上传时间：　来源：
第一篇:从句从句
一．名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的各种从句统称为名词性从句。这类从句在句中可担任主语、表语、宾 语和同位语，名词从句可以分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。1.主语从句 在句子中担当主语的是一个句子，这个从句就叫作主语从句。主语从句可以由下列连词、连 接代词和连接副词引导，且不能省略。连词：that, whether 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever 等 连接副词：when, where, how, why (1)由连词 that, whether 引导的主语从句 连词 that, whether 在从句中的作用只是引导主语从句，它在从句中不担任成分，不能省略， 且由 that, whether 引导的主语从句，多用 it 多形式主语 e.g That the earth is round is true.=It is true that the earth is round.地球是圆的，是一个事实。Whether he’ll come or not hasn’t been decided.= It hasn’t been decided whether he’ll come or not.
(2)由连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句 连接代词 who, which 和连接副词 when, where, how, why 都可以引导主语从句，它们分别在 从句中担任主语、宾语和状语，不能省略，翻译时，不能把它们译为疑问句，由它们引导的 主语从句，也可以用形式主语 it 引导 e.g Who let out the news remained unknown. =It remained unknown who let out the news.谁泄漏 了那个消息仍旧无人知道。When we’ll start is not clear. =It is not clear when we’ll start.我们何时出发还不清楚。
(3)以关系代词 what, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever 引导的主语从句不能用形式 主语 it 引导，它们在句子中担任成分，不能省略，语序为陈述语序。e.g What he said at the meeting is important.他在会上所说的事情是重要的。Whoever leaves the office should tell me.无论是谁离开办公室都应该告诉我。
(4)用 it 作形式主语的主语从句结构 a. It is +名词+从句 It is a fact that… 事实是…… It is good news that … ……是好消息 It is a question that … ……是个问题 It is common knowledge that … ……是常识
类似的名词还有：a pity；a wonder；a good thing； no wonder； surprise 等。例如：It is a mystery to me how it all happened. 这一切是怎么发生的是个谜。It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish. 鲸鱼不是鱼，这是常识。It is no surprise that Bob should have won the game. 鲍勃会赢得这场比赛，这不足为奇。b. It is +形容词+从句 It is necessary that … 有必要…… It is clear that … 很清楚…… It is likely that … 很可能…… It is important that … 重要的是…… 类似的形容词还有： worth- astonishing, etc. 例如：It is obvious that conductors and insulators are both important in industry. 很明显导体和绝缘体在工业中都很重要。It is doubtful whether she will be able to come. 她是否能来令人怀疑。It was really astonishing that he refused to talk to you . 他拒绝和你说话真是令人惊讶。It is essential that he should be here by the weekend . 周末之前，他应该到这里是必要的。It seems obvious that we can not go on like this. 很明显我们不能这样下去了。c. It is +过去分词+从句 It is said that … 据说…… It is reported that … 据报道…… It has been proved that … 已证明…… It must be proved that… 必须指出…… 类似的过去分词还有： found out,etc. 例如：It is thought that he is the best player. 大家都认为他是最好的选手。It is estimated that the vase is 2000 years old. 据估计这个花瓶有 2000 年的历史。It is used to be thought that a new star must be due to a collision between two stars. 过去一直认
为新星是由于两颗星星之间碰撞产生的。It has not been made clear when the new road is to be opened to traffic. 还没弄清楚这条路将开始通车。d. It +不及物动词+从句 It seems that … 好像是…… It happened that… 碰巧…… It follows that … 由此可见…… It has turned out that … 结果是…… 类似的不及物动词还有：seem, appear, occur, follow, happen, turn out, etc. 例如：It turned out that nobody remembered the address. 结果是无人记得那个地址。It now appears that they are in urgent need of help. 看起来他们急需帮助。It does not matter if I missed my train, because there is another later. 没有赶上这趟火车没有关系，稍晚还有一趟。It happened that I saw him yesterday. 碰巧我昨天看见他了。当“及物动词 + 宾语”较短时，也可用这种结构。例如：It shocked me that Peter did not tell anybody where he was. 让我吃惊的是彼得没有告诉任何人他在哪里。It does not interest me whether you go or not. 我对你去不去不感兴趣。e. It +某些固定结构+ 主语从句。It doesn’t matter??是无关紧要的?? It makes no difference??毫无区别?? It doesn’t make too much difference that?? ??关系不大 It doesn’t need to be bothered that??不必担忧?? 例如It does not make any difference whether it rains or not . 下不下雨没什么分别。It does not make the least difference to me what you do. 对我来说你做什么都无关紧要。
2. 宾语从句 用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。1.引导宾语从句的关联词有三类(1) 从属连词 that。如He told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服。
I know he has returned. 我知道他已经回来了。注that 在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下， 不能省略。that 1. Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened. 大家都会看出所发生的 事情并知道 Tom 非常害怕。and 连接两个宾语从句，that 宾语从句放在 and 的后面时，that 不能省略。2. I know nothing about him except that he is from the south. 对他我一无所知， 只知道他是南 方人。that 引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that 不能省略。3. That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe. 我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。that 从句位于句首时，that 不可省略。4. We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. 鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决定应允他一段试用期。主句谓语动词与 that 从句之间有插入语，that 不可省略。(2)从属连词 if/whether。如I doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。I don’t know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否帮助我。
(3)连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。e.g Who or what he was, Martin never learned. 他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知 道。I wonder what he’s writing to me about. 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。
I’ll tell you why I asked you to come. 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。
2. 介词宾语从句 宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.他对那天发生的事感到很不快。I walked over to where she sat. 有时介词可以省略。如I don’t care (for) who marries him. 我不管谁跟他结婚。我走向她坐的地方。
Be careful (as to) how you do that. 你要注意做这件事的方式. 注意：连词 that 引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在 except, but, in 后。其他一些
介词的宾语从句如果由连词 that 引导，则需用 it 先行一步，作形式宾语。如：He is a good student except that he is careless.他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的。
3. 动词＋it＋that 结构 如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用 it 作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。如We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪 的。He has made it clear that he will not give in.他已表明他不会屈服。
4. 某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有 sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied 等，连词 that 可省略。如I am not sure what I ought to do.我不能确定我该做什么。I’m afraid you don’t understand what I said.恐怕你没领会我说的意思。I’m surprised that I didn’t see all that before.我好奇怪，我以前没看到过。
5. 连词 whether (?or not)或 if 引导的宾语从句 if 和 whether 引导的宾语从句可以互换使用， whether 常和 or not 连用， 一般不与 or not 但 if 连用。如I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。用 if 引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用 if 而用 whether。试比较Please let me know if you want to go. Please let me know whether you want to go. (if 从句可理解为宾语从句，意为“请告诉我你是否想去” ；此句又可理解为条件状语从句 意为“如果你想去的话，请告诉我一声” 。)
6. 宾语从句的否定转移。think, believe, suppose, expect 等动词后的宾语从句， 在 有时谓语尽 管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将 think 等动词变为否定形式。如I don’t think you are right. 我认为你错了。I don’t believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。
3. 表语从句 表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语, 一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从 句” 。可接表语从句的连系动词有 be，look，seem，sound，appear 等。如：China is no longer what she used to be. 今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。
The question remains whether they will be able to help us. 问题还是他们能否帮我们。At that time，it seemed as if I couldn't think of the right word. 出一个恰当的字眼来。引导表语从句的关联词的种类(1）从属连词 that e.g The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。that 是连词,没有词义，在句中不作成分，因此一般不可省略(但在口语中有时 that 可省略)。当时，我似乎怎么也想不
(2) 从属连词 whether，as，as if / though 引导的表语从句。如：He looked just as he had looked ten years before.他看起来还与十年前一样。It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.听起来好像有人在敲门。
(3) because，why 引导的表语从句。如That's because he didn't understand me.那是因为他没有理解我 （That's because…强调原因） That's why he got angry with me.那正是他对我生气的原因。（That's why…强调结果） 注意：表示结果或名词 reason 作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用 that 引导，不宜 用 because. 如：The reason why I was sad was that he didn't understand me.我难过的原因是他没有理解我。
(4) 连接代词 who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever 连接副词 where，when，how，why e.g The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。
(5) 使用虚拟语气的表语从句 在表示建议、 劝告、 命令含义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用“should+动词原形” 表 示，should 可省略。常见的词有：advice，suggestion，order，proposal，plan，idea 等。e.g My suggestion is that we （should） start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出 发。
4. 同位语从句 英语中有一些名词如 fact, idea, news, word, hope, promise, suggestion, reply, problem, belief, doubt, truth, order, thought 等，它们本身有一定的意义，但表达得不够具体。为了使其表达的 意义更加具体明确，其后常跟有一个从句，用来补充说明该名词的内容，这个从句就叫做同
位语从句。(1) 同位语从句的引导词 ①表示陈述意义时通常用 that。注意 that 不能省略。同位语从句说明的名词常见的有：ability, advice, answer, belief, doubt, discovery, fact, fear, hope, idea, information, message, news, order, possibility, problem, proposal, question, story, suggestion, theory, thought, word(消息)等,同位语从句一般都是用来解释说明一些抽象名词， 而不可说明的名词是不会接同位语从句的。比如：man, water, sun 等具体的人或事物。e.g There is no doubt that the prices of cars will go down. The belief that the company will make a great is shared by everyone. ②表示“是否”的意思时只能用 whether，不能用 if。这一点与主语从句相似。e.g The question whether he can finish the work within two days remains unknown. ③表示疑问时也可用其他引导词 where, when, why, how, who, what 来引导。e.g This student asked a good question why pollution can’t be stopped. I have no idea where I should go. I have no idea how I can get to the railway station.
(2) 同位语从句和定语从句的区别 ① 定语从句相当于一个形容词, 它对先行词起修饰、描述和限制的作用。同位语从句相当 于名词，属于名词性从句，它是对前面名词内容的具体表述，它们之间的关系是同位关系。试比较The news that you heard is not true. 你听到的那个消息不是真的。（定语从句） The news that he has died is true. 他已经去世的消息是真的。（同位语从句，说明了 news 的 具体内容，即 he has died） ② 同位语从句常跟在 news, fact, promise, idea, word, message, hope, truth, answer, proposal, suggestion, order, information 等少数名词之后，而一般名词之后都可跟定语从句。e.g He didn’t give the answer why he was late. 他没回答他为什么迟到这个问题。（同位语从 句） Then rose a question where we should go. 于是产生了一个问题：我们该到哪里去？（同位语 从句） ③ that 在定语从句中充当某一成分, 是关系代词; that 在同位语从句中不作任何成分， 仅把 主句与从句连接在一起，是从属连词。如The fact that just now you talked about interests me. 你们刚才谈论的事情使我感兴趣。（定语从 句） The fact that he failed in the exam made his parents very angry. 他考试没及格这个事实使他的 父母很生气。（同位语从句） ④ when, where, why, how, who, whom, which 如果引导定语从句, 它们分别指前面先行词所
表示的时间、地点、原因、方式、人和物，否则引导的就是同位语从句。试比较I still remember the day when he was killed. 我还记得他被害的那一天。(定语从句) I have no idea when he was killed. 我不知道他什么时候被害的。（同位语从句） They didn't go to the town where they were born.他们没有去他们出生的小镇。(定语从句) They didn't answer the question where they were born.他们没有回答他们在哪里出生这个问题。（同位语从句） ⑤ whether, what 可引导同位语从句，但通常不可引导定语从句。e.g We have no information whether he is alive. 我们不知道他是否活着。（同位语从句） Next comes the question what step we should take. 接着的问题是我们下一步该做什么。（同 位语从句）
二．定语从句 定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或 代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which 等。关系副词有：when, where, why 等。1. 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下e.g Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗？ （who/that 在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。whom/that 在从句中作宾 （ 语） 2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同 of which 互换） 。e.g They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去 帮忙。Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。3）which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例 如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了 前所未有的繁荣。（which / that 在句中作宾语） The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that 在句中作宾语）
2. 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）when, where, why 关系副词 when, where, why 的含义相当于&介词+ which&结构，因此常 常和&介词+ which&结构交替使用. e.g There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。北京是我的出生地。这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 由吗？ 2）that 代替关系副词
that 可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代 when, where, why 和&介词+ which& 引导的定语从句，在口语中 that 常被省略. e.g His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找 到他四十年前居住过的地方。
3. 判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语， 就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you. 判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。） （错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. （对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when 联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的 误用上。方法二准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关 系代词/关系副词。例 1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days ago? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例 2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held？ A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案：例 1 D，例 2 A 例 1 变为肯定句This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago. 例 2 变为肯定句This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held. 在句 1 中， 所缺部分为宾语， where, that, on which 都不能起到宾语的作用， 而 只有 the one 既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选 D。
而句 2 中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词 where，又因 in the museum 词组，可用介词 in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词 on 用的不对，所以 选 A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系 代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。
4. 限制性和非限制性定语从句 1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它 主句意思往往不明确； 非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明， 去掉了也不会影响主句的意 思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。e.g This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性） The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买 （非限制性） 2) 非限定性定语从句不能用 that 引导, 一般用引导词 which / as 或 who（指人） ，非限定性 定语从句既可以修饰主句的部分内容，也可修饰主句的全部内容。as 引导的非限定性定语 从句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，但 which 或 who 引导的非限定性定语从 句不能放在主句句首。e.g As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth. The large area is covered with thick snow, which affects people's life greatly. His speech, which bored us to death, was over at last. Her sister, who lived in another city, was coming to visit her.
5. as, which 非限定性定语从句 由 as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句， 和 which 可代整个主句， as 相当于 and this 或 and that。as 一般放在句首，也可以放在句中，which 在句中。e.g As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 典型例题 1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise. A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案 C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that 修饰，而用 which.，it 和 he 都使后句成为句 子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选 he 句意不通。2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it 答案 B。which 可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而 what 不可。That 不能用于非
限定性定语从句，it 不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park.. A. that B. which 答案 B. as 和 which 在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且 在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点(1)as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而 which 不可。(2)as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动 词，则从句中的关系代词只能用 which.。在本题中，prevent 由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为 B。As 的用法 例 1. the same? as；such?as 中的 as 是一种固定结构, 和??一样??。I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 例 2. as 可引导非限制性从句，常含有'正如'的意思。As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health. As 是关系代词。例 1 中的 as 作 know 的宾语；例 2 中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词 know 要用被动式。C. as D. it
6. 介词+关系词 1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2）that 前不能有介词。3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的&介词+关系词&结构可以同关系副词 when 和 where 互换。e.g This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
7. 关系代词 that 的用法 1）不用 that 的情况 a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。(错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b) 介词后不能用。We depend on the land from that we get our food.(错) 改为：We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. 2) 只能用 that，不能用 which 作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 ①当先行词是不定代词时,如:all, little, much, none, one, everyone, something, anything, everything, nothing 等。e.g That’s all that I could do at that time. 那就是我那是所能为你做的全部。②当先行词被 the only, the very, the same, little, few, no, 等修饰时。e.g The only thing that I can do is to have a rest.我唯一能做的事情就是休息。③当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。e.g He was the first person that passed the examination.他是第一个通过这个考试的人。This is the best way that can solve the problem. 这是解决那个问题的最好办法。④被修饰词为数词时，只能用 that。e.g Yesterday my mother bought two dogs. Now you can see the two that are playing over there.昨 天我妈妈买了两只狗。现在你能看见它们在那边玩。⑤主句是 there be 结构，修饰其主语的定语从句 that e.g There is a book on the desk that belongs to Jack.桌上那本书是杰克的。⑥主句是以 which 或 who 开头的特殊疑问句时，关系代词只能用 that。e.g Who is the girl that is talking with Mr. Brown？ ⑦如果出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人和物时，关系代词用 that。e.g We are talking about the people and countries that we have visited. ⑧如果两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用 which, 另一个关系代词应用 that，以避免重复。e.g He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.他办了一家工 厂，生产过去从未见到的东西。
三．状语从句 副词性从句（状语从句） 状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为十大类， 分别表示时间、 地点、 原因、 目的、结果、条件、让步、比较 、方式和程度。1．时间状语从句 (1)常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till,（ until ） 特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner ? than, hardly ?when, scarcely ? when e.g I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult. While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking. The children ran away from the orchard (果园) the moment they saw the guard. ①when, while, as 引导时间状语从句时的异同
when 引导的时间状语从句中的谓语动词既可以是延续性动词，也可以是短暂性动词；从句 的动作可以和主句的动作同时发生， 也可以先于主句的动作发生， 此时相当于 after。when 当 从句谓语动词是延续性动词时，可与 while 互换。e.g I often missed my home a lot when I was abroad.. ( =while ) When they came home, I was cooking dinner. (不能用 while) When the film ended, people rushed out of the hall. ( =after ) when 从句置于主句后面，同时从句中谓语动词又是短暂性动词时，常表示“此时突 然……”。e.g I was walking along the street when I caught sight of a tailor’s shop. He was enjoying his dinner when a loud noise came on the door. while 引导的动作必须是持续性的，强调主句和从句动作的同时发生，有时侧重主句和 从句动作的对比。He took a bath while I was preparing dinner. as 常可与 when, while 通用， 但它较强调主句和从句动作的同时发生， 常译作“边……边” 也可用来说明两种正在发展和变化的情况，此时常译作“随着”。e.g He sang happily as he walked along the path. The day gets longer and longer as summer comes.
②until, till 引导的时间状语从句 主句谓语动词为延续性动词时，主句和从句都用肯定句式，意为“一直到”，表示主句动 作一直延续到 until/till 从句表示的时间才终止；主句谓语动词为短暂性动词时，主句用否定 式，从句用肯定式，意思是“一直到才”，表示主句动作到 until/till 从句表示的时间才开始。e.g He worked until/till it was dark. He didn’t work until/till it was dark. until 和 till 意义相同，通常可换用，但在强调结构、倒装句或句首，一般用 until。e.g I didn’t know about it until/till he told me. It was not until he told me that I knew about it. Not until he told me did I know about it.
③since 引导的时间状语从句 since 从句中的动词不同，其起算时间也不同。since + 瞬间动词过去时，从该动作发生时起 算；since + 延续性动词过去时，从该动作结束时起算。e.g He has worked very hard since he entered the factory. (enter 为瞬间性动词，该句意为“从他入厂以来，他工作一直非常努力。”) We haven’t seen each other since I worked in the factory. (work 为延续性动词，该句意为“从我不在工厂以来，我们没见过面。”可说成
We haven’t seen each other since I stopped working in the factory.） since 常用于 It’s + some time + since sb. did sth.结构。试比较It’s two years since he joined the army. （他参军有两年了。） It’s two years since he was a soldier. （他退役有两年了）
④before 和 after 引导的时间状语从句 before 和 after 表示的时两个时间活两个事件之间的先后关系。Before 引导的从句中的动作 通常发生在主句动作之后，如果从句时过去时，主句一般要用过去完成时。After 引导的从 句中的动作通常发生在主句动作之前，如果主句用过去时，从句一般要用过去完成时。e.g They had got everything ready before I arrived. 我去之前它们准备好了一切。After he had worked in the factory for five years, he went abroad. 他在这家工厂工作了 5 年后出 国了。注意：如果不强调时间的先后，或是因为从句中用的时某个状态动词，before 和 after 句子 结构中的谓语动词也可以都用一般过去时。e.g He arrived after the meeting started. 会开完时他来了。She did not understand me before I explained it to her. 在我解释给她听之前，她一点都不了解。
⑤as soon as 等意为“一……就”的时间状语从句的几种不同表达 as soon as 表示“一……就”，在表述已发生的动作时，hardly…when, no sooner…than 也可 表示同样的意思，但主句谓语动词要用过去完成时，从句用过去时，还可转换成倒装结构。As soon as he saw the policeman, he ran away. = He had hardly seen the policeman when he ran away. = Hardly had he seen the policeman when he ran away. = He had no sooner seen the policeman than he ran away. = No sooner had he seen the policeman than he ran away. immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant,也可引导时间状语从句，相 当于 as soon as 的意思，用法也与 as soon as 基本相同。上述句子可转换成He ran away immediately/directly/instantly he saw the policeman. He ran away the moment/the minute/the instant he saw the policeman.
2．地点状语从句 常用引导词：where 特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere e.g Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.
Wherever you go, you should work hard. 注意：where 引导的状语从句和 where 引导的定语从句常可转换，判断它属于哪类从句的关 键是看 where 前面有没有被修饰的、表示地点的先行词。试比较Stand where you are! （状语从句） Stand at the place where you are! （定语从句） Bamboo grows best where it’s wet and rainy. （状语从句） Bamboo grows best in places where it’s wet and rainy. （定语从句）
3 原因状语从句 常用引导词：because, since, as, since 特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that ? e.g My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful. Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference. ①原因状语从句通常由 because, since, as 引导。because 引导的从句可以放在主句前， 也可放 在主句后面，表示直接的原因或理由，着重点在从句。回答 why 问句、用于强调结构都用 because。e.g He had to do a part-time job after work because he needed money for his marriage. It was because he lost it that he found it more valuable than ever. since 和 as 引导的原因从句更多见于句首， 表示明显的、 已知的事实， 语气比 because 弱， 分别可译作“既然”、“由于”，着重点在主句。e.g Since you have to stay at home, why don’t you do some shopping on computer?. As the weather is fine, let’s go fishing. for 也可引导表示原因的句子，但它是个并列连词，通常表示一种推测的原因或附加的说 明，语气最弱，一般不放在句首，前面常有逗号分隔。e.g It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. ②now that, seeing that, considering that 等也可以引导表示原因的从句, 语气相当于 since， 常译作“既然”，口语中 that 可省去。e.g Now (that) my watch has been sold, what’s the use of the watch chain? Seeing (that) you’re already at the door, I suppose I must invite you inside
4．目的状语从句 常用引导词：so that, in order that 特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that e.g The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.
The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly. ①目的状语从句通常由 (so) that, in order that 引导,在口语或非正式文体中，有时也会用 that 或 so 引导。in order that 引导的目的从句可以放在主句后面，也可放在主句前面，而 so that 引导的从句通常放在主句后面。目的状语从句中的谓语常含有 may(might), can(could), should, will 等情态动词。e.g He always takes a seat in the first row so that/in order that he can hear better. （也可说成 He always takes a seat in the first row so/that he can hear better.但用的较少。） =In order that he can hear better, he always taked a seat in the first row. The actress wore ordinary clothes in order that/so that she might not be recognized easily. =In order that she might not be recognized easily, the actress wore ordinary clothes. ②in case, for fear that, lest 等也可以引导目的状语从句，表示 “以防…、以免…” 。e.g He left early in case he should miss the train. Take your raincoat in case it rains/should rain. Mother hid the sweets and chocolates lest/for fear that her son should see them.
5．结果状语从句 常用引导词so? that, such ? that （so + adj./adv. 置于句首，引起倒装） 特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that He got up so early that he caught the first bus. It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it. To such an degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night. 1）结果状语从句常由 so that, so… that, such… that 等引导，放在主句之后，so…that 与 such…that 句型在一定条件下可转换。so+形容词（副词）+that so+形容词+a(an)+单数名词+that so+形容词+不可数名词 so+形容词+复数名词 such+a(an)+形容词+单数名词+that e.g It is such a good story that I’ll never forget it. It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it away.=It is so heavy a box that nobody can move it. 这个箱子太重了没有人能搬的动。在口语中也可用 that 引导结果从句。例如What have I said that he should be so angry with me?
2）so that 引导结果状语从句和目的状语从句的辨别
so that 从句之前有逗号的常为结果状语从句，因表示某一行为带来的结果，从句中的时 态常为过去式；so that 从句中有 may(might), can(could), should, will 等情态动词的通常是目 的状语从句。例如I wrote as clearly as possible so that I might get high marks. （目的） I wrote as clearly as possible, so that I got high marks. （结果） He went to the lecture early so that he could get a good seat. （目的） He went to the lecture early, so that he got a good seat. （结果）
3）so, that 和 so that 这三个连词都可以引导结果状语从句。that 最常用， 和 that 多用于口语或非正式文体中。so so so that 从句常用逗号同主句隔开。e.g He made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted. 他做了错误的决定，结果 毁掉了半生。What happened that she looked so worried and disappointed?她看上去如此忧伤、 失望， 究竟 发生了什么事情？ He didn’t abide by the contract, so he was fined. 他没有遵守条约，因此被罚了款。
6．条件状语从句 条件状语从句可分为真实条件句和非真实条件句，非真实条件句在虚拟语气中有详细表述， 这里只讨论真实条件句。条件状语从句和时间状语从句一样，表示将来要用一般现在时。常用引导词：if, unless 特殊引导词：as / so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that We’ll start our project if the president agrees. You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying. Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here. 注意1）有时可以把祈使句作为条件从句，祈使句后面要搭配 and，如Come tomorrow, and I will tell you. (= If you come tomorrow, ?) Give him an inch and he’ll take a mile. (= If you give him an inch, he’ll ?)
2）if only 是 if 的强调式，通常表示说话人的愿望，如If only it clears up, we’ll go. If only somebody had told us, we could have warned you. If only I hadn’t been late for work. (I wish I hadn’t been late for work.)
3）在真实条件句中，从句动词通常用一般现在时表示将来时间，主句通常带有情态动词， If you move, I’ll shoot you. If I press this button, what will happen? If you come, you can see it. If you finish early, you may go. 注① 当从句表示将来已经完成或正在进行的动作时，动词用现在完成时或现在进行时， I will return the book on Monday if I have read it. The police won’t take your car away if you are sitting in it.
注② 如果从句表示现在的意图、意愿、决心等，则可以用 will / shall，如If you will read the book, I’ll let you have it. If you will help me, we can finish by six. If you will give up smoking / drinking, your health will improve.
4）unless 从句中可用否定词，而 if ? not 从句中不可再加否定词，因此在 unless 引导的 否定从句中，不可用 if ? not 代替 unless ，如I will go unless no one else does. I will go if no one else doesn’t. × Don’t ask me to explain unless you really don’t understand. Don’t ask me to explain if you really not don’t understand. ×
7．让步状语从句 常用引导词：though（although）, even if（even though） 特殊引导词as（用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装； though 可以倒装也可以不倒装） ， while (一般用在句首, =though)，no matter ?, in spite of the fact that, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever e.g Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.尽管我很尊敬他我却不同意他的建议。The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough. No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind. He won’t listen whatever you may say. 让步状语从句的几点说明； 1）though, although 不与 but 连用，但可以和 yet, still 连用，如Though he is over seventy, yet / still / nevertheless he can ride the bike.
2）if 有时也可以用于让步含义，但要注意条件 if 与让步 if 的区别，试比较If he is poor, how can he buy the house? (条件) If he is poor, he is at least honest. (让步) (= even if)
3）even if/though 含有退一步想的意思（有时用于虚拟） e.g I’ll try it, even if/though I may fail. 我会试试，即使我可能失败。
4）as（though）引导让步从句一般不置于句首，而将从句中的表语或谓语动词或状语置于 句首，用倒装结构：形容词/副词/动词/分词/名词+though（as, that）+主语+谓语。① 表语的倒装Tired as he was, he still went on with his work. 但如果是单数名词或形容词最高级作表语，不再用冠词，如Teacher as Michael is, he is not capable of teaching all subjects. Youngest as he is in our class, he speaks English the best. ② 状语的倒装（这时不可在状语之前加 very, much 等修饰语） Much as I admire him as a writer, I do not like him as a man. Hard as I studied, I could not catch up with them. ③ 谓语动词的倒装Try as he would, he could not remember a word of it. (= No matter how he would try ?) Hate him as we may, we must admit his greatness.
5）while (= although),它引导的让步状语从句只能前置，位于句首，如While I admit that the problems are difficult, I don’t agree that they cannot be solved. 注意比较下列各句While I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings. (让步状语从句) While I was reading, the light went out. (时间状语从句) He is idle, while his brother is diligent. (转折、对比，并列分句)
6）whether?or?引导的让步状语从句为也称为“选择条件-让步状语从句” ，可位于主句之 前或之后，如Whether or not it rains, I’m giving a party tomorrow. We hold that all countries, (whether they are) big or small, (whether they are) rich or poor, should be equal. She had to go, whether or not she wanted it.
7） 由连接代词 whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever, wherever, however 引导的让步状语从
句“no matter+疑问词”引导让步状语从句相当于“疑问词＋ever”. no matter who=whoever, no matter what=whatever, no matter where=wherever, no matter how=however no matter which=whichever,
e.g No matter when/Whenever you call on me, you are welcome.无论你什么时候来都是受欢 迎的。No matter who/Whoever you may be, you have no right to do such a thing. 不管你是谁，你 都没有权利做这种事情。
8）注意以上几种结构的省略形式e. g However difficult the task (may be), it will be fulfilled on time. Whatever the difficulties (may be), they must and can be overcome Though(it was) cold, he still wore a shirt. 天气虽然冷，他仍只穿意见衬衣。
8．比较状语从句 常用引导词：as（同级比较）, than（不同程度的比较） 特殊引导词：the more ? the more ? , just as ?, so?; A is to B what / as X is to Y, no ? more than, no ? less than, A not so much as B e.g She is as bad-tempered as her mother. The house is three times as big as ours. The more you exercise, the healthier you will be. Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。
9．方式状语从句 1）方式状语从句常由 (just) as, as if/though 引导，表示动作的方式。e.g Do exactly as the doctor says. He walked slowly as if/though he had hurt his leg. 注：在非正式文体中有时会用 like 代替 as 引导方式从句。2）as if/though 引导的状语从句，若描述非事实情况，常用虚拟语气，若描述的是实际情况， 用陈述语气。e.g She treats the orphan as if/though he were her own child. （他是孤儿，当然就不是她的亲生孩子，故用虚拟语气。） It looks as if/though it’s going to rain. （本句用的是陈述语气，说明天真象是要下雨了。）
3）the way 也可用来引导方式状语从句。e.g Mary smiled the way (in which/that) her mother did at her age. （马丽跟她母亲在她那个年纪时笑起来一个样。） Exercise1. The cost of traveling around the eight European countries can run as high ________$2,000. A. to B. as C. by D. for
2. This book is designed for the learners _________ native languages are not English. A. whose B. which C. who D. what
3. She got to know the young man very well ______she had worked for so long. A. to whom B. in whom C. whom D. with whom
4. We were all excited at the news ________ our annual sales had more than doubled. A. which B. that C. it D. what
5. With the introduction of the computer, libraries today are quite different from ________ they were in the past. A. that B. what C. which D. those
6. The hotel _________during the vacation was rather poorly managed. A. as I stayed B. where I stayed C. which I stayed D. what I stayed
7. Li Lei didn’t meet the famous American professor ________he was on holiday in America last year. A. unless B. until C. if D. whether
8. She didn’t go to the cinema last night, ________she had to finish her term paper. A. as B. if C. till D. though
9. So loudly _________ that people could hear it out in the street. A. did the students play the music C. the students played the music B. the students playing the music D. have the students played the music
10. There are so many dresses there that I really don’t know _________ to choose. A. whether B. when C. which D. why
11. She wanted to know _______ child it was on the grass. A. that B. whose C. what D. whom
12. This is the microscope _________ which we have had so much trouble. A. at B. from C. of D. with
13. He got a message from Miss Zhang __________ Professor Wang couldn’t see him the following day. A. which B. whom C. that D. what
14. We moved to London _________ we could visit our friends more often.
A. even if
B. so that
C. in case
15. The criminal didn’t realize the value of freedom ________ he had lost it. A. if B. as C. while D. until
16. I’ll lend you my computer ________ you promise to take care of it. A. unless B. as C. while D. if
17. The news __________ the Chinese football team had won the match excited all of us. A. that B. which C. what D. as
18. There is a nice-looking car there. Peter wonders ___________. A. it belongs to who C. whom it belongs to B. whom does it belongs to D. who does it belong
19. _______is often the case, one third of the workers have over-fulfilled the production plan. A. What B. This C. That D. As
20. Mr. Jones, _______ life was once very hard, is now very successful in his business. A. of him B. his C. whose D. by whom
21. Our department has a large collection of books, _________are in English. A. many of which B. many of them C. many ones D. their many
22. _______ woke me up was a loud cry from someone in the next room. A. How B. That C. What D. Which
23. The police knew nothing about the case _______ you phoned them. A. while B. since C. after D. until
24. That was the first time I ______English with a foreigner. A. spoke B. speak C. have spoken D. had spoken
25. If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, ____ great it is. A what B how C however D whatever
26. ---What was the party like? ---Wonderful! It’s years ____ I enjoyed myself so much. A after B before C when D since
27. _______surprised me most was _______ such a little boy of seven could play the violin so well. A. That, what B. What, that C. That, which D. What, which
28. After a whole day of hard work, all ______ was a nice meal and a good rest. A. what he wanted B. which he wanted C. the thing he wanted D. that he wanted
29. The thief hid himself in the chimney ________ someone should catch him in the act. A. when B. but that C. lest D. where
30. ________ in health, he persisted in doing the experiment. A. As he was poor B. Poor was he C. Poor as he was D. Poor he was though
答案：1～5 B A D B B 21~25 A C D D C
6~10 B B A A C 26~30 D B D C C
11~15 B D C B D
16~20 D A C D C
高中英语从句基本考点答疑
A. 引导定语从句 1.连接词有几个？[适合于高一][适合于高二, 高三] 一共有 9 个：who , whom , whose, that, which , when , where, why, as 2. 引导词的功能有哪些？[适合于高一] ⑴引导定语从句。⑵代替先行词在定语从句中充当一个成分。3. 定语从句的关键是什么？[适合于高一] 判断先行词在定语从句中充当什么成分。根据充当的成分选择相应的引导词。4. 只能用 that 引导定语从句有哪些情况？[适合于高一, 高二, 高三] 现行词前为 all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much 等不定代词时． 先行词前有：all, every, no, some, any, little, much, few 等不定代词修饰时． 先行词被叙述词修饰时． 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时． 先行词前 only, just, very, last 有等修饰时． 先行词是表示人和物混杂的两个名词时． 主句是以 who, which,开头的疑问句或先行词是疑问代词时． 在修饰时间、地点等先行词时，只有用 that 代替 when, where 等引导词。例：I'll never forget the Sunday (that) you first arrived. Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink ? 先行词为 reason, way (意为“方法”)时，常用 that 代替 why, which, in which，也可省略． 引导词在定语从句中作表语时，多用 that 引导． 先行词是主句表语时． 例：It is a dictionary that will help you a lot. 当主语以 there be 开头时． 当先行词是数词时． 同一个复合句里有两个定语从句，一个用 which，另一个通常用 that．
5. reason 后面用什么引导？way 后面用什么引导？[适合于高一, 高二, 高三] reason 后面的定于从句用 why 引导。way 后面定语从句用 in which 或 that 引导 that 可以省略。6. when 引导的定语从句等于什么引导的定语从句？[适合于高二, 高三] when 引导的定语从句等于 介词+ which 引导的定语从句。7. where 引导的定语从句等于什么引导的定语从句？[适合于高二, 高三] where 引导的定语从句等于介词＋which 引导的定语从句。8. one of 和 the (only) one of 引导的定语从句在主谓一致问题上应注意什么？[适合于高 一, 高二, 高三] 前者引导的定于从句谓语动词用复数；后者用单数。9. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句有和区别？[适合于高二, 高三] 限制性定语从句是主句不可缺少的一个部分， 缺少后主句意思不完整。非限制性定语从句是 对主句的进一步说明， 不要从句对主句意义无多大影响； 非限制性定语从句前后有逗号隔开。而且非限制性定语从句中不能用 that。10. as 和 which 引导的非限制性定语从句在用法上有什么区别？[适合于高二, 高三] as 和 which 都可以引导非限制性定语从句．都可以代替主句中的整个内容或某一成分． as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以位于句首， 并常和 know, see, expect 等词连用． 意为“正 如??” ．而 which 不能位于句首． 11. as 可以用于哪些结构中引导定语从句？[适合于高二, 高三] such... as the same... as so ... as.. 12. the same．．as 和 the same ．．that 引导的定语从句如何区别？[适合于高二, 高三] ． ． the same．．as 引导的定语从句指的是相同事物，强调同类． ． the same．．that 引导的定语从句指的是同一物． ． This is the same pen as I bought yesterday. （相同）
This is the same pen that I borrowed from Mr. Li. (同一物) 13. such．．as ．．和 such．．that．．如何区分？[适合于高二, 高三] ． ． ． ． such．．as ．．引导的是定语从句．as 必须代替先行词在其引导的从句中充当成分． ． ． such．．that．．引导的从句是状语从句．that 只是引导从句并不在其引导的从句中充当成 ． ． 分． 在选择填空练习题中， 首先看从句中是否缺句子成分， 如果缺成分就要考虑是定语从句； 如果不缺成分就要考虑是状语成分．
14. whose 引导定语从句有那些注意点？[适合于高一, 高二, 高三] whose 作定语,后面跟名词.一般有三种表示形式. 例:This is the dictionary whose cover has come off. = This is the dictionary the cover of which has come off. = This is the dictionary of which the cover has come off. B. 名词性从句 15. 主语从句主要用于哪些句型中？ [适合于高二, 高三] It is + (名词、形容词、过去分词 + that ... It seems(mattes / happened) that... 16. that 在名词性从句中应注意哪些问题？[适合于高二, 高三] ★that 在主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中（除宾语从句）即使不充当成分，that 不能 省。★在等表示命令、请求、建议等动词后的宾语从句中 that 不能省。★在 6123 结构中，引导宾语从句的 that 不能省。★由 and 或 or 所连接的两个宾语从句时，第一个从句中的 that 可以省；而第二个从句中的 that 不能省。★that 引导的宾语从句，如果从句中还有其它状语从句，引导宾语从句的 that 不能省。17. what 在名词性从句中的运用注意些什么？[适合于高二, 高三] ★如果在主句中充当主、宾、表同时在后面从句中也充当主、宾、表，只要是下面的任何一 种情况引导这个从句就得用 what. ①主,主 ②主,宾 ③主,表 ④宾,主 ⑤宾,宾 ⑥宾,表,⑦表主⑧表,宾⑨表表 18. 宾语从句中否定转移的 2 点注意 [适合于高一, 高二, 高三] ①宾语从句中否定转移常出现在主句谓语动词是 believe, expect, imagine, suppose, think, guess 等的句子中。②如果主句的主语是第一人称，该句的反意疑问句应与从句一致；否则应与主句一致。19.“6123 结构”指的是什么？ [适合于高一, 高二, 高三] “6123 结构”是指用不定式、动名词短语和 that 引导的从句作宾语，带名词或形容词作宾 补时，使用 it 作形式宾语的复合宾语结构。6 指用于这种结构的各常用动词 think , find , make ,feel, believe, consider．． ．； １指形式宾语 it；
２指作宾补的名词、形容词； ３指作宾语的不定式短语、动名词短语和 that 引导的宾语从句。20. 一个名词后的从句可能是哪些几种从句？如何判断？[适合于高二, 高三] 一个名词后的从句可能是定语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句。★如果从句作定语修饰前面的名词而且该名词在句中充当成分则是定语从句。★如果这个名词是一个含有内涵的名词后面的从句就要考虑是同位语从句。★如果这个名词前的谓语动词是一个可以用于双宾语句型的动词， 后面的从句就可能是宾语 从句。21. 哪些名词属于&有内涵&的名词？[适合于高二, 高三] plan, idea, wish, hope, news, suggestion, advice, fact.... 22. 如何使用名词性从句中的 whether 和 if？[适合于高二, 高三] ★ whether 用于主语从句时,既可以直接位于句首,也可以位于句末; if 只能用于 It 作形式主 语的从句中。★ whether 与 if 在宾语从句中可以互换。★ whether 引导的从句可以充当介词宾语。而 if 不行。★ whether 引导的从句可以做同位语，if 则不行。23. 同位语从句与定语从句如何区别？[适合于高二, 高三] 同位语从句前的名词是一个含有内涵的名词。从句就是其内容。that 在从句中不充当成分。而定语从句中一定缺某一个成分，引导词应该代替先行词在从句中充当句子成分。24. 何为“就从不救主”原则？[适合于高二, 高三] “就从不救主”原则是指在名词性从句中，当主句中差宾语同时宾语从句中差主语，在选择 whoever, whomever 或 who, whom 时，必须首先满足从句中的主语，故称之为&救从不救 主&． 25. reason 后面有几种从句？如何判断？[适合于高二, 高三] 定语从句由 for which, why 引导， 引导词必须代替先行词在其从句中充当成分． What 如is your reason why (for which) you were late? 同位语从句：由 that 引导，引导词在从句中不充当句子成分．如：The reason that he didn't come her this morning is not clear. 表语从句：由 that 引导，在从句中不充当句子成分．如：The reason is that he doesn't like being laughed at in public.
第一篇:从句各种从句类型 一、名词性从句 1、 主语从句定义：从句充当复合句的主语。位置：①从句位于句首；②it（无意义）作形式主语放在句首，从句放在主句之后。引导词：that，whether（连词） who，what，which，-ever（疑问代词/连接代词） when，where，how，why，-ever（疑问副词/连接副词） 练习（1）从句位于句首 1.物价要上涨是明显的(go up) ____________________________________________________________________ 2.派谁去还没有决定 ____________________________________________________________________ 3.不清楚她为什么那样做(clear) ____________________________________________________________________ 4.你对我说的话很有用 ______________________________________________________________________ (2)it 作形式主语 5.很奇怪他对此一无所知 _______________________________________________________________________ 6.碰巧那天她不在家（happen） _______________________________________________________________________ *与强调句句型比较 1. It is clear that he loves singing. 2. It is in Shanghai that I saw the film. 二、宾语从句 定义：从句充当复合句中的宾语。位置：在及物动词后（动宾结构） ；在介词后（介宾结构） ；it 作形式宾语，从句放在主句后； 主语+be+表语（adj.）+宾从 引导词：that、whether、if（连词） ；who，whose，what，which，-ever（疑问代词/连接 代词） ；when,where,how,why（疑问副词/连接副词） 练习（1） 动宾、介宾结构 7.我们认为这是圈套。（圈套 trick） _______________________________________________________________________ 8.我会留意我是否能帮助你 _______________________________________________________________________ 9.请跟我谈谈任何使你烦心的事（trouble） _______________________________________________________________________ (2)it 作形式宾语 10.我想当然地认为你会来(take it for granted) _______________________________________________________________________ 11.我会很感激如果你把电视的音量调低（would appreciate it） _______________________________________________________________________ (3)主语+be+表语（adj.）+宾从 12.我确信他会赢（be sure） _______________________________________________________________________ 13.我肯定她看见我了(be certain) _______________________________________________________________________
三、表语从句 定义：从句在复合句中充当表语。位置：放在系动词之后 主语+系动词+表语从句 引导词：that、whether（在表从中不可用 if 表是否） 、because、as if, as though（连词） who，what，which，-ever（疑问代词/连接代词） when，where，how，why，-ever（疑问副词/连接副词） 练习1.困难是我们缺乏资金(be short of) _______________________________________________________________________ 2.问题是他是否能够我 _______________________________________________________________________ 3.他缺课是因为他帮助老人（absent） _______________________________________________________________________ 4.它看上去像是断了（broken） _______________________________________________________________________ 5.这就是为什么你会成功 _______________________________________________________________________ 四、同位语从句 定义：从句在复合句中充当同位语 位置放在名词后， 具体说明名词的内容。这类名词为抽象性名词， 含有内涵， 如fact,news, idea, truth, hope 等。同位语与所修饰名词在内容为同一关系。引导词：that、whether（连词） who，what，which，-ever（疑问代词/连接代词） when，where，how，why，-ever（疑问副词/连接副词） 练习1.他们获胜的消息传遍校园(spread) _______________________________________________________________________ 2.他成功的事实证明了他的能力（prove） _______________________________________________________________________ 3.我们将讨论会议能否举行（hold） _______________________________________________________________________
第一篇:从句英语句子概论
英语句子的种类
简单句 (simple sentence) 并列句 (compound sentence)
复合句 (complex sentence)
简单句的五种基本句型
The weather is very cold. 主语+谓语（连系动词）+表语 He laughed. 主语+谓语（vi.） I like Chinese food. 主语+谓语(vt.)+宾语 She taught them physics. 主语+谓语(vt.)+间接宾语+直接宾语 We must keep the room warm. 主语+谓语(vt.) +宾语+宾语补足语
并列句 把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来。
I turned on the TV. My sister and I watched it. ? I turned on the TV and my sister and I watched it. I bought my sister a present. She didn’t like it. ?I bought my sister a present,but she didn’t like it.
常用并列连词:
and, both…and, not only… but also, ? 平行并列连词neither…nor ? 转折并列连词：but, however, while, yet, ? 因果并列连词for, so
? 选择并列连词or,either…or
复合句:主句+从句 名词性从句 定语从句 状语从句
定语从句 1.The boy who is standing over there is Tom
2.Because it is raining ,we have to stay 状语从句 at home 3.I know (that)he is from America
名词性从句--- (宾语从句）
Subject Clause (主语从句)
Noun Clauses (名词性从句)
Object Clause （宾语从句）
Predicative Clause （表语从句） Appositive Clause
名词性从句在功能上相当于名词, 在复合句
中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。
{What he does is important
His job is important.
This is his job.
This is what he does every day.
I don’t like his job.
I don’t like what he does every day.
I don’t know about the man, Mr. White. I don’t know about the fact that he is a teacher.
名词性从句的作用相当于名词，因此主语从 句、表语从句 、宾语从句和同位语从句分别作 主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。
Who will win the match is still unknown.
I want to know what he has told you.
The fact is that we have lost the game.
The news that we won the game is exciting.
同位语从句
宾语从句的定义
置于动词、介词等词性后面起宾语作用的从句叫 宾语从句。宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序。谓语动词、介 词、动词不定式，v.-ing形式后面都能带宾语从 句。
有些形容词（afraid,sure,glad等）之后也可 以带宾语从句。
宾语从句中引导词的用法
在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导词有：
连词：that (that 常可省略),whether, if 代词：who, whose, what ,which 副词：when ,where, how, why 等。
know him . （简单句）
is . （复合句）
连词 从句主语 从句谓语 宾语从句
宾语从句的概念：
宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。
句子结构主句 +连词（引导词）+ 宾语从句
1）主句的谓语动词可以是及物动词He wondered if he could pass the exam .
2）如果主句的谓语动词是一个带有介词的
词组，那么后接的从句做介词宾语从句。注意：动词 +副词形成的谓语动词词组后也 They are talking about whether they can 可以带宾语从句。pass the exam . 3）有些形容词后也可以带有宾语从句。
I’m afraid (that) he won’t pass the exam .
引导词种类
一、从属连词 1. 当宾语从句是陈述句时（包括肯定句和否定
句），连词由that引导，因为that在从句中不作
任何成分，也没有任何具体意思，因此在口语 或非正式文体中常省略
?Lin Tao knows (that) his own team is even better. ?She says (that) she won’t take part in the sports meeting
next Sunday.
?Jim thought (that) the train was like a big moving party. ?He said (that) he would like to see the headmaster.
引导词种类
2. 当宾语从句是一般疑问句时，由连词whether
或if引导（口语中常用if），因为if/whether翻 译成：“是否”，具有一定的意义，所以不 能省略 Lily wanted to know if /whether her grandma liked the handbag . Let’s see if /whether we can find out some information
about that city .
It all depends on whether she likes the boss or not.
引导词种类
二、连接代词 which, what, whose, who, whom, whatever,
whoever, whomever, whichever ；连接代词在从句
中作主语、宾语、表语、定语。I wonder who will teach us. Mr. Wang asked whose book that was.
You can take whatever you like.
引导词种类
三、连接副词 where, when, why, how等连接副词在句中作状语。
He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.
Could you please tell me how you use the new panel? None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
带how的词组也都可以引导宾语从句
?Could you tell us how much it costs to fly to Hainan ? ?Could you tell us how often you go abroad for a holiday ? ?Could you tell us how long the meeting will last ? ?I don’t know how far it is to the cinema . ?Please tell us how many students there are in your school ? ?Can you tell us how old his brother is ? ?Please tell us how soon you will be ready .
1. 如果主句是现在的时态 （包括一般现在时 ，
现在进行时，现在完成时），从句的时态可根 据实际情况而定，（包括一般现在时，一般过
去时，一般将来时，现在完成时等）
?I know he lives here . ?I know he lived here ten years ago . ?I have heard that he will come tomorrow .
2.如果主句是过去的时态（包括一般过去时，过 去进行时），那么从句的时态一定要用相对应
的过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时，过去进
行时，过去将来时， 过去完成时）
?I knew who lived here.
?I told me that she was talking with her mother at that time last week.
?He asked whether his father would come back
the next day.
?He said that he had seen it before.
3.当从句是客观真理，定义，公理，定理 时用一般现在时。The teacher said that the sun travels around the earth . The teacher said that the world is made up of matter.
宾语从句的语序用陈述语序：
连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分
1. When will he go to the library?
?His brother asks when he will go to the library .
?His brother asks when will he go to the library .
2. What does he want to buy ?
? I don’t know what he wants to buy . ? I don’t know what does he want to buy .
3. Who are we going to meet ?
? Can you tell me who we are going to meet ? ? Can you tell me who are we going to meet ?
4. Does he know French ?
? We want to know if/whether he knows French . ? We want to know if/whether does he know French.
5. Will they go to Canada in summer ?
? They’ re not sure if /whether they will go to
Canada in summer .
? They’ re not sure if /whether will they go to
Canada in summer .
1．could / would是委婉语气，而不是过去式， 因此宾语从句的时态根据实际情况用不同 时态。
?Could you please tell me where we show our tickets ?
?Could you tell us which gate we have to go to ?
?Would you like to know when he will come back ?
2. 如果主句的谓语动词是ask时，连词不可能 是 that ；如果主句的谓语动词是 say 时，连 词用that ?She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk . ?He said (that) he was going to take care of the child . ?He asks if I like playing the piano . ?You may ask the man over there how you can get to the bus station .
3. 当 doubt, doubtful用于肯定句时，后面的 名 词 性 从 句 连 接 词 常 用 whether 或 当 doubt, doubtful 用于否定句时，后面的名 词性从句的连接词用that。
I doubt if/ whether he is at home.
We don’t doubt that they can complete the task ahead of time.
4. 当be sure引导主句是肯定句时，后面的名 词性从句的连接词常用 当be sure引导 的主句是否定句时，后面的名词性从句的 连接词常用whether或if。
We are sure that he will be successful soon. The old man didn’t seem to be sure whether / if he had met me.
5. 介词后宾语从句的注意事项：
①一般情况下介词后只能用wh-类连接词引导的 宾语从句。I am surprised at what he said. ②介词后如果接that从句，要先加上it, 再加 that从句，即“介词+it+that…”结构。You may depend on it that they will support you. (that不能省略)
③介词except, but, besides及in后可接that 从句。I know nothing about him except that he lives here. (that不能省略)
7. 只能使用whether而不能使用if的几种情况：
① 介词后宾语从句用whether,不用if. ② whether 引导表语从句和同位语从句，而if 则不能。③ whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以. ④ 在不定式前只能用whether.（如：I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。） ⑤ discuss后宾语从句用whether不用if。
6. 在suggest, demand, order, insist等动词之后 的宾语从句中用虚拟语气，即 “(should+) 动词原形”。
He suggested that we (should) set about doing the work at once.
I insist that she (should) do her work alone. The leader ordered that the army (should) set off at once.
7. 连词 if 和 when 在不同从句中的区别：
Do you know if ______back next week ? If he ______ back , please let me know . A. he comes , will come B. will he come , comes C. he will come , comes D. he will come , will come
主句 一般将来时态 祈使句 含有情态动词 一般现在时态 从句
I don’t know when he _________ will come (come) . I can’t comes (come) , wait here any more . When he _______ would you please ask him to call me ?
8. 连词+宾语从句
连词+to do
?I don’t know what I shall do next .
I don’t know what to do next .
?She didn’t decide which one she would choose .
She didn’t decide which one to choose .
?Please tell me whom you’ll give the letter to .
Please tell me whom to give the letter to .
9.有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语从句前加it 这类动词主要有:like, hate, take , owe, have, see to. I hate it when they with their mouths full of food. 我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话. He will have it that our plan is really practical. 他会认为我们的计划确实可行. We take it that you will agree with us. 我们认为你会同意我们的. When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral. 开启发动机时, 一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置.
10.宾语从句的否定转移 主句的谓语动词是think, believe, imagine, suppose, consider, expect, fancy, guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一 般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来, 其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致. I don’t think he will come to my party. I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim, is he?
11.宾语从句不可以省略引导词that的情况 ①当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,此时 第一个that可以省略,第二个that不可以省略。②except（介词）后面宾语从句中that不可以省略。③宾语从句紧接在间接宾语后时，从句中的that不 可以省略。④it作形式宾语，宾补后宾语从句中的that不省略。I believe (that) you’ve done your best and that things will improve. The teacher advised us that we should pay more attention to reading and writing. We all believed it true that Mr. Smith wasn’t a thief.
宾语从句专项练习题 1. The shocking news made me realize ____ terrible problems we would face. A. what B. how C. that D. why
2. Our teachers always tell us to believe in _____ we do and who we are if we want to succeed. A. why B. how C. what D. which
宾语从句专项练习题 3. We’ve offered her the job, but I don’t know _____ she’ll accept it. A. where B. what C. whether D. which
4. Before the sales start, I make a list of _______ my kids will need for the coming season. A. why B. what C. how D. which
宾语从句专项练习题 5. --- I wonder ____ you’ll water this kind of flower. --- Every other day. A. how often B. how long
C. how soon D. how much 6. Men usually go straight to ______ they want and leave quickly when shopping. A. what B. which C. where D. that
宾语从句专项练习题 7. We haven’t discussed yet _____ we are going to place our new furniture. A. that B. which C. what D. where
8. I want to be liked and loved for ____ I am inside. A. who B. where C. what D. how
宾语从句专项练习题 9. Cindy shut the door heavily and burst into tears. No one in the office knew _____ she was so angry. A. where B. whether C. that D. why
10. How much one enjoys himself travelling depends largely on _____ he goes with, whether his friends or relatives. A. what B. who C. how D. why
····················