[转载]曾经的努力&&语言学名词解释
Arbitrariness: there is no natural relationship
between the forms of linguistic signs and its
meaning. 语言符号的形式与所表达的意思之间没有天然的联系。
Articulatory phonetics: the study of the
production of speech sounds. 发音语音学，研究语音如何产生的。
Acoustic phonetics: the study of the physical
properties of speech sounds. 声学语音学，对语音物理属性的研究。
Auditory phonetics: the study of the perception of
speech sounds. 听觉语音学，对语音感知的研究。
=Perceptual phonetics
Applied linguistics: the application of linguistic
theories and principles to language teaching, especially the
teaching of foreign and second language. (narrow sense)
it refers to the study of language and other theories in
relation to any language-related problems.
应用语言学，指对语言学及与任何语言问题相关的理论进行的研究。
Actual linguistic behavior: what a speaker actually says
on a particular occasion to a particular individual is what he has
selected from the many possible things he could have said. This
actual selection of things from what one could have said is
…/实际语言行为，说话者在某个特定的场合对某个特定的个体所说的话，是从其所能说的多种可能的内容中挑选出来的。这种说话者从言语内容中所做的实际选择就叫实际言语行为。
Anthropological linguistics: use the theories and
methods of anthropology to study language variation and
the use of language in human cultural patterns and beliefs.
用人类学的理论和方法来研究语言的变化及语言在人类文化模式和信仰中的应用。
Associative relation / paradigmatic relations / vertical
relations /choice relation:
“bow-wow” theory: theory that language originated from
people’s imitations of animals cried and other
sounds heard in
nature.“汪汪”理论，语言起源于人们模仿动物或能听到的大自然的声音。
=（the natural-sound source）自然声音模仿说&
Creativity: language-uses can manipulate their linguistic
resources to produce new expression_rs and new sentences.
= (productivity, open-endedness)
Computational linguistics: use computer and computer
techniques to do further linguistics research and solve
specific problem. 计算机语言学。运用计算机和计算机技术进行深入的语言研究和特殊问题的解决。
Competence/ Performance: underlying knowledge
about the system of rules in a language. 语言能力，对于语言规则系统的潜在意识。
C Ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.
Performance, the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic
communication.
Cultural transmission: the details of language system are
not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be
taught and learned. 文化传递性，语言不是靠遗传，而是靠教与学来传递的。
Communicative/informative: intentional
communication
Co-occurrence: (relation of co-occurrence): means that
words of different sets of classes may permit, or
require, the occurrence of a word of another set or
class to form a sentence or a particular part of
同现关系指句子中不同部分的各类词允许或要求与另外一个词类的词搭配使用，这样才能组成一个完整的句子或句子中的某一特定部分。
Chain relation(Horizontal relation / Syntagmatic relations):
Choice relation / Associative relation / paradigmatic relations
/ vertical relations /:
Cohesion: a concept to do with discourse or text
rather than with syntax. It refers to relations of meaning
that exist within the text, and defines it as a text.
衔接这一概念与话语或语篇有关，与句法关。它指的是语篇之间存在的意义关系，并将其定义为篇章
(the) divine source: the theory that human language is
provided by a divine source in most religions. 神授说
Diachronic / Synchronic: a way that studies language
as it changes through time. 历时的，研究语言随时间发展变化的方法。
(Diachronic study: the description of a language as it changes
from time)& (Diachronic description)
Descriptive/ prescriptive: the study of linguistics to
describe and analyze the language people actually
use. 描写式，描写分析语言在现实中的用法。
Duality: property of having two levels of structure. The
primary level is composed of elements of the secondary level and
each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.
二层性指拥有两层结构的属性，上层结构的单位由底层结构的元素构成，每层都有自身的组合规则。）
同(Double articulation)
Displacement: the ability of language to refer to
contexts removed from the immediate situation of speaker.
移位性，语言能够指称说话人即时情境以外的语境。
Design feature: the distinctive features of
human language that distinguish human language from
languages of animals essentially .
定义特征：从本质上将人类语言与动物语言区分开的人类语言的区别性特点
Discreteness: the sounds used in language are
meaningfully distinct. 分离性
Emotive function: the function to change the
attitude of an audience for or against someone or something.
感情功能，改变听者赞成或反对某人、某事的态度。
Etic / emic: it refers to the linguistic units containing
“etic”, such as phonetic, morphetic, which are used to describe
linguistic facts in detail without distinctive features.
指具有“素”的语言单位，如音素，词素，是对语言事实的具体描写，不具有区别性特征，最早用于音素描写。
Emic / etic: it refers to the linguistic units containing
“emic”, such phonemic, morphemic, which are used to describe
abstract linguistic rules with distinctive features.
指具有“位”的语言单位，如音位，词位，是对语言规则的抽象描写，具有区别性特征，最早用于音位描写。
Endocentric (construction)/ Exocentric
(construction):
Exocentric (construction):
Function: the role language plays in
communication or in particular social situation.
&功能，语言在交际(e.g. to express ideas,
attitudes)或特定的社会情境(e.g. religious, legal 宗教法律场合)中所起的作用。
Fixed reference: each signal is fixed as relating
to a particular object or occasion.
General linguistics: the study of language as a
whole. 把语言的各个分支当做整体来研究。
Glossogenetics: focuse the study of the origins of human
language mainly on the biological basis of the formation
and development of human language. 言语遗传学
Grammatical relation: the structural and logical
relations of constituents
Interchangeability: any human being can both be a
producer and receiver of messages.
互换性，人可是是信息的发送者，也可以是信息的接收者。
同 (reciprocity): any speaker/sender of a linguistic
signal can also be a listener/receiver.
Interactional function/(transactional function): language
is used to interact with each other, socially or
emotionally.
Informative/ communicative: unintentional
communication
Ideational function(Halliday): the function to convey
new information or to convey a content that is unknown
to the hearer. 概念功能，语言具有表达新的信息或给听话者传递一定未知内容的功能。
Informative function: (ideational function, 功能语法框架中)
language serves for the expression_r of content. 语言为表达内容服务。
Interpersonal function(Halliday): the function of
language to express social and personal relations.
说话者能运用语言表达社会与个人的关系。
Interpersonal function: the function which make people
establish and maintain their status in society.
人际功能，人们通过它建立和维持在社会中的地位。 不要与寒暄功能搞混。
Langue/ parole: the abstract linguistic system
shared by all the member of a “speech community”
语言，一个“语言社团”共有的抽象的语言系统。
Linguistics: the scientific study of language.
语言学，对语言的科学研究。
Linguistic potential: a wide range of things a speaker
can do in the culture he is in. The set of possibility of “doing”
is termed linguistic potential from a functional language’s
view.语言潜势，韩礼德认为，通过语言说话者可以在其生活的文化环境里做一系列广泛的事情。从语言功能的角度看，“做”的可能性就被定义为语言潜势。
Language: a system of arbitrary
vocal symbols used for human communication.
语言是人类用以口头交流的任意的符号系统
Morphology: it identifies the smallest meaning units
(morpheme) in a language and looks into the ways the morphemes are
arranged to form words.形态学，涉及语言的内部组织，它研究意义的最小单位-语素合成词的过程。
Metalinguage: a language used for talking about language.
元语言，用来讨论语言的语言。
Metalingual (metalinguistic) function: the function of
language that can be used to talk about language itself.
元语言功能，指语言可用来讨论语言本身的功能。
Macrolinguistics: the interdisciplinary study of
language. 宏观语言学，指跨学科语言研究。
Natural response theory: theory that language originated
语言先天反射理论，人类从外界得到感受，自然会发出相应的声音反应或与环境的协调，如钟一敲就发出叮咚声。
Neurolinguistics: the study of relationship between
language and the brain.. 神经语言学
Non-directionality: linguistic signals can be picked up
by anyone within hearing, even&
Onomatopoeia: the imitation of natural
sounds in word form
Open-endedness= Productivity=creativity
Parole/ Langue: the realization of langue in actual use.
/& the concrete utterances of a speaker.
语言，说话人实际说的话。
Prescriptive/ Descriptive: to make authoritarian
statement about the correct use of language.
规定式，对语言正确用法的权威性规定。
The study of linguistics to lay down rules for “correct and
standard” behavior in using language.
Phonetics: the study of how speech sounds are
produced, transmitted and perceived. 语音学，研究语音的发生，传递和感知。
Phonology: the study of the sound patterns and
systems of language which aims to discover the
principles that govern the way sounds are organized in
languages, and to explain the variations that occur.
音系学，对语音模式和语音系统的研究，其目的是发现语言中支配语音组合方式的规律，并解释语音中出现变化的原因。
Phonology structural: 音位结构
Pragmatics: the study of meaning in
context.& 在语境中研究意义。
Productivity=creativity,
open-endedness: language-uses can manipulate their
linguistic resources to produce new expression_rs and new
sentences.
Performance / competence: the language actually
used by people in speaking or writing.
语言运用，人们在说话或写作中实际运用的语言。
Performative function: language is to change the social
status of persons and can also extend to the control of reality as
on some magical or religious occasions.
施为功能，语言的施为功能主要是为了改变人的社会地位（如在婚礼，判刑，为孩子祈福，诅咒敌人等），也可以延伸到一些特殊的或宗教的场合，对事物进行支配。有点不清楚。。。
“pooh-pooh” theory: theory that original language sound
came from natural cries of emotion,such as pain, anger and
joy. “噗噗”理论，语言起源于人类表达情感的感叹词(interjection)。
Phatic function: refers to expression_rs that help
define and maintain interpersonal relations.
寒暄功能，指有助于说明、维持人际关系的表达。 与人际功能不要弄混
Phatic communion: talk used to establish
atmosphere or maintain social contact.&
寒暄，用来创造气氛或保持社会联系的谈话。（不是为了传递信息 not to seek or convey
information.）refer to social interaction of language.
Perceptual phonetics=acoustic phonetics
Psycholinguistics: the study of interrelation of
language and mind, in processing and producing of utterance and
in language acquisition for
example.心理语言学，研究语言与意识的相互联系，如话语的处理和产生，语言的习得等。
Positional relation=word order: refers to the
sequential arrangement of words in language.
位置关系，词序，指语言中词汇的顺序排列。
Paradigmatic relations / vertical relations / Choice relation /
Associative relation /:
Reciprocity: any speaker/sender of a linguistic signal
can also be a listener/receiver. 互换性
同 &interchangeability
Recreational function: the use of language for the
sheer joy. 娱乐功能，语言因为纯粹的乐趣而得到使用。如婴儿学语，歌者唱歌。
Rapid fade: linguistic signals are produced and disappear
Semantics: it examines how meaning is encoded in a
language. 考察意义如何在语言中编码的。
Syntax: it studies the rules that gover the combination
of words into sentences.研究形成句子的规则。
Sociolinguistics: it studies the relation between
language and society. 社会语言学，研究语言与社会的关系。（社会因素是如何影响语言的结构和用法的）
Synchronic/ diachronic: a way that studies language at
some point of time. 共时的，在某一时间点研究语言的方法。(Synchronic
linguistics)
(Synchronic study: the description of a language at some point
“Sing-song” theory: theory that language originated from
primitive ritual songs of praise.
“sing-song”理论，语言起源于人在举行典礼时有节奏的歌唱。
Specialization: linguistic signals don’t normally serve
any other type of purpose, such as breathing or feeding. 专业性
Speech organs=vocal organs: those parts of body involved
in the production of speech.发音器官: 人体参与语音发生的部分
Syntactic categories: apart from sentences and clauses, a
syntactic categories usually refers to a word or a phrase that
performs a particular grammatical function.
Surface structure:
Syntagmatic relations=horizontal relation=chain relation:
Syntactic function: it shows the relationship between a
linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in
which it was used. 句法功能，体现了语言形式和语言模式其他部分之间的关系，语音形式是在语言模式中运用的
“Ta-Ta” theory: theory that language originated from an
unconscious vocal imitation of body movements.
“Ta-Ta”理论，语言是人类无意识模仿肢体运动时产生(人类肢体运动先于语言产生)。
即 (the oral-gesture source：
口语-手势相关说)
Textual function: language has mechanisms to make
any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a
coherent and unified text.
语篇功能，语言里存在一种机制将口头或书面上的话语组织成连贯统一的语篇。
Transactional function/(interactional function): humans
use their linguistic ability to communicate knowledge, skills
and information.
Vocal-auditory channel: human linguistic communication is
typically generated via the vocal organs and perceived via
the ears. The channel is called….
Vertical relations=Choice relation=Associative
relation=Paradigmatic relations :
Word order=positional relation
“yo-he-ho” theory: theory that the sound of a person
involved in physical effort could be the source of our
language, especially when that the physical effort involved several
people and had to be coordinated. “哟-嗬-哟”理论，语言起源于人们劳动时发出的哟嗬声。
以上网友发言只代表其个人观点，不代表新浪网的观点或立场。您的位置：&>&&>&&>&
英语语言学名词英英释义：句法学（4）
jo 于发布 l 已有人浏览
1 linguistic competence: Comsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language
1 linguistic competence: comsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
2 sentence : a sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement question or command.
3 transformation rules: syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. the operation of the transformational rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.
4 d-structure : a sentence may have two levels of syntactic representation. one exists before movement take place, the other occurs after movement take place. in formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representation are commonly termed as d-structure.
5 move а : just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules,i,e. the x-bar schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement.
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语言学名词解释
官方公共微信09-2109-2109-2109-2109-2109-2109-2109-2109-2109-21最新范文01-0101-0101-0101-0101-0101-0101-0101-0101-0101-0101-0101-0101-0101-0101-01全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学名词解释
全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学名词解释
09-01-10 &匿名提问
现代语言学课程是全国高等教育自学考试英语专业本科阶段的一门选考课程。　　现代语言学研究始于20世纪初，其目的是要揭示人类语言的深层结构，对语言和语言交际作出客观，科学的描述。语言学家对语言的研究从语言的物质外壳------语音开始，进而研究它的结构和意义，从语言的抽象意义进而研究语言在交际中体现的具体意义，从而逐步形成了语音学，音系学，形态学，句法学，语义学，语用学等一系列分支学科；语言学研究和社会学，心理学等人文学科的结合逐步形成了社会语言学和心理语言学这样的交叉学科，对语言学理论在语言教学中应用所进行的研究又导致了应用语言学的产生，语言和文化关系密切，对语言的研究不可避免地导致对文化以及对语言和文化两者相互关系的研究。因此语言学实际上是一个研究面十分宽广的领域，多年来世界各国语言学家的共同努力为这一领域带来了丰硕的成果，积累了大量文献。　　英语专业学生首先要掌握使用英语的能力，即听，说，读，写，译的能力，但对于主修语言的学生来说，对人类语言具备一定的理性认识，懂得一点语言学的知识和语言理论是完全必要的。这有利于提高学生的语言修养，同时也有利于学生更好地掌握语言（包括母语和外语）。因此，目前我国几乎所有设有英语专业的高等院校都开设了语言学课程。　　本课程的具体要求是：比较全面，比较系统地了解现代语言学这一领域的研究成果，以及一些最主要，最有影响的语言学理论和原则，从而加深对人类语言这一人类社会普遍现象的理性认识，并具备一定的运用语言学理论解释语言现象，解决具体语言问题的能力，提高自身的语言修养和学习语言的能力。
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现代语言学名词解一 绪论1 Linguisitics :Linguistics is generally defined as the scientic study of language2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants3 Phonology” : The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone.4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.”6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things.7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context.8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language.9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.二 音系学1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily some do,some don’t.4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonoloit is a unit that is of distinctive value.5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in compkenebtary distribution.7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is prounced with great force than the other or others.9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meani therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature.10 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English{$isbest}三 形态学1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.3 derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word-formation.4 morpheme: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.5 free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselces or in combination with other morphemes.6 bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.7 root: A root is often se it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.8 affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.9 prefix: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.10 suffix: Suffixes are added to
they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.11 derivation: Derivation affixes are added to an existing form to creat a word.Derivation can be viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form nes words.12 compounding: Like derivation, compounding is another popular and important way of forming new words in English. Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to creat new words.{$isbest}四 句法学1 linguistic competence: Comsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.2 sentence : A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement question or command.3 transformation rules: Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.4 D-structure : A sentence may have two levels of syntactic representation. One exists before movement take place, the other occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representation are commonly termed as D-structure.5 Move а : Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules,i,e. the X-bar schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. This movement rule is called Move а
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五 语义学1 semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.2 sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of it is abstract and decontextualized.3 reference : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4 synonymy : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonymy.5 polysemy : Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.A word having more than one meaning is called a polysemic word.6 antonymy : Antonymy refers to the oppositeness of meaning. Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms.7 homonymy : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form,i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.8 hyponymy : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.9 componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze wprd meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists.10 grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality,i.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of asentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.11 semantic meaning : The semantic meaning of a sentence is governed by rules called selectional restrictions.12 predication : In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called predication. The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.{$isbest}六 语用学1 pragmatics: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2 context: The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speaker and the hearer.3 utterance meaning: Utterance is based it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.4 locutionary act: A locutionary act is the act of utterance words,phrases,clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexion and phonology.5 illocutionary act: An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker’ It is the act performed in saying something.6 perlocutionary act: A illocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something: it is the consequence of, or the change brought ab it is the act performed by saying something.{$isbest}七 历史语言学1 historical linguistics: Historical linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies language change.2 apocope: Another well-documented sound loss is the deletion of a word-final vowel segement, a phenomenon called apocope.3 epenthesis: A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis.4 metathesis: Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as metathesis.5 compounding: Compounding is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.6 derivation: Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots.7 blending: Blending is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.8 back-formation: Back-formation is a process by which new words are formed by taking away the suffix of an existing word.9 semantic broadening: Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation..10 semantic narrowing: Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word becomes less general or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning.11 semantic shift: Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquire a new, sometimes related, meaning.12 protolanguage: It refers to a family of a language.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages.13 sound shift: It refers to the systematic modification of a series of phonemes.{$isbest}
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