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试题内容Keep Our Seas Clean& & By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world’s population could have increased to around l2 billion. Of these, some 60 percent will live within 60 km of the sea. The agricultural and industrial activities required to support this population will increase the already significant pressures on fertile coastal areas. Death and disease caused by polluted coastal waters costs the global economy US$12. 8 billion a year. Plastic waste kills up to l million sea birds. 100. 000 sea mammals and countless fish each year.&Pollution & the sea-like oil and waterA） One significant impact of human activity is marine pollution. The most visible and familiar is oil pollution caused by tanker accidents and tank washing at sea, and in addition to the gross visible short-term impacts, severe long-term problems can also result. In the case of the Exxon Valdez which ran onto a shore in Alaska in 1989. Biological impacts from the oil spill can still be identified l5 years after the event. The Prestige which sank off the Spanish coast late in 2002, resulted in huge economic losses as it polluted more than l00 beaches in France and Spain and effectively destroyed the local fishing industry.&B） Despite the scale and visibility of such impacts, the total quantities of pollutants entering the sea from the long line of catastrophic oil spills appeared small compared with those of pollutants introduced directly and indirectly from other sources(including domestic sewage, industrial discharges, leakages from waste tips, urban and industrial ran-off, accidents, spillages, explosions, sea dumping operations, oil production, mining, agriculture nutrients and pesticides, waste heat sources, and radioactive discharges). Land based sources are estimated to account for around 44 percent of the pollutants entering the sea and atmospheric inputs account for an estimated 33 percent. By contrast, transport on the sea accounts for l2 percent.&Dawn of the dead:&Creeping dead zonesC） The impacts of pollution vary. Nutrient pollution from sewage discharges and agriculture can result in unsightly and possibly dangerous “blooms” of algae(藻类)in coastal waters. As these blooms die and decay they use up the oxygen in the water. This has led, in some areas, to “creeping dead zones” (CDZ), where oxygen dissolved in the water falls to levels unable to sustain marine life. Industrial pollution also contributes to these dead zones.&Gone fission(裂变)D） Radioactive(放射性的)pollution has many causes, including the normal operation of nuclear power stations, but by far the single biggest sources of man-made radioactive elements in the sea are the nuclear fuel reprocessing plants at La Hague in France and at Sellafield in the UK. Waste released from them has resulted in the widespread pollution of living marine resour radioactive elements traceable to reprocessing can be found in seaweeds as far away as the West Greenland Coast.&Heavy MetalE） Trace metal pollution from metal mining, production and processing industries can damage the health of marine plants and animals and render some seafoods unfit for human consumption. The contribution of human activities can be very significant：the amount of mercury introduced to the environment by industrial activities is around four times the amount released through natural processes such as weathering and erosion(腐蚀). The input of man-made chemicals to the oceans potentially involves an overwhelming number of different substances. 63, 000 different chemicals are thought to be in use worldwide with 3, 000 accounting for 90 percent of the total production amount. Each year, anywhere up to1,000 new synthetic chemicals may be brought onto the market. Of all these chemicals some 4,500 fall into the most serious category. These are known as persistent organic pollutants(POPs). They’re resistant to breakdown and have the potential to accumulate in the tissues of living organisms (all marine life), causing hormone disruption which can, in turn, cause reproductive problems, induce cancer, suppress the immune system and interfere with normal mental development in children.&F） POPs can also be transported long distances in the atmosphere and deposited in cold regions. As a result, Inuit populations who live in the Arctic a long distance from the sources of these pollutants are among the most severely influenced people on the planet, since they rely on fat-rich marine food sources such as fish and seals. POPs are also thought to be responsible for some polar bear populations failing to reproduce normally.&Are you eating fish ‘n’ POPs tonight?G） Scarily, seafoods consumed by people living in warm and mild regions are also affected by POPs. Oily fish tend to accumulate POPs in their bodies and these can be passed to human consumers. When oily fish are rendered down into fish meal and fish oils and subsequently used to feed other animals, then this too can act as a pathway to humans. Farmed fish and shellfish, dairy cattle, poultry and pigs are all fed fish meal in certain countries, and so meat and dairy products as well as fanned and wild fish can act as further sources of these chemicals to humans.&Pollution Superhighway—North and Baltic SeasH） The Noah and Baltic Seas also contain some of the world’s busiest shipping lanes. 200, 000 ships cross the North Sea every year. Many goods transported by ships are hazardous(half the goods carded at sea can be described as dangerous)and loss of dangerous cargoes can result in damage to the marine environment. Chemical tank washings, discharge of oily wastes and wash waters are all significant sources of marine pollution. In addition there is always the risk of a major oil spill, a risk made worse by the fact that some of the tankers that routinely travel through still have only one body-frame or have other technical defects and crews who are poorly educated. In November 2002, the Prestige oil tanker went down off the coast of Spain with70, 000 tons of oil on board which polluted 2,890 km of coastline. A few days earlier it had been crossing the Baltic.&SolutionsI） Some sources of pollution have been brought under control by international legislation. Countries which signed the London Convention have agreed to stop the dumping of radioactive and industrial waste at sea. The OSPAR Convention regulates marine pollution in the North East Atlantic Region while countries which signed the Stockholm Convention have committed themselves to the phase out of a number of persistent organic pollutants. Within the European Community, the Water Framework Directive may be expected to bring further reductions in polluting inputs, although it will be over a very long time frame. The additional benefit of the new EU REACH(Registration Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) initiative, which aims to regulate the production and use of dangerous chemicals at source, remains to be seen.1.[选词填空]Oil pollution is mentioned as the most visible and familiar marine pollution.解题思路：由题干中the most visible and familiar marine pollution定位至A段。由本段可知，最常见的海洋污染是石油污染。故匹配段落为A段。2.[选词填空]About one-third of the pollutants entering the sea come from atmospheric inputs. 解题思路：由题干中one-third of the pollutants定位至B段。本句指出，进入海洋的污染物中，有33%来自atmospheric inputs；about one-third（三分之一）与原文该句中的33 percent（33%）所指的比率相同。故匹配段落为B段。3.[选词填空]The Inuit people depend on fat-rich marine life for food.解题思路：由题干中Inuit people定位至F段。由本段可知，在全世界，住在北极地区的因纽特人受污染物影响最严重，因为他们以鱼类或海豹等富含脂肪的海洋生物为生（they rely on fat-rich marine food sources）。故匹配段落为F段。4.[选词填空]Hormone disruption in marine life is the result of accumulation of POPs. 解题思路：由题干中Hormone disruption定位至E段。本段讲到，它们（POPs）会在生物体内聚集，导致荷尔蒙混乱，故匹配段落为E段。5.[选词填空]4500 synthetic chemicals can be classified as POPs解题思路：由题干中POPs定位至E段。本段指出，有4,500种化学物质是最危险的种类，这些物质被称为“持久性污染物（POPs）”，故匹配段落为E段。6.[选词填空]The regulation of marine pollution in the North East Atlantic Region is based on the OSPAR Convention.解题思路：由题干中the North East Atlantic Region定位至I段。由本段可知，是The OSPAR Convention管理东北大西洋地区海洋污染，故匹配段落为I段。7.[选词填空]Marine life dies in creeping dead zones because of the lack of oxygen. 解题思路：由题干中creeping dead zones定位至C段。本段指出，这些海洋生物在死亡和腐烂的过程中会耗完水中的氧（use up the oxygen），这样就会导致死区的出现。由此可知，死区的出现是因为缺氧，故匹配段落为C段。8.[选词填空]In warm and mild regions, farmed fish and shellfish are also affected by POPs because they are fed fish meal.解题思路：由题干中farmed fish and shellfish定位至G段。本段明确指出，在某些国家，养殖鱼或养殖贝壳等都是喂鱼粉饲料（are all fed fish meal），因此它们也会受到污染。故匹配段落为G段。9.[选词填空]As long as 2890 km of coastline had been polluted by the oil spill of the Prestige oil tanker. 解题思路：由题干中2890 km定位至H段。本段讲到，the Prestige oil tanker于2002年11月载着7万吨石油驶离西班牙海岸的时候，污染了2890千米的海岸线。故匹配段落为H段。10.[选词填空]The West Greenland Coast has been polluted by radioactive elements.解题思路：由题干中The West Greenland Coast定位至D段。本段明确指出，人们在the West Greenland Coast的海草中发现了放射性元素，也就是说，该区域受到放射性元素的污染，故匹配段落为D段。参考答案：A,B,F,E,E,I,C,G,H,D
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大学英语四级试题库 第1题：Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.　　The secret to eating less and being happy about it may have been cracked years ago—by McDonald's. According to a new study from Cornell University's Food and Brand Lab, small non-food rewards like the toys in McDonald's Happy Meals--stimulate the same reward centers in the brain as food does.　　The researchers, led by Martin Riemann, carried out a series of experiments to see if people would choose a smaller meal if it was paired with a non-food item.　　They found that the majority of both kids and adults opted for a half-sized portion when combined with a prize. Both options were priced the same.　　Even more interesting is that the promise of a future reward was enough to make adults choose the smaller portion. One of the prizes used was a lottery ticket ( 彩票), with a $10, $ 50 or $100 payout, and this was as effective as a tangible gift in persuading people to eat less.　　“The fact that participants were willing to substitute part of a food item for the mere prospect of a relatively small monetary award is interesting,” says Riemann.　　He theorizes that it is the emotional component of these intangible prizes that make them effective. In fact, vaguely-stated possibilities of winning a prize were more effective than options with hard odds included.　　"One explanation for this finding is that possible awards be more emotionally provoking than certainty awards," says Riemann. The uncertainty of winning provides added attraction and desirability through emotional 'thrills. ‘The possibility of receiving an award also produces a state of hope--a state that is in it psychologically rewarding. In other words, there's a reason why people like to gamble.　　How might this knowledge be used to help people eat more healthily?　　One possibility is a healthy option that offers the chance to win a spa ( 温泉疗养 ) weekend. Or maybe the reward of a half-sized portion could be a half-sized dessert to be claimed only on a future date. That would get you back in the restaurant--and make you eat a little less.
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大学英语四级试题库 第2题：
火锅中，重庆火锅（hotpot)最著名，也最受欢迎。重庆人认为以麻辣 (peppery and hot)著称的火锅是当地特色。人们喜欢围在用木炭(charcoal)、 电热或天然气加热的火锅旁边吃边聊美味和有营养的食物。人们可以选择辣汤、清汤以及鸳鸯（combo)锅底，再将肉片、鱼片、各种豆腐产品和蔬菜加进火锅，之后蘸上特制酱料即可食用。在寒冷的冬天里，吃火锅成为一件惬意十足的事情。
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大学英语四级试题库 第3题：From Our Darkest Day, Our Brightest HopeA） That awful September morning, when jet-liners rained from the sky, and the worst anyone could imagine seemed possible, the Welch sisters had more reason than most to panic. Rumors of violent death swirled around their schools near Alexandria, Va., and Aubrey, Alyssa, Alana and Ashley knew for certain that their father had headed to work early that morning—at the Pentagon (五角大楼). “I was scared,” says Alyssa, 10，the youngest “I thought, ‘Oh, no! My dad works in the west ring, where they’re saying the plane hit!” Lt. Col. Tracy L. Welch survived that day because he was walking to a meeting when Flight 77 hit the Pentagon. But it was hours before his daughters learned that their father was alive. The family’s brush with disaster made the girls sensitive to the suffering of those who weren’t so lucky. Then something important started, as it often does, with a simple idea.A Flood of SupportB） On September 12, the girls decided to hold a car wash and donate the proceeds to the American Red Cross. They called their effort “Wash America: Help Wash Away the Hurt” and contacted local radio stations to get the word out. Then the sisters set to work with buckets and water. They raised $10,000 the first day, before the idea shot cross-country like water from a fire hose (水管). Last fall, people in 31 states scrubbed cars clean for Wash America. And when the suds (肥皂泡) were dry, they’d raised more than $85,000 for the families of the victims. “I never thought kids could change the world,” says Aubrey,15. “But now I know that when people come together, even average kids like us, you can do something.”C） Stories like the Welch sisters are proof that, though Sept.11 was one of our nation’s darkest days, Americans response to the tragedy has been one of the brightest chapters in our history. After the attacks, people everywhere asked instinctively, “What can I do?” And perhaps no group has been more anxious to help with the healing process than young people. Today, encouraged by President Bush’s call to service and the newly formed USA Freedom Corps, record numbers of young volunteers are comforting victims of the terrorist attacks and tackling ongoing problems such as hunger and homelessness. And as National Volunteer Week begins today, communities across the country will honor those who are healing the world.The Greatest GenerationD） In January, millions of youths took up the Do Something organization’s “Kindness & Justice Challenge”, dedicating two weeks to good deeds, like gathering supplies for schools in need. By April, through a 4-H program, youth and adults had pledged a staggering 3.4 million hours to community service. Beginning this Friday on National Youth Service Day, organizers expect to shatter turnout records. PARADE is a sponsor of this annual event, which celebrates the year-round efforts of young volunteers.“People ask whether this generation is up for the challenges we face.” says Steve Culbertson, president of Youth Service America, the organizer of the event. “But we have the greatest generation of young Americans right under our noses. Youths today are volunteering more than any other generation in history. The challenge is making enough room for the amazing energy they bring to the problem-solving table.”The Time to Help Is NowE） The energy of IS-year-old Marquise McGraw could light up an entire New York City neighborhood. Marquise, a gifted, college-bound student, tutors young kids in science and, as part of his 4-H program, delivers computer presentations on the importance of staying in school. “I live in the projects,” Marquise says “and kids here don’t always have the right role models. I wanted to encourage kids to follow in my footsteps.” The attacks on his city made Marquise even more dedicated to service. Since September, he’s been tutoring five days a week. “Sep.11 made me reconsider myself as a New Yorker and an American,” Marquise says, “I realized you can’t just say you’ll help people later. It made me get to work.”F） Lately, Don Floyd, president and CEO of the National 4-H Council, has noticed many reactions like Marquise’s. “Before Sept.11, we took our volunteer spirit for granted, like we took so many things for granted,” he says. “But volunteerism has become more important since Sept.11. I think it’s because helping others knits us together. It makes us stronger.”Inside the “Hate-Free Zone”G） Like many young volunteers, Gerardo Jerry Jimenez,19, from Salem, Ore., was inspired by Sept.11 to fight harder against forces that were pulling his community apart. For years, Jerry had helped children threatened with domestic violence to find shelter. But in late September, fearing Muslims would face a blood of intolerance, Jerry and his youth group invited Muslim teens to a town hall meeting to offer their support. Then Jerry helped post “hate-free zone” signs in places where Muslims might face discrimination. “Learning that I could help others gave me more hope than I ever had,” he explains, “Community service changed my life.”H） The honor roll of young people who’ve changed others’ lives is endless. Prudential Spirit of Community award-winner Rebecca Hill,17, of Littleton, Colo., organized a concert called “United We Sing” and raised$24,000 for the American Red Cross. And there’s Kristen Hargis,10, of Charlotte, N.C., who collected teddy bears and distributed them to New York City children traumatized (使受精神创伤) by the attacks.I）
For the many Americans still shocked from the attack on our country, and for millions of others whose problems require urgent attention, there is the promise that a newly-mobilized army of young volunteers is on the march to make a difference. “So often since Sept.11, we’ve heard people say that America changed forever,” says Steve Culbertson. “With young people like these leading the way, we have changed forever. We’re better than before.”
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Part III & &Reading Comprehension & & & (40 minutes)
Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
& & We all know there exists a great void (空白) in the public educational system when it comes to ___26___ to STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) courses. One educator named Dori Roberts decided to do something to change this system. Dori taught high school engineering for 11 years. She noticed there was a real void in quality STEM education at all __27__ of the public educational system. She said, “I started Engineering For Kids (EFK) after noticing a real lack of math, science and engineering programs to _ _28_ & my own kids in.”& & She decided to start an afterschool program where children ___29___ in STEM-based competitions. The club grew quickly and when it reached 180 members and the kids in the program won several state ___30___, she decided to devote all her time to cultivating and ___31___it. The global business EFK was born.& & Dori began operating EFK out of her Virginia home, which she then expanded to ___32___ recreation centers. Today, the EFK program ___33___over 144 branches in 32 states within the United States and in 21 countries. Sales have doubled from $5 million in 2014 to $10 million in 2015, with 25 new branches planned for 2016. The EFK website states, “Our nation is not ___34___ enough engineers. Our philosophy is to inspire kids at a young age to understand that engineering is a great ___35___.”
A) &attracted & &B) &career & &C) &championships &&D) &degrees & &E) &developing & &F) &enroll & &G) &exposure & &H) &feasibleI) &feedingJ) &graduating & K) &interest&L) &levelsM) &localN) &operatesO) &participated