演讲稿三百字左右要求用两种修辞手法。_百度知道
演讲稿三百字左右要求用两种修辞手法。
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世界上最美妙的东西是什么？是七色的彩虹，是幽深的大海，还是无垠的天空？不，都不是，是梦想。梦想比彩虹更绚丽，比大海更深沉，比天空更广阔；它拥有梦幻般的华美、纯洁和甜蜜；它是每个人心中最崇高的净土。 梦想如清风，在你迷茫时吹醒你昏睡的大脑，将远航的船儿吹向成功的彼岸；梦想似烈火，在你无助时给予你无限的温暖，将智慧燃烧化作成功的种子；梦想若甘露，在你绝望时滋润你干燥的咽喉，将汗水融化为成功的源泉。梦想是一把钥匙，用心把握，便可开启成功的大门；梦想是一盏明灯，用心点燃，便可照亮成功的大道；梦想是最忠诚的朋友，用心呵护，便可了解成功的奥秘。 拥有了梦想，就拥有了成功的一半。梦想是前进的动力，山因为有了梦想，而拥有了生机，拥有了植物和动物；水因为有了梦想，而拥有了活力，拥有了鱼儿和波浪；人因为有了梦想，而拥有了生活，拥有了亲人和朋友。在通往成功的路上充满艰辛，是梦想在我们摔倒时告诉我们赶快爬起；是梦想在我们遇到风雨时告诉我们勇往直前；是梦想在我们失败时告诉我们永不言弃。梦想让我们在黑暗中看到了光明，看到了明天的希望。 学会了努力，就拥有了成功的另一半。为了心中的梦想，我们不畏艰险地向前冲，付出...
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英语论文―肯尼迪就职演讲修辞分析
A Stylistic Study of American President Kennedy’s Inaugural AddressIntroductionStylistics is the study of language style with modern linguistic theories and approaches. Functional stylistic theory is one of the most influential theories in recent years, when linguistics lays much emphasis on the social-cultural context. The American Presidential Inaugural Address (APIA) is a very important variety with worldwide influence and long-lasting significance. In the address the speaker makes great efforts to make his policy known to the public and to persuade the public to accept and support his policies. To achieve the aims, the address has to resort to lots of language skills among other things. Therefore, a stylistic study on APIA is extremely meaningful. In the paper, the writer attempts to apply the theories of functional stylistics into the analysis of American president Kennedy’s address, trying to find out the linguistic characteristics of the particular discourse and explain and evaluate them with the theories.1. An Introduction to American Presidential Inaugural AddressThe inaugural address is the speech delivered by the president-elected on the inauguration day. In the speech, for the first time, the newly elected president will officially announce that he will take up that the responsibility as the highest executive of the country in the next four years. Inaugurals mark the end of the election campaign and at the same time the beginning of a new administration. Although the inaugural address is not required by the constitution, it is made every four years by all the presidents before they take office. It has already become a tradition set by the first president―George Washington. As a rule, the new administrator’s philosophy of politics and the outline of his policy will be announced in his inaugural address. The inauguration is held as a celebration witnessed by many audiences. Inaugurals are of great significance because of what they reveal about the fundamental political values, particular political principles, and enactment of a presidential persona. Their political meanings thus become clear. Inaugural addresses attempt to persuade the citizens of1A Stylistic Study of American President Kennedy’s Inaugural Addressthe nation on that the newly elected president is fit for the political role and that he is entitled to achieve his programmatic objectives. The addresses, then, cast much light on the legitimacy of political power and the worldviews of presidents. Their political intention is to call for support and loyalty to a political regime from both other power-holders in the political system and the public at large during their administration.2. An Introduction to Functional StylisticsThe functional linguistic theory advocated by British linguist, M. A. K. Halliday has been prevailing since the 1970s. It is widely used in stylistic analysis. Functional stylistics has three features: first, stressing the relationship between the text and the context of the situation, and advocating studying the style in the social-- second, adopting systematic-functional grammar i third, summarizing the foregrounding theory systematically. Systematic-functional grammar is a very useful approach to stylistic analysis to some extent, and the theory about context is widely accepted. “Context of situation” is originally suggested by Malinowski and subsequently elaborated by Firth in his 1950 paper Personality and language in society. Essentially what this implies is that language comes to life only when functioning in some environment. According to Halliday, the situation is the environment in which the text comes to life. The type of the language, which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation, is a register. He said, “A register can be defined as the configuration of semantic resources that the member of a culture typically associates with a situation type. It is the meaning potential that is accessible in a given social context.” (Halliday, ) He further distinguishes three social variables that determine the register: field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse. The field is the social action in which
it includes the subject-matter, as one special manifestation. The tenor is the set of the role relationships among the r it includes levels of formality as one particular instance. The mode refers to the medium or way that the communication between people goes. People usually see speaking and writing as the medium.2A Stylistic Study of American President Kennedy’s Inaugural AddressAs far as APIA is concerned, the field of the APIA is political since the newly inaugurated president often uses this address to lay out goals and principles, address the nation’s divisions, beliefs, achievements, domestic and world-wide situations, and project American’s place in the world or future expectation. The tenor of the APLA can be displayed in the following way. The participants in the event are the President of the United States, as an addresser, and all the government officials and all the citizens in the country and even people all over the world, as the addressee. The mode of the APLA is also distinct in the situation. In the situation, every word in the address plays a constitutive role. The speech has to fulfill some functions, or convey the president’s attentions, i.e. to make his government policies known to the public and persuade the public to accept and support his government. So the language used in the context is mainly informative and persuasive.3. A Stylistic Study on Kennedy’ s Inaugural AddressThe following analysis aims to reveal the stylistic features of the American presidential inaugural address. It is mainly based on M. A. K. Halliday’s functional stylistic theories, especially on his theories about “context”. It also adopts some other commonly accepted linguistic theories. Systematic investigation of the linguistic data is a characteristic of this paper. The analysis is mainly concerned with the lexical level, syntactic level, textual level and rhetorical devices. Because of the close relation between speech skill and rhetorical devices, the analysis on the rhetorical device is also a part of this paper.3.1 The Stylistic Features on the Lexical LevelWord is a basic grammatical unit, which is smaller than sentence. This analysis will begin with the analysis on the lexical level.3A Stylistic Study of American President Kennedy’s Inaugural Address3.1.1 Word StructureStylisticians usually set six letters or three syllables in a word as a standard to analyze the length of the words. The words with more than six letters are usually regarded as long words. These long words may be words of Latin, French or Greek origin, which are usually formal words. And they may also be derivation or compounding words, which have relatively complicated structure. John ? Fitzgerald ? Kennedy’s inaugural speech has a total vocabulary of 1595, of which there is 438 words with more than six letters, accounting for 26%. In English，the words of more than six letters or three syllable are often seen as big. These words often come from the Latin, Greek or French, or have a complex internal structure. “The percentages in daily conversation, instant commentary, and even advertisement are not more than 20%”.( Wang Zuoliang, ) So comparatively speaking, the words used in inaugural address of Kennedy are quite formal and the structures of the words are more complicated. There are two reasons for this. First, the president deliberately uses formal words to make his speeches more serious. E.g.: prosperity, discrimination, obligation. Then, the intrinsic structures of the words are quite complicated. There are many derivational or compounding words. The derivation from verbs to nouns is a characteristic of the language in the addresses. We can find many such words: affirmation, aggression, celebration. These derivations not only help to form long words with more complicated structures, but also make the words in the address more formal. There is a long lasting dispute that whether public speaking is a spoken variety or a written one. The above analysis on the lexical level shows clearly that as one type of public speaking, American presidential address embodies more features of a written variety, which is characteristic of long, complicated, formal words. These features correspond with the tenor of discourse: both consultative and formal, and mode of discourse: written to be spoken. Besides that, in Kennedy’s address we can find many abstract nouns with such suffixes as: -tion, -ment, -cy, -ty, for they usually refer to the state, quality, cause or result of an action. This phenomenon is determined by the field of discourse. American presidential inaugural address is one type of public political speaking. Its field of discourse is political. Many4A Stylistic Study of American President Kennedy’s Inaugural Addresspolitical terms are abstract. It is natural for Kennedy to use many abstract nouns in his address.3.1.2 Word ClassThe choice of word class is determined mainly by the tenor. The functional tenor of inaugural address is both persuasive and informative. In the inaugural address, the speaker is not only to make his government policies known to the public, but also to persuade the public to accept and support his policy. So like advertisements, inaugural address belongs to a loaded language, which triggers emotional reaction. It should have great persuasive power. So the words used in the inaugural address usually contain emotional color. This is reflected especially in the use of adjectives and the first-person pronoun. Adjectives The use of adjectives in the address is mainly determined by the functional tenor of the language. In the address of Kennedy, there are 105 adjectives, accounting nearly 7.8% in the total words of 1342. This percentage is obviously higher than that instant commentary, which is 5%. (Wang Zuoliang， ) Most of the adjectives are subjective and emotional words, such as: fruitful, peaceful, great, powerful, solemn, hard, steady. This is determined by the functional tenor of the presidential address. In these address the speaker is expected to make their government policies known to the public and to persuade the public to accept and support his policy. In order to achieve these aims, the speaker often resorts to emotional appeal among other things. Adjectives are very useful in expressing one’s emotion, so the speaker uses so many adjectives in the address. Comparatively, there are fewer adjectives in the instant commentary, which is more objective than the inaugural address. On the other hand, the percentage of adjectives is much smaller than that of the advertisement, which is about 30%. (Qin Xiubai, ) This is because as a political address with worldwide influence, American presidential address is much more serious than5A Stylistic Study of American President Kennedy’s Inaugural Addressadvertisements. Preaching political views is different from promoting goods. It should seem more subjective and could not be too garish. The First-person Pronoun Another noticeable fact in the presidential address is the use of the first-person pronouns, which is determined by the personal tenor of the inaugural address. The most frequently used pronouns are the first-person pronouns: I, we and their derivational forms: me, us, and our etc. In most of situation, Kennedy used lots of first-person pronouns to substitute the second-person pronoun you.(1) We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. (2) Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our life time on this planet. But let us begin.Because the speaker usually mentions himself and his opinions, it is very natural for him to use I or me frequently. We or us in English are the form referring to both the speaker plus the audience. In the inaugural address, the speaker frequently uses we, us, and our instead for you or yours. This creates some special effects. First, the inclusive pronouns unite the speaker and the audience. They are helpful to build a sense of closeness between the speaker and the audience. The American president appears to be one member among ordinary American citizens. Thus the speech becomes more intimate, and more acceptable. Second, the first person plural can encourage a sense of group unity, a feeling of cohesiveness. “This practice minimizes differences within our group, and emphasizes between group members and those on the outside”. (Lucas, Stephen E, 2004:98) For example in Kennedy’s address, he said, “Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friends, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.” The first person plurals: we, us in this sentence distinguish American people from the other nations, encourage a sense of group unity, awaken a sense of national pride and responsibility, thus make the speech very inciting. In addition, “the first-person plural in declarative structure can also perform an imperative function”. (Wang Zuoliang，) This indirect imperative form is implicit and much easier to accept. For example, “We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of6A Stylistic Study of American President Kennedy’s Inaugural Addressthat first revolution.” If we rewrite the above sentences with imperative sentences, they may sound more like orders than requests, and then widen the gap between the speaker and the audience. Thus the inciting effect cannot be achieved.3.2 The Stylistic Features on the Syntactical LevelTraditionally, a sentence is seen as a sequence of words. How words are combined to form sentence to achieve the stylistic effects in APIA of Kennedy will be discussed in this part. The discussion will include the sentence structure, the postmodification in noun phrase, tense in verb phrase, and imperative sentences.3.2.1 Sentence StructureThe average sentence length of different variety is different. According to Wang Zuoliang’s analysis, “the average sentence length of daily conversation is less than 12 words per sentence”. (Wang Zuoliang, ) The sentence length of legal document is much longer. Most sentences in legal document contain more than 40 words. Generally speaking, the longer the sentence length is, the more formal the variety is. “The average sentence length of all varieties is 17.8 words per sentence”. (Wang Zuoliang, ) Short sentence is the characteristic of spoken language. From the sentence length in terms of John F. Kennedy in his inaugural speech of 1342 words, with a total sentence of number 52, the average sentence length of 25.8 words. Of these, the number of sentences containing 1-9 words is 7, accounting for 13.5 percent with 10-19 words of the sentence has 13, accounting for 25%; with 20-29 words of the sentence has 17, accounting for the total number of 32.7%; with 30-39 words of the sentence there are five, accounting for 9.6%; containing more than 40 words sentence 10. These figures indicate that the average sentence length of Kennedy’s address is longer than that of daily conversation, but shorter than news report, much shorter than legal document. And it is near the average sentence length of all varieties.7A Stylistic Study of American President Kennedy’s Inaugural AddressJudging from the types of sentences, simple sentence has 20, accounting for 38.5 percent sentence compound sentence has four, accounting for 7.7%; complex sentences are 28, even up to 53.8%. The above data show that Kennedy's speech is mainly based on the complex sentences, followed by a simple sentence, compound sentence the least. From the above statistics about the length and type of the sentences, we can conclude that the sentence structure of American presidential address is characteristic of formal written language while exhibiting features of spoken language. This is determined by its tenor of speech. American president delivers the inaugural address to the people at home or abroad when he takes office. He has good education background, and the situation of inauguration is quite formal. In the address the orator are expected to make his government policy known to the public and to persuade the public to accept and support his policy. These personal tenor and functional tenor determine that inaugural address should not be as casual as daily conversation, and it is unnecessary to be as serious as news report and legal document. It is also influenced by the mode of the speech. The address is well prepared in advance in the form of written language, so it is possible to make long and well-structured complicated sentences, which manifest the characteristics of written language. On the other hand, the address is to be spoken. Then, too long and complicated sentences, such as the sentences with more than 40 words, may make trouble for the orator to speaker and for the audience to understand. So most sentences in the address are in middle-length with 10-30 words per sentence. Short sentences are usually emphatic, whereas long sentences are capable of expressing complex ideas with precision, because it may contain more modifiers. Involving such amount of short sentences, long sentences in the address is not only helpful to stress the ideas that should be stressed, but also helpful to achieve a variety of sentence pattern, length and rhythm, thus avoid monotony.3.2.2 Postmodification in Noun Phrase8A Stylistic Study of American President Kennedy’s Inaugural AddressThe majority of noun phrases consist of a head noun plus one or two optional elements. These optional elements refer to premodifier and postmodifier. Premodifier refers to the determiners, numbers, pronouns, and adjectives, or nouns with an adjectival function, which appear to the left of the head noun. Postmodifier refers to the phrases or clauses that appear to the right of the head noun. Most of the premodifiers are simple, thus save space. Some types of text, such as adverts, newspaper headlines, frequently use premodifications. The postmodification keeps the head noun in the front of part of the noun phrase, thus making it prominent. In addition, the postmodification supplies more space for accurate expression. The long and complicated postmodification, especially the one with relative clause, appears more frequently in formal texts. In Kennedy's speech, there are 282 about 32.6% nouns are postmodified. These postmodifiers are infinitive phrases, prepositional phrase, participle phrase, etc. The postmodification makes the expression more serious and emphatic. In addition, the postmodification provides more space for more information, and also make the inaugural address more formal. All these are determined by the tenor of discourse.3.2.3 TenseThe use of tense is related to the field of discourse. In American presidential inaugural address the president make his government policy known to the public. They need to review the past, summarize the present, and then forecast the future. The tense in the APIA of Kennedy mainly concerns simple present, perfect present, and future tense. 80.8% of sentences in the address are in simple present. 7.7% of sentences are in present perfect. 11.5% of sentences are in future simple. But the simple past tense is even not used. This model of tenses in the American presidential address is quite unique. Because the normal tense used in other literary works, especially in fictional narrative is the simple past tense. Even in other public speaking. In the address, the address makes his government policy known to the public. The policy9A Stylistic Study of American President Kennedy’s Inaugural Addressis planned to be adopted in future. So the future simple is frequently used. And the policy is based on the present situation, explain the reason for the reform, and thus persuade the public to support the policy. The simple present tense is frequently used. Although they need to mention something in the past, the emphasis is its influence to the present situation. So instead of using the simple past, the present perfect is used, which emphasizes the influence of the past events to the present situation. A noticeable phenomenon is that in the address of Kennedy, the simple past tense is not used at all, which is determined by the special social context in his time, and his special personal tenor. When John Kennedy took office in 1961, he was only 44 years old. As the youngest president of America, Kennedy had much confidence in his own governing policy, and was hopeful of the future. It was natural for him to neglect the past and stress the present state and the future plan. So in his address, the simple past tense was not used either.3.3 The Stylistic Features on the Textual LevelThe text refers to a unified sentence groups composed by a series of sentences, spoken or written. The stylistic analysis on the textual level is actually to analyze the stylistic features of the textual cohesion, which is also called as the semantic consistency. Moreover, the semantic consistency is dependent upon the socio-cultural context. As a result, the semantic structure and socio-cultural context will be discussed in the following.3.3.1 The Semantic Structure“The text is a sense unit, not a grammar unit paralleled with sentence and clause. Language has mechanism to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living message different from a random list of sentences. The mechanism is just the semantic structure of the text.” (Zhang Delu, ) Generally, the10A Stylistic Study of American President Kennedy’s Inaugural Addresstextual function in the context is realized by a certain semantic structure. “A well-organized speech is more easily understood and more positively evaluated than a disorganized message.” (Lucas, Stephen E, ) Research has shown that a clear organization is positively associated with audience’s underst it may influence audience’s perceptions of the speaker’s credibility, and the speech effect is also greatly influenced by organization. The structure of a speech should follow the way people naturally see and arrange in their minds. A well- structured speech has good form, symmetrical and orderly. Inaugural speech is to be delivered to the people both at home and abroad. Every newly elected president attaches much importance to it. And every inaugural speech is well prepared beforehand. Thus not only is the language effective, but the structure is also well organized. Generally speaking, the American presidential inaugural address follows the following pattern: (1) To greet the audience (2) To declare to take office (3) To make known the government policy and to persuade the public to accept and support his policy (4) To say the prayers The third part is the most important part of the whole address. Let’s take Kennedy’s address to have a detailed analysis: (1) To state the basic policy goals (2) To address different groups of allied nations or would-be allies (3) To speak to his enemy (4) To appeal to his countrymen for support and sacrifice Here, the orator makes the speech clear and proper to show his aims that the new generation of American will do their best to assure the survival and the success of liberty. It follows the process of human thinking and leads the listeners step by step to the desired action.11A Stylistic Study of American President Kennedy’s Inaugural Address3.3.2 Socio-cultural ContextLanguage is a communicative means of human beings, but any effective communication must be based on a specific social circumstance. Otherwise, the intended function of the text cannot be attained. In other words, text can not fulfill their goals without the necessary context. “Context can mean the history, culture, conventional customs and views on the value of the two sides of communication, so it is also named as socio-cultural context, that is, the so-called background of society and culture”. (Zhang Delu, ) It has been long recognized that language is an essential and important part of a given culture and the impact of culture upon a given language is something intrinsic and indispensable. Study of languages in socio-cultural context is exactly what Halliday and many other modern linguists advocate. Public speaking, which bears much political color and influences the public ideology, inevitably expresses and embodies cultural and social reality. Religion is a very important part of the westerner’s life. Most of the westerners believe in Christianity. Their thoughts and actions are greatly influenced by the doctrines of Bible. Many public speakers make best use of this to make their speeches more inciting. The American presidential addresses are inevitably characteristic of much religious color. First, at the beginning of the inaugural, the newly elected president must put his hand on the Bible and swear the oath. Kennedy say, “For I have swore before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three quarters ago.” Second, when he finishes his address, the president usually says prayers: “Let us go forth to lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth God’s work must truly be our own.” Third, the speaker tends to quote directly some words from the Bible to illustrate or support his political views. We can find a quotation from the Old Testament: “Let both side unit to heed in all corners of the earth the command of Isaiah―to undo the heavy burdens…and to let the oppressed go free.” Then, Kennedy uses Biblical language in some place to add solemnity to some of his weightier sayings. For example: “Let the word go forth from this time and place……”12A Stylistic Study of American President Kennedy’s Inaugural AddressReligion is a product of its social development. The speaker makes use of this and preaches his own idea in the name of God. The religious color in the inaugural address is very helpful to make the address more inciting.3.4 Rhetorical Features“The history of stylistics can be traced back to the rhetoric in the ancient Greek, when rhetoric refers to the skill of public speaking”. (Hu Zhuanglin，). Rhetorical devices are closely related to the skill of public speaking. And according to Halliday, many rhetorical devices, such as alliteration, parallelism, simile, and metaphor, may have some stylistic effects. So the analysis of the rhetorical features in American presidential inaugural address is not only necessary but also important. The object of a political speech is to explain, convince and persuade the audience that what the speaker is saying and planning to do best represent their interests so they should support him. In inaugural address, the president of the USA has to appeal not only to the American people but also to the different groups of nations in the international community. The address should be moving, forceful, and effective. To do this successfully, the speaker must employ suitable rhetorical devices, such as parallelism, metaphor, and alliteration. Kennedy’s inaugural address is generally regarded as one of the best delivered by an American president. Here we’ll take his address to have a detailed analysis of the rhetorical devices.3.4.1 Syntactical Rhetorical Device“Parallelism is a syntactic rhetorical device. It refers to a structural arrangement of parts of a sentence, paragraphs, and larger units of discourse by which one element of equal importance with another is similarly developed and phrased”. (Feng Cuihua, 2004:31) In parallel construction it is necessary to balance word for word, phrase with phrase, clause with13A Stylistic Study of American President Kennedy’s Inaugural Addressclause, sentence with sentence, or paragraph with paragraph.(1) …not because the Communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, but because it is right. (2) Let the world go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans, born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights to which his nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.Very often, repetition is used with parallelism to emphasize the equal importance and weight of theparallel parts. The same sentence appears repeatedly in order to display intense em it is one of the common rhetoric tactics ---- Repetition. Most of the above parallelisms are repetitionstoo. As for repetition of important words we have: “all force” and “belief”, “committed”, “good” and “free”. Repetition has been proven to increase recall and comprehension, particularly if the message is complex. Another rhetorical device used with parallelism is climax. Climax refers to the arrangement of phrases or sentences in ascending order of importance. The elements in the parallel constructions are usually arranged in climactic order in order to add force. For example, in Kennedy’s inaugural address, “Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our life time on this planet.” “Antithesis is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve force and emphasis”. (Feng Cuihua, 2004:35) Antithesis is different from parallelism, because it not only needs neat sentence structure but also requests the meanings to be opposite or relative.(1) United , there is little we cannot do…Divide, there is little we can do… (2) If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.Parallelism, repetition, antithesis, and climax all involve regular, consistent expressions. Owing to its balanced structure, neat rhyme, parallelism plays an important role in making the inaugural address emphatic, forceful, thus making it a successful appeal to the emotion.14A Stylistic Study of American President Kennedy’s Inaugural Address3.4.2 Lexical Rhetorical DeviceMetaphor is a lexical rhetorical device. It is an implied comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. It is an important rhetorical device used in Kennedy’s address. We have the following metaphors:(1) …those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside. (2) But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.Metaphors relate the strange thing to the one that is familiar to the audience, and make it more understandable. Metaphors are usually full of emotional colors. They play an important role in making the speech vivid and effective.3.4.3 Phonetic Rhetorical DeviceAlliteration is a phonetic rhetorical device. In alliteration the same consonant sound is repeated at intervals in the initial position of words. It has been said to be the most popular device of the orator. Kennedy makes a wise use of it in his address.(1) Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friends, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty. (2)…ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you.The alliteration not only adds musical beauty to the address, captures the audience’s attention, but through the repetition of the initial sound, the speaker can also make a strong response to his subjects, and impress his speech on the audience’s memories.Conclusion15A Stylistic Study of American President Kennedy’s Inaugural AddressTo sum up, Kennedy's inaugural speech as one of the presidential inauguration speeches, apart from common, but also has some personal characteristics. Its stylistic characteristics are summed up into the next: First of all, Kennedy's speech is carried out through verbal expression, but have strong written features, which make the speech formal. This is his inaugural speech, in line with the solemn context. In addition, in order to make the speech more lively and powerful, wealthy to the call to action, this speech also has a lot of language skills: such as the rational use of adjectives, to influence the audience' repeated use first-person plural pronoun, an increase of intimacy speech and to a the use of the diversity of expressions to make the express make full use of rhetorical devices in order to arouse the audience emotionally. In a specific cultural environment, Kennedy's speech also has strong religious overtones, having a strong appeal. In short, Kennedy's inaugural speech is a successful speech, has a high value of appreciation. At the same time, it provides a good example for speech learners to improve language skills.16A Stylistic Study of American President Kennedy’s Inaugural AddressBibliography[1] Eggins,S. An Introduction to Systematic Functional Linguistics (2nd ed) [M]. London: Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd, 2004. [2] Halliday. M. A. K. Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning [M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 2001. [3] Hunt, John Gabriel. The Inaugural Addresses of The Presidents [C]. New York: Random House Value Publishing, Inc, 1997. [4] James Paul Gee. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis [M]. Foreign Language Teaching and Reach Press & Rutledge, 2000. [5] Labov, William. Principles of Linguistic Change: Social Factor [M]. Beijing: Peking University Press, 2007. [6] Lucas, Stephen E. The Art of Public Speaking (8th ed) [M]. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2004. [7] McManus,J.A. How to Write and Deliver Effective Speeches [M]. PWS Publishing Company, Thomson Learning, 2005. [8] Thornborrow, Joanna & Wareing, Shan. Patterns in Language: Stylistics for Students of Language and Literature [M]. 北京：外语教育与研究出版社, 2000. [9] Wright, Laura & Hope, Jonathan. Stylistics: A Practical Course Book [Z]. 北京： 外语教学与研究出版 社，2000. [10] 冯翠华. 英语修辞大全[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2004. [11] 黄国文. 语篇分析的理论与实践 [M]. 上海：上海教育出版社，2001. [12] 胡壮麟. 理论文体学[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2000. [13] 胡壮麟. 语言学教程[Z]. 北京：北京大学出版社，2007. [14] 胡壮麟. 刘世生，文体学研究在中国的进展[J]. 《山东师大外国语学院学报》2000 (3). [15] 秦秀白. 英语题材和文体要略[Z]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002. [16] 王佐良. 英语文体学引论[Z]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1987. [17] 徐有志. 公众演讲英语[J]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1994 (2). [18] 张德禄. 功能文体学[M]. 济南：山东教育出版社，1998.17A Stylistic Study of American President Kennedy’s Inaugural AddressAcknowledgementsIn the process of my paper conceiving and creating, I consulted quite a few of my teachers, and they gave me a lot of instructive advice, from the subject-matter choosing, the foundation of my new theory, the planning of the thesis, and even the goal I achieve in my paper, especially my supervisor Ye Suzhen, who gave me a close concern of every point of my paper. In the shaping, refining, amending, and polishing, I owe thanks to her. Also I would like to thank my family members for their love and help during my study. Thanks also go to my friends who have procured for me a host of academic publications relating to my study.18
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