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[已解决]问一个电池阈值的问题
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有件事疑惑了很久。如果我的电池充电阈值设置为20%，而现在的电量是30%，在Windows系统下安装了电源管理器的时候电池是不会充电的。但如果重新做的系统还有没电源管理器、使用Linux、关机未切断市电的这三种情况下电池是否会开始充电呢？
如果会充电，那这个开始的标准是什么，只要低于100%就充？
[ 本帖最后由 xffsfy 于
15:27 编辑 ]
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如果我设20%~95%,设置好后在Wihdows中会自动停止充电,处于不活动状态,但关机后、此时电池为80%电量,它会去关机下继续充到100%吗?电池里面是否有芯片知道电源AC(继续插上话,会继续充电吗?
[ 本帖最后由 foxno1777 于
00:03 编辑 ]
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关上机了应该是继续充的。待楼下补充。
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原帖由 方山下的顽童 于
01:07 发表
关上机了应该是继续充的。待楼下补充。
那么就是说，要保护电池，不仅要合理设置阀值（再开机开windows状态下），要是关机话这个阀值就不会记录在电池芯片中，so关机一定要拔掉电源ac，才能有效保护电池是吗？？要充电了再开机开windows 这样是不是比较安全~~~呵，请问下前辈专家，可以这样理解吗？?xiexie !!
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无语了，到底用过没啊，你啥时候见过关机了，插着电过了一晚 电就满了？
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是这样嘀，设置要在windows下才能用，如果你重装系统或者双系统没设置的话就会自动充电也就95就开始充了，关机也是按照你设置好的来充电的
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我的SL300没用电池阀——但根据我用VAIO SZ661N的经验，设定最高充到80%，即使关机也不会继续充电。
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原帖由 qzymaomao 于
08:21 发表
是这样嘀，设置要在windows下才能用，如果你重装系统或者双系统没设置的话就会自动充电也就95就开始充了，关机也是按照你设置好的来充电的
谢谢啊~~原来是再windows中pm设置好，关机电池里面的芯片会记入我windows中设定的充电阀值，关机充电也是根据我windows设定的阀值来是吧，那就安全了^_^
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原帖由 huang3399 于
08:26 发表
不会，你怎么设置的，就什么时候充电～&&关机对它没有影响，PM是直接控制WINDOWS的电源设置～
除非你重装系统，然后重装PM。 才会低于96% 到100%停止～
谢谢huang3399，现在有点懂了，谢谢前辈呵呵，也就是说我不重装系统，不重新设定PM，电池芯片一直会记入我现在windows中设定的阀值，关机接ac电源，也不会继续冲，还是根据我设定的阀值对吧^_^
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原帖由 huang3399 于
08:26 发表
不会，你怎么设置的，就什么时候充电～  关机对它没有影响，PM是直接控制WINDOWS的电源设置～
除非你重装系统，然后重装PM。 才会低于96% 到100%停止～
 意思就是只要我不安装PM，一个全新的系统也会沿用之前的PM软件设置？在Linux中此法则也生效么？
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重装了系统如果不装pm就沿用原来的，如果装了pm就会用pm默认的了。昨天晚上重装系统了，好像是这样的。
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我都没有特别设置，没有问题啊
关机插电，自动充电的。
或者你插电就别用电池，把电池拔了~
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按设置的来
该用户从未签到
原帖由 huang3399 于
15:30 发表
只对一个系统中起效，另外装一个全新的系统无效。
LINUX不懂～
谢谢斑竹答疑~
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Powered bygnuplot 4.2
An Interactive Plotting Program
Thomas Williams & Colin Kelley
Version 4.2 organized by: Hans-Bernhard Br?ker, Ethan A Merritt, and others
Major contributors (alphabetic order):
Hans-Bernhard Br?ker
John Campbell
Robert Cunningham
David Denholm
Gershon Elber
Roger Fearick
Carsten Grammes
Lucas Hart
Lars Hecking
Thomas Koenig
David Kotz
Ed Kubaitis
Russell Lang
Timothée Lecomte
Alexander Lehmann
Alexander Mai
Ethan A Merritt
Petr Mikulík
Carsten Steger
Tom Tkacik
Jos Van der Woude
James R. Van Zandt
Johannes Zellner
Copyright (C) 1986 - , 2004 Thomas Williams, Colin Kelley
Copyright (C) 2004 - 2009 various authors
Mailing list for comments: gnuplot-info@lists.sourceforge.net
Mailing list for bug reports: gnuplot-bugs@lists.sourceforge.net
Web access (preferred): http://sourceforge.net/projects/gnuplot
This manual was originally prepared by Dick Crawford.
1 September 2009
I  
 4.1
  4.1.1
  4.1.2
  4.1.3
  4.1.4
  4.1.5
 4.2
 4.3
  4.3.1
  4.3.2
 4.4
  4.4.1
  4.4.2
 4.5
 4.6
 4.7
 4.8
  4.8.1
  4.8.2
  4.8.3
  4.8.4
  4.8.5
  4.8.6
  4.8.7
 4.9
 6.1
 6.2
 6.3
 6.4
 6.5
 6.6
 6.7
 6.8
 6.9
 6.10
 6.11
 6.12
 13.1
  13.1.1
 13.2
  13.2.1
  13.2.2
  13.2.3
 13.3
 13.4
 15.1
  15.1.1
 16.1
 16.2
 20.1
 20.2
 20.3
 21.1
II  
 27.1
 27.2
 27.3
  27.3.1
  27.3.2
 27.4
  27.4.1
  27.4.2
 27.5
 27.6
 27.7
 34.1
  34.1.1
  34.1.2
  34.1.2.1
  34.1.2.2
  34.1.2.3
  34.1.2.4
  34.1.2.5
    34.1.2.5.1
    34.1.2.5.2
  34.1.2.6
    34.1.2.6.1
    34.1.2.6.2
    34.1.2.6.3
    34.1.2.6.4
    34.1.2.6.5
    34.1.2.6.6
    34.1.2.6.7
    34.1.2.6.8
  34.1.2.7
  34.1.3
  34.1.4
  34.1.5
  34.1.6
  34.1.6.1
  34.1.6.2
  34.1.6.3
  34.1.6.4
  34.1.6.5
  34.1.6.6
  34.1.7
  34.1.8
  34.1.9
  34.1.9.1
  34.1.9.2
  34.1.9.3
  34.1.9.4
  34.1.9.5
  34.1.9.6
  34.1.9.7
 34.2
 34.3
 34.4
 34.5
 34.6
 34.7
 43.1
 43.2
 43.3
  43.3.1
  43.3.2
 43.4
 43.5
 43.6
 43.7
 43.8
 43.9
 43.10
 43.11
 43.12
 43.13
 43.14
  43.14.1
  43.14.2
  43.14.3
  43.14.4
  43.14.5
 43.15
 43.16
 43.17
 43.18
 43.19
 43.20
 43.21
  43.21.1
  43.21.2
  43.21.3
 43.22
 43.23
 43.24
 43.25
 43.26
 43.27
 43.28
 43.29
 43.30
 43.31
 43.32
 43.33
 43.34
 43.35
 43.36
 43.37
  43.37.1
 43.38
 43.39
 43.40
 43.41
 43.42
 43.43
 43.44
 43.45
 43.46
 43.47
 43.48
 43.49
  43.49.1
 43.50
  43.50.1
  43.50.2
  43.50.3
  43.50.4
  43.50.5
  43.50.6
  43.50.7
 43.51
 43.52
 43.53
 43.54
 43.55
 43.56
 43.57
 43.58
 43.59
  43.59.1
  43.59.2
  43.59.3
  43.59.4
  43.59.5
  43.59.6
  43.59.7
  43.59.8
  43.59.8.1
  43.59.8.2
  43.59.8.3
  43.59.8.4
  43.59.8.5
  43.59.8.6
  43.59.8.7
  43.59.8.8
  43.59.8.9
  43.59.8.10
    43.59.8.10.1
  43.59.8.11
  43.59.8.12
  43.59.8.13
  43.59.8.14
  43.59.8.15
  43.59.8.16
  43.59.8.17
  43.59.8.18
  43.59.8.19
  43.59.8.20
  43.59.8.21
  43.59.8.22
  43.59.8.23
  43.59.8.24
  43.59.8.25
 43.60
 43.61
 43.62
 43.63
 43.64
 43.65
 43.66
 43.67
 43.68
 43.69
 43.70
 43.71
 43.72
 43.73
 43.74
 43.75
 43.76
 43.77
 43.78
 43.79
 43.80
 43.81
 43.82
 43.83
 43.84
 43.85
 43.86
 43.87
 43.88
 43.89
  43.89.1
  43.89.2
 43.90
 43.91
 43.92
 43.93
 43.94
 43.95
 43.96
 43.97
 43.98
 43.99
 43.100
 43.101
 43.102
 43.103
 43.104
 43.105
 43.106
 43.107
 43.108
 43.109
 43.110
 43.111
 43.112
 43.113
 43.114
 43.115
 43.116
 43.117
 43.118
 43.119
 43.120
 45.1
  45.1.1
  45.1.2
  45.1.3
  45.1.4
 45.2
 45.3
III  
 51.1
 51.2
 51.3
 51.4
 51.5
 51.6
 51.7
  51.7.1
  51.7.2
  51.7.3
  51.7.4
  51.7.5
 51.8
 51.9
  51.9.1
  51.9.2
  51.9.3
  51.9.4
  51.9.5
  51.9.6
  51.9.7
  51.9.8
 51.10
 51.11
 51.12
 51.13
 51.14
 51.15
 51.16
 51.17
 51.18
 51.19
 51.20
 51.21
 51.22
 51.23
 51.24
 51.25
 51.26
 51.27
 51.28
 51.29
 51.30
 51.31
 51.32
 51.33
 51.34
 51.35
 51.36
 51.37
 51.38
 51.39
 51.40
 51.41
 51.42
 51.43
  51.43.1
 51.44
 51.45
 51.46
  51.46.1
 51.47
 51.48
 51.49
 51.50
 51.51
 51.52
 51.53
 51.54
  51.54.1
  51.54.2
  51.54.3
  51.54.4
 51.55
 51.56
 51.57
 51.58
 51.59
 51.60
 51.61
 51.62
 51.63
 51.64
 51.65
 51.66
 51.67
 51.68
 51.69
 51.70
 51.71
 51.72
 51.73
 51.74
 51.75
  51.75.1
  51.75.2
  51.75.3
  51.75.4
 51.76
 51.77
  51.77.1
  51.77.2
  51.77.3
  51.77.4
  51.77.5
  51.77.6
  51.77.7
  51.77.8
 51.78
IV  
V  
VI  
   Copyright (C) 1986 - 1993, 1998, 2004, 2007  Thomas Williams, Colin Kelley
Permission to use, copy, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose with or without fee
is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright
notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation.
Permission to modify the software is granted, but not the right to distribute the complete modified source code.
Modifications are to be distributed as patches to the released version. Permission to distribute binaries
produced by compiling modified sources is granted, provided you
 1. distribute the corresponding source modifications from the
   released version in the form of a patch file along with the binaries,
  2. add special version identification to distinguish your version
   in addition to the base release version number,
  3. provide your name and address as the primary contact for the
   support of your modified version, and
  4. retain our contact information in regard to use of the base
   software.
Permission to distribute the released version of the source code along with corresponding source
modifications in the form of a patch file is granted with same provisions 2 through 4 for binary
distributions.
This software is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty to the extent permitted by applicable
     AUTHORS
     Original Software:
         Thomas Williams,  Colin Kelley.
     Gnuplot 2.0 additions:
         Russell Lang, Dave Kotz, John Campbell.
     Gnuplot 3.0 additions:
         Gershon Elber and many others.
     Gnuplot 4.0 additions:
         See list of contributors at head of this document.
gnuplot is a command-driven interactive function and data plotting program.
Any command-line arguments are assumed to be names of files containing gnuplot commands, with the
exception of standard X11 arguments, which are processed first. Each file is loaded with the load command, in
the order specified. gnuplot exits after the last file is processed. The special filename "-" is used to denote
standard input. When no load files are named, gnuplot enters into an interactive mode. See help for
batch/interactive (p. ) for more details.
gnuplot is case sensitive (commands and function names written in lowercase are not the same as those written
in CAPS). All command names may be abbreviated as long as the abbreviation is not ambiguous. Any number
of commands may appear on a line (with the exception that load or call must be the final command),
separated by semicolons (;). Strings are indicated with quotes. They may be either single or double quotation
marks, e.g.,
     load "filename"
      cd ’dir’
although there are some subtle differences (see syntax (p. ) for more details).
Many gnuplot commands have multiple options. Version 4 is less sensitive to the order of these options than
earlier versions, but some order-dependence remains. If you see error messages about unrecognized options,
please try again using the exact order listed in the documentation.
Commands may extend over several input lines by ending each line but the last with a backslash
(\). The backslash must be the last character on each line. The effect is as if the backslash and
newline were not there. That is, no white space is implied, nor is a comment terminated. Therefore,
commenting out a continued line comments out the entire command (see comments (p. )).
But note that if an error occurs somewhere on a multi-line command, the parser may not be able
to locate precisely where the error is and in that case will not necessarily point to the correct
In this document, curly braces ({}) denote optional arguments and a vertical bar (|) separates mutually
exclusive choices. gnuplot keywords or help topics are indicated by backquotes or boldface (where available).
Angle brackets (<>) are used to mark replaceable tokens. In many cases, a default value of the token will be
taken for optional arguments if the token is omitted, but these cases are not always denoted with braces around
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For on-line help on any topic, type help followed by the name of the topic or just help or ? to get a menu of
available topics.
The new gnuplot user should begin by reading about plotting (if on-line, type help plotting).
See the simple.dem demo, also available together with other demos on the web page
There is a mailing list for gnuplot users. Note, however, that the newsgroup
     comp.graphics.apps.gnuplot
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There is also the canonical (if occasionally out-of-date) gnuplot web page at
Before seeking help, please check the
When posting a question, please include full details of the version of gnuplot, the machine, and operating
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Gnuplot version 4.2 offers many new features introduced since the preceding official version 4.0. This section
lists major additions and gives a partial list of changes and minor new features. For a more exhaustive list, see
the NEWS file.
Histograms, or bar charts, can be produced. See histograms (p. ).
In coordination with the new datastrings feature described below, gnuplot can draw a label at each vertex of a
curve. See labels (p. ).
The image and rgbimage styles allow to plot 2D images (from ascii or binary files) and map them in a 2D or
3D plot. See image (p. ) and rgbimage (p. ).
The plot style fillstyle has been augmented to allow to fill the area between two input curves with a color or a
pattern. See filledcurves (p. ).
Gnuplot can draw plots with vectors with a small arrowhead, requiring four or six columns of data for 2D or
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Gnuplot can now read a generic binary input, including matrix binary and general binary (until now gnuplot
supported only its own binary matrix format). Several matrix file formats are autodetected (gpbin, edf,
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general filetype (p. ).
Explicit RGB colors can be specified for all plot elements instead of specifying a predefined linetype. See
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You can place rectangles with desired fill style and border anywhere in a 2D plot. See set object rectangle
(p. ).
Gnuplot can now read and process text fields in datafiles. See datastrings (p. ).
String variables and string functions are introduced. Most gnuplot commands that previously required a string
constant will now also accept a string variable, a string expression, or a function that returns a string. See
string variables (p. ).
Gnuplot supports command line macro expansion by ’@stringvariablename’. See macros (p. ).
The multiplot mode is now able to layout automatically simple multiplots without having to set the size or the
position for each plot. See multiplot (p. ).
Gnuplot now exports several "read-only" variables such as GPVAL_TERM, GPVAL_X_MIN, etc. See
gnuplot-defined variables (p. ).
The wxt terminal is an interactive and cross-platform terminal for on-screen rendering. It uses the wxWidgets
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pm3d plots, image plots and enhanced text.
The emf terminal generates an Enhanced Metafile Format file. This file format is the metafile
standard on MS Win32 Systems. The emf terminal supports pm3d, rgb color, and image plot
The code for the terminals using the gd library has been consolidated. The gif terminal also knows how to
produce an animated gif from a sequence of plots.
The postscript terminal can load prologue files, which can contain additional user-defined sections with, for
example, character encodings. See postscript prologue (p. ).
The Adobe Illustrator ai driver is outdated. Since Adobe Illustrator understands PostScript files, set terminal
post level1 ... should be used instead.
The terminals supporting an output to latex augmented by PostScript commands have been consolidated. Many
options are the same as in the postscript terminal.
The windows terminal now supports the enhanced text mode.
In earlier versions of gnuplot, some terminal types used the values from set size to control also the size of the
others did not. The use of ’set size’ for this purpose was deprecated in version 4.2. In version 4.3
almost all terminals now behave as follows:
set term <terminal_type> size <XX>, <YY> controls the size of the output file, or "canvas". Please see
individual terminal documentation for allowed values of the size parameters. By default, the plot will fill this
set size <XX>, <YY> scales the plot itself relative to the size of the canvas. Scale values less than 1 will
cause the plot to not fill the entire canvas. Scale values larger than 1 will cause only a portion of the plot to fit
on the canvas. Please be aware that setting scale values larger than 1 may cause problems on some terminal
The major exception to this convention is the PostScript driver, which by default continues to act as it has in
earlier versions. Be warned that the next version of gnuplot may change the default behaviour of the PostScript
driver as well.
     set size 0.5, 0.5
      set term png size 600, 400
      set output "figure.png"
      plot "data" with lines
These commands will produce an output file "figure.png" that is 600 pixels wide and 400 pixels tall. The plot
will fill the lower left quarter of this canvas. This is consistent with the way multiplot mode has
always worked, however it is a change in the way the png driver worked for single plots in version
Gnuplot version 4.0 deprecated certain syntax used in earlier versions, but continued to recognize it. This is now
under the control of a configuration option, and can be disabled as follows:
     ./configure --disable-backwards-compatibility
Notice: Deprecated syntax items may be disabled permanently in some future version of gnuplot.
One major difference is the introduction of keywords to disambiguate complex commands, particularly
commands containing string variables. A notable issue was the use of bare numbers to specify offsets, line and
point types. Illustrative examples:
Deprecated:
     set title "Old" 0,-1
      set data linespoints
      plot 1 2 4               # horizontal line at y=1
     TITLE = "New"
      set title TITLE offset char 0, char -1
      set style data linespoints
      plot 1 linetype 2 pointtype 4
Another compatibility issue is the effect of the command set size outside when not in multiplot mode. In
earlier versions, the command set size <xx>, <yy> caused some terminals to change both the size of the plot
and the size of the ca other terminatls changed only the plot size. The use of set size to
change the canvas size is now deprecated.
Please see set size (p. ), set term size (p. ) and also the documentation for individual
terminals.
Gnuplot version 4.0 contained many features introduced since the preceding official version 3.7. These are
summarized here.
Interaction with the current plot via mouse and hotkeys is supported for the X11, OS/2 Presentation Manager,
ggi, Windows, and wxWidgets terminals. See mouse input (p. ) for more information on mousing.
See help for bind (p. ) for information on hotkeys. Also see the documentation for individual
mousing terminals ggi (p. ), pm (p. ), windows (p. ), wxt (p. ) and x11
(p. ).
Sample script: mousevariables.dem
aqua: New terminal for Mac OS X. Requires AquaTerm 1.0 or later.
epslatex: New terminal. Prepares eps figures for inclusion in LaTeX documents.
gif: Consolidated with png/jpeg terminals. Requires libgd.
ggi: New full-screen interactive terminal for Linux. Interface to the General Graphics Interface
pdf: New terminal exporting Adobe Portable Document Format. Requires libpdf.
png and jpeg: Support for GIF, PNG and JPEG image output is provided by a new driver via libgd. The new
driver supports many more features than the old png driver, including TrueType fonts. Requires
svg: New terminal exporting Scalable Vector Graphics.
The splot command is now capable of plotting 2D maps and 3D surfaces colored by greyscale or color palettes.
See help for set pm3d (p. ), set palette (p. ), set cbrange (p. ), set view map (p. ),
set colorbox (p. ) and test palette (p. ).
Sample scripts: pm3d.dem pm3dcolors.dem pm3dgamma.dem
A solid color or patterned fill style can be set for any plot style that contains boxes. See boxes (p. ),
boxerrorbars (p. ), boxxyerrorbars (p. ), candlesticks (p. ), set style fill
(p. ).
Sample scripts: fillstyle.dem candlesticks.dem
Input data can be filtered through several built-in routines for interpolation or approximation of data. See
smooth (p. ), frequency (p. ), unique (p. ).
Sample scripts: steps.dem mgr.dem
Most gnuplot plot commands that produce text labels now accept modifiers to specify text color, font, size, and
rotation angle. See set label (p. ). Not all terminal types support these options, however. The enhanced
text mode previously available for the postscript and pm terminals has been extended to other terminal types
as well. Terminal types currently supported include aqua, dumb, jpeg, pdf, pm, png, postscript, x11, windows,
and wxt. See enhanced text (p. ).
Sample scripts: textcolor.dem textrotate.dem
Several terminals, including postscript, x11 and pm, support additional text encodings: ISO 8859-1 (Latin
1), ISO 8859-2 (Latin 2), ISO 8859-15 (variant of 8859-1 with Euro sign), KOI8-R and KOI8-U (cyrillic), and
miscellaneous codepages. See encoding (p. ) for more details.
Single- or double-ended arrows can be placed on a plot individually from the command line or from a data
file via the plot with vectors style. See set style arrow (p. ), plotting styles vectors
(p. ).
Sample scripts: arrowstyle.dem vector.dem
The new set datafile command can be used to specify information about the format of input data files,
including the characters used to separate fields, to indicate comment lines, and to specify missing data. Gnuplot
now attempts to recognize text fields with embedded blanks as single entities based on the datafile
format settings. This allows input from csv (comma-separated value) files such as those exported by
spreadsheet programs. See set datafile (p. ). See also the binary (p. ) option (introduced in
set view map selects a top-view 2D projection of 3D surface plot.
set term push and set term pop save and restore the current terminal type.
load and save commands accept piped input and output, respectively.
Since gnuplot 4.0, unset <something> is preferred to set no<something>. The older form has been
deprecated. Version 4.2 continues to allow the older syntax, but such backwards compatibility may be lost in
future versions.
Commands of the form set <something> <style> also are deprecated in favor of the more general form
set style <something> <options>. Many more plot elements now have style options of their
own, including arrows, filled areas, lines, and points. There are also style settings for input data
and formatting. Please see set style (p. ), set decimalsign (p. ), and set datafile
(p. ).
The MS Windows package includes an additional executable pgnuplot.exe to support piping
command through standard input, which is otherwise not available for graphical applications on this
In directory docs/psdocs/ you may find new information in the gnuplot output postscript file guide, list of
postscript symbols in different encodings.
Improved FAQ. Please read it before asking your question in a public forum.
There are plenty of new demos *.dem in the demo/ directory. Please run them, for example by
     load "all.dem"
before asking for help. Plots produced by the demo scripts can also be viewed at
gnuplot may be executed in either batch or interactive modes, and the two may even be mixed together on
many systems.
Any command-line arguments are assumed to be names of files containing gnuplot commands (with the
exception of standard X11 arguments, which are processed first). Each file is loaded with the load command, in
the order specified. gnuplot exits after the last file is processed. When no load files are named,
gnuplot enters into an interactive mode. The special filename "-" is used to denote standard
Both the exit and quit commands terminate the current command file and load the next one, until all have
been processed.
To launch an interactive session:
     gnuplot
To launch a batch session using two command files "input1" and "input2":
     gnuplot input1 input2
To launch an interactive session after an initialization file "header" and followed by another command file
"trailer":
     gnuplot header - trailer
Command-line editing is supported by the Unix, Atari, VMS, MS-DOS and OS/2 versions of gnuplot. Also, a
history mechanism allows previous commands to be edited and re-executed. After the command line has been
edited, a newline or carriage return will enter the entire line without regard to where the cursor is
positioned.
(The readline function in gnuplot is not the same as the readline used in GNU Bash and GNU
Emacs. If the GNU version is desired, it may be selected instead of the gnuplot version at compile
The editing commands are as follows:
Command-line Editing Commands
CharacterFunction
Line Editing
move back a single character.
move forward a single character.
move to the beginning of the line.
move to the end of the line.
^H, DEL delete the previous character.
delete the current character.
delete from current position to the end of line.
^L, ^R redraw line in case it gets trashed.
delete the entire line.
delete from the current word to the end of line.
move back through history.
move forward through history.
On the IBM PC, the use of a TSR program such as DOSEDIT or CED may be desired for line editing. The
default makefile assumes t by default gnuplot will be compiled with no line-editing
capability. If you want to use gnuplot’s line editing, set READLINE in the makefile and add readline.obj to
the link file. The following arrow keys may be used on the IBM PC and Atari versions if readline is
Arrow keyFunction
same as ^B.
same as ^F.
Ctrl Left same as ^A.
Ctrl Rightsame as ^E.
same as ^P.
same as ^N.
The Atari version of readline defines some additional key aliases:
same as ^L.
same as ^A.
Ctrl Homesame as ^E.
same as ^U.
‘help‘ plus return.
Ctrl Help ‘help‘.
Comments are supported as follows: a # may appear in most places in a line and gnuplot will
ignore the rest of the line. It will not have this effect inside quotes, inside numbers (including
complex numbers), inside command substitutions, etc. In short, it works anywhere it makes sense to
See also set datafile commentschars (p. ) for specifying comment characters in data files.
The commands set arrow, set key, set label and set object allow you to draw something at an arbitrary
position on the graph. This position is specified by the syntax:
     {<system>} <x>, {<system>} <y> {,{<system>} <z>}
Each <system> can either be first, second, graph, screen, or character.
first places the x, y, or z coordinate in the system defined by the
second places it in the
system defined by the second axes (top and right); graph specifies the area within the axes &# is bottom left
and 1,1 is top right (for splot, 0,0,0 is bottom l use negative z to get to the base — see set
ticslevel (p. )); screen specifies the screen area (the entire area — not just the portion selected by set
size), with 0,0 at bottom left and 1,1 and character gives the position in character widths and
heights from the bottom left of the screen area (screen 0,0), character coordinates depend on the chosen font
If the coordinate system for x is not specified, first is used. If the system for y is not specified, the one used for
x is adopted.
In some cases, the given coordinate is not an absolute position but a relative value (e.g., the second position in
set arrow ... rto). In most cases, the given value serves as difference to the first position. If the given
coordinate resides in a logarithmic axis the value is interpreted as factor. For example,
     set logscale x
      set arrow 100,5 rto 10,2
plots an arrow from position 100,5 to position 1000,7 since the x axis is logarithmic while the y axis is
If one (or more) axis is timeseries, the appropriate coordinate should be given as a quoted time string
according to the timefmt format string. See set xdata (p. ) and set timefmt (p. ).
gnuplot will also accept an integer expression, which will be interpreted as seconds from 1 January
The configuration option –enable-datastrings allows gnuplot to read and process text fields in datafiles. A text
field consists of either an arbitrary string of printable characters containing no whitespace or an
arbitrary string of characters, possibly including whitespace, delimited by double quotes. The following
sample line from a datafile is interpreted to contain four columns, with a text field in column
 1.000 2.000 "Third column is all of this text" 4.00
Text fields can be positioned within a 2-D or 3-D plot using the commands:
 plot ’datafile’ using 1:2:4 with labels
  splot ’datafile using 1:2:3:4 with labels
A column of text data can also be used to label the ticmarks along one or more of the plot axes. The example
below plots a line through a series of points with (X,Y) coordinates taken from columns 3 and 4 of the input
datafile. However, rather than generating regularly spaced tics along the x axis labeled numerically, gnuplot will
position a tic mark along the x axis at the X coordinate of each point and label the tic mark with text taken
from column 1 of the input datafile.
 set xtics
  plot ’datafile’ using 3:4:xticlabels(1) with linespoints
There is also an option that will interpret the first entry in a column of input data as a text field, and use it as
the key title for data plotted from that column. The example given below will use the first entry in column 2 to
generate a title in the key box, while processing the remainder of columns 2 and 4 to draw the required
 plot ’datafile’ using 1:(f($2)/$4) title 2 with lines
See set style labels (p. ), using xticlabels (p. ), plot title (p. ), using (p. ).
A number of shell environment variables are understood by gnuplot. None of these are required, but may be
If GNUTERM is defined, it is used as the name of the terminal type to be used. This overrides any terminal
type sensed by gnuplot on start-up, but is itself overridden by the .gnuplot (or equivalent) start-up file (see
start-up (p. )) and, of course, by later explicit changes.
On Unix, AmigaOS, AtariTOS, MS-DOS and OS/2, GNUHELP may be defined to be the pathname of the
HELP file (gnuplot.gih).
On VMS, the logical name GNUPLOT$HELP should be defined as the name of the help library for gnuplot.
The gnuplot help can be put inside any system help library, allowing access to help from both within and
outside gnuplot if desired.
On Unix, HOME is used as the name of a directory to search for a .gnuplot file if none is found in the current
directory. On AmigaOS, AtariTOS, MS-DOS, Windows and OS/2, GNUPLOT is used. On Windows,
the NT-specific variable USERPROFILE is tried, too. VMS, SYS$LOGIN: is used. Type help
On Unix, PAGER is used as an output filter for help messages.
On Unix, AtariTOS and AmigaOS, SHELL is used for the shell command. On MS-DOS and OS/2, COMSPEC
is used for the shell command.
On MS-DOS, if the BGI or Watcom interface is used, PCTRM is used to tell the maximum resolution
supported by your monitor by setting it to S<max. horizontal resolution>. E.g. if your monitor’s maximum
resolution is 800x600, then use:
     set PCTRM=S800
If PCTRM is not set, standard VGA is used.
FIT_SCRIPT may be used to specify a gnuplot command to be executed when a fit is interrupted — see fit
(p. ). FIT_LOG specifies the default filename of the logfile maintained by fit.
GNUPLOT_LIB may be used to define additional search directories for data and command files. The
variable may contain a single directory name, or a list of directories separated by a platform-specific
path separator, eg. ’:’ on Unix, or ’;’ on DOS/Windows/OS/2/Amiga platforms. The contents of
GNUPLOT_LIB are appended to the loadpath variable, but not saved with the save and save set
Several gnuplot terminal drivers access TrueType fonts via the gd library. For these drivers the font search path
is controlled by the environmental variable GDFONTPATH. Furthermore, a default font for these drivers may
be set via the environmental variable GNUPLOT_DEFAULT_GDFONT.
The postscript terminal uses its own font search path. It is controlled by the environmental variable
GNUPLOT_FONTPATH. The format is the same as for GNUPLOT_LIB. The contents of
GNUPLOT_FONTPATH are appended to the fontpath variable, but not saved with the save and save set
GNUPLOT_PS_DIR is used by the postscript driver to use external prologue files. Depending on the build
process, gnuplot contains either a builtin copy of those files or simply a default hardcoded path. Use
this variable to test the postscript terminal with custom prologue files. See postscript prologue
(p. ).
In general, any mathematical expression accepted by C, FORTRAN, Pascal, or BASIC is valid. The precedence
of these operators is determined by the specifications of the C programming language. White space (spaces and
tabs) is ignored inside expressions.
Complex constants are expressed as {<real>,<imag>}, where <real> and <imag> must be numerical
constants. For example, {3,2} represents 3 + 2i; {0,1} represents ’i’ itself. The curly braces are explicitly
required here.
Note that gnuplot uses both "real" and "integer" arithmetic, like FORTRAN and C. Integers are entered as
"1", "-10", reals as "1.0", "-10.0", "1e1", 3.5e-1, etc. The most important difference between the two forms
is in division: division of integers truncates: 5/2 = 2; division of reals does not: 5.0/2.0 = 2.5. In mixed
expressions, integers are "promoted" to reals before evaluation: 5/2e0 = 2.5. The result of division of a negative
integer by a positive one may vary among compilers. Try a test like "print -5/2" to determine if your system
chooses -2 or -3 as the answer.
The integer expression "1/0" may be used to generate an "undefined" flag, which cause the
ternary operator gives an example. Or you can use the pre-defined variable NaN to achieve the same result.
The real and imaginary parts of complex expressions are always real, whatever the form in which they are
entered: in {3,2} the "3" and "2" are reals, not integers.
Gnuplot can also perform simple operations on strings and string variables. For example, the expression ("A" .
"B" eq "AB") evaluates as true, illustrating the string concatenation operator and the string equality
A string which contains a numerical value is promoted to the corresponding integer or real value if used in a
numerical expression. Thus ("3" + "4" == 7) and (6.78 == "6.78") both evaluate to true. An integer, but
not a real or complex value, is promoted to a string if used in string concatenation. A typical
case is the use of integers to construct file na e.g. ("file" . 4 eq "file4") is
Substrings can be specified using a postfixed range descriptor [beg:end]. For example, "ABCDEF"[3:4] ==
"CD" and "ABCDEF"[4:*] == "DEF" The syntax "string"[beg:end] is exactly equivalent to calling the built-in
string-valued function substr("string",beg,end), except that you cannot omit either beg or end from the
function call.
The functions in gnuplot are the same as the corresponding functions in the Unix math library, except that all
functions accept integer, real, and complex arguments, unless otherwise noted.
For those functions that accept or return angles that may be given in either degrees or radians (sin(x), cos(x),
tan(x), asin(x), acos(x), atan(x), atan2(x) and arg(z)), the unit may be selected by set angles, which defaults
to radians.
Math library functions
ArgumentsReturns
absolute value of x, |x|; same type
length of x,
cos-1x (inverse cosine)
cosh-1x (inverse hyperbolic cosine) in radians
the phase of x
sin-1x (inverse sin)
sinh-1x (inverse hyperbolic sin) in radians
tan-1x (inverse tangent)
atan2(y,x)
int or real tan-1(y∕x) (inverse tangent)
tanh-1x (inverse hyperbolic tangent) in radians
int or real j0 Bessel function of x, in radians
int or real j1 Bessel function of x, in radians
int or real y0 Bessel function of x, in radians
int or real y1 Bessel function of x, in radians
⌈x⌉, smallest integer not less than x (real part)
cosx, cosine of x
coshx, hyperbolic cosine of x in radians
erf(real(x)), error function of real(x)
erfc(real(x)), 1.0 - error function of real(x)
ex, exponential function of x
⌊x⌋, largest integer not greater than x (real part)
gamma(real(x)), gamma function of real(x)
ibeta(p,q,x)
ibeta(real(p,q,x)), ibeta function of real(p,q,x)
inverse error function of real(x)
igamma(a,x)
igamma(real(a,x)), igamma function of real(a,x)
imaginary part of x as a real number
invnorm(x)
inverse normal distribution function of real(x)
integer part of x, truncated toward zero
lambertw(x)
Lambert W function
lgamma(real(x)), lgamma function of real(x)
log ex, natural logarithm (base e) of x
log 10x, logarithm (base 10) of x
normal distribution (Gaussian) function of real(x)
rand(x), pseudo random number generator
real part of x
1 if x > 0, -1 if x < 0, 0 if x = 0. imag(x) ignored
sinx, sine of x
sinhx, hyperbolic sine of x in radians
, square root of x
tanx, tangent of x
tanhx, hyperbolic tangent of x in radians
String functions
ArgumentsReturns
gprintf(”format”,x)
string result from applying gnuplot’s format parser
sprintf(”format”,x,...)
string result from C-language sprintf
strlen(”string”)
int length of string
strstrt(”string”,”key”)
int index of first character of substring ”key”
substr(”string”,beg,end) multiple
string ”string”[beg:end]
strftime(”timeformat”,t)
string result from applying gnuplot’s time parser
strptime(”timeformat”,s)
seconds since year 2000 as given in string s
system(”command”)
string containing output stream of shell command
word(”string”,n)
string, int returns the nth word in ”string”
words(”string”)
returns the number of words in ”string”
other gnuplot functions
column x during datafile manipulation.
defined(X)
variable name
[DEPRECATED] returns 1 if X is defined, 0 otherwise.
exists(”X”)
”variable name”returns 1 if a variable named X is defined, 0 otherwise.
stringcolumn(x)
content of column x as a string.
timecolumn(x)
timecolumn x during datafile manipulation.
tm_hour(x)
tm_mday(x)
the day of the month
the minute
the second
tm_wday(x)
the day of the week
tm_yday(x)
the day of the year
tm_year(x)
test validity of column(x) during datafile manip.
The behavior of the built-in function rand(x) has changed as of version 3.8l. Older scripts that expected
rand(x>0) to produce sequential pseudo-random numbers from the same seeded sequence must be changed to
call rand(0) instead. The current behavior is as follows:
‘rand(0)‘  returns a pseudo random number in the interval [0:1] generated
            from the current value of two internal 32-bit seeds.
 ‘rand(-1)‘ resets both seeds to a standard value.
 ‘rand(x)‘  for x>0 sets both seeds to a value based on the value of x.
 ‘rand({x,y})‘ for x>0 sets seed1 to x and seed2 to y.
The operators in gnuplot are the same as the corresponding operators in the C programming language, except
that all operators accept integer, real, and complex arguments, unless otherwise noted. The ** operator
(exponentiation) is supported, as in FORTRAN.
Parentheses may be used to change order of evaluation.
The following is a list of all the unary operators and their usages:
Unary Operators
SymbolExampleExplanation
unary minus
unary plus (no-operation)
* one’s complement
* logical negation
* factorial
* call arg/column during ‘using‘ manipulation
(*) Starred explanations indicate that the operator requires an integer argument.
Operator precedence is the same as in Fortran and C. As in those languages, parentheses may be used to change
the order of operation. Thus -2**2 = -4, but (-2)**2 = 4.
The factorial operator returns a real number to allow a greater range.
The following is a list of all the binary operators and their usages:
Binary Operators
SymbolExampleExplanation
exponentiation
multiplication
subtraction
inequality
a<b
a<=b
less than or equal to
a>b
greater than
a>=b
greater than or equal to
* bitwise AND
* bitwise exclusive OR
* bitwise inclusive OR
* logical AND
* logical OR
string concatenation
A eq B string equality
A ne B string inequality
(*) Starred explanations indicate that the operator requires integer arguments. Capital letters A and B indicate
that the operator requires string arguments.
Logical AND (&&) and OR (||) short-circuit the way they do in C. That is, the second && operand is not
evaluated i the second || operand is not evaluated if the first is true.
There is a single ternary operator:
Ternary Operator
SymbolExampleExplanation
a?b:c ternary operation
The ternary operator behaves as it does in C. The first argument (a), which must be an integer, is evaluated. If
it is true (non-zero), the second argument (b) is ev otherwise the third argument (c) is
evaluated and returned.
The ternary operator is very useful both in constructing piecewise functions and in plotting points only when
certain conditions are met.
Plot a function that is to equal sin(x) for 0 <= x < 1, 1/x for 1 <= x < 2, and undefined elsewhere:
     f(x) = 0<=x && x<1 ? sin(x) : 1<=x && x<2 ? 1/x : 1/0
      plot f(x)
Note that gnuplot quietly ignores undefined values, so the final branch of the function (1/0) will produce no
plottable points. Note also that f(x) will be plotted as a continuous function across the discontinuity if a line
style is used. To plot it discontinuously, create separate functions for the two pieces. (Parametric functions are
also useful for this purpose.)
For data in a file, plot the average of the data in columns 2 and 3 against the datum in column 1, but only if
the datum in column 4 is non-negative:
     plot ’file’ using 1:( $4<0 ? 1/0 : ($2+$3)/2 )
Please see plot datafile using (p. ) for an explanation of the using (p. ) syntax.
The variable pi is defined to be pi, see
     print pi
Additionally, gnuplot may define some variables under various operations.
Working with interactive terminals with mouse functionality defines variables with names that begin
"MOUSE_", see mouse variables (p. ) for details.
Further, there are several "read-only" variables that begin "GPVAL_", like GPVAL_TERM, GPVAL_X_MIN,
GPVAL_X_MAX, GPVAL_Y_MIN,... Type show variables all to display their list and values. Values related
to axes parameters (ranges, log base) are values used during the last plot, not those currently
The fit mechanism uses several variables with names that begin "FIT_". It is safest to avoid using such names.
"FIT_LIMIT", however, is one that you may wish to redefine. Under set fit errorvariables, the error for each
fitted parameter will be stored in a variable named like the parameter, but with "_err" appended. See the
documentation on fit (p. ) for details.
See user-defined variables (p. ), mouse variables (p. ), and fit (p. ).
New user-defined variables and functions of one through five variables may be declared and used anywhere,
including on the plot command itself.
User-defined function syntax:
     <func-name>( <dummy1> {,<dummy2>} ... {,<dummy5>} ) = <expression>
where <expression> is defined in terms of <dummy1> through <dummy5>.
User-defined variable syntax:
     <variable-name> = <constant-expression>
     w = 2
      q = floor(tan(pi/2 - 0.1))
      f(x) = sin(w*x)
      sinc(x) = sin(pi*x)/(pi*x)
      delta(t) = (t == 0)
      ramp(t) = (t > 0) ? t : 0
      min(a,b) = (a < b) ? a : b
      comb(n,k) = n!/(k!*(n-k)!)
      len3d(x,y,z) = sqrt(x*x+y*y+z*z)
      plot f(x) = sin(x*a), a = 0.2, f(x), a = 0.4, f(x)
     file = "mydata.inp"
      file(n) = sprintf("run_%d.dat",n)
The final two examples illustrate a user-defined string variable and a user-defined string function.
Note that the variables pi (3.14159...) and NaN (IEEE "Not a Number") are already defined. You can
redefine these to something else if you really need to. The original values can be recovered by
     NaN = GPVAL_NaN
      pi  = GPVAL_pi
Other variables may be defined under various gnuplot operations like mousing in interactive
see gnuplot-defined variables (p. ) for details.
You can check for existence of a given variable V by the exists("V") expression. For example
     a = 10
      if (exists("a")) print "a is defined"
      if (!exists("b")) print "b is not defined"
Valid names are the same as in most programming languages: they must begin with a letter, but subsequent
characters may be letters, digits, "$", or "_".
See show functions (p. ), functions (p. ), gnuplot-defined variables (p. ), macros
(p. ).
Throughout this document an attempt has been made to maintain consistency of nomenclature. This cannot be
wholly successful because as gnuplot has evolved over time, certain command and keyword names have been
adopted that preclude such perfection. This section contains explanations of the way some of these terms are
A "page" or "screen" is the entire area addressable by gnuplot. On a monitor, i on a plotter,
it is a single sheet of paper.
A screen may contain one or more "plots". A plot is defined by an abscissa and an ordinate, although these
need not actually appear on it, as well as the margins and any text written therein.
A plot contains one "graph". A graph is defined by an abscissa and an ordinate, although these need not
actually appear on it.
A graph may contain one or more "lines". A line is a single function or data set. "Line" is also a plotting
style. The word will also be used in sense "a line of text". Presumably the context will remove any
ambiguity.
The lines on a graph may have individual names. These may be listed together with a sample of the plotting
style used to represent them in the "key", sometimes also called the "legend".
The word "title" occurs with multiple meanings in gnuplot. In this document, it will always be preceded by
the adjective "plot", "line", or "key" to differentiate among them.
A 2-d graph may have up to four labelled axes. The names of the four axes for these usages are "x" for the axis
along the bottom border of the plot, "y" for the left border, "x2" for the top border, and "y2" for the right
A 3-d graph may have up to three labelled axes – "x", "y" and "z". It is not possible to say where on the graph
any particular axis will fall because you can change the direction from which the graph is seen with set
When discussing data files, the term "record" will be resurrected and used to denote a single line of text
in the file, that is, the characters between newline or end-of-record characters. A "point" is the
datum extracted from a single record. A "datablock" is a set of points from consecutive records,
delimited by blank records. A line, when referred to in the context of a data file, is a subset of a
datablock.
Each gnuplot terminal type provides a set of distinct "linetypes". These may differ in color, in thickness, in
dot/dash pattern, or in some combination of color and dot/dash. The default linetypes for a particular terminal
can be previewed by issuing the test command after setting the terminal type. The pre-defined colors and
dot/dash patterns are not guaranteed to be consistent for all terminal types, but all terminals use the
special linetype -1 to mean a solid line in the primary foreground color (normally black). By default,
successive functions or datafiles plotted by a single command will be assigned successive linetypes.
You can override this default by specifying a particular linetype for any function, datafile, or plot
    plot "foo", "bar"                 # plot two files using linetypes 1, 2
     plot sin(x) linetype 4            # terminal-specific linetype color 4
     plot sin(x) lt -1                 # black
For many terminal types it is also possible to assign user-defined colors using explicit rgb (red, green, blue)
values, named colors, or color values that refer to the current PM3D palette.
    plot sin(x) lt rgb "violet"       # one of gnuplot’s named colors
     plot sin(x) lt rgb "#FF00FF"      # explicit RGB triple in hexadecimal
     plot sin(x) lt palette cb -45     # whatever color corresponds to -45
                                       # in the current cbrange of the palette
     plot sin(x) lt palette frac 0.3   # fractional value along the palette
See show palette colornames (p. ), set palette (p. ), cbrange (p. ).
For terminals that support dot/dash patterns, each default linetype has both a dot-dash pattern and a default
color. However, you can override the default color by using the keyword linecolor, abbreviated lc. For example,
the postscript terminal provides a dashed blue line as linetype 3. The plot commands below use this same dash
pattern for three plots, one in blue (the default), another in red (the default for linetype 1), and a third in
    set term postscript dashed color
     plot ’foo’ lt 3, ’baz’ lt 3 linecolor 1, ’bar’ lt 3 lc rgb ’gold’
Lines can have additional properties such as linewidth. You can associate these various properties, as well as
equivalent properties for point symbols, into user-defined "line styles" using the command set style line. Once
you have defined a linestyle, you can use it in a plot command to control the appearance of one or more plot
    # define a new line style with terminal-independent color cyan,
     # linewidth 3, and associated point type 6 (a circle with a dot in it).
     set style line 5 lt rgb "cyan" lw 3 pt 6
     plot sin(x) with linespoints ls 5          # user-defined line style 5
See linestyle (p. ), set style line (p. ).
Many commands allow you to specify a linetype with an explicit color. Note that not all terminals support RGB
colors or pm3d palette colors.
     ... {linetype | lt} <colorspec>
      ... {linecolor | lc} <colorspec>
      ... {textcolor | tc} <colorspec>
where <colorspec> has one of the following forms:
     rgbcolor "colorname"
      rgbcolor "#RRGGBB"
      rgbcolor variable
      palette frac <val>      # <val> runs from 0 to 1
      palette cb <value>      # <val> lies within cbrange
      palette z
      variable                # color index is read from input file
"colorname" refers to one of the color names built in to gnuplot. For a list of the available names, see show
palette colornames (p. ).
"#RRGGBB" is a hexadecimal constant preceded by the "#" symbol. The RRGGBB represents the red, green,
and blue components of the color, each on a scale from 0 - 255. For example, magenta = full-scale red +
full-scale blue would be represented by #FF00FF, which is the hexadecimal representation of (255 << 16) + (0
<< 8) + (255).
"rgb variable" requires an additional column in the using specifier, and is only available in 3D plotting mode
(splot). The extra column is interpreted as a 24-bit packed RGB triple. These are most easily specified in a data
file as hexadecimal values (see above).
     rgb(r,g,b) = 65536 * int(r) + 256 * int(g) + int(b)
    &#x