persuade, warn, wish, permit, allow, for bid 等+不定式做宾语补语或主语补语时： Don’t do anything unless your father tells you to. 除非你父亲叫你去做，不然不 要做任何事情。 ---May I use your car? ---No, I forbid you to. 我可以用你的汽车吗？ 不，我禁止你使用。④对话的答语中含有形容词如 happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleas ed, afraid 等+不定式作表语结构时： ---Will you lend me a hand? 你能帮我一个忙吗？ 我很愿意，但我现在不行。 明天下午来参---I’m willing to, but I can’t now.---Would you please come to my birthday party tomorrow? 加我的生日聚会好吗？ ---I’ll be glad to. 3. 我很乐意。不定式主动语态和被动语态的区别：动词不定式在句中究竟用主动还是被动，有时比较复杂。主要有下面几种情况： ①不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。 如： Have you got a key to unlock the door? 你有开门的钥匙吗？②不定式做后置定语，和被修饰名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成 逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式，不定式为不及物动词时，其后应加相应的 介词。如： Do you have anything to say on this question? 的吗？ He is a pleasant person to work with. 他是一个合作愉快的人。 ③不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动 针对这个问题你还有什么要说形式，不定式为不及物动词时要加相应的介词。如： The fish is delicious to eat. 这鱼很好吃。 这把椅子坐起来很舒服。The chair is comfortable to sit on.④在 There be 结构中， 当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时， 不定式用主动形式； 如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式。如： There is nothing to worry about. There is a lot of work to do. 注意下面两个句子的含义： There is a lot of work to be done. There is nothing to be done. 4. （强调有许多事情必须做。） 没什么可担心的。有许多事情要做。（表示某人必须做这工作）（强调出了某事，现在没办法解决。）for somebody to do 和 of somebody to do 的用法区别：句型“It is +形容词+for somebody+不定式”中的形容词通常强调不定式的行为属性， 如： important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable 等。 It’s difficult for us to finish the work within two hours. 内完成工作是很难的。 It’s reasonable for them to run away so quickly. 有道理的。 “It is +形容词+of somebody+不定式”中的形容词表示人物性格和特征。如：kind, s illy, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impol ite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty 等。 It’s kind of you to think so much of us. 难为你这么为我们着想。 It’s silly of the boy to keep pouring water into the basket 这个男孩真傻，一直 往篮子里倒水。 5. 高中阶段能接不定式的常见动词： 他们这么快就逃跑了是很 我们要在两小时之能接不定式作宾语的常见动词有：want（想要）, like（喜欢）, wish（希望）, hate（憎恨，讨厌）, prefer（宁愿）, hope（希望）, fail（失败）, plan（计划）, refus e（拒绝）, ask（要求）,continue（继续），manage（设法）, try（尽力）, offer （提供）, start（开始）, begin（开始）, forget（忘记）, remember（记得）, pro mise（答应）, mean（打算）, pretend（假装）, intend（想，打算）, attempt（尝 试，企图）, decide（决定）, learn（学会）, desire（渴望，请求）, agree（同意）, c are（关心，喜欢）, choose（选择）, determine（下决心）, expect（期望）, affor d（负担得起，买得起）等。 能接不定式做补语的常见的动词有：感官动词 see, watch, notice, hear, feel 等；使 役动词 make, let, have 等； 还有一般的动词如 advise （建议） allow , （允许） ask, b , eg（乞求）, command（命令，指挥）, tell（告诉）, invite（邀请）, force（强迫）, o blige （强迫） get , （致使） help , （帮助） wish, want, like, hate, prefer, intend, e , xpect, encourage（鼓励）, persuade（说服）, permit（允许，许可）, remind（使 想起，提醒）, request（请求，要求）, order（命令）, warn（警告，提醒）, cause （引起）等。 6. 高中阶段常见的不定式短语：高中阶段常见的一些不定式短语可以作谓语， 如： able to do be （能， 会） be about t , o do（即将做……）, used to do（过去常常……）, be glad to do（乐意做……）, wo uld like to do（想要做……）,be likely to do（很可能做……）, go all out to do so mething 全力以赴,be supposed to do 应该等。 高中阶段还有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子，也可以称它们为插入语。如：t o tell you the truth （说老实话） to be frank ， （坦率地说） to begin with , （首先） t , o be brief（简言之）, to make a long story short（长话短说）, to be exact（精 确地说）, to say nothing of（姑且不说），to conclude（总而言之）, to be sure （诚然、固然）， to do him justice（说句对他公道的话）,so to speak（可以这么说、 打个譬喻说）等。To tell you the truth, I hate him.说老实话，我恨他。 坦率地说，我不同意你说的话。To be frank, I don’t agree with what you said.Ⅰ. 选择填空： 1. I’ve heard him ______ about you often. A. speak B. speaks C. spoke him out. C. only to find D. to fin D. speaking2. I went to see him, _______ A. finding ding 3.B. findHe didn’t know _______ A. to leaveor stay. C. if to leavB. if that he should leavee 4.D. whether to leave ---Will the Smiths go abroad this summer? ---No, they finally decided _______. A. to t to be going 5. ---I usually go there by train. ---Why not _______ ge. A. to try going 6. B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going by boat for a chan B. not going C. not to D. noHe pretended _______nothing about it. A. know B. to know C. knowing D. knew7.Little Jim should love _______ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking8.They would not allow him _______ across the enemy line. A. to risk going B. risking to going C. for risk to go D. risk going 9. There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can’t make u p my mind _______ to buy. A. what 10. uter. A. to invent ving invented 11. The missing boys were last seen _______ near the river. A. playing lay 12. The patient was warned _______ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not t eating 13. nt. A. informing orming 14. You had better get a doctor _______ your bad tooth. A. pull out ng out 15. The matter had better _______ as it is. A. leave B. being left C. leaving D. be l B. to pull out C. pulled out D. pulli B. having informed C. to inform D. to inf I regret _______ you that we are unable to offer you employme B. eating not C. not to eat D. no B. to be playing C. play D. to p B. inventing C. to have invented D. ha B. which C. how D. where the first compCharles Babbage is generally considered _______eft 16. He was so foolish _______ his car unlocked. A. to leave r him to leave 17. Almost everyone fails _______ A. passing s 18. D. in passing The girl was made _______ she didn’t love at all. A. marry a man h a man B. to marry a man C. to marry wit the driving test on the first try. C. to pas B. that leave C. as to leave D. foB. to have passedD. married with a man a camera for his wife. C. buy D bou19. The man will use what he has _______ A. to get ght B. got20. .To answer correctly is more important than _______ A. a quick finish y 21. D. you finish quick Tom kept quiet about the accident _______ A. so as not to t D. not so as to to speak here. C. to be asked B. to finish quickly.C. finishing quickllose his job. C. s o as to noB. so no t as to22. I felt it an honor _______ A. to ask sked 23.B. askingD. having a---I’d like to buy an expensive camera. ---Well, we have several models _______ A. to choose from B. to choose . D. for choiceC. to be chosen24. _______to the left and you’ll see the post office. A. To turn 25. B. Turning C. Turned D. Turn next week? C. to be given D. beinWill you be able to attend the lecture A. giving B. giveng given Ⅱ. 句子改错： 1. I don’t know if to help him or not. 2. She can’t help cleaning the house because she’s busy making a cake. 3. We all hope you to make rapid progress. 4. The results of the research are to publish soon. 5. It is too heavy for me to lift it. 6. It’s awfully good for you to come and meet us. 7. These are very good books for your children to be read. 8. He did what he could help me with my physics. 9. Let’s find a place to put the things. 10. It would be easier to climb over the mountain than going round the vall ey. 答案： I. 1---5选择填空： A C D C D B D 6---10 16---20 C C B A A B C B A B11---15 A C C 21---25 A II. 1.C A D C句子改错： if →whether 2. cleaning →to clean 3. hope →wish4. 7. 10.publish →be published 5. be read →read going →to go 8.lift it →lift 9.6.for →of things →things inhelp →to help（7）-ing 分词的构成1. -ing 分词的构成 -ing 分词是由动词原形加词尾-ing 构成。-ing 分词同样有时态和语态的变化，通常 有下表几种形式（以 do 为例）：主动形式 被动形式 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done -ing 分词的否定形式是由 not 加-ing 分词构成。如： Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wai t. 不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。 His not coming made all of us angry. 2. -ing 分词的一般式和完成式： 他没来使我们大家都很生气。-ing 分词的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行的动作；完成式表示在谓语 动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如： Being a student, he was interested in books. 感兴趣。 Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examination s. 因为没有努力学习功课，他考试不及格。 作为一个学生，他对书本很3. -ing 分词的被动式： -ing 分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing 分词动作的承受者。根据-ing 分词动作 发生的时间， -ing 分词的被动式有一般被动式(being done)和完成被动式(having bee n done)。如： The question being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。 他从He never talked about his having been interviewed by the reporter. 来没谈起过他被记者采访的事情。 Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 以后，他把烟戒了。被老师批评注意：在 need, want, require, be worth 等动词(短语)后，作宾语的-ing 分词常 用主动形式来表示被动含义。如： Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清 洗一下了。 This book is well worth reading. 4. -ing 分词的语法作用 -ing 分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词，在句 中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。 1)Cing 分词（短语）作主语： Laying eggs is the ant queen''s full-time job. Saying is easier than doing. 说比做容易。 产卵是蚁后的专职工作。 这本书很值得一看。在下面两种结构中，-ing 分词也作主语。 ①为了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主语，而把真实主语放在句末。如： It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。 辩论这事是浪费时间。It''s a waste of time arguing about it.②在 There is no 结构中，通常用-ing 分词。如：There is no joking about such matters.这种事开不得玩笑。 历史车轮不可阻挡。There is no holding back the wheel of history. 2) -ing 分词（短语）作表语： His hobby is collecting stamps. The problem is quite puzzling. 3) -ing 分词作宾语：他的爱好是收集邮票。 这个问题很令人困惑。①Cing 分词作动词宾语。如：I suggest doing it in a different way. 种方法做这件事。 We enjoy attending Miss Li''s class. 我们喜欢听李老师的课。我建议用另一②-ing 分词作宾语也可用在复合宾语中作真正的宾语，而用 it 作形式宾语。如： I don’t think it possible living in such a cold place. 地方是不可能的。 Do you consider it any good trying again? 你觉得再试一次会有好处吗？ 我认为住在这么寒冷的③-ing 分词作介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。如： I''m against inviting him to dinner. 我反对邀请他来吃饭。 他们不喜欢走那么多路。 他去了伦敦， 希望They don’t feel like walking that much.He went to London in the hope of being a famous painter. 能成为一个著名的画家。此类短语还有很多。如：look forward to（渴望，盼望）, be proud of（以……自 豪） be responsible for , （对……负责） insist on , （坚持） think of , （考虑， 想到） d , ream of（梦想）, object to（反对，抗议）, hear of（听说）, prevent…from（防 止，阻止）, keep…from（防止，阻止）, stop…from（防止，阻止）, be engaged i n（从事于）, depend on（依靠，依赖）, thank…for（因……而道谢）, excuse…for （因……而道歉） aim at , （目的在于） devote…to , （献身于） set about , （着手做） b , e/get used to（习惯于）, be fond of（喜欢）, be afraid of（害怕）, be tired of（对……厌烦）, succeed in（成功地做……）, be interested in（对……感兴趣）, be a shamed of（对……感到羞愧）等等。 注意：在有些句子中，介词常可省去。如： I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners. 方面没有什么困难。 He used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games. 戏。 What can prevent us (from) getting married? 有什么能阻止我们结婚？ 过去他常花很多时间玩游 我在和外国人交谈另外，-ing 分词可以和一些介词如 in, on, after, against, before, by, for, witho ut, besides 等构成短语，在句中作状语。如： He left ahead of time without saying a word. 他一句话也没说就提前离开了。Besides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of four children. 除了做饭和缝纫以外，她还要照顾四个孩子。 On hearing the news, all the pupils jumped with joy. 的学生都高兴得跳了起来。 4) -ing 分词作定语： ①单个的分词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。如： reading room sleeping car 阅览室 卧车 swimming pool 游泳池 dining car 餐车 听到这个消息后， 所有singing competition 歌咏比赛waiting room 候车室 flying fish 飞a waiting car 一辆等待着的车 鱼a sleeping child 一个酣睡的孩子the exciting news 令人振奋的消息a boring speech 令人乏味的演出②-ing 分词短语作定语应放在被修饰词的后面，也相当于一个定语从句。如： Who is the comrade standing by the door? They lived in a house facing south. 站在门边的同志是谁？他们住在一所朝南的房子里。③Cing 分词还可以作非限制性定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，常用逗号和句子其 它部分分开。如: The words, usually dealing with current work, were mostly written by himse lf. 歌词一般讲当前的工作，大部分是他自己写的。 When she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran to he r with joy. 当她出现的时候，约翰穿着一件又脏又破的大衣高兴地跑了过去。5) -ing 分词做状语： -ing 分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。 ①-ing 分词短语作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时可由连词 when, while 引 出。如： While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 不时地点头。 Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 起了她的童年。 ②-ing 分词短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。如： Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him. 址，我不能把这本书送给他。 Many of us, being so excited, couldn’t go to sleep that night. 动，那晚我们许多人都没睡着。 ③Cing 分词短语作结果状语。如： His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。 因为非常激 因为不知道他的地 看到那些画，他想 他一边看书，一边She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pie ces. 她非常生气，把玩具扔在地上，把它摔成了碎片。④-ing 分词作伴随状语，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间，表示主语的另一个、较次 要的动作。如： They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky. 站了半小时，观察着天上的星星。 Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly. 年轻人跟在老人的后面开始慢慢地走起来。 ⑤-ing 分词间或也可作条件状语和让步状语，相当于一个状语从句。如： A person standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself very small. 一个人如站在大山的脚下会发现自己很渺小。 Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。 注：-ing 分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语。 ⑥“with/without+名词普通格或代词宾格+-ing 分词”结构在句中作状语，表示伴随情 况或时间、原因等。如： His hair became grey with the years passing. 了。 Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 窗户溜了出去。 6) -ing 分词作补语： ①--ing 分词可以在 see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, h ave, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find 等动词后面和一个名词或代词构成一个复合 宾语，作宾语补语。如： I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car. 我下车的时候注意到一个男人匆匆忙忙地从银行里跑出来。 Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop. 没人注意，他从 随着时间的推移， 他的头发变花白 尽管知道了一切情 他们在那儿昨晚，店主在商店里抓到一个小孩在偷东西。 ②上面这类句子也可变成被动语态，这时，-ing 分词可看成是主语补语。如： We were kept waiting for quite a long time. 让我们等了好长时间。Jily was never heard singing that song again. 人们再也没有听到吉丽唱这首歌 了。 5. -ing 分词的复合结构： -ing 分词的复合结构通常由物主代词、人称代词宾格、名词所有格或者名词的普通格 +-ing 分词构成，在句子开头时必须用物主代词和名词所有格，通常在句中作主语和宾 语。如： His coming made us very happy. 他的到来使我们大家都很高。 他被某人的敲门声吵醒He was awakened by someone’s knocking at the door. 了。1. Cing 分词作主语和表语时与不定式的区别： -ing 分词和动词不定式作主语和表语的主要区别在于：在表示比较抽象的一般的多次 性行为时多用-ing 分词；在表示具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不 定式。如： Smoking is forbidden here. （泛指吸烟）这里禁止吸烟。 It’s not good for you to smoke so much. 好。 My job is teaching. 我的工作是教书。 My job is to teach you English this term. 我这一学期的工作是教你们英语。 2. 高中阶段能接-ing 分词作宾语的常见动词： mind（介意）, suggest（建议）, enjoy（欣赏，）, admit（承认）, appreciate（感 （指你吸烟）吸这么多烟对你的身体不激， 欣赏） avoid , （避免） delay , （推迟） dislike , （不喜欢， 厌恶） escape , （逃脱） f , inish（完成）, forgive（宽恕）, imagine（想象）, keep（保持）, miss（错过）, p ractise（训练）, resist（抵抗，抵制）, risk（冒险）, deny（拒绝，否认）, consid er（考虑）等。 3. 有些动词既能接不定式，又能接-ing 分词，含义有所不同。如： ①forget, remember, regret 等词后面接不定式表示不定式动作后于谓语动作， 而后接 -ing 分词作宾语表示分词动作先于谓语动作。如： Do you remember seeing me before? 你记得以前见过我吗？ 离开时要记得锁门。Remember to lock the door when you leave.②动词 mean, stop, try, go on 等动词后面接分词和接不定式作宾语，意思也有所不 同。如： I try not to think about that. 我尽量不去想那件事。Would you please try doing that again? 请你再试一次好吗？ I mean to change it for another one. 我想换成另外一个。 误了这班车就意味着再等一Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 个小时。Having finished the exercises, we went on to learn the new words in the ne xt unit. 做完练习以后，我们继续学习下一单元的单词。 After a short rest, they went on working. 短暂地休息以后，他们又继续工作。He stopped talking when the bell rang. 铃响的时候，他停止了讲话。 While working, he stopped to talk with Tom at times. 停下来和汤姆谈话。 注意：有时人们把 stop 后的动词不定式理解为目的状语。 ③动词 allow, advise, forbid, permit 等可直接跟-ing 分词作宾语， 不可以接动词不定 工作的时候，他不时地式作宾语，但可接不定式作宾语补语。如： Please permit me to say a few words. We don’t permit smoking here. 请允许我说几句话。我们这儿不允许吸烟。④动词 need, require, want 作“需要”解时，后面接-ing 分词或不定式的被动式。如： The room wants cleaning/to be cleaned. 这个房间需要打扫。These little children require looking after carefully/to be looked after careful ly. 这些小孩需要细心地照料。 ⑤动词 like, hate, prefer 等后面，如表示一般性动作，多用-ing 分词；如指特定的具 体的某次动作，多用不定式。如： I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim with you. 欢和你一起游泳。 I prefer walking to school every day. I prefer to stay at home today. 我情愿每天步行去学校。 我喜欢游泳， 但我不喜今天我情愿呆在家里。⑥动词 begin, start 后面，如表示有意识地开始做某事，常用-ing 分词，否则用不定式 更多一些。如： We began to do that job last year. 我们去年开始做那工作的。They started talking about the film at once. 他们立刻开始谈论那部电影。 注：下面几种情况多用不定式作宾语： a. 当 start, begin 本身用于进行时态时。 When the teacher came into the room, he was starting to write to his paren ts. 老师走进教室的时候，他正开始写信给他的父母亲。 b. 当 start, begin 后接表示心理活动的动词时。 Hearing the news, he started to think of a good way to solve the problem.一听到消息，他就开始考虑一个好办法来解决这个问题。 c. 当句子的主语是无生命的东西时。 We were about to leave when it began to rain. 了。 4. -ing 分词作表语的两种不同含义： ①-ing 分词作表语可以表示主语的内容是什么。如： Their job is building houses. 他们的工作是盖房子。 The real question is getting to know the needs of the people. 是了解人民的需要。 ②-ing 分词作表语还可以表示主语所具有的特征。如： This story is very interesting. The problem is quite puzzling. 这故事很有趣。 这个问题很令人困惑。 真正的问题 我们正准备离开， 天开始下雨①Cing 分词作定语可用来说明被修饰的名词的用途和性能。如： reading material flying suit 飞行服 阅读材料 walking stick 写字台 手杖 fishing pole 鱼杆writing tablelistening practice听力训练②-ing 分词作定语还可以表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从 句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。如： developing countries = countries that are developing a growing city = a city that is growing 发展着的城市 看起来很普通的房 发展中国家an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 子 a touching story = a story that is touching working people= people who are working 6. 不定式和-ing 分词作宾语补语的区别： 一个动人的故事 劳动人民在 see, hear, feel, watch, notice 等感官动词后，既可用-ing 分词构成复合宾语，也可用不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。用-ing 分词时，表示动作正在进 行；用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。如： Do you hear someone knocking at the door? (Someone is knocking at th e door.) 有人在敲门你听见了吗？Do you hear someone knock at the door? (Someone knocked at the door ju st now.) 你听见有人敲门了吗？ 7. 高中阶段常见的带介词 to 的短语，后接-ing 分词或名词。如： admit to（承认）, contribute to（捐助、贡献）, get down to（着手做）, give wa y to （让位于） keep to （坚持、 ， 遵守） lead to （导致） , ,look forward to （期待） t , ake to （从事） turn to （求助于） stick to , , （忠于、 坚持） point to , （指向、 表明） s , ee to （注意、处理）, be used to （习惯于）, devote oneself to （献身于）, be e qual to （胜任的、等于）, be familiar to （为……熟悉）. 高中阶段有一些固定的-ing 分词短语，如 generally speaking（一般来说）, judgi ng from…（根据……来判断）, considering…（考虑到……）, talking of…（谈到……， 提到……）, supposing…（假如……）等，它们的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致。这种短 语可以被称之为句子的状语，也可当作一个插入语。如： Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada. 定来自加拿大。 Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for f ree. 考虑到他是多么的穷，我们决定让他免费听音乐会。 从他的口音看他一选择填空： 1. The officers narrowly escaped ___________in the hot battle.A. have killed d 2.___________ A. Writing ritten D. WrittenB. to kill D. being killed the letter, he went out to post it. B. Being writingC. to be killeC. Having w3. Don''t you remember ___________ A. seeing the man before C. saw the man before?B. to see the man before D. to have seen the man before the foolish emperor in the proce4. People couldn''t help ___________ ssion. A. laugh at tB. to laugh at D. laughing onC. laughing a5. We’re looking forward ___________ the photo exhibition. A. to visiting d D. visiting under that tree is my sister. B. sits D. sat . C. improvin C. is sittin B. to visit C. to having visite6. The girl ___________ A. sitting g7. This sentence needs ___________ A. a improvement g 8. ___________ A. Not known tB. improve D. improvedanything about the accident, he went to work as usual.. B. Known not D. Not knowing in bed, dead. C. Knowing no9. The next morning she found the man ___________A. lying yB. lie D. layingC. la10. There was terrible noise ___________ A. followed d B. following D. being followedthe sudden burst of light. C. to be followe11. The secretary worked late into the night, ___________ ech for the president. A. to prepare d B. preparing D. was preparing to the notice. C. preparea long spe12. “Can''t you read?” Mary said ___________ A. angrily pointing d D. and angrily pointingB. and point angrilyC. angrily pointe13. How about two of us ___________ A. to ta