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The function of capitai markets is to facilitate an exchange of funds among all participants, and yet in practice we find that certain participants are not on a par with others. Members of society have varying degrees of market strength in terms of information they bring to a transaction, as well as of purchasing power and creditworthiness, as defined by lendersFor example, within minority communities, capital markets do not properly ful they do not provide access to the aggregate flow of funds in the United States, The financial system does not generate the credit or investment vehicles needed for underwriting economic development in minority areas. The problem underlying this dysfunction is found in a rationing mechanism affecting both the available alternatives for investment and the amount of financial resources. This creates a distributive mechanism penalizing members of minority groups because of their socioeconomic differences from others. The existing system expresses definite socially based investment preferences that result from the previous allocation of income and that influence the allocation of resources for the present and future. The system tends to increase the inequality of income distribution. And, in the United States economy, a greater inequality of income distribution leads to a greater concentration of capital in certain types of investments,Most traditional financial-market analysis studies ignore financial markets' deficiencies in allocation because of analysts' inherent preferences for the simple model of perfect competition. Conventional financial analysis pays limited attention to issues of market structure and dynamics, reiative costs of information, and problems of income distribution. Market participants are viewed as acting as entirely independent and homogeneous individuals with perfect foresight about capital-market behavior. Also, it is assumed that each individual in the community at iarge has the same access to the market and the same opportunity to transact and to express the preference appropriate to his or her individual interest. Moreover, it is assumed that transaction costs for various types of financial instruments (stocks, bonds, etc) are equaily known and equally divided among ali community members,
According to the passage, a questionable assumption of the conventional theory about the operation of financial markets is that
creditworthiness as determined by lenders is a factor determining market access
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market structure and market dynamics depend on income distribution
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a scarcity of alternative sources of funds would result from taking socioeconomic factors into consideration
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those who engage in financial-market transactions are perfectly well informed about the market
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inequalities in income distribution are increased by the functioning of the financial market
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GMAT逻辑解题关键：原文分析
　　B的正面论证：
　　B： &最低工资不变的时候，失业率上升&说明失业率上升可能另有他因。这个论证的说服力不是很强，所以该题用排除法更有效。注意：削弱只是降低推理成立的可能性，而不需要推翻原文逻辑
　　&Fast cycle time& is a strategy of designing a manufacturing organization to eliminate bottlenecks and delays in production. Not only does it speed up production, but it also assures quality. The reason is that the bottlenecks and delays cannot be eliminated unless all work is done right the first time.
　　The claim about quality made above rests on a questionable presupposition that
　　(A) any flaw in work on a product would cause a bottleneck or delay and so would be prevented from occurring on a &fast cycle& production line
　　(B) the strategy of &fast cycle time& would require fundamental rethinking of product design
　　(C) the primary goal of the organization is to produce a product of unexcelled quality, rather than to generate profits for stockholders
　　(D) &fast cycle time& could be achieved by shaving time off each of the component processes in production cycle
　　(E) &fast cycle time& is a concept in business strategy that has not yet been put into practice in a factory
　　本着&先读问题，再看原文&的原则，首先发现是假设题(标志很明显：rest on a questio 不必理会questionable这个词)。然后又发现原文很绕，其中好像有两套逻辑，比较麻烦；那就看选项吧，毕竟考场上时间有限。
　　我们先用无关项排除法分别审视这五个选项：
　　(A) 所涉及的概念，无论bottleneck还是delay都出自于原文，所以先行保留
　　(B) 当看到最后的&product design&后，对它不抱希望了，原文实在没有产品设计方面的任何信息
　　(C) 看到最后的&profits for stockholders&，禁不住笑了，这不瞎扯吗？与原文无关啊。
　　(D) 其中的component 与原文无关了，就可以排除；再者该项的主旨是节省时间，这又犯了答非所问的错误(问题关心的是&quality&,而与时间无关)
　　(E) 其中的&put into practice又是瞎操心，立即排除。
　　考虑到B,C,D,E都不可能对，这样就确定A为答案了；一道很困难的题就这样被无关信息排除法轻松解决了
　　当然这道题还一种更便捷的做法 ---- 难题猜A，这个技巧使用起来很潇洒，但正确率只有less than 50%
　　为了更好滴理解无关信息排除法的强大，我们来看看正面论证A正确是多么的不易
　　分析原文：
　　1)先看后半部分 & 原因部分(The reason is that the bottlenecks and delays cannot be eliminated unless all work is done right the first time.)
　　属于Not A, unless B的推理模式，中文意为&除非有B, 否则就没有A&
　　举个例子: 若A = 生命，B = 空气，那意思就为&除非有空气，否则就没有生命&。显然B是A的必要条件(必要者，没它就不行啊)。我们又知道B 是A 的必要条件，就意味着A是B的充分条件(如果有生命，那就足以说明一定有空气)。重温完这一套挺耗神的充分、必要条件的关系，我们来对付这一句话：
　　先直译为：
　　&bottleneck 和delays不能被消除，除非所有工作第一次正确地做完&
　　那就是说：任何工作没有第一次正确做完 ===》产生bottleneck和delays
　　这就对应了A项的前半部分(any flaw in work on a product would cause a bottleneck or delay)
　　2)再看前半部分 & 结论部分(&Fast cycle time& is a strategy of designing a manufacturing organization to eliminate bottlenecks and delays in production. Not only does it speed up production, but it also assures quality.)
　　其意为： 用来消除bottleneck和delays的Fast cycle time能加速生产和保证质量，其中隐含了这样的假设&通过消除bottleneck和delays, Fast cycle time能够阻止产生任何差错&，这恰恰对应了A项的后半部分(any flaw in work 。。。would be prevented from occurring on a &fast cycle& production line)
　　综合1)和2)的成果，得出原文的假设为A
　　这就是对A的正面论证，实在太复杂了，在有限时间内不具有实用性。