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非谓语动词里主动就用ing吗/well prepared for work,we went to sleep at ease. work 不是主动被he准备的吗 我什么不用ing或者having prepared,是因为后面went有什么影响吗是he went to....
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这是过去分词 作状语 与主语 是主表关系 这是表示状态的 这是 be prepared for sth 句型 一般看作系表结构其实 主动形式 就是 prepare sb/oneself for sth
如果要用ing要怎么改
主表关系 就是 逻辑上 主语 和 表语 的关系
原句= when /because
we were well prepared for work,we went to sleep at ease.
如果 用 preparing 现在分词 作状语 是伴随状语 因为这是强调的动作 所以 有逻辑问题
preparing for work well,we went to sleep at ease.为工作好好做准备 我们去睡安稳觉
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其他类似问题
这里work作名词，工作。非谓语除了ing形式还有不定式
prepare for sth 表示为什么事情而准备， work在这里做名词，工作大意：工作前舒适的睡眠才能更好的工作went to是过去式，表示工作前的睡眠
不是准备在前
然后去睡觉吗？
work在这是名词，不是动词。介词后面加助动词或者名词。
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17.【题文】New technology links the world as never before. Our planet has shrunk. It’s now a “global village” where countries are only seconds away by fax or phone or satellite link. And, of course, our ability to benefit from this high-tech communications equipment is greatly increased by foreign language skills.Deeply involved with this new technology is a kind of modern businesspeople who have a growing respect for the economic value of doing business abroad. In modern markets, success overseas often helps support domestic business efforts. Overseas assignments are becoming increasingly important to advancement within executive ranks. The executive stationed in another country no longer need fear being “out of sight and out of mind.” He or she can be sure that the overseas effort is central to the company’s plan for success, and that promotions often follow or accompany an assignment abroad. If an employee can succeed in a difficult assignment overseas, superiors will have greater confidence in his or her ability to manage back in the United States where cross-cultural considerations and foreign language issues are becoming more and more common. Thanks to a variety of relatively inexpensive communications devices with business applications, even small businesses in the United States are able to get into international markets. English is still the international language of business. But there is an ever-growing need for people who can speak another language. A second language isn’t generally required to get a job in business, but having language skills gives a candidate the edge when other qualifications appear to be equal.The employee posted abroad who speaks the country’s language has an opportunity to fast-forward certain negotiations, and can have the cultural insight to know when it is better to move more slowly. The employee at the home office who can communicate well with foreign customers over the telephone or by fax machine is an obvious asset to the firm. 【小题1】With the increased use of high-tech communications equipment, businesspeople ________.
A．are eager to work overseas
B．have to get familiar with modern technology
C．are gaining more economic benefits from domestic operations
D．are attaching more importance to their overseas business
【小题2】In this passage, “out of sight and out of mind” (Line 3, Para. 3) probably means ________.
A．leaving all care and worry behind
B．being unable to think properly for lack of insight
C．being totally out of touch with business at home
D．missing opportunities for promotion when abroad
【小题3】According to the passage, what is an important consideration of international corporations in employing people today?
A．Ability to speak the customer’s language.
B．Connections with businesses overseas.
C．Technical know-how.
D．Business experience.
【小题4】The advantage of employees having foreign language skills is that they can ________.
A．fast-forward their proposals to headquarters
B．better control the whole negotiation process
C．easily make friends with businesspeople abroad
D．easily find new approaches to meet market needs
【答案】【小题1】D 【小题2】D 【小题3】A 【小题4】B
【解析】试题分析：【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述随着新技术的发展，商人们越来越重视国外贸易的价值。从事国际贸易的员工也需要学习客户国家的语言和文化，以便快速进行谈判。在国外的经理也不必担心不被提拔。因为国外业绩是重要的筹码。【小题1】D考查推理判断。根据文章第二段中的Deeply involved with this new technology is a kind of modern businesspeople who have a growing respect for the economic value of doing business abroad.可知，商人更加重视国外贸易的经济价值。这和选项D意思相同，故选D。【小题2】D考查推测词义。根据文章第三段中的The executive stationed in another country no longer need fear being “out of sight and out of mind.” He or she can be sure that the overseas effort is central to the company’s plan for success, and that promotions often follow or accompany an assignment abroad.可知，在别的国家总经理不用担心他们不被关注，相反，提升常常依据国外的业绩。故选D。【小题3】A考查推理判断。根据文章最倒数第二段中的A second language isn’t generally required to get a job in business, but having language skills gives a candidate the edge when other qualifications appear to be equal.可知，这说明要想得到工作，懂客户国家的语言是很重要的。故选A。【小题4】B考查推理判断。根据文章最后一段中的The employee posted abroad who speaks the country’s language has an opportunity to fast-forward certain negotiations, and can have the cultural insight to know when it is better to move more slowly.可知，会讲客户国家的语言有机会进行快速谈判，并且知道文化背景“在什么时候进展缓慢”。故选B。考点：考查说明文的阅读。
18.【题文】【小题1】When you read the article, do _________(加下划线) the most important words.【小题2】Is military service ________(强制的) in your country?【小题3】Red _________(象征) the bravery, revolution, strength and blood of the country.【小题4】What the man said was not _________(一致的) with their investigation..【小题5】We had to ___________(妥协) with him on the point.【小题6】In s________ to the famous artist, we held a big party.【小题7】The British increased control over their American colonies, s_______ soldiers there.【小题8】C______ that he did not study, he did well on the test.【小题9】On traffic signs yellow means that we should take c_______.【小题10】He will be the s_________ for me as chairperson while I am away.
【答案】【小题1】underline 【小题2】compulsory 【小题3】symbolizes【小题4】consistent 【小题5】compromise【小题6】salute 【小题7】stationing【小题8】Considering 【小题9】caution 【小题10】substitute
【解析】试题分析：【小题1】underline 考查单词的正确拼写。此处do是助动词，加强语气。这是祈使句故用原形； 【小题2】compulsory考查单词的正确拼写。形容词作表语； 【小题3】symbolizes考查单词的正确拼写。此处red作主语，谓语动词用单数形式；【小题4】consistent 考查单词的正确拼写。此处是短语be consistent with结构；【小题5】compromise考查单词的正确拼写。此处had to用动词原形；【小题6】salute考查单词的正确拼写。此处考查短语in solute to意为：表示对……的尊敬； 【小题7】stationing考查单词的正确拼写。此处现在分词短语作伴随状语，且是主动关系，故用现在分词；【小题8】Considering 考查单词的正确拼写。此处considering是介词，意为：鉴于，考虑到；【小题9】caution考查单词的正确拼写。此处take caution意为：注意，小心； 【小题10】substitute考查单词的正确拼写。根据句意此处用substitute意为：替换。考点：考查单词正确拼写及语法知识。
19.【题文】【小题1】He told me this was the first time they ______ (see) a film in the cinema together as a family.【小题2】Henry has come in his raincoat and boots, __________(prepare) for rain.【小题3】Most students’ attitude towards fashion are reported _________(change) nowadays in a recent survey.【小题4】Many students prefer working hard to _______(equip) with knowledge.【小题5】Thank you very much for the trouble you have taken ______ (help) me with my English.【小题6】The professor spoke very clearly to make his speech easy________(understand).【小题7】Jack looked at Mary, tears filling his eyes and shouted at the words _____(hide) in his heart for years.【小题8】____(devote) to caring for the poor, Mother Teresa is greatly respected throughout the world.【小题9】Is there any possibility of their team ________(defeat) in the coming competition?【小题10】The teacher had a talk with Bob. What the teacher said set him ________(think).
【答案】【小题1】had seen 【小题2】prepared 【小题3】to be changing 【小题4】be
equipped 【小题5】to help
【小题6】to understand 【小题7】hidden 【小题8】Devoted【小题9】being defeated【小题10】thinking
【解析】试题分析：【小题1】had seen 考查动词时态。 根据前面的told可知，the first time后用过去完成时；【小题2】prepared 考查分词作伴随状语。此处相当于be prepared for意为：准备好了做某事。 【小题3】to be changing 考查不定式的用法。根据句意此处说明，大多数学生的态度现在正在发生变化，故用不定式的进行时。【小题4】be
equipped 考查非谓语动词的用法。此题易错，容易与prefer。。。to。。。相混淆，这里是不定式作目的状语，努力学习的目的是拥有知识；【小题5】 to help 考查句子结构分析。此处the trouble是先行词，后面是定语从句。To help作目的状语。 【小题6】to understand 考查不定式的用法。此处easy to understand相当于定语从句which is easy to understand；【小题7】hidden 考查过去分词的用法。此处是过去分词短语作定语，修饰words；【小题8】Devoted 考查过去分词短语作状语。相当于she is devoted to caring for the poor； 【小题9】being defeated 考查动名词的复合结构。此处of是介词，其后用动名词，their team是动名词的逻辑主语；【小题10】thinking 考查set的用法。此处是set
sb doing的结构。考点：考查动词的正确形式。
20.【题文】下面这幅漫画展现了人生的一个道理，请根据你对这幅漫画的理解用英语写一篇短文．你的短文应包含以下内容：1.描述图片内容，如图中人物的行为和心情等：2.揭示图画所要表达的人生哲理；3.结合自身实际，谈谈这一漫画给你的启示。注意：1.词数150左右。开头已经写好，不计入总词数．2.作文中不得提及考生所在学校和本人姓名。3.参考词汇：挖土cut earth 钻石 diamond Many people fail in life because they do not realize how close they are to success when they give up.In this picture, we can see ____________________________________
【答案】Never Give upMany people fail in life because they do not realize how close they are to success when they give up.In this picture, we can see a man is cutting earth in a tunnel, hoping to find some diamonds. He makes great efforts in his work. However, after a long time of pains without gains, he decides to give up, feeling disappointed and depressed. But in fact he is very close to success when he gives up. With one or two more attempts of cutting, he would have seen those diamonds right in front of him.This story tells us a very simple but important piece of truth: we should be confident in what we have chosen to do and never stop our effort until we succeed.As a student preparing for the entrance examinations, I should learn a lesson from the man. Just like the diamonds in the picture, success is just waiting for my last efforts. I have been cutting earth for so many years, so I will never give up before I succeed.
【解析】试题分析：本文是一篇看图写话。体裁属于议论类。看图写话是能力要求较高的书面表达。它能较好的测试学生的能力水平。看图本身就是一种能力。英语就成了表达能力的工具。议论类看图写话应注意：1.对图画进行简单的描述；2.阐述文章所蕴含的哲理；3.发表自己的看法和态度。成文时：时态：一般现在时；人称：第三人称为主，发表看法的时候，用第一人称。使用高级词汇、句型和短语。适当使用连词和插入语使文章自然，流畅。【亮点说明】使用了高级句型从句：Many people fail in life because they do not realize how close they are to success when they give up； in fact he is very close to success when he gives up； we should be confident in what we have chosen to do and never stop our effort until we succeed.；I have been cutting earth for so many years, so I will never give up before I succeed.使用了分词短语：hoping to find some diamonds.；feeling disappointed and depressed.；With one or two more attempts of cutting,使用了短语：give up；fail in；makes great efforts in；考点：考查学生的看图能力及语言表达能力。
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旗下成员公司当前位置：
＞＞＞_____ well prepared you are, you still need a lot of luck in..
_____ well prepared you are, you still need a lot of luck in mountain climbing.
A. However B. Whatever C. No matter D. Although
题型：单选题难度：偏易来源：上海高考真题
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据魔方格专家权威分析，试题“_____ well prepared you are, you still need a lot of luck in..”主要考查你对&&状语从句&&等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下：
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因为篇幅有限，只列出部分考点，详细请访问。
状语从句的概念：
状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。比较while/as/when：1、as/when引导短暂性动作的动词例句：如：Just as/Just when/When I stopped my car, a man came up to me. 2、当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when引导这个从句，不可用as或while。如：When you have finished your work, you may have a rest. 3、从句表示“随时间推移”连词能用as，不用when或while。如：As the day went on, the weather got worse. 比较untill/till： 两个连词意义相同,肯定形式表示的意思是“做某事直至某时”，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是“直至某时才做某事”，动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。肯定句例句：I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。注意：在肯定句中可用before代替：Let's get in the wheat before the sunsets. 否定句例句：She didn't arrive until 6o'clock.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how. 1、Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。例句：Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened. 2、Untilwhen疑问句中，until要放在句首。例句：Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么时候？注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。 1）Not until…在句首，主句用倒装。例句：Not until the early years of the19th century did man know what heat is. 2）It is not until…that… 状语从句的用种类：
1、时间状语从句：表示时间的状语从句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till(until), since, once, as soon as(或the moment), by the time, no sooner…than, hardly(scarcely)… when, everytime等引导。 　　e.g. When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting. 　　&&&&&& He started as soon as he received the news. 　　&&&&&& Once you see him, you will never forget him. 　　&&&&&& No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep. 　　2、原因状语从句：原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的，引导这类从句的最常用的连词是because, since, as, nowthat（既然）等，for表示因果关系时（它引导的不是从句）为并列连词，语气不如because强。 　　e.g. He is disappointed because he didn't get the position. 　　&&&&&&As it is raining, I will not go out. 　　&&&&& Now that you mention it, I do remember. 　　3、地点状语从句： 　　引导地点状语从句的连词是where和wherever等。 　　e.g. Sit wherever you like. 　　&&&&&&Make a mark where you have a question. 　　4、目的状语从句： 　　引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是so, so that（从句谓语常有情态动词）, in order that, in case（以防，以免）等。 　　e.g. Speak clearly, so that they may understand you. 　　&&&&&&She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons. 　　&&&&& He left early in case he should miss the train. 　　5、结果状语从句： 　　结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由so that（从句谓语一般没有情态动词）,so…that, such…that等引导。 　　e.g. She was ill, so that she didn't attend the meeting. 　　&&&&&&He was so excited that he could not say a word. 　　&&&&& She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her. 　　6、条件状语从句： 　　条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。引导条件状语从句的词（组）主要有if, unless, so(as)long as, on condition that, so(as) far as, if only(=if)。注意：条件从句中的if不能用whether替换。 　　e.g. If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch. 　　&&&&& You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean. 　　&&&&&&So far as I know（据我所知）, he will be away for three months. 　　&&&&& You can go swimming on condition that(=if) you don't go too far away from the river bank. 　　&&&&&&If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her. 　7、让步状语从句： 　　让步状语从句可由although, though, as, even if(though), however, whatever, whether…or, no matter who(when, what,…)等引导。注意：as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。 　　e.g. Though he is a child, he knows a lot. 　　&&&&& Child a she is, he knows a lot. 　　&&&&& Whatever(=No matter what) you say, I'll never change my mind. 　　8、方式状语从句： 　　方式状语从句常由as, as if(though), the way, rather than等引导。 　　e.g.You must do the exercise as I show you. 　　&&&&& He acted as if nothing had happened. 　　9、比较状语从句： 　　比较状语从句常用than, so(as)…as, the more…the more等引导。 　　e.g. I have made a lot more mistakes than you have. 　　&&&&& He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford. 　　&&&&& The busier he is, the happier he feels.使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题：　　
1、在时间和条件（有时也在方式、让步等）从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。　　e.g. We'll go outing if it doesn't rain tomorrow. 　　&&&&&& I'll write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai. 　　2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，是it），从句的谓语又包含动词be，就可省略从句中的“主语+be”部分。　　e.g. When(hewas) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night. 　　&&&&&& If(you are) asked you may come in. 　　&&&&&& If(it is) necessary I'll explain to you again. 　　3、注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例，能引导多种从句。　　e.g. You are to find it where you left it.（地点状语从句）　　&&&&&& Tell me the address where he lives.（定语从句，句中有先行词）　　&&&&&& I don't know where he came from.（宾语从句）　　&&&&& Where he has gone is not known yet.（主语从句）　　&&&&&& This place is where they once hid.（表语从句）注意：表示“一…就…”的结构 hardly/scarcely…when/before/no sooner…than和as soon as都可以表示“一…就…”的意思。例句：I had hardly/scarcely got home when it began to rain. &&&&&&&&&&& I had no sooner got home than it began to rain. &&&&&&&&&& As soon as I got home, it began to rain. 注意：如果hardly/scarcely或nosooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构：例句：Hardly/Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain. &&&&&&&&&&& No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
发现相似题
与“_____ well prepared you are, you still need a lot of luck in..”考查相似的试题有：
344857364569389841429217334725422207高考英语常用词汇辩析
around& round
作副词时都含“四处”、“遍地”的意思。
&O& about 系常用词,
look about 四处看。
&O& around 具有 about
的基本意思, 因此 look about=look around,
但在下列短语里 around没有 about正式,
around&&&&&
&O& round 和
around在非正式用法中可以互换, 但一般用
round时更简练。在正式用语中, 一般用 round指“旋转”, 而用
around指“处处”, “到处”, 如:
She turned round at such a
noise.&&&&&&&&&
听到这样的吵声, 她回头看。
I have been looking for it all
around.&&&&
我到处都找过了。
&O& 另外, 英国人用 round的地方,
美国人倾向于用 around, 如:
[英] Winter comes round.
[美] Winter comes around.
above all；after all；at all
all意为“尤其是”、“首先”、“最重要的是”，常位于句首或句中，作插入语，起强调作用。如：
But above all tell me quickly what I have to
do．可首先快些告诉我该做什么。
A clock must above all keeps good
time．时钟最重要的是必须走得准。
all意为“毕竟”、“终究”、“终归”、“到底”，在句中位置较灵活。可位于句首、句中或句末。如：
After all，your birthday is only two weeks
away．毕竟，两周后就是你的生日。
He is，after all，a small
child．他毕竟还是个小孩子。
He failed after all．他终于失败了。
all用于否定句时，意为“丝毫；根本”，用于疑问句时意为“究竟；到底”，用于条件句时，常译为“当真；实在”。用于肯定句中，表示说话人的某种情绪或情感（如怀疑或惊奇等），意为“竟然”等。如：
He doesn’t like you at all．他根本不喜欢你。
Are you going to do it at all？你究竟做不做这件事？
If you do it at all，do it
well．若你真要做这件事，就得做好。
I was surprised at his coming at
all．他竟然来了，我很惊讶。
add… add up to
add作“加，增加”解时，既可作及物动词，又可用作不及物动词；作“又说，补充说”解时，与直接或间接引语连用。如：
If the tea is too strong, add some more hot water．
如果茶太浓了，再加点开水。
After a short while, he added that he would try his
best． 过了一会儿，他又接着说他会尽力。
to意为“增添，增加，增进”。如：
The bad weather added to our difficulties．
恶劣的天气增加了我们的困难。
add．．．to意为“把……加到……”，是把前一项加到后一项之后或之中。如：
Add two to seven, and you will get
nine．七加二等于九。
&O& add up
to意为“加起来总共是／累计得”，该短语不用于被动语态。如：
All his school education added up to no more than one
year． 他的学校教育加起来不过一年。
affair意为“事情、事件”,
含义较广，泛指已做或待做的事；复数affairs一般指商业事务及政府的日常事务，如财政管理、外交事务等。
thing意为“事情、事物”，不管大事小事、好事坏事均称为thing，一般不能专指事务；复数things还可作“形势”解。
&O& matter侧重指须留心的要事或问题、难题。
business作“事务、事情”解时，一般不能用复数，常常指所指派的任务、责任；有时说的是指派的工作或商业上的买卖活动。
&& a great
a great deal of
&O& a great
deal用作名词，意为“大量”，“许多”，作主语、宾语；用作副词，意为“很”或“非常”，作状语，修饰动词或用来强调比较级。如：
A great deal has been studied and this is the best
way． 经过大量研究后，这（被认为）是最好的办法。
We are a great deal cleverer than
before．&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
我们比以前聪明多了。
&O& a great deal
of意为“大量的”，“非常多的”，相当于much，作定语，后接不可数名词。如：
A great deal of time／money／energy
has been spent on the project．
大量的时间／金钱／能源花在那个工程上了。
agree on；agree to；agree
with；agree that
on作“就……取得一致意见”解。例如：
The building of a new car factory was agreed on last
上月，就建一座新汽车厂之事达成了协议。
&O& agree to有两层含义和用法：
其一是to作为动词不定式符号，其后跟动词原形，作“同意（答应）做某事”解。
例如： &My father agreed to buy a
new pen for me． 父亲答应给我买支新钢笔。
其二是to作为介词，之后跟表示“计划／条件／建议等一类的名词或代词”。例如：
They have a greed to our plan．
&他们已同意我们的计划。
with作“同意某人的意见”解，其后可跟表示人的名词或代词，也可跟表示“意见”或“说的话”的名词或从句。例如：
He agreed with my opinions． 他同意了我的意见。
We agreed with what he said at the meeting．
我们同意他在会上讲的话。
that作“认为……”解，其后跟宾语从句。例如：
I agree that your composition is very good．
我认为你的这篇作文写得不错。
allow；let
二者均可作“允许”解，但各有侧重：
allow重在“允许”或“容许”，也可表示客气的请求。例如：
He allowed me to take his
dictionary．他允许我拿走他的词典。
Will you allow me to use your bike？
我可以用你的自行车吗？
let作“允许”或“让”解，主要用于口语，一般可与allow互换。作“允许”解时，常暗含“听任”、“默许”之意；作“让”解时，常含“祈使”或“建议”之意。
注意：let之后作宾补的不定式不带to，且不可用于被动语态，而allow则相反。例如：
Please let me walk with you（＝Please allow me to
walk with you．）．我（请允许我）跟你一起走。
注：allow常用于allow sb．to do
sth．或allow doing sth．结构中。
三者均可表示“尽管；虽然”，引导让步状语从句。although用法较正式，语气较强；though较常用；as则主要用于倒装句。它们的用法有如下几点值得注意：
&O& 状语从句由although,
though或as引导，主句之前不可有but, and, so,
however等并列连词，但可有yet或still等副词。although与though常可互换。例如：
Although／Though he believes it, yet he will not
act． 他虽然相信它，但却不肯有所行动。
as表示“尽管；虽然”，只能用于倒装句，即：将表语、状语或谓语动词放在as之前。though也可这么用。例如：
Young as／though he is, he knows a
lot． 他虽然年纪不大，却懂得很多。
注意：如果表语是单数名词，要省略a。例如：
Child as／though he is, he can speak two foreign
languages． 虽然他是个孩子，但他会说两门外语。
though可以放在句末，表示“但是”，although却不能。例如：
they did not, though．
他们说他们会来，可是他们并没有来。
although只用来陈述“事实”，不能表示“假设”。因此可以说even
though“即使”以及as
though“好像(＝as
if)”，不能说even although或as
although。例如：
I believe you are on duty—even though
you’re in plain clothes．
尽管你穿着便衣，我相信你是在值勤。
among／between
这两个介词都有“在……之间”的意思。between常用于两者之间；among一般指三者或三者以上之间。若指三个以上人或物中的每两个之间时，仍然要用between。
例如：The girl walked between her father and
mother．这个女孩走在她父亲和母亲之间。
She is the tallest among her
classmates．她在她同学之间是最高的。
Switzerland lies between
France，Italy，Austria and
瑞士位于法国、意大利、奥地利和德国之间。
argue& debate&
dispute 都含“辩论”的意思。
着重“说理”、“论证”和“企图说服”,
I argued with her for a long time, but she refused to listen
to reason.
我和她辩论了好久, 但她还是不听。
debate 着重“双方各述己见”,
内含“交锋”的意思,
We have been debating about the issue.&
我们一直在就这个问题进行辩论。
dispute 指“激烈争辩”,
含有“相持不下”或“未得解决”之意,如:
Whether he will be elected as chairman is still
disputed.&&&&&&&&&&&
他是否当选为主席, 仍然有争论。
argue；quarrel；discuss
这三个动词均有“争”的意思，但“争”法不同。
argue着重就自己的看法或观点，提出论证，同他人“争论”或“辩论”。例如：
We heard them arguing in the other
room．我们听见他们在另一个房间里争论。
另外，argue同with搭配，其后接人；与about连用，其后接事物。例如：
We argued with them about this problem for a long
time．这个问题我们同他们辩论了很长时间。
quarrel是指对某事不喜欢或强烈不满而发生的“争吵”或“吵架”。同with搭配，其后接某人；和about连用，其后接某事。例如：
He often quarrels about their housework with his
wife．他常为家务事同妻子争吵。
discuss是指认真交换自己的意见或看法的“讨论”。例如：
We'll discuss the use of the articles
tomorrow．明天我们将讨论冠词的用法。
as (so) as (so) long as
&O& as（so）far
as的意思是“就……而言（所知）”，as
(so) far as sth．is
concerned是其中一种具体用法，意为“就某事而言”；as
as意为“只要”，引导条件状语从句。如：
As far as I know, more than 10 million laid-off workers have
found their new jobs．
就我所知，一千多万下岗工人已经找到了新的工作。
There is nothing that we can’t do so ／ as long
as we keep on trying to do it．
只要我们不断地努力去做，就没有什么事干不成。
As far as the tourism of China is concerned, there is a long
way to go．
就中国的旅游业而言，需要做的工作还很多。
asleep／sleeping
二者都是形容词。asleep仅用作表语，不能作定语，表示“睡着，熟睡”的意思；而sleeping一般只能用作定语，放在名词前，表示“睡眠中的，休止的”意思。
如：我们不能说：an asleep baby，但可以说：a sleeping
baby（一个熟睡的婴儿）。
再如：He was asleep with his head on his
arms．他头枕着手臂在熟睡。
asleeping dog正在熟睡的狗
&sleeping car卧车
&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&sleeping bag睡袋
assert，affirm，maintain
&O&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
assert宣称、断言，常指某人主观自信，坚持己见，有时不顾客观事实而断言下结论。
&O&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
affirm指以事实为依据，深信不疑地肯定某种观点或看法。
&O&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
maintain指在相反的证据或论点面前，重申原来的某种观点、立场。
A．Despite all the policeman’s questions the
suspect ＿＿＿ that he had been at home all
B．It is nonsense to ＿＿＿ that
smoking does not damage people’s health．
C．Throughout his prison sentence Dunn has
always ＿＿＿ his innocence．
Answers：A.affirmed&&&&&&
B.assert&&&&&&&&
C.maintained
though；even though；though
&O& as though（＝as
if），意为“好像；似乎”，引导方式状语从句或表语从句。如：
He spoke as though（as if）he had
been here before．他说话的口气好像他以前来过这里。
It looks as if（as though）it is
going to rain．看起来好像要下雨。
&O& even though（＝even
if），意为“即使”，引导让步状语从句。though也引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然”；even
though有退一步设想的意味，与though不同。though引导的句子所说的是事实，even
though引导的句子所说的则不一定是事实。例如：
He will not tell the secret even though（even
if）he knows it．即使他知道这个秘密，他也不肯说出来。
He will not tell the secret though he knows
it．他虽然知道这个秘密，但他不会说出来。
at the beginning；in the
&O& at the beginning
在……初；在……开始的时候。常与of连用。例如：
Students usually have a study plan at the beginning of
term． 学生们在开学初制定学习计划。
&O& in the beginning 相当于at
first，表示“起初、开始”时，含“起初是这种情况，而后来却不是这种情况”之意，不与of连用。例如：
In the beginning，some of us took no interest in
physics． 起初我们有些人对物理不感兴趣。
attack& assail&
assault& charge& beset
&O&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
都含有"攻击"的意思。
&O&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
attack 是常用词,
指"攻击敌人"或"用言论攻击他人",
Germany began to attack the Soviet Union in 1941.
德国在1941年开始进攻苏联。
&O&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
assail 指"猛烈连续地攻击",
The enemy plane assailed our defence
position.&&&&&&&
敌机不断猛烈地攻击我们的阵地。
&O&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
assault 语气比 assail强,
指"突然猛烈地进攻",
暗示"武力的直接接触" (如肉搏等),
也有"暴力"的意思,
如：The enemy assaulted us at
敌人在黎明时向我进攻。
&O&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
指"冲击"或"骑兵的突然攻击",
The cavalry charged to the
front.&&&&&&&&&&
骑兵猛烈向前线冲击。
&O&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
beset 指"围攻",
即从各个方向攻击, 如：
In the swamp we were beset by
mosquitoes.&&&&
在沼泽地里, 我们受到蚊子的围攻。
at the age of／by the age of
&O&&&&&&&&
at the age
of表示“在……岁时”，后面接基数词，强调某一时刻的情况或动作，用于一般过去时，作时间状语。例如：
At the age of six，he began to learn
English．他六岁的时候开始学英语。
She learned to play the piano at the age
often．她十岁的时候学弹钢琴。
&O& by the age
of表示“到……岁的时候”、“在……岁以前”，后面接基数词，强调到某一时刻为止的结果，用于过去完成时或将来完成时，作时间状语。例如：
By the age of sixteen，he had learned to drive a
car．到十六岁的时候，他已经学会了开小汽车。
You will have learned more than 2000 English words by the age
of fourteen．
到你十四岁的时候，你将学会2000多个英语单词。
&O& at the
time通常用于过去时句子中，指某件事情发生的“当时”、“那时”。例如：
Many people saw the strange thing happen at the
time． 当时，许多人都看到了这件奇怪的事情的发生。
&O& 有时，at the
time的后面可接“of．．．”短语。这时，它表示“在（某事态）发生的时候”或“在……的时代”。例如：
Were you in San Francisco at the time of the big earth quake
1989年旧金山发生地震时，你在那里吗？
It happened at the time of King Alfred．
事情发生在阿尔弗雷德国王时期。
&O& at that time
则通常指前文明确提到的某个时期、时候。通常其后不带“of．．．”短语。例如：
In the 17th century much corn was grown in Tibet and
Sichuan．At that time
(＝At the 17th century) the land along the
Changjiang River was becoming very crowded．
&O& at one time＝during a period
of time in the
past意为“过去有一段时期”，“曾经”。例如：
They used to be good friends at one time．
他们曾经是好朋友。
time则意为“一次”，表示一个时间单位。它常与表示数量的词语连用，表示频率。例如：
Don’t speak all at once．One at a time,
please． 不要同时一起说。一次只一个人说。
Take the medicine three times a day and three pieces at a
time．&&&&&&&&&&
这些药每天服三次，每次服三粒。
at ．．． speed ／ with ．．．
&O& at the speed of或者at
speed，意为“以……的速度”。而当speed被all,
lightning,
great等修饰时，介词应用with。我们可用一句口诀来帮助记忆：都（all）以闪电般（lightning）大（great）的速度行驶。如：
Our car was running with all speed on the
expressway． 我们的车在高速公路上全速行驶。
The Long March No．2 Rocket sent up the
satellite into space at the speed of 11．2 kilometers
per second．
&长征二号火箭以每秒钟11．2公里的速度将卫星发射到太空。
because／since／as／for
这四个词都是表示原因或理由的连接词，但是as，because，since是从属连词，引导原因状语从句，for是并列连词，所引导的不是原因状语从句，而是表示理由的对等句子，是对前面所讲内容补充和说明。在语气上由强至弱依次为because→since→as→for。because引导的从句多置于句末，表示直接的原因或理由，表示产生那种结果的必然的因果关系，在回答why的提问时，必须用because作答。
如：We stayed at home because it
rained．因为下雨我们呆在家里。
as与since引导的从句多置于句首，不过as表示十分明显的原因，只说明一般的因果关系，可译为“因为、由于”；而since则表示稍加分析、对方已知的原因，一般可译为“既然”。如：
As he was not feeling well，I decided to go
there alone．由于他身体欠佳，我决定独自去那里。
Since everyone is here，let's
start．既然大家都到了，咱们就开始吧。
for引导的从句一般放在句末，其前用逗号，它所叙述的理由是间接的，即推测性理由，或是对前面叙述的事实或看法的补充说明。如：
There must be nobody in the classroom，for the
light is off．
教室里一定没有人，因为灯灭了。（推测性理由）
believe；believe in
believe作及物动词时，其后可跟名词，表示“相信”；后接从句或复合宾语时，表示“认为；料想；相信”等。如：
I believe what he says．我相信他的话。
I believe that he will succeed．我相信他会成功的。
&O& believe in
是一个动介型短语动词，表示“信奉；信仰”（指对某种思想、主张、观念、行动具有信心）和“信任（have trust
in）”。如：
They believe in God．他们信仰上帝。
I believe in having plenty of
exercise．我相信多锻炼有好处。
&O& believe和believe
in后均可接表示人的名词或代词，但含义不同。试比较：
I believe in him（I think he is a frustworthy
man）．我信任他。
I believe him．（I believe what he
says）．我相信他的话。
faith& trust& confidence
都含有“相信”的意思。
&O& belief 指“承认某事是真的,
尽管有或没有确凿的证据”, 如:
belief in ghosts.&&
相信有鬼。
指“认为有确凿证据或道理而完全相信”, 如:
I have faith in his ability to
succeed.&&&&&
我相信他有成功的能力。
&O& trust 指“信赖”、“信任”,
含有“坚定的信念”的意思, 如:
enjoy the trust of the people
&得到人民的信任。
&O& confidence
指“在有证据的基础上相信”, 也常指“自信”、“有把握”,
She has great confidence in her
success.& 她对自己的成功充满信心。
besides；except；but
三者都可以用作介词。用于肯定句中时，except／but意为“除……外（不再有）”；besides意为“除……外（还有）”。请比较：
All of them have seen the film except／but Wu
Dong． 除了吴东外，他们都看过了那部影片。
All of them have seen the film besides Wu Dong．
除了吴东看过那部影片外，他们也都看过了。
except后接名词、代词、－ing或不定式时，可以与but互换；except后接副词、介词短语时，一般不能为but所替换。如：
I’ll do everything except／but cook．
除了做饭，我什么事情都干。
This window is never opened except in summer．
除了在夏天，这个窗子从不打开。
&O& 用在否定句中，三者可以互换。如：
There aren’t any other people to do the work
except／but／besides you．
除了你，没人能做这工作。
anxious that
&O& be anxious
to表示“急于”、“渴望”，其中to是不定式符号，后面接动词原形；
&O& be anxious
for表示“渴望”，后面接名词或代词时，强调渴望得到某物或渴望了解某事；后面接sb．to
do sth．时，表示“渴望某人能做某事”，其中for sb．to do
sth．是不定式复合结构。
&O& be anxious about
表示“对…感到不安”、“为…担心”、“为…忧虑”；
&O& be anxious
that表示“渴望”，后面接从句，that从句的谓语动词须用虚拟语气；
be known as； be known for； be
known to；& be known in
&O& be known as
意为“作为……而著名”，其后的名词表示一个人的身份、职业等。如：
Liu Huan is known as a singer．刘欢作为一个歌手而出名。
We’re sure you’ll be well-known as an
artist．我们相信你会成为一位著名的画家。
&O& be known for
意为“因……而著名”，其后所接内容表示某人或物的特点、特长等。如：
Guilin is known for her beautiful mountains and
rivers．桂林因其美丽的山水而闻名。
Mr Geldof is well-known for organizing two big pop concerts
on the same day．
盖尔多夫先生因在同一天组织两场大型的流行音乐会而出名。
&O& be known to
“为……所了解／知道”，其后接表示人的词语。“（人们都）知道”，其后接动词原形。如：
He is known to all in our village．村子里的人都了解他。
He was known to have invented many
things．＝It was known that he had invented many
人们都知道他已经发明了很多东西。
&O& be known in
意为“在某地很著名”。如：
He is well-known in the town where he was born．
他在自己出生的那个镇子上很出名。
&& be made
of／be made in／be made
from／be made by／be made up of
&O& be made
of表示“由……制成”，指从原料到制成品，只发生了形状变化，没有发生本质变化（属物理变化）。
&O& be made
in当后面接时间的数词或名词时，表示“某物何时制造的或何时产的”。当后面接指地点的名词时，表示“某地产某物”。
&O& be made
from表示“由……制成”，指从原料到制成品，发生了质的变化，已无法复原（属化学变化）。
&O& be made
by表示“由……制做”，后面接指人的名词或代词，强调动作的执行者。
&O& be made up
of表示“由……构成（组成）”，强调主语由两部分或两个以上的部分构成或组成。
【练习】用be made in，be made
of，be made from，be made
by或be made up of填空。
①This
bike&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&②This
table&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&③The
car&&&&&&&&&&&&
④Paper&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&⑤The
kite&&&&&&&&&
my mother．
&&&&&&&&&&
&⑥The
team&&&&&&&&&&&
ten members．
【Keys】was made in； is made
of ；was made in ；is made
from；was made by；is made up of
&& be used
for／be used as／be used by
&O& be used
for表示“被用作……”或“被用来作……”，后面接名词或v－ing，其中for表示目的。
&O& be used
as表示“作为……而用”或“用作……”，后面接名词或动词不定式，强调使用的工具及手段。
&O& be used
by表示“由……使用”，后面接指人的名词或代词，强调使用者。
【练习】用be used for，be used
as或be used by填空。
telephone&&&&&&&&&&&&&
better communication（交流）．
②The
motorbike&&&&&&&&&&&&&
Liu Ming．
ruler&&&&&&&&&&&&
often&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
a knife by him to cut a piece of paper open．
【Keys】is used for；is used
by；is,used as
pleased at(或about);be pleased to
1)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
The manager ＿＿＿ you before．
2)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
My boss must ＿＿＿ see you again in
HongKong．
3)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
I ＿＿＿ seeing so many students
4)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
I hear Mr Zhao ＿＿＿ your article．
析： ①was pleased
with。表示“对……满意；喜欢……”后面通常接指人的名词或代词。
②be pleased
to。表示“很高兴或很乐意做某事”，其中to是不定式符号，后面接动词原形。
③am pleased at(或about)。be
at（或about）表示“对（看到或听到的）事感到高兴，”后面接指事的名词或v－ing。
&④is pleased
at(或about)。解析同③。
&be to do sth；be about to do
sth；be going to do sth．
&O& be to do
sth．表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作，后可跟时间状语。如：
You're to hand in your papers by 10
o'clock．十点钟以前你得交上试卷。
&O& &be about to do
sth．表示打算或安排即将发生的动作，它通常不与时间状语连用。如：
I was about to go out when someone knocked at the
door．我正要出去，这时有人敲门。
&O& be going to do sth．有三层含义：
①表示打算、计划或决定要做某事。如：
We're going to spend our holidays in Wales this
year． 今年我们打算到威尔士度假。
②用以表示某事物即将发生或很可能发生。如：
I'm going to be twenty next month．
下个月我就二十岁了。
③有迹象表明即将发生的动作或状态。如：
Look at those black clouds, there is going to be a
storm． 瞧那些乌云，暴风雨就要来了。
strike通常表示“打一下、打若干下”，不一定都是有意的；还有“打动、使……着迷、某种想法突然闪现在脑海里”的含义；也可指“打、擦出（火），（蛇、兽）抓，咬，或（钟）敲响”。
hit指“打中”或“对准……来打”，“敲打或打击对方的某一点”。
beat着重“连续地打击”。如：殴打或体罚；也指在游戏、竞赛或战争中击败对方；也指“心跳”。
blame“责备；责怪”，指某人应对自己不好的行为负责（常与for连用），或将某件不好的事情归咎于他人（常与on或upon连用），往往含有把自己当作评判人来评判某事，没有用言语来进行责骂的意思。例如：
He blamed Tom for the
failure．&&&&&&&&&&&
他责怪汤姆造成了失败。
Don't blame it on him, but on me．
别怪他，该怪我。
scold“责骂”，指唠唠叨叨地数说某人，多用于上级对下级、长辈对晚辈的“责骂”。例如：
Don't scold the child．It's not his
fault． 不要责骂那孩子，这不是他的过失。
I hate to scold, son, but you mustn't stay out so late at
我不喜欢斥责，孩子，可你不该呆在外面那么晚不回家。
&O& blow down表示“吹倒”、“刮倒”；blow
in表示“吹进”、“吹入”；blow
off表示“吹掉”、“炸掉”、“发泄”；blow
over表示“暴风雨吹散”、“过去”、“结束”。
[EXERCISES]
1) The high winds yesterday ＿＿＿＿＿ thousands of
2) We sometimes had quarrels, but they soon
＿＿＿＿＿．
3) I had my hat ＿＿＿＿ by the
4) A lot of dust ＿＿＿＿．You must clear it
Key: 1) blew down& 2) blew
over& 3) blown
off&& 4) has blown in
break through
up表示“打碎”、“变坏”、“分解”、“终止”、“破裂”。
down表示“瓦解”、“分解”、“失败”、“出故障”、“破坏”、“拆毁”。
&O& break out表示“爆发”、“突然发生”。
into表示“强行进入”、“闯入”、“破门而入”、“打断（谈话、讨论）”、“突然……起来”。
in表示“闯入”、“打断”、“插嘴”，其中in是副词。
away表示“脱逃”、“脱离”、“突然离开”、“革除”、“戒除”，常与from连用。
through表示“战胜”、“突围”、“穿过……而出现”、“突破”。
①He said his computer ＿＿＿＿＿．
②Those old cars will be ＿＿＿＿ for
scrap(废铁)．
③Last night somebody ＿＿＿＿ Mr Brown's
house and took away many things．
④A fire ＿＿＿＿ after we had gone
⑤The boy often ＿＿＿＿ while his parents
are speaking．
⑥You must ＿＿＿＿ from bad
⑦After the heavy rain the sun ＿＿＿＿ the
⑧A thief ＿＿＿＿ and stole a lot of things
last night．
⑨Tom ＿＿＿＿the motor bike which he bought
five years ago．
⑩The ice began to ＿＿＿＿ on the
(Key:①had broken
down&& ②broken
up&& ③broke
into&& ④broke
out&& ⑤breaks
in&⑥break
away&& ⑦broke
through&& ⑧broke
in&& ⑨broke
down&& ⑩break
bring on；bring in；bring
&O& bring on
使发生；引起；端上（饭菜）。如：
Tom often brings on meals and his brother，Jim
picks up the dishes after meals．
汤姆常常端上饭菜，（而）他弟弟吉姆饭后收拾碗碟。
The sudden cold weather brought on his cold again．
天气突然变冷，使他再次感冒。
&O& bring in
引来；引进；吸收。如：
His new business brings in 1，000
dollars． 他的新生意使他赚了一千美元。
We also brought in some words from English．
我们也从英语中吸收了一些词汇。
&O& bring out
取出；说出；阐明；出版。如：
He brought out his gun and pointed at
me．他掏出枪来指着我。
Bring out the meaning more clearly．请把意思讲清楚些。
They have brought out a set of children’s
books．他们出版了一套儿童读物。
down表示“使倒下”、“减少”、“降低（价格、温度）”；
back表示“使回想起”、“归还”、“带回来”；
&O& bring up表示“呕吐出”、“养育”；
in表示“把．．．．．．引进来”、“赚入”、“获利”、“把．．．．．．拿进来”、“吸收”。
[EXERCISES]
1) Her singing ＿＿＿＿＿ memories of my
2) They also ＿＿＿＿ some words from their own
languages．
3) The wind ＿＿＿＿ a number of
4) He ＿＿＿＿＿ all he had eaten．
5) Can you try to get them to ＿＿＿＿ the
6) All library books must be ＿＿＿＿ before June
7) Mr White ＿＿＿＿ ＄500 a
8) You must manage to ＿＿＿＿＿ the
temperature．
Key: 1) brings
back&&& 2)
3) brought
4) brought up
down&&&&&6)
brought back&&
&7) is bringing
in&&& 8) bring
两者都表示两边或两点之间的距离都有“宽的”之意，
但broad着重某物覆盖面的范围
(如肩、背、胸等的宽)，还可表示“宽宏大量”；wide着重指边沿间相隔的距离以及“广泛”之意。如：
Looking at the new-type camera, the young man with broad
shoulders was surprised with his mouth wide open.
看着那个新型相机，那个肩宽背阔的年轻人惊奇得张大了嘴巴。
He’s a broad- he’ll never be disappointed by
such a small failure．
他是个心胸宽广的人；决不会因为那么一次小小的失败而感到失望。
&but／however
这两个连词都有“但是，可是，然而”之意。but连接两个分句或有关部分，表示转折或逻辑上的对比关系，使用最广，口语中更为常见。如：
We love peace but we are not afraid of
war．我们热爱和平，但我们并不害怕战争。
however转折意味比but弱，连接的两个分句或有关部分的关系较为松弛，后一部分常起附带说明或衬托作用。however常以插入语形式出现在句子中间，前后用逗号隔开，也可置于句首或句末。如：
Later，however，he decided to
go．可是后来他决定去了。
&by oneself；oneself
oneself＝alone，without
help。强调“在无他人或他物的情况下”或“无帮助的情况下”；
&O& oneself作同位语，表示强调本人。
If you come to my house，I’ll cook
for you myself．
如果你来我家，我将亲自下厨。（强调亲手为你做饭）
Can you cook by yourself now？
&你现在能单独做饭了吗？（强调无他人协作）
by sea；by the sea
sea意为“走海路；坐轮船”，其中by表示乘坐交通工具或行走方式，by与名词间不可用冠词；by
sea意为“在海边”，其中by表示“在……旁边”，by与后面的名词间常有冠词修饰。如：
They will go to America by sea．
他们将坐轮船去美国。
There is a small village by the sea．海边有个小村庄。
请比较下面类似有这样区别的短语：
by ship& 乘船
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&by a ship&
在一艘轮船旁边
by land& 从陆路
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&by the land&
在岸边（在陆地旁边）
by taxi& 乘出租车
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&by the taxi&
在出租车旁边
by road& 从陆路
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&by the road& 在路边
sb．doing sth；& be
(get) caught in sth．
&O& catch sb．doing
sth．作“碰（遇）上某人正在做某事”解。例如：
The policeman caught two men fighting in the
street．警察碰见两个人在街上打架。
The man was caught stealing the
apples．那人偷苹果时，被当场发现。
&O& be (get) caught in
sth．“遇上……而受阻”之意。例如：
I got caught in the traffic．我因交通堵塞而受阻。
I was caught in a storm on my way to
school．我在去学校的路上遇到了暴雨。
about“关心；计较；在乎”，指由于某事重要，或因责任所在而关心计较，一般用于否定句。如：
He doesn't care about his clothes．他不讲究衣着。
I don't care about going there．去不去那里，我无所谓。
for“关心；照料；喜欢；愿意”。作“关心；照料”讲，一般用于肯定句或疑问句。如：
Who will care for your children when you are away﹖
你离开期间谁照顾你的孩子？
How the Party cares for us! 党是多么关心我们啊！
Would you care for a walk? 你愿意去散步吗？
He cares more for fine new clothes than for anything
else． 他喜爱漂亮的新衣胜于其他的一切。
care还可作及物动词，但其后通常接从句。如：
I don't care who you are．我不管你是谁。
I don't care what you say．不论你说什么，我都不在乎。
to“愿意，欲望”，后接动词原形。如：
I don’t care to go there．我不愿意去那里。
& carry out
&O& 表示“运走”；“掠走”，用carry
off或carry away均可。但两者也有不同之处：carry
off可表示“夺得”某种奖赏；carry
away可表示“吸引住”。如：
After destroying the village, the enemy carried
off／away all the cattle．
在毁掉村子之后，敌人把牲畜都掠走了。
I carried off the first prize．我获得了头等奖。
We were carried away by her songs．她的歌声令我们浑然忘我。
out的意思是“搬出（某物）”；“履行（计划或义务等）”。如：
Would you please carry out the desk into the
garden﹖ 请你把桌子搬到花园里去好吗？
You must carry out your duty．
你必须履行你的职责。
cause意为“起因”、“原因”，指引起某种结果的必然原因，即主要事实方面的原因，常和effect连用，表示因果关系。如：
I don’t know the cause and
effect．我不知道此事的前因后果。
The cause of the fire was
carelessness．失火的原因是粗心大意。
reason意为“理由”、“原因”，指用以解释某些已发生的事情的理由或借口，这种理由可能是也可能不是真正的理由，强调逻辑推理方面的理由。如：
There are many reasons for animals dying
out．动物的绝种有许多原因。
Tell us your reason for changing the
plan．告诉我们你改变计划的原因。
excuse指为免受指责和推卸责任而找的“理由”、“原因”也就是我们常说的“借口”。如：
Too much work is no excuse for
absence．工作太忙不能成为缺席的理由。
I haven’t done the work well，my
excuse is that I have been ill．
我没把工作做好，我的理由是我病了。
cheer／greet／welcome
cheer意为“欢呼”，侧重表示高声呼叫以示欢迎，强调气氛的活跃，常含鼓励之意。如：
& &The boys cheered their
football team．孩子们为他们的足球队喝彩。
greet表示用语言、行动等“迎接”，常含“友好、热情、亲切”之意。如：
We greeted our guests at the gate．
我们在大门口迎接客人。
welcome常表示“欢迎新人、新事、新主张”等。如：
We welcome the new ideas． 我们欢迎新思想。
&clear away, clear up, clear off
away表示“清除掉”、“收拾掉”、“散掉”、“消散”；clear
up表示“露出（喜色）”、“（天气）放晴”、“清理”、“整理”；clear
off表示“走开”、“离开”。
[EXERCISES]
1) We must ＿＿＿＿ such ideas among
ourselves．
2) She ＿＿＿＿ her desk before she moved to
another school．
3) The sky looks as if it would ＿＿＿＿
4) ＿＿＿＿ before I call the
5) His face ＿＿＿＿ when he read the
Key: 1) clear away&& 2)
cleared up& 3) clear
up&& 4) Clear
off&& 5) cleared up
&close；closely
&O&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
closely这两个词都可以用作副词，close表示“靠近”、“紧紧地”，closely则表示“紧密地”、“严密地”、“密切地”。如：
I went closer, and saw clearly a tall man in the
moonlight．
Come close, I want to tell you something
important．
The policeman followed the strange man closely．
The scientists got closely in touch with the
astronauts．
&O&&&&&&&&&&
come up常表示位置“上升”；从水中或
土中“冒出”；芽苗等“长出”；“引起注意、被提出”等。如：
The seeds haven’t come
up．& 种子还没发芽。
&Your question came up at the
meeting．你的问题在会上被提出来讨论。
&O&&&&&&&&&&
常用来催促别人，意为“加油、加快”，也可表示“来临、袭击”。如：
&I can feel a headache coming
on．我觉得头痛了。
&O&&&&&&&&&&
out常表秘密等“传出、被获悉”，书籍等的“出版”；“结果是”。如：
&When will her new book come out﹖
&她的新书什么时候出版？
&The answer to the math problem came out
wrong． 这道数学题的结果错了。
finish是普通用语，用得比较广泛，可作及物动词或不及物动词，多用来指“完成”一项任务或活动，后面可接名词、代词或－ing，不接不定式。例如：
Have you finished your
work﹖& 你的工作完成了吗？
He finished writing the letter last
night．这封信他是昨晚完成的。
complete一般用作及物动词，用法较正式，通常用来表示完成某个计划、理想、事业、工程、建筑、书籍及作品等，后面可接名词或代词，不接－ing或不定式。例如：
He’s never completed a project on
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&他从未按时完成过计划。
The bridge is not completed yet．
&&&&&&&&&&&
&这座桥至今尚未完工。
表示完成学业、精细的工作、吃完某物及在被动结构中表示“一切都完了；没希望了”等意时，均用finish。例如：
He finished school in
1991．&&&&&&&&&&
他1991年从学校毕业。
The wood－work is beautifully
finished．
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&这件木器做得很精细。
注意：complete a book的意思是“写完一本书”；finish a
book意为“看完一本书”。
&common ordinary general
&都含“普通的”意思。
&O& common强调“常见的”、“
不足为奇的”，
&如：Colds are common in
winter.感冒在冬天很常见。
&O ordinary强调“平常的”、“平淡无奇的”，
&如：His ordinary supper consists of only
bread and milk. 他通常的晚餐不过是面包和牛奶。
&O& general意为“普遍的”、“一般的”，
&如：This book is intended for the general
reader, not for the specialist.
&这本书是为一般读者写的， 不是为专家写的。
&O normal指“正常的”、“正规的”、“常态的”,
normal temperature of the human
body&&&&&&&&&&&&
人的正常体温
compare… compar… compared
compare…with意为“把……与……相比”，侧重指两者间的区别。
如：Compare this car with that one, and you will find
the differences between them．
把这辆汽车与那辆汽车相比较，你就会发现它们之间的区别。
compare…to…意为“把……比作……”，着重注意两者间的相似点。如：
This song compares our country to a big
family．这首歌把我们的国家比作一个大家庭。
compare既可以单独用作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词。用作不及物动词时，以compare
with…形式出现，表示“与……相比”。如：
Living here can’t compare with living in
Shanghai．在这儿生活不能和在上海（生活）相比。
If you compare the two words， you can tell the
difference between them．
如果你比较这两个单词，你就会辨别出它们之间的不同。
&O& compared with…和compared
to…都可用作状语，意义基本相同，可互换。如：
Compared to／with him， you are
lucky．&&&&&&&&&&&&&
与他相比，你是幸运的。
It was a small town then， compared
to／with what it is now．
和现在比起来，那时它还是个小镇。
两者都可用作动词，意为“采访”，cover的宾语是事情；interview的宾语是人。如：
Reporters are then sent to cover the
events．然后记者们就被派去采访这些事件。
He interviewed five people in the
morning．他上午采访了五个人。
country； nation；
state； land
country意为“国家；国土”，侧重指版图；疆域。如：
China is a great country with a long
history．中国是一个历史悠久的伟大国家。
注意：country含义广泛，适合各种文体，也可代替本组中的任何一个词，有时作“祖国”解，带有感情色彩。如：
After many years abroad， he wanted to return to
his country．在国外呆了多年后，他想回到自己的祖国。
Some parts of this country (land) are much warmer than
others．该国某些地区的气候较其他地区温暖得多。
nation意为“民族；国家”，侧重指人民；国民；民族。如：
The whole nation was in deep sorrow at this
news．听到这一噩耗，全国人民悲痛万分。
注意：在国际交往等正式场合，nation语体庄重，比country常用。如：
the United Nations
(UN)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&the law of nations&
a most favored nation& 最惠国
Trade between nations is much better than
war．国与国之间进行贸易往来比兵戎相见好得多。
state意为“国家；政府”，侧重指政权；政体。如：
In our country， railways are
state-owned． 在我国铁路为国家所有。
land意为“国土；国家”，带有感情色彩，多用于文学作品中。如：
This is my native land．I’ll defend it with my
life！ 这是我的祖国，我要用自己的生命保卫她！
cross作动词用时，意思是“横过”。如：
They are crossing the river． 他们正在过河。
The idea has just crossed my
mind．& 这个主意是我刚才想到的。
cross作名词用时，指“十字形的东西”。
&across可作介词或副词，意为“横穿，横过”。如：
They pushed the cart across the bridge．
他们推着车过桥。
The post office is across the street．邮局在街道对面。
crossing意为“横穿，交叉，十字路口，人行横道”。如：
They are standing at a crossing．他们正站在十字路口。
cut through
off表示“隔绝”、“断绝”、“（电路）切断”、“剪下”、“砍掉”；
&O& cut up表示“切割开来”、“切碎”、“使难过”；
through表示“凿穿”、“穿过”、“穿透”。
[EXERCISES]
1) The building ＿＿＿＿ our view．
2) We are going to ＿＿＿＿ the mountain to build a
free way here．
3) She ＿＿＿＿＿ the cake and gave each of us a
4) He ＿＿＿＿ some flowers from the
Key: 1) cut off&& 2) cut
through&& 3) cut
up&&& 4) cut off
&O& daily用作名词意为“日报”
&&&如：China
Daily《中国日报》
用作形容词，意同everyday；
用作副词意同everyday。
everyday意为“每日的、日常的”，在句中作定语。
everyday English＝daily
English日常英语；everyday life＝daily
life日常生活。
day（分开写）意为“每天”，在句中作状语。如：
He comes here every day．＝He comes here
daily．他每天来这儿。
这三个词都有“破坏；损坏”的意思，区别如下：
damage意为“损坏、破坏”。它可用于表示损坏或破坏具体的物品，一般暗示损坏后价值或效益会降低，这种损坏是部分性的，通常指损坏的程度不那么严重，还可以修复再用。也可用于表示损坏抽象的东西,有时该词也用于借喻。如：
The car was not damaged badly in the accident, but five
people were seriously hurt．
汽车在事故中损坏不严重，但却有五个人受了重伤。
Her heart was slightly damaged as a result of her long
illness．长期生病使她的心脏受到轻度损伤。
What they said and did damaged the relations between the two
countries．
他们的言行损害了这两个国家之间的关系。
Smoking has damaged his health
badly．&&&&&&
吸烟严重地损害了他的健康。
damage还可用作可数或不可数名词。如：
The earthquake did a lot of damages to the
city．这场地震给这座城市带来了巨大的破坏。
destroy意为“破坏；摧毁；消灭；毁灭”，通常指程度非常严重的“毁坏”，一般情况下不可以修复再用。另外，它既可表示毁坏具体的物品，也可表示毁坏抽象的东西。如：
The big fire destroyed the whole house．
这场大火把整座房子都烧毁了。
The Nazi wanted to destroy people's hopes, but in the end
what was destroyed was the Nazi's dream by the power of
people．&&&&&&&&&&&
纳粹想摧毁人民的希望，最终是纳粹的梦想被人民的力量所摧毁。
ruin多用于借喻之中，有时泛指一般性的破坏，指把某物损坏到了不能再使用的程度。如：
My new coat is ruined．我的外套不能再穿了。
The rain will ruin the crops．这雨会把庄稼毁掉的。
I was rui I'm a ruined
man我被那场官司毁了，我破产了。
damp& wet&
dank& moist& humid
都含"潮湿的"意思。
damp指"轻度潮湿,
使人感觉不舒服的", 如:
I don't like damp
weather.&&&
我不喜欢潮湿的天气。
指"含水分或其他液体的"、"湿的",
be wet to the skin 浑身湿透。
指"阴湿的", 如:
a dark dank and chilly cave&
一个既黑暗又潮湿、又阴冷的洞。
moist指"微湿的"、"湿润的",
常含"不十分干,
此湿度是令人愉快的"意思, 如:
Grasses were moist with
dew.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
草被露水润湿了。
&O& humid为正式用语,
常表示"空气中湿度大的", 如:
In the east, the air is humid in
summer.&&&&&&&&&&
在东方, 夏季空气潮湿。
day after day
&O& day by
day意为“一天一天地”，“逐日”，表示事情的逐渐变化过程。该短语只能作状语。如：
It's getting colder day by day．天气一天天冷了起来。
The boy is getting better day by
day．那孩子一天天好了起来。
&O& day after
day意为“日复一日”、“一天又一天”，表示一个重复（周而复始或循环重复）的动作或事件。该短语可作主语和状语。如：
Day after day went by, and still no message
arrived．日子一天天过去，仍然杳无音讯。
I have to do the work day after day．我得天天做这项工作。
get rid of
&O& get rid
of表示“处理”，侧重“消灭；摆脱或清除”；deal with和do
with侧重“处理”的手段、方法或方式。do的后面可接宾语，deal的后面不接宾语；do
with常与what连用，deal
with常与how连用。
①If they are not coming, we can ＿＿＿ the
②How did they ＿＿＿＿ matters of this
③What did you ＿＿＿＿ the broken
④Mr Zhang wrote a book ＿＿＿＿ life in
⑤We should ＿＿＿＿ the weeds in the
(Key: ①get rid
of&& ②deal
with&& ③do
with&& ④dealing
with&& ⑤get rid
&demonstrate，illustrate
&O&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
demonstrate
证明，论证，以科学严谨的态度，通过推理、辩论或提供证据来证明事物的正谬。illustrate
指用实物、图片等进行说明，illustrate后常用介词by，with。
A．The lecturer ＿＿＿＿ his point
with a diagram ont heblackboard．
B．To ＿＿＿＿ his
arguments，he showed us a lot of facts．
C．These figures clearly ＿＿＿ the
size of the economic problem facing the country．
Answers：A.illustrated&&&
B.demonstrate&&&
C.demonstrate
discover；invent；find；find
invent意为“发明”，指通过劳动运用聪明才智“发明／创造”出以前从未存在过的新事物。
&&Who invented the
telephone？ 是谁发明电话的？
&He invented a new teaching
method．他发明了一种新的教学方法。
find意为“找到、发现”，指找到或发现自己所需要的东西或丢失的东西，着重指找到的结果。
&&We've found oil
under the South Sea．我们已在南海发现了石油。
&They finally found a way．
他们终于找到了办法。
discover意为“发现”，
表示“偶然”或“经过努力”发现客观存在的事物、真理或错误，即指发现原来客观存在但不为人所知的事物，也可表示发现已为人所知的事物的新的性质或用途。
&&Columbus
discovered America in1492．&
&哥伦布1492年发现了美洲。
&We soon discovered the truth．
我们很快就弄清了真相。
&O& find out指经过研究或询问查明某事或真相。
[EXERCISES]
1．Edison ＿＿＿＿ the electric
2．I lost my necklace last night．I
haven’t ＿＿＿＿ it．
3．Who ＿＿＿＿ America
4．Can you ＿＿＿＿ what time the
train leaves？
ANSWER: 1．invented&
3．discovered& 4．find
&disgrace&
dishonor& shame&
infamy& scandal
&O& 都含“丢人”、“耻辱”的意思。
&O& disgrace
指“失去别人的尊敬”、“因自己或别人的行为所产生的耻辱感”,
He was in disgrace after his ungentlemanly
behavior.&&&&&&&
他因为行为不检而为人所不齿。
dishonor指“因自己的言行而丧失自尊或玷辱名誉”,
His desertion to the enemy was a dishonor to his
他的投敌行为对他的家庭是耻辱。
shame指“由于失去自尊心而感到羞愧或羞耻”,
I think it a shame to be so wasteful.
我认为那样浪费太可耻了。infamy指“声名狼藉”、“臭名昭著”,
His name will live in
infamy.&&&&&&&&
他的名字将遗臭万年。
scandal指“引起公愤的行为”、“丑事”,
Iran Scandal 伊朗丑闻(指美国向伊朗出售武器的秘密被揭露后, 所引起的批评)。
ever before；ever since；ever
since意为“从……之后一直”，其中的since既可作副词，也可作连词，该短语与完成时连用。有时ever可以省略。
before意为“比以往任何时候”，其中的before为副词，常与比较级连用并放在than之后。ever用来加强before的语气，before有时可以省略。
after意为“从那以后”，其中的after可作连词，也可作副词，该短语常与过去时连用。
[EXERCISES]
1．He went to Tibet in 1969 and has lived
there ＿＿＿＿．
2．The flowers grow more beautiful than
＿＿＿＿．
3．The couple lived a hard life
＿＿＿＿．
ANSWER: 1.ever since&
2．ever before& 3．ever
&except／but
二者意思均为：除……之外。except强调所除外的人（或事物）；而but则将重点置于其他人（或事物）。
如：We all passed the exam except
Tom．除了汤姆没及格外，我们都及格了。（汤姆一人不及格）
Nobody knew her name but
me．除我以外，没有人知道他的名字。（强调除“我”知道外，其他人都不知道）
except前常有all，any，every，no及其复合词等；but也常与no，nobody，nothing，all，anywhere等词连用。二者后都可接名词、代词、动词的ing形式和原形动词，可以互换；但except后还可跟副词、介词短语等，此时，不能用but来代替。
如：He answered all the questions
except／but the last
one．除最后一个问题没答外，其余问题他都答了。
He has always been in high spirits except
recently．除近来外，他总是精神饱满。（except后跟副词）
The window is never opened except in
summer．除夏季外，这扇窗户从来不开。（except后跟介词短语）
except，but用于否定句时，可以互换。
如：There aren't any other people to be considered
except／but you．除你之外，其他人将不予考虑。
fall off；fall down；fall
onto；fall into
off用作及物动词，表示“从……上落下，掉下，摔下”。如：
The house moved and a few pictures fell off the
wall，but that was all．
房子动了动，几幅画从墙上掉了下来，就这些。
He had fallen off a ladder and hurt his leg．
他从梯子上摔下来，伤了腿。
有时，它也可用作不及物动词，表示“落下，掉下，脱落”；也可表示“减少，越来越少”。如：
I watched all the glasses that were on the table fall
off． 我看着桌子上的杯子全掉下来。
His supporters were falling off．
支持他的人越来越少了。
down通常用作不及物动词，表示“（人）跌倒，摔倒，绊倒”或“（房屋等）&&
倒塌”。如：
The old lady fell down in the street and broke her
leg．那老太太在街上跌倒了，摔坏了腿。
onto意为“掉到……上”，其中onto为介词，也可用to。如：
The books fell off the desk onto／to the
ground． 书从桌上掉到了地上。
into意为“掉到……里陷入（困难）”等，into是介词。如：
fall into the
river&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
fasten意为“栓住、捆牢、扎紧”，常用作及物动词(用于fasten
to．．．结构时，可以与tie互换，但语气上fasten比tie重)；也可用作不及物动词，意为“（把目光、思想、注意力）集中于……”。
tie意为“系、栓、扎”，常用作及物动词，后接其同源宾语tie,
knot等；用作不及物动词时，意为“打领带、打领结”。
feed．．．on；feed．．．to
&O&&&&&&&&
feed．．．to
指“将……喂给……”，feed
后跟表示食物的词；
&O&&&&&&&&
feed．．．on
指“用……喂……”，feed
后接表示人或动物的词。如：
What did you feed to the baby just now？
& 你刚才给婴儿喂的什么﹖
&& I feed the dog on
meat．&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
我用肉喂狗。
&festival，holiday，vacation
&O&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
festival指盛大的节日，或定期在某地举行的主题节日；如音乐节等。
&O&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
holiday源自“holy”，原意为“神圣的日子”，或指国家或民族规定的节日。后词意扩展，指一切不工作的日子。
&O&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
vacation任何节假日或休息日，持续时间较长，主要用于美国。在英国，则着重指法院和大学的假期。
A．The Spring ＿＿＿ is the most
important day in China．
B．Will you spend your ＿＿＿abroad
this year？
C．While I’m away on ＿＿＿，Mr Smith
will take over my job．
Answers：A.
Festival&&&&&&&B.holidays/vacation&&&&&
C.vacation
finally；at last；in the
本组词语均有“终于”之意，但有区别。
&O& finally的用法有二：
&& 用来表示某一动作发生的顺序是在“最后”。
例如：Finally，turn off the lights and lock
the door．最后关上灯锁好门。
&& 是用在句中动词前，表示等了好久“终于……”。例如：
We waited and waited，and finally they
arrived．我们等了又等，（最后）他们终于来了。
last是表示经过一番曲折或努力之后某事才发生，强调其结果，其语气和感情色彩较强。
At last the project has been completed and we can
rest．这项工程终于竣工了，我们可以休息了。
&O& in the end用法有二：
*表示经过若干周折或努力而“最后”发生了某事。例如：
We did experiment after experiment，and in the
end we got a good harvest of rice in Africa．
我们作了一个又一个实验，（最后）终于在非洲获得了水稻丰收。
*表示预测未来（而finally和at
last无此用法）。例如：
He hopes that his son will be a fine teacher in the
end．他希望他儿子最终成为一名优秀教师。
find／found／founded
find意为“发现、找到”，为动词原形。
found既是不规则动词find的过去式和过去分词，本身又是一个动词原形，意为“建立、成立、创办”。如：
&&& He has
already found his watch． 他已经找到了手表。
founded为动词found的过去式和过去分词。如：
school was founded ten years ago．
这所学校是十年前创办的。
fit可用作及物或不及物动词，意为“适合”，“合身”，主要指大小适合。如：
This cap fits me well．这顶帽子很适合我。
The coat doesn’t fit me well． 这件大衣不太合身。
另外，fit还有“安装”、“试穿”之意。如：
You can fit this skirt on your
daughter．你可以给你的女儿试一下这条裙子。
I will fit my new house with a
telephone．我要在新房间装电话。
&O& be fit
for意为“适合；能胜任”。其中，fit是形容词，意为“适合的；能胜任的”，for后面接名词或-ing形式。如：
The water in the well is fit for
drinking．这口井里的水可以喝。
The man is not fit for his office．那人不称职。
Your shoes are not fit for
traveling．你的鞋子不适合旅行。
&O& be fit
to意为“适合；能胜任”。在这个短语中，fit也是形容词，to为动词不定式符号，因此后面只能接动词原形。如：
The food is not fit to
这食物不可以吃。
The girl is easy to get angry，so she is not fit
to be a nurse． 这女孩容易发脾气，因此她不适合当护士。
forbid ban prohibit都含“禁止”的意思。
&O& forbid系常用词,
指“命令某人不做某事”, 如:
The doctor forbids him to
smoke.&&&&&&&&&&
医生禁止他吸烟。
&O& ban 语气较重,
指权威机关“正式禁止”,
含“严厉谴责”之意,只能用事物作其宾语,
如:Ban atomic and nuclear weapons!
禁止原子武器和核武器!
prohibit指“通过法律或政府法令禁止”,
The soldiers were prohibited from leaving camp after
dark.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
天黑后士兵不准离开营房。
suit；fit；suitable
fit用作及物动词，意为“与……相符、符合；合……身”；用作不及物动词，意为“适合、合身”。多指衣物等尺寸大小合身、合脚。
suit意为“适合”。多指衣物等的颜色、