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八下Units1-2重点词组：Unit 1in 100 years 100年以后&&&& space station 太空站fall in love with sb. / sth.爱上某人/某物go skating 去滑冰&&&&&& dress casually穿着随意the World Cup世界杯&&& come true变成现实be used by被…使用&&&& science fiction科幻小说in the future将来&&&&&&& help with在…给予帮助help do sth. 帮助做…&&& the same as… 和….一样wake up醒来&&&& over and over again再三地,反复地a hundred year ago&&&& 100年以前Unit2词汇keep out不许进入,阻止在外&&&&&&&& out of style过时argue with sb.=have an argument with sb.与某人争吵in style = be fashionable 时尚,时髦write sb. a letter.=write a letter to sb.& 给某人写信buy sb. sth.= buy sth for sb.& 为某人买某物call sb.up = ring sb. up = make a telephone to sb.给某人打电话.on the phone 通电话&&&&&& need to do sth.需要做某事pay for sth. 付款&&& borrow sth from sb. 向某人借某物ask sb.for sth. 向某人要某物&&& find out 查明事实真相plan sth. for sb.& 为某人计划某事&&& do wrong 做错事leave sth somewhere把某物落在某处& fail a test考试失败pass a test& 通过考试&&&&&&&&&&&&&& get on& 相处,进展get on well相(人)处好,（工作）进展顺利have a fight with sb.跟某人打架get on well with sb.与某人相处融洽complain about抱怨…&&&&& fit…into找到时间做…return = come back = give back = get back回来,归还,给回return sb sth = return sth to sb.&&&&&& 归还某人某物look up(在词典工具书中)查询,查阅 not …until直到…才compare A with B&&& 拿A跟B比on (the )one hand& 一方面&&& on the other hand& 另一方面重点句型:1.What do you think life will be like in 100 years?2.Every home will have a robot.3.Will kids go to school? No, they won’t. They ‘ll study at home.4.There will be fewer trees.5.My brother plays his CD too loud.& What should I do ?Why don't you talk to him about it?知识清单一:& 不定代词不明确代指某个人、某个事物、某些人、某些事物的代词叫不定代词。如: all, both, each ,every, some, any等。它们没有主格和宾格之分，在句中可做主语、宾语、表语、定语。由于英语中不定代词数量较多，用法也较灵活，前面我们已就其中的大部分在词汇里作了讲述，在这里这只着重讲述一下复合代词的作用及用法。复合代词指的是有some-, any-, every-, no- 与-one,-body,-thing构成的词，具体如下表所示：&& 后缀前缀&-one&-body&-thing&some-&someone&somebody&somethingany-&anyone&anybody&anything&every-&everyone&everybody&everythingno-&no one/none&nobody&nothing1.这些词在句中的作用相当于名词，可作主语、宾语、表语、补足语等。Somebody must have been using my books. They are all mess on the shefl. 肯定有人用过我的书，因为它们乱七八糟放在书架上。（作主语）Have you got anything else to say before you leave?走之前，你还有什么话要说吗？(作宾语)What I get for you is something you are intersted in.我带来的是你感兴趣的东西。（做表语）2.some-类符合不定代词主要用于肯定句中，any-类复合不定代词主要用于否定句、疑问句和条件句。当some-类复合不定代词用于疑问句和条件句时，表示肯定的意义。当any-类用于肯定句时表示“任何”之意。I haven’t seen anybody around here that I can turn to for help. (anybody用于否定句，表示“任何人”。)在这周围，我没找到任何能帮助我的人。Does someone here know Lily’s telephone number?(some用于疑问句，表明说话者期待着肯定的回答。)这儿有人知道莉莉的电话号码吗？3.由-one和-body构成的不定代词可以相互换用，只是前者较文雅。Someone/Somebody seems to have been here.似乎有人来过这里。4.形容词修饰复合不定代词，应该形容词置于其后。在需要强调的时候，偶尔将形容词置于复合不定代词之前。There’s nothing important in today’s newspaper.今天报纸上没有什么重要的新闻。If you want to get something successful, you are to work twice as hard.如果你系那个获得某些成功，就应该加倍努力。5.复合不定代词后可加-‘s构成所有格。There’s somebody’s backpack left in the classroom.某人的书包落在了教室里了。It’s anybody’s plan,not time.谁知道这是谁的计划，反正不是我的。6.复合不定代词后常加else表示“另外….的”。I cannot finish the work on time. Can someone else come to help me out?我不能按时完成这项工作了，有没有人能帮我一下？There’s already five people included in our guoup.Does anything else would prefer to join.我们组已经有有五个人了，还有想加入的吗？知识清单二：疑问代词疑问代词是用来表达疑问或构成疑问的代词。疑问代词有主格，宾格和属格之分，在句中所作的成分也不相同，具体如下表：语法功能形式&主语&宾语&表语&定语&可跟of 短语[来源:学科网]指人[来源:学科网ZXXK]&who& √&√[来源:Z。xx。k.Com]&&[来源:学科网]& &whom&&√&&&√&whose&√&√&√&√&& 指物&which&√&√&&√&√&what&√&√&√&√&这些疑问代词各有其不同的含义，各有其不同的用法，下面我们就讲述一下它们的具体用法。1.who与whomwho意为“谁”，既可以指单数，也可以指复数，在句中主要作主语 ，宾语和表语。Whom在句中只能作动词宾语和介词表语。Who put the light out before I finishd my work?谁在我做完作业前把灯熄灭了？（作主语）Whom/Who have you chosen to take part in the sports meeting?你选了谁参加运动会？（作chosen的宾语）who和whom作宾语时一般不可通用，但介词后的宾语只能用whom，不可用who。但如果whom不在介词后，也可以用who.To whom do you usually turn when in trouble?Whom/who do you usually turn to when in trouble?当你处于困境时，通常向谁求助?2.whosewhose表示“谁的”，即可置于名词前，作定语，也可单独使用。在句中，可作主语，宾语，表语和定语。They are all good at maths,but whose is the best?他们都擅长数学，但谁的最好?（作主语）Whose do you like better, Jack’s or Sally’s?你更喜欢谁的呢，杰克的还是纱丽的？(做宾语)Both Jim and Jack speak English. Whose pronunciation is better?吉姆和杰克都说英语，谁的发音更好呢？（作定语）Heven has already taken her bag away. Whose is this？海伦已经把她的书包拿走了，这是谁的呢？（作表语）whose既可指单数，也可指复数。Whose is this album of stamps of 2003?= Whose album of stamps of 2003 is this?这本2003年集邮册是谁的？Whose are those packages of cookies?=Whose packages of cookies are those?这几包甜饼是谁的？3.whichwhich意为“哪一个，哪一些”，既可指人也可指物，既可指名词的单数，也可指复数。在句中作主语，宾语，定语等。Which is more interesting,this book or that one?这两本书哪一本更有趣？（作主语）I don’t know which to choose.我不知道该选哪一个。(作choose的宾语)Which cities are you going to visit this summer?今年夏天你打算参观哪些城市？4.whatwhat意为“什么”，可单独使用，也可放在名词前。在句中可作主语，宾语，表语，定语。What makes you love your hometown so much?是什么使你这么热爱你的故乡？（作主语）What do you usually do on Sunday?星期天你常作什么？（作宾语）What are your parents?(作主语)你的父母是干什么的？What interests do you have?(作定语)你有什么兴趣？用法比较(1)&what和which的用法区别what常泛指“哪一类”，which常在具体的范围内做出选择。Which color do you like better,purple or pink?紫色和粉红色，你喜欢哪一种？（在紫色和粉红色中进行选择）What color do you like?你喜欢什么颜色？（没有指定选择的范围）（2）what和who的用法区别What is your father?你爸爸是做什么的？（询问职业）--- Who is the man?那个人是谁？（询问身份）--- He is my brother.他是我的哥哥。知识清单三:相互代词One another和each other表示相互关系，所以叫相互代词。在剧中常用作宾语和定语。作定语时，在第二个词尾加’s.One another表示两者以上的相互关系，each other表示两者的相互关系，但现在一般多用each other代替one another.如：We must help each other and learn from each other.我们必须学习互相帮助。知识清单四:关系代词用法见定语从句中的有关内容。
知识清单五: it的用法1.代替前文提到的人物，事物或事件。如：Who’s it? It’s me.是谁？是我。My watch is missing. I can’t find it anywhere.我的手表丢了，我到处找不到它。Don’t read in the sun. It’s bad for your eyes.别在阳光下看书，这对你的眼睛有害。2.指时间、自然现象、日期和距离等。如：It is time for lunch。该吃午饭了。It is a long way from here to the zoo。从这里到动物园有一段很长的路。It is raining now。正在下雨。3.代替指示代词this，that。如：What is this？It is a computer。这是什么？它是一台计算机。4.作形式主语或形式宾语。可用作形式主语，将真正的主语（一般是动词不定式、主语从句等）移到后面。如：It took me two hours to do my homework。花了我两个小时来做家庭作业。可用作形式宾语，将真正的宾语（一般是动词不定式、宾语从句）放在宾语补足语后面I found it very difficult to work out this problem。我发现算出这到题很难。知识清单六:替代词one, ones, the one, the ones, that, those, it的用法区别替代词可以用来替代句中或上文中已提到的名词，以避免重复。但我们应注意他们所使用的场合。1.One通常替代上文中出现过的可数名词为中心词组的整个名词，指同类异物。One的复数形式是ones。One和ones既可指人也可指物，意思是指与有关名词同类型的另一个（或另一些）。通常用one代替可数名词，用ones代替复数可数名词。如：I have lost my pen，I am going to buy one。我的钢笔丢了，我要去买一只。I have a new coat and several old ones。我有一件新大衣和几件旧的。one前可用this，that修饰，但ones前不能用these或those修饰，除非one前有形容词。I& prefer this one to that one。我喜欢这个，而不喜欢那个。These yellow ones are so small。I want those green ones。这些黄的太小，我要那些绿的。one和ones前面不能用物主代词。如：This is my apple and that is yours 。这是我的苹果，那是你的one和ones前面有修饰词时，可以加冠词，有时the ones和those可互换使用，但要求后面有修饰语。I do not like this pen .Show me a better one。我不喜欢这支钢笔，再给我好一点的看看。2. that 作为代词用来代替上文中出现的名词,它表示与前面同类的东西.that既可代替可数名词,又可代替不可数名词,常要求有后置定语，一般不指人。如：The price of wheat is higher than that of rice. 小麦的价格比大米高。that one 用来指代同类事物中特指的另一个,可与that替换.如：This story is not so interesting as the one / that we heard last night.这个故事不如我们昨晚听到的那一个有趣。另外,that可代替上文中全句的内容,it和one则不能.如:He will ask me to lend him some money and I can’t do that.他问我借点钱，可我不能借。We see him when he comes to town,but that isn’t often.他进城时我们能见到他,但是这种情况不常有.3.those可用来代替可数名词的复数,表示特指。有时the ones和those可互换使用,常要求有后置定语.如: The students in our class work harder than those in their class.我们班的同学比他们班的同学学习更刻苦。4. it代指前面提到过的名词,而且就是那个名词,即同类事物.& It可以替代单数可数名词和不可数名词,如:& Do you want the magazine? Yes, I want it.& 你想要这本杂志吗？是的，我要。& I don't want to drink the tea. It is too hot.& 我不想喝这茶，它太热了。&七下Units3---4重点短语in front of 在---前面&&&&&& get out of 从---里面出来& take off （飞机等）起飞，脱下（衣帽等）an unusual experience& 一次非同寻常的经历& walk down& 沿着----走&&&& jump up/down 跳上跳下&&& run away 逃跑，跑开&&&&& next to 在---隔壁，紧挨着 shout at 朝---叫喊，呼喊&& at the doctor’s 在医院，在诊所&& hear about 听说&&&&&&&&& everyday activity 日常的活动&& take place 发生&&&&&&&&&& a national hero 一名民族英雄be mad at sb =be angry with sb 生某人的气& first of all =at first 起初，首先not any more 不再，再也不 pass on sth to sb 把---传给某人& leave a message 留口信&&& take a message 捎口信& be supposed to 被期望---，被要求做---be good at =do well in 在---方面做的好，擅长于 in good health 身体健康 end―of--year exams 期末考试& report card 成绩单& a disappointing result 一个令人失望的结果 copy one’s homework 抄某人的作业&& get over 克服，原谅，恢复open up 打开&&&&&&&&&&&& outside world 外面的世界& a good start 一个好的开端a good influence 一个好的影响& in danger 在危险中重点句型The boy was walking down the street when the UFO landed .While& the boy was walking down the street , the UFO landed . What were you doing when the UFO landed .She said she was mad at MarciaShe said she was having a party for Linda.He told me he would call me tomorrow /the next day She said she could speak three languages.过去进行时一、 概念和用法：过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。也可理解为是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。其形式为was /were + V-ing。常用的时间状语this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening,last night, last Saturday,when, while例如：We were watching TV from seven to nine last night. 昨天晚上七点到九点的时候我们在看电视。 What was he researching all day last Sunday? 上周日他一整天都在研究什么？ 二、 过去进行时可以表示在过去某个时间点发生的事情。时间点可以用介词短语、副词或从句来表示。如： What was she doing at nine o‘clock yesterday? 昨天晚上九点她在做什么？ (介词短语表示时间点) When I saw him he was decorating his room. 当我看见他的时候他正在装饰房间。 (when从句表示时间点) 三、 在复合句中，如果主要动作和背景动作都是延续的或同时发生的，那么主从句的动词都可用过去进行时。例如： While he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper.他边等车边看报。 (两个动作都是延续的) He was cleaning his car while I was cooking. 他擦车时我在做饭。(两个动作同时进行) 四、 通常不能用于过去进行时的动词主要有：agree, be, believe, belong, care, forget, hate, have(拥有), hear, know, like, love, mean, mind, notice, own, remember, seem, suppose, understand, want, wish等。例如： 误：I was knowing the answer. 正：I knew the answer. 我知道答案。 误：I wasn‘t understanding him. 正：I didn‘t understand him. 我不明白他的意思。 句型：肯定句：主语+was/were+doing+其它否定句：主语+was/were+not+doing+其它一般疑问句及答语：Was/Were+主语+doing+其它特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+was/were+主语+doing+其它&&&& What were they doing just now?&&&&&&&& 他们刚才在干什么?& 典型例题：1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.　A. made　 B. is making　 C. was making　 D. makes　 答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，“玛丽在做衣服时”提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep. A. was falling　B. fell　C. was falling　D.fell　 答案B.句中的as = when, while，意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell (fall的过去时)，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。过去进行时和一般过去时的区别一．一般过去时叙述旧事，过去进行时描述背景。 　　Ａ、一般过去时 　　１）叙述过去状态、动作或事件 　　He went to Beijing the other day.（带具体时间） 　　２）表示过去的习惯 　　a) would ,used to与过去时 　　would 表间断性不规则的习惯，常带频率时间 　　used to 表一贯性有规律的习惯 　　They used to meet and would sometimes exchange one or two words.& 　　b) Would 用于文中不用于句首，只表过去习惯。 　　Used to 表今昔对比的含义，叙述习惯动作可与would 换用。　　When he was a boy , he would often go there . （叙述过去） 　　She isn't what she used to be. (今昔对比) 　　c) 表示状态时一般只用used to 　　Tom used to be fat /There used to stand a tree there. (状态) 　　d) was (were) used to +ving表示“合适于，适应于…..” 　　He used to work at night . (“习惯”表经常) 　　He was used to working at night. (习惯表适应) 　　３）表示过去的经历，平行动作，依此事件用一般过去时。 　　He sat there and listened to the radio.(依此发生)& 　B. 过去进行时 　　－表示在过去某阶段或某一时刻正在发生 　　What were you doing at 8:30 last night? (过去某时刻正在发生) 　　－短暂性动词用过去进行时表示按计划、打算 　　During that time he was going with us.(表示打算) 　　－与always ,often ,usually 等连用表喜爱，讨厌等感情色彩。 　　He was always Changing his mind. 二、过去进行时与一般过去时的区别 　　A. 进行时表某一行为的“片断”一般时表示行为的“整体”和存在的状态。 　　I was reading the book at that time. (未读完，“读”的片段) 　　I read the book yesterday. (已读完，表整个“读”) 　　B、一般持续时间状语多与进行时连用 　　It was raining all night.(优先用was raining ,rained 为持续动词，故也可使用) 　　He was writing a letter the whole of afternoon. (短暂动词与持续时间连用，表反复，连续发生，不可用一般过去时) 　　C、while 时间状语从句中用短暂动词时只能用进行时。 　　例：He broke a chair while he was jumping up and down. 　　D、While 所在主从句动作大致持续相等时主从句一般都用进行时，但若是持续动词可都用一般过去时，两个动作一长一短时短的用一般时，长的用进行时。 　　I was cooking the dinner while he was playing the piano.(平行) 　　I cooked the dinner while he played the piano. 　　I saw him while I was walking to the station. 三、英语中有四类动词一般不用进行时（不用现在进行时和过去进行时） 1表心理状态、情感的动词，如love ,hate ,like ,care ,respect ,please ,prefer ,know 等，若用进行时则词意改变。 　　I’m forgetting it . (=beginning to forget ) 2表存在、状态的动词，如appear ,exist ,lie ,remain ,stand ,seem等 3 表感觉的动词，如see ,hear ,feel ,smell ,sound ,taste等. 4表一时性的动词，如accept ,allow ,admit ,decide ,end ,refuse ,permit ,promise等。 四、例题　　考题1 As she ____the newspaper ,Granny ____ asleep .(95) 　　A. read /was falling B .was reading /fell 　　C. Was reading /was falling D. read/fell 　　分析 时间从句的动作长，而“入睡”动作短，故前者用过去进行时，而较短动词用一般过去时，选B 　　考题2 Tom ___ into the house when no one ___ . 　　A. slipped/was looking B. Had slip ped /looked 　　C. slipped/had looked D. was slipping /looked 分析 此题先要理解好when ，表“此时”，说明主句中slipped是较短行为，而look是较长行为的片断，即汤姆溜进房子，此时没人瞧见，故选A为正确。 注意1. when 和while引导的状语从句中，强调某个动作正在进行的过程中时要用进行时态，while表示一段时间，因此它所引导的状语从句中，谓语动词常用进行时态，如：When/While we were having supper, the light went out. 我们正在吃饭时灯熄灭了。2. when用作并列连词时，主句常用进行时态，从句则用一般过去时，表示主句动作发生的过程中，另一个意想不到的动作发生了。如：I was walking in the street when someone called me. 我正在街上走时突然有人喊我。二、下面几种情况不用一般过去时而要用过去进行时：1. 表示过去某一阶段暂时性的习惯动作时。如：Tom was getting up at six o’clock every day that week. 汤姆那一周里每天都是六点钟起床。2. 与always连用表示赞美，厌烦等感情色彩时。如：John was always coming to school late. 约翰上学总是迟到。Lei Feng was always doing good deeds for the people. 雷锋总是为人民做好事。3. 用来描写故事发生的情景时。如：It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A PLA man suddenly appeared on the river bank. He wanted to cross the river.那是一个漆黑的夜晚，风刮得很厉害，雨下得很大，一个解放军战士突然出现在河岸上，他想过河去。4. when作并列连词，表示“（这时）突然”之意时，第一个并列分句用过去进行时，when引导的并列分句用一般过去时。如：I was taking a walk when I met him. 我正在散步，突然遇见了他。We were playing outside when it began to rain. 我们正在外边玩，这时下起雨来了。5. go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词可用过去进行时表示过去将来的含义。如：I was leaving for Wuhan that day. 那天我正要去武汉。She was coming later. 她随后就来。三、过去进行时表示婉转语气（只限于want, hope, wonder 等动词），用以提出请求。如：I was wondering if you could help me.I was hoping you could send me home.1、& Unit 5-6
重点短语Have a good/great time过得很愉快&& take away 拿走 around the world 在世界各地&&&&&& make a living 谋生&& all the time 一直&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& play football 踢足球&&&& in order to 为了&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& around the world 全世界&& run out of 用尽,用完&&&&&&&&&&&& by the way 顺便, 附带说说&&&& be interested in 对…感兴趣&&&&&&&& far away 在远处the Olympic Games& 奥林匹克运动会&&& 重点句型1. If you do, you’ll have a great time. 2. You should wear your cool pants.3. How long have you been skating?&&& I’ve been skating since nine o’clock.4. When did you start skating?&& & I started skating at nine o’clock.&&&& 反意疑问句一：反意疑问句的基本构成：陈述句，助动词/情态动词+代词？1．&反意疑问句的结构可以简单列为：前肯后否；前否后肯。You dislike adventurous sports, don’t you? 你不喜欢冒险运动, 是不是?Sophia is not good at playing the Violin, is she? 索菲亚不擅长拉小提琴, 是不是?2． 反意疑问句的答语：在回答这类问句时，不管反意疑问句前的陈述句是肯定的或是否定的，事实是肯定的， 就用yes来回答，事实是否定的，就用no来回答。-You didn’t attend the conference, did you? 你没参加研讨会，是吧？-No, I didn’t. 是的, 我没参加./Yes, I did. 不， 我参加了.二：各种形式的反意疑问句：1．肯定陈述句，+否定疑问这种结构分为be动词，have助动词，情态动词，实义动词型等。You are coming this evening， aren’t you?Lucy often goes to the theater, doesn’t he?Sophia can play the piano, can’t she?You’ve read the evening paper, haven’t you?注意: 反意疑问句中, 如果后半部分出现的是否定副词, 必须用其缩写形式.2．否定陈述句，+肯定疑问这种结构也分为be动词，have助动词，情态动词，实义动词型等。You are not interested in reading, are you?You didn’t tell Toby the news, did you?You haven’t finished your work, have you?3．祈使句的反意疑问句（1）在肯定的祈使句后可加上will you？would you？won’t you？& can you？could you， can’t you？等，从而使语气更加委婉。Come in and sit down, won’t you?Be sure to come on time, can you?Make less noise, will you?在肯定的祈使句后，以上各种形式皆可选择,但在否定的祈使句后只能用will you?Don’t be careless, will you?(2) 在Let us/me祈使句后加will you?或won’t you? 在Let’s祈使句后加shall we? 或shan’t we? 从而使语气变得更加缓和.Let me do it, will you?Let us do it for you, will you?Let’s have a rest, shall we?4．陈述句部分如果含有否定意义的词时（如：never, seldom, hardly, few, little, no one, nobody, nothing, neither, none等）,疑问部分必须用肯定式.You have never been to Beijing, have you?No one will believe you, will they/he?在含有dislike, unimportant等以否定前缀构成的词的反意疑问句中,这些词仍按肯定词对待.This is an unimportant question, isn’t it?5．There be和That/this be 结构中的反意疑问句，陈述部分是there be 结构时，疑问部分用be there结构；是That/This be 结构时，疑问句部分用it 代替that或this。There are some students playing， aren’t there？That’s a good idea, isn’t it?6. 不定代词作主语时的反意疑问句: 陈述句部分如果有everything, nothing等表示事物的词作主语时, 疑问部分的主语用it, 陈述部分若有everyone, someone, anyone, no one 等不定代词作主语时,其疑问句部分的主语既可用he, 也可用they.Nothing has been said at the meeting, has it?Everything goes well, doesn’t it?Nobody wants to make mistake, do they?7．否定前移的反意疑问句: 陈述部分是含有宾语从句的复合句时, 疑问部分中的动词和主语应和主句中的动词和主语保持一致.He never thought I would come, did he?They told us that we needn ’t go to school tomorrow, didn’t they?如果陈述部分是 “I don’t think (believe, guess, consider, feel, find, suppose等)+宾语从句”时,疑问部分中的动词和主语应和宾语从句的主语保持一致, 并且要用肯定形式.I don’t think that he has done that, has he?&Units7-8复习要点重点句型1.--Would you mind moving your bike?--Not at all. I’ll do it right away.2.--Could you please take out the trash?& --Sorry, I’ll do it right away.3.--What should I get my mom?&&&& --How about a CD?& --No, that’s too cheap.4.--What’s the best present you have ever received?& --A bike.重点短语1．&would mind doing sth& 介意做某事2．&would mind not doing sth& 不介意做某事3．&turn down 调低，关小（收音机等）&& 4. turn up&& 调高4．&right away=at once=in a minute& 立刻，马上5．&get annoyed=get mad& 恼怒，生气6．&wait in line&& 排队等候7．&follow sb around& 跟在某人周围8．&order food/room& 订购食物/房间10.some time&& 一段时间&&&&& 11.sometime&& 某个时间12.social behavior 社会行为&&& 13.put out&& 扑灭，熄灭14.Why don’t you +动词原型…？=Why not +动词原型…？为什么不…？15.special/creative enough& 够特别/够有创意16.too…to…&&& 太…而不能&&& 17.good company&& 好伙伴18.give away& 赠送，分发，捐给…19.pay for…& 为…付钱，付报酬&&&& 20.rather than& 而不是21.enter a contest&& 参加一个比赛22.all over China/the world&& 全中国/全世界23.encourage sb to do sth&&& 鼓励某人做某事24.make progress&&&& 取得进步&&&&& 25.hear of&& 听说26.make friends with…& 和…交朋友语法要点：动词不定式不定式的形式：（to）+do ，具有名词，形容词，副词的特征。& 否定式：not + (to) do& 动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，即不受主语的人称和单复数的限定和影响，但有时态和语态的变化。不定式的语法功能：1．&作主语：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.十分钟内完成这项工作是很困难的。To lose your heart means failure.失去信心就意味着失败。动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，然后将不定式置于句末。例如上面两句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose your heart.2．&作表语，表示主语的“职业，职责或性质”等：Her job is to clean the hall.&& 她的工作就是打扫大厅。He seems to know everything about this thing.他似乎对这件事情什么都知道。3．&作宾语：常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, ask, (would)like, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, (would)prefer。如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面。He found it important to study English.他发现学习英语很重要。动词不定式也可充当介词宾语。I have no choice but to stay here.除了呆在这儿我没有别的选择。He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.上周日他除了修他的自行车外什么也没做。4．&作宾语补足语，用以说明宾语的性质，身份，特征和行为等情况：以下动词常跟动词不定式充当宾语补足语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call, wait for, invite.I told Jeff to give up his bad habits,but he wouldn’t listen.我告诉杰夫让他改掉坏习惯，但他不听。5．&作定语：动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：A. 动宾关系：I have some friends to invite.&&& 我要邀几个朋友。&&&&& 用法点津：&&&&& 不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点，工具等，应有必要的介词。&&& He found a good house to live in .他发现一个可以住的好房子。&&& The child has nothing to worry about. 孩子没有什么可担心的。&& 如果不定式修饰time, place, way, 可以省略介词：&&& He has no place to live.他没有地方住。&&& This is the best way to work out this problem.这是算出这道题最好的方法。&说明所修饰名词的内容：We have made a plan to finish the work.我们有一个完成这项工作的计划。&被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：He is the first to get there. 他是第一个到那的。&作状语：A．表目的：He worked day and night to get the money. 他日夜工作来赚钱。B．表结果：He arrived late to find the train gone.他到迟了结果发现火车开走了。常用only放在不定式前表示强调：Nell went away only to leave his two children by themselves.内尔走了，结果只留下两个孩子。C．表原因，这种原因状语往往跟在表示“高兴，愉快，生气，荣耀，遗憾”等形容词之后，说明之所以产生这些情绪的原因：They were very sad to hear the news.听到这个消息他们非常伤心。D．表程度：It’s too dark for us to see anything. 天太黑了，我们什么也看不见。The question is simple for him to answer.这个问题对他来说太容易回答了。&作独立成分：To tell you the truth ,we don’t want to have you.实话告诉你吧，我们不想和你在一起。&不定式的并列，第二个不定式可省略to:He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.他想学医并成为一名医生。不带to 的不定式21.使役动词let(让),make(使),have(使)等；感官动词see（看见），hear（听见），feel（感到），watch（观看），notice（注意到），look at（看），listen to（听）等跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。但改为被动语态时，不定式前应加上to 。如：They heard her sing in the next room.他们听见她在隔壁的诚心房间唱歌。She was heard to sing in the next room。（被动句）help后面的不定式作宾语补足语，可以带to也可不带to。如：She helped her parents (to) clean the house.& 她帮助父母打扫房屋。22.不定式作表语，其前面的主语从句中含有do时，后面的to省略。What he did was lose the game.&&& 他所做的就是输掉了比赛。23.句中含有动词do时,but,except,beside,such as等后面to可省略。如：Don’t do anything silly,such as marry him.不要做任何的蠢事了，比如说和他结婚。24.句中含有不定式，后面有rather than,rather than后面省略to。如：I’d prefer to stay here rather than go there.我宁愿呆在这儿也不愿意去那儿。动词不定式与疑问词的连用&不定式可以和疑问代词who, what, which, 及疑问副词when, how, where连用，构成不定式短语，在句中担当主语，宾语，表语等成分。1.&作主语What to do is a big problem.& 做什么是个大问题。2.&作宾语I know how to use the computer.&& 我知道如何使用计算机。3. 作宾语补足语&Liu Di asked her when to start.&& 柳迪问她什么时候开始。4.作表语The question is how to get there.&& 问题是如何到达那儿。注意：“疑问词+不定式”作宾语和宾语补足语时，常与下列动词连用：know, show, teacher, tell, find out, learn, decide, forget等。&& 有时候疑问词前可用介词，如：&I& have no idea of how to do it.&&& 我不知道如何做此事。五．不定式的常用句型&1．It’s time to do sth=It’s time for sth& “是做…的时候了”&2．There’s no (time) to do sth&&&&&&&& 没有（时间）做某事&3．It takes sb. some time (money) to do sth&& 某人花费多少时间（金钱）做某事&4．Be+形容词+enough+to do sth&&&& … …足够做某事&5．Be+too+形容词+to do sth&&&&&&& 太…不能做某事&6．be& ready +to do sth&&&&&&&&&&& 乐意做某事&7．It’s +形容词+for sb.+to do sth&8．be afraid to do sth&&&&&&& 不敢做某事&9．prefer to do sth. rather than do sth&& 宁愿…也不愿&10．would like to do sth/would love to do sth.& 常用于口语中，表示“喜欢…”&11．had better do sth&&&& （不带的不定式）“最好……”&12．Will/Would you please (not) do sth ? 请你（不要）做……好吗？&Units 9-10重点短语：have / has gone to +地点& 到某地去了（人不在此处）have / has been to +地点& 曾经去过某地，有曾经去过某地的经历have / has been in +地点& 在某地an amusement park& 游乐园&&&&&&&&&&&& a roller coaster 过山车end up 结束&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& end up with以….结束English-speaking country说英语的国家a native speaker of English以英语为母语的人such as 例如,比如&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& three quarters四分之三listening / writing skill 听力/写作技巧a large popution 人口众多&&&&&&&&&& a small population人烟稀少natural environment自然环境&&&&&&&&&&&&&& small talk 闲聊have problem doing sth做某事有问题&&&&&&&& at least至少thank-you note 感谢信&&&&&&&&&&&& look through查看,浏览so far到目前为止&&&&& get along相处&&&& come along (意外)来到重点句型:1.Have you ever been to an amusement park?& No, I ’ve never been to an amusement.& / Yes, I have. I went there last year.2.Harvey and his friend are going skating.3.It’s a nice day ,isn’t it?&Yes, it is. I really love hot weather.4.You’re Jenny’s friend ,aren’t you ?& Yes, I am.清单一:动词的-ing形式及语法功能1. 动词的-ing形式动词-ing形式是英语中较多的形式之一,它是动词原形+ing构成的。它既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的一些特征.在句中可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语。它没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。 否定式：not+动词的-ing形式2．动词的-ing形式的语法功能：①作主语，往往说明事物的普遍性、广泛性：Reading aloud is very helpful.&&&& 大声朗读是很有好处的。Collecting stamps is interesting.&& 集邮很有趣。当动词的-ing形式短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。It’s no use quarrelling.&&& 争吵是没用的。用法点津：不定式和动词的-ing形式作主语的区别。不定式更强调具体性,往往有明确的时间，而动词的-ing形式是一种泛指.一种体验,不是明确的发生在过去.现在或将来的动作,更具有普遍性。Reading is really fun.&&&&&&&& 读书真有趣。To read such a story is hard.&&& 读这样一个故事真是难。②作表语,用以说明事物的身份.性质等,此时和不定式的用法相同：What he likes is playing football after class。他所喜欢的事就是课后踢足球。③作宾语：Do you enjoy listening to pop music？&&& 你喜欢听流行音乐吗？We are thinking of making a new plan.我们正考虑制定一个新计划。I am now busy sending postcards.& 我现在正忙于邮寄贺年卡。注意动词的-ing形式既可以作动词宾语也作介词和形容词的宾语，如上面三个例句。此外，动词的-ing形式作宾语是时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，如；We found it no good making fun of others。 我们发现取笑他人不好。用法点津：如下动词及短语只跟动词-ing形式作宾语：enjoy、finish、suggest、avoid（避免）、excuse、delay、imagine、keep、miss、consider、admit(承认)、deny(否认)、mind、permit、forbid、pratise、risk、appreciate、be busy、be worth、feel like、can’t stand、can’t help、think of、dream of、be fond of、prevent(from)、keep…from、stop…from、protect…from、set about、be engaged in、spend…(in)、succesd in、be used to、look forward to、object to、pay attention to、inside on、feel like.④作定语，表示被修饰词的性质、身份、用途、正在进行的行为或状态等：The old man has to walk with a walking stick.这个老人只好借助拐杖走。This is an interesting story.&& 这是一个有趣的故事。The man waiting at the gate is asking to see you .在大门口等的那个人要见你。⑤作宾语补足语，表明宾语的性质、状态或正在进行的行为：如下动词后可跟动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语：see, watch, hear, feel, found, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to,look at, leave, catch, discover等。Can you hear her singing in the next room.你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？He kept the car waiting at the gate.&&& 他让小汽车在门口等着。⑥作状语，表示时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果、目的等：（While）Woking in the factory，he was& an advanced worker。在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人（表示时间）。Being a League member，he is always helping others。由于是共青团员，他经常帮助别人。（表示原因）He stayed at home，cleaning and washing。他呆在家里，又擦又洗。（表伴随） （If）playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。（表条件）He dropped the glass,breaking it into pieces.他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。（表结果）He went swimming the other day.& 几天前他去讲话了。（目的）⑦做让步状语：Though raining heavily,it cleared up very soon.虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。清单二：不定式与动词-ing形式宾语的比较1．在下列一些动词后面常跟动词-ing作宾语，而不跟不定式：admit，appreciate，advice，allow，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，face，feel like，finish，fancy，forbid，imagine，include，keep，metion，mind，miss，practice，resist，risk，suggest等。如：He practices speaking English everyday.他每天练习说英语。He admitted having broken the window.他承认打破了那扇窗子。I much appreciate your giving me the chance.我非常感激你给了我这个机会。2．在下列一些动词后只跟不定式，不跟动词-ing做宾语：want(想要) ,hope, expect(期望), wish, decide, would like, refuse, manage, pretend, demand, offer, afford, plan, wonder, intend……等。如：I am expecting to get a letter from my parents.&我期待着父母的来信。We are planning to build another research& center.我们正计划着建另一所研究中心。3．在下列一些动词后面跟不定式或动词-ing形式作宾语，意义不同。如：(1)I remember doing this exercisde before. 我记得前做过这个练习。& Remember to post the book for me.&&& 记住帮我把那本书寄走。辨析：remember doing记得做过某事 (某事已做过）&&&&& remember to do记住去做某事 (某事还没做）(2)We shall never forget hearing Jackson singing.&&& 我们忘不了听杰克逊唱歌的情形。& Don’t foget to give my regards to them.&&& 别忘了代我向他们问好。辨析：forget doing忘了做过的事 (某事已做过）&&&&& forget to do 忘了去做某事 (某事还没做）（3）I’ll try to improve my pronunciation.&&&& 我会试着改善我的发音。Since no one answered the front door,why not try knocking at the back door?&& 既然前门没人答应，为什么不试试后门呢？辨析：try to do尽力去做某事&&&&& try doing（用另外一种方式）试一试，试试看(4)I suggest we stop working and having a rese.&&& 我们停下来休息一会儿。& They stopped to listen,but there was no more sound.&&&& 他们停下来，听一听，再没什么声音。辨析：stop to do 停下（某事）去做(另一件)事。（表目的）&&&&& stop doing 把(正在做的)某事停下来。（宾语）(5)What do you mean to do with your old bicycle?&&& 打算如何处理你那辆旧自行车？& I won’t wait if it means delaying a week or so.&&& 如果这意味着要推迟一个星期左右, 那我就不等了。辨析：mean to do打算做某事&&&& mean doing意味着做某事4．在love，like，hate，prefer后面跟不定式和动词-ing形式无多大区别，如：Do you like to eat an ice-cream?&&& 你想吃冰淇淋吗？I like traveling very much.&&&&&&&& 我非常喜欢旅游。5.在start,begin后面，一般接不定式和动词-ing形式无多大区别，在下列情况下，一般用不定式：①自然界变化：It started to rain.开始下雨了。Sonw started to melt as spring came.春天来了，雪开始融了。②心理活动，在understand,know,reaside等词前面：I began to understand my mother’s feelings.我开始理解母亲的感受了。③begin,start本身为现在进行时：Mother was starting to cook in the kitchen when I got home.我到家时母亲在厨房开始做饭。6.在allow, advise, permit, forbid等词后面，有名词或代词作宾语，用不定式作宾语补足语，如果没有宾语，直接用ing形式，如：We don’t allow parking here.&&&& 我们不允许在这儿停车。The police don’t allow people to park here. 警察不允许在这儿停车。7.need，require，want译作“需要”时，跟动词ing形式作宾语，主动表示被动，相当于to be done,如：The windows require cleaning.The windows require to be cleaned.&& 窗子要擦了。8.在一些固定表达中用ing形式，不用不定式：can’t help doing, be worth doing, devote…to doing, look forward to doing, be/get/become used to doing,& object to doing,& thank…for doing, excuse…for doing等。Einstein devoted his life to making a research in science.爱因斯坦终身致力于科学研究。I’m looking forward to getting your letter. 我期盼收到你的来信。清单三：动词-ing形式与-ed形式作形容词时的区别&&& 动词-ing形式在句中作定语，表示一个正在进行的动作，它与主语中心词之间存在着主谓关系。动词的-ed形式在句中作定语，表示一个已完成的或被动的动作，它与中心词之间存在着动宾关系。如：This was because there was no machine allowing a person to breathe& under water for a long time.这是因为没有一台可以让人在水下长时间呼吸的机器。We live in a place called Gum Tree.我们住在一个叫做桉树村的地方。Take away the broken glass.&& 把那个被打碎的玻璃杯拿走。The sleeping baby is hers.&&&& 那个睡着的孩子是她的。
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