[转载]写了这么多essay&&&report。这个总结的挺好。。（转）
我们的assignment通常分为两种形式，一是essay，一是report。二者在形式上有所差别，但大体相同。一篇assignment上面会对写成essay还是report格式作出明确要求。在阅读题目时，请尽量仔细。
1、字体：Times New
Roman，字号：小四，行距：1.5倍。请有写作之前就把这些格式调好，以避免写好后再调会出现一些意想不到的情况。
2、段与段之间隔行。每段不要求像中文写作那样空两格，而是直接顶格写。
下面还有一些相同点，我在两种文体分开讨论时，再涉及。
&&&Essay的写作相对report要简单一些。通常只包括三个部分，Introduction,
Main Body, Conclusion. Introduction
包括topic的背景介绍和文章要解决的主要问题。一般占总字数的10%左右。Main
Body是主体部分，占总字数80%左右。如果题目中作了具体要求，就根据题目提到的几个方面来逐一讨论就可以了。有的题目没有作具体要求，就根据自己的构思来写。但要求有逻辑性。Conclusion也是占10%，在这一段里把文章中的主要观点用一到两句话概括出来。
Essay 可以不写题目，不要把小标题加粗。
Reference的写作是两种形式都要涉及的，我放在最后来详细说。
&它的写法大体上和essay差不多，但要求要严格一些。
第一：标题页：包括标题和executive summary. 在Executive
summary中是对文章的摘要。这个大家都知道怎么写我就不多说了。这两个东西一般是单独占一页
第二：主体部分。Report的主体部分，前三个和essay差不多，只是在conclusion后还有一部分就是recommendations.是对提出的问题的建议。
&&&如果题目中没有单独要求，一般就按照这几部分来写，但有的题目会作出规定。请按题目要求写哪几部分来写。
下面来说reference
Reference 是老师最看重的，所以请一定注意。
1、不管前面的主体部分最后一页剩多少空格，reference都要另起一页写
2、每条reference之间要空一行。如果一条reference一排写不完，那么下面的几排提行时要和第一排三格。基本格式请参照我发过来的referencing
里面的要求。
3、References 的排列要按字母顺序排列。可以用网址的reference放在最后。
4、引用分为直接引用和间接引用。直接引用就是用了文章或书中的原话。请在出现的作者后面以（年代，页码）的形式标注。没有出现作者就在引用的句子后面用（作者名，年代，页码）的形式标注。间接引用就是参照发文章或书中的观点，引用方法与直接引用形式一样，只是不需要标注页码。
总之referencesq绝对不能出现编造的情况，一定要真实。国外对这个问题查得很严。一旦查出有作假或抄袭情况，有可能就要被开除学籍。
另外还有一些更细节的要求，我附在下面，请仔细阅读。
写作注意事项：&
&&&文章里禁止用缩写，例如：can’t,
don’t, didn’t, wouldn’t 应该写成cannot，do not，did not， would not。
&&&每段之间空一行，首句不空格
&&&避免用口语词汇和表达方法，例如：a
little bit，well…I will talk about….
&&&避免使用太过生僻的赐予，但用词要专业
&&&不要从句套从句，句子如果过长，就改成短句，这样意思表达更清楚
&&&文章的INTRODUCTION要阐明自己的观点和立场，也就是你的THESIS
STATEMENT，尽量不要在文章或段落的开头使用问句。
&&&专业知识和词汇使用要正确
&&&文章字数控制在规定字数内，不得多于或少于150
&&&举例非常重要，但是要符合论点
&&&按照文章要求写，没有要求Abstract或者标题的就不用写。
&&&行距1.5倍，Basic
Font：Times New Roman 12pt
&&&文章里禁止使用第一人称或第二人称，保持论证的客观性
Reference的重要性
国外对于版权和他人的知识版权的保护非常重视，如果非法摘抄他人的作品肯能会引起法律责任。
学校会有一个扫描文章系统，收到的文章都要上传到网上统一进行扫描。扫描系统非常庞大，它连接了各个国家的主要电子图书馆，所以一般你能抄到的东西，他都可以扫描出来，如果扫描结果显示你抄袭的文章字数超过你文章总数的10％，则证明你整篇文章都是抄袭的。比如你文章字数是1000字，那么如果扫描由101字是抄的，则证明你整篇文章都是抄的。（不同学校具体要求不一样）
什么是抄袭？
引用和摘抄他人的idea，文章（就算一句话），没有做references的或者格式错误的reference都算抄袭！
Reference个种类
我们要做的reference有2种，一种是in-text reference
也就是在文章里的reference，一种是在文章最后出现的reference, 也就是reference
list。写一篇论文，2种reference都要出现，也就是说做完in-text
reference，还要做最后的reference list。
Reference的格式
详见英文版。
Reference wizard 网站：
进入个网站，只要按照他要求的内容输入，他的系统会自动生成一个完整的reference，不过那只是reference
list，不是in-text reference. In-text reference
还是需要自己完成。另外那个网站只能提供简单格式的reference，复杂的reference还是需要参考英文版文件。
一般来说一份1000字的文章，至少需要8个references，2000字需要12－15个左右，各位可以到国外大学图书馆的网站上照着相关的书，然后安上去就好了。（关于这个数量问题，根据我的经验，可以不一定严格要求，但不能太少。一般1000字的写4个或5个，2000字的写10个左右。当然如果你本来就有这么多个的话就更好了。我这里说的是最少情况）
再次强调！！！引用他人的任何东西一定要做好references！！！
论文写作要求
&&&页边距： Word
&&&字体： Times New
&&&字体大小：12（小四）
&&&标题字体可加粗
&&&每段落之间空一行
&&&每段直接写，无需空格
&&&在每页的右下角插入页数
Abstract （序）
&&&字数为文章的的10－15％，例如，一篇文章要求2000字，那么abstract一般写200－300字，除非特殊要求
&&&Abstract的目的就是让读者知道你的在你的文章里写了些什么
&&&Abstract的开头要用1－2自己的语言总结和解释文章的题目，简单来说就是用自己的话把文章的题目写一遍
&&&Abstract细节是概括你在你的文章里都写了什么，每个论点就用2－3句话总结
&&&Abstract的结尾就是写总结和延伸你的所有论点和整个的大标题
&&&不是每篇作业都要求写abstract，一般情况下都不要求，除非老师特殊写明要写abstract。
Introduction（开头）
&&&字数为文章总数的10％，例如，一篇文章要求2000字，那么introduction一般写200－250字
&&&Introduction只用一段即可，不可以分成2段写
&&&Introduction的第1－2句是解释文章题目，单来说就是用自己的话把文章的题目写一遍
&&&接下来的用2句话左右介绍一下文章题目的背景
&&&Introduction主要是写你将要在你的文章里写些什么，用2－3句话来概括所有的论点，每个论点用几个词即可，例如：In
this easy, firstly, I will discuss…, and then I will…, thirdly, I
&&&一般来说，老师给的题目都很宽，可以写很多方面，但是你要选其中一点来写，这样文章才能讨论的深入，如果文章写的很笼统的话，肯定会不合格
&&&Introduction最后不需要总结句
Body（文章的讨论部分，也是文章的主体）
&&&每一个论点都必须用一段来写，换句话说，每个段落只能出现一个论点，出现2个会被扣分
&&&在body的部分里不能出现I，he，she等人称，除在举例中。
&&&每一段话都有要introduction，explanation，examples。接下来重点讲这4部分如何写：
&&&Introduction：用1－2句写你这段的主要的论点或者是idea
&&&Explanation：用1－2句解释你的论点
&&&Examples：举例支持你的论点，这部分要重点写，举例在文章中很重要，举例可以用名人说的话，专业的文章里例子，或者自己的亲身经历。有时老师会要求要用自己的亲身经历作为例子
&&&Body一般有3－6个论点，如果文章的字数在字，所以body就一般有2－6段
&&&每段最好是有联系，层层深入
Conclusion
&&&字数为文章总数的10％，例如，一篇文章要求2000字，那么conclusion一般写200－250字
&&&Conclusion只用一段即可，不可以分成2段写&
&&&Conclusion的第1－2句是解释文章题目，单来说就是用自己的话把文章的题目写一遍
&&&Conclusion主要是总结你文章中的论点，每个论点要用一句话
&&&Conclusion最后一句要延伸一下，但是在conclusion里不能出现新的论点
Introduction和conclusion的区别
&&&Introduction是讲你在文章里要写什么东西，所以只要用几个词概括你个论点
&&&Conclusion是用1句话总结你的每个论点，要比introduction详细些
&&&Introduction需要介绍题目的背景，conclusion责不用，只需要概括总结题目
Recommendation
&&&Recommendation是写文章标题的缺陷
&&&一般只要写一个论点，提出解决办法，如何消除这个弱点，格式和body段落的要求是一样的：introduction，explanation，example和用一句话做个conclusion
&&&一般都不写recommendation，除非老师特殊要求
尊敬的读者：
佩格思教育8月份暑期班已经报满；九月份开设的班级有：
一，SAT冲刺班：
&&&针对10月份的考试，主讲阅读和写作，评估+检测+答疑为特色，模考和讲评相结合，一个月的时间最大幅度提高孩子的成绩。目前已有部分外地学生(孩子在公司旁边住宿，他们放弃了学校的课程，认为在学校学不到东西，分数提高不上去)和深圳、北京的学生报名，感兴趣的家长可以与培刚老师联系，可以加培刚老师qq咨询，qq号是(验证姓名朱红亮)。
二，欧美名著读书会：
&&&&申请美国名校，SAT阅读分数是关键，好的大学一般需要650分以上，为了让更多学生的SAT阅读分数突破650+、700+，佩格思教育特创办欧美名著读书会。
佩格思教育读书会是由SAT阅读名师彭懿老师主讲，通过SAT阅读文本分析法帮助学生破解SAT阅读文章，尤其是高难度的小说和人文题材文章，指导学生获得SAT阅读高分。
适合人群：
&&&&&初三、高一、高二和新高三对欧美名著阅读感兴趣的同学；
&&&&&SAT分数、SAT阅读分数希望考取高分的同学；&&
读书会内容：
&&&&&由彭懿老师亲自挑选文章和书目，让阅读更有针对性。
(佩格思教育欧美名著读书会开始接受报名，感兴趣的家长和学生可以加培刚老师qq咨询，qq号(验证姓名朱红亮)。)
三，SAT2200分保分班：
为了满足部分学生冲刺美国前15、前10的需求，佩格思教育特开设SAT2200分保分班，SAT保分班推出之后受到北京、深圳和宁波等地家长的欢迎，和其他培训机构不同的是我们的保分班达不到效果退费而不是所谓的免费重读，关键是我们已经有多个成功案例(不像某机构保分班招生30人结果只有2个人达到保分)，无论在北京还是深圳，给佩格思一年的时间，让孩子SAT1800上升到2200的分数。SAT2200分保分班对学生选拔有一定的要求，目前在北京和深圳已有部分学生和家长预报名，如果您的孩子希望冲击美国前10、前15的名校，那就来参加SAT2200的保分班吧，可以通过qq咨询，qq号(验证姓名朱红亮)，也可以与培刚电话联系，7.
四，团报班型：
自从人大附家长组班以来，佩格思教育已经陆续组建人大附中SAT团报1班、人大附中SAT团报2班和深圳SAT团报班，9月份会陆续开设北师大实验SAT团报班、北京四中SAT团报班和北京十一学校SAT团报班，团报班的好处是可以与学校课程相结合、更有针对性、性价比高、提分效果更明显(学生享受彭懿老师一对一的学习指导，培刚在活动方面也给单独建议)，如果您或者孩子本人在北京、深圳或者外地，能找到志同道合的几位同学，可与培刚、彭懿老师洽谈团报事宜；团报的家长可给培刚老师电话联系，7。
谢谢阅读。
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&SAT提分，请找朱培刚！
(与社会上大都数什么培训都做、什么都不强的营销、忽悠导向型留学、培训公司不同，佩格思教育最强的是SAT阅读和SAT写作，在北京和深圳等地好的学生、父母心目中，已经达成共识SAT阅读提分、SAT写作提分就找佩格思教育，套用央视小品的一句话“我骄傲”；在这里感谢部分家长帮我们宣传)。
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第三方登录：要出国留学，能否推荐一些关于出国后写Essay，Report之类的书籍？_百度知道代写report作业范文格式参考
一个企业在发展过程中可能会受到各方面环境的影响，作为一篇report本文主要以莫里森超市的商业发展环境为例，分析可能影响商业发展的各种环境，说明商业环境的重要性。
本文的内容
1.0 执行概要2
3.0 莫里森超市规模快速扩张的的方法和原因2
3.01 企业扩张方法3
3.02 以顾客为中心的方法3
3.03 莫里森规模扩张过程中所选择的方法的原因3
4.0 商业环境分析3
4.01 经济因素4
4 4.02 政治因素和法律因素
4.03 社会文化因素5
4.04 技术因素6
4.05 环境因素6
5.0 参考表7
1.0 执行概要
这份报告的目的是分析可能影响商业发展的各种环境。如今,企业发展过程中，不仅面临着内部环境的变化,也面临着外部环境的急剧改变，可以说，外部环境在商业的发展和企业成长的过程中也扮演重要的角色,尤其是跨国公司。因为经营环境对企业的影响是动态的和快速变化的,因此，分析商业发展变得越来越不同。在这份报告中,我们主要用细节出发的研究方法探索威廉&莫里森超市的商业环境。
Table of Contents
1.0 Executive summary 2
2.0 Introduction 2
3.0 The methods by which Morrisons has grown in size and the reasons 2
3.01 Enterprise expansion method 3
3.02 The method of customer-oriented 3
3.03 The reasons Morrisons might have had for choosing the methods 3
4.0 Business environment analysis 3
4.01 Economic factor 4
4.02 Political factor and Legal factor 4
4.03 Socio-cultural factor 5
4.04 Technological factor 6
4.05 Environment factor 6
5.0 Conclusion 7
5.0 Reference list 7
1.0 Executive summary
The purpose of this
is to analyze all kinds of environment which can influence the operation of business. Nowadays, not only internal environment but also external environment of enterprise play important role in the development of an enterprise, especially, for a multinational company. Because business environment influence on enterprise is dynamic and rapidly changing, analysis of business becomes more and more different. In this , we mainly we use PESTLE research methods to explore the business environment of William Morrison Supermarket.
2.0 Introduction
William Morrison Supermarket is one of the largest chain store in Britain whose headquarter was located in Bradford, in England and it is usually called William Morrison Supermarket for short. In 1899, William Morrison, an egg and butter merchant created William Morrison Supermarket and it initially dealt with eggs and butter. In 1952, his son, Ken Morrison began to run the company and in 1958, William Morrison Supermarket became the first self-service store in Bradford and can price on its own goods. In 1991, the first supermarket of William Morrison Supermarket which was called Victoria was opened in Bradford( Fox, Vorley, 2004). Nowadays, William Morrison Supermarket is the fourth largest food retailer in UK and our business mainly is to provide customers with food, grocery and other goods. In addition, William Morrison Supermarket has more than stores already in British and still considers continuing its exciting expansion plan.
3.0 The methods by which Morrisons has grown in size and the reasons
We mainly discuss the methods by which William Morrison Supermarket has grown in size from the following two aspects: the one is the expansion method by merging or opening supermarket
the other is the method of customer-oriented.
3.01 Enterprise expansion method
Before 2004, William Morrison Supermarket only focused the market in north England. In 2004, William Morrison Supermarket opened a store in Scotland which is the first branch in a foreign country. After 2004, William Morrison Supermarket subsequently has acquired many enterprises which mainly were in other countries besides the UK. In William Morrison Supermarket acquired Safeway and became the fourth largest chain in the UK. In 2005, William Morrison Supermarket took over completes the takeover of three factories from Rathbones. From the above, we can know that merging or opening supermarket in foreign countries is a method which makes William Morrison Supermarket having grown in size (Klapper, Love, 2004).
3.02 The method of customer-oriented
Another method by which William Morrison Supermarket has grown in size is the principle of customer-focused. To make a difference, William Morrison Supermarket provides a distinctive offer for its customers i makes great food and offers good service: does well in customer relationship management.
3.03 The reasons Morrisons might have had for choosing the methods
Because William Morrison Supermarket is a supermarket, of course, it has its own operating characteristics and operating model. Therefore, William Morrison Supermarket will also choose the method for development and growing. In short, the method of merging or opening supermarket in foreign countries is the need of market expanding. In addition, if a company wants to succeed, it must carry out the principle of customer-focused.
4.0 Business environment analysis
In general, we also use PESTLE analysis method to explore the political-legal, economic, socio-cultural, environmental and technological (PESTLE) factors which are shaping the external environment in which William Morrison Supermarket is operating ( Poon, 2000; Carlin, Schaffer, 2012)
4.01 Economic factor
The macro economy has a profound impact upon enterprise&s business activity and enterprise faces the huge challenge with the change of the economic environment. However, how economy affects the enterprise and through what economic factors to influence the enterprise? Main economic factors include interest rates, inflation, unemployment, economic growth and other factors (Durnev, Kim 2005). Besides, economic reform has huge important to regulatory reforms (Eifert, 2007) and enterprise&s behavior.
William Morrison Supermarket is a British company, so Britain&s economy situation has important influence on its development and growing. For the moment, fiscal deficit is a big problem which the British government has to face. In addition, the British economy also faces other difficulties. First is the crisis of confidence from the top to the bottom, British consumers are reducing consumption and investment, which makes the economy lack of energy. And if the economy continues to recover, domestic demand and corporate investment must pick up. European debt crisis also affect British economy. The British national bureau of statistics& data shows that the national per capita income has fallen by 13% since 2008. Hard economic times coupled with inflation, is the main cause of per capita income falls, which also lead to depressed consumption.
As a Supermarket, William Morrison Supermarket is under the influence of British macro economy, such as depressed consumption, inflation, European debt crisis and other factors, which can directly influence the operating and growing of William Morrison Supermarket (Yu, Ramakrishnan, Ramanathan, 2012),.
4.02 Political factor and Legal factor
Political stability and sound development are the solid foundation of a country&s development and prosperity, it can provide stability environment for the development of economic and social aspects. In general, we mainly take following political factors into consideration: political conflict, political uncertainty, arbitrary changes in policy and policy creep. Political conflict mainly includes war and sovereignty disputes. Political uncertainty mainly includes minority governments and coalition governments.
For William Morrison Supermarket, Britain&s political environment is relatively stable and didn&t take place some important political events. Firstly, the change of competent department in food industry influences the behavior of William Morrison Supermarket, which mainly engaged in food and other goods. Secondly, with the emergence and deterioration of the European debt crisis, Moody's investors service, one of the big three rating agencies, down the British government debt ratings from Aaa to Aa1 On February 22, 2013. In addition, Moody&s investors service believed that government debt levels remain high and continue to increase, which will cause the government's ability falling to cope with financial impact, and this situation is unlikely to change in 2016 years ago.
Finally, the British government refused to oligopoly and in March 2006, the British government bureau of fair trade did fair competition investigation, including Tesco, sainsbury and asda and Morrison.
4.03 Socio-cultural factor
Different social and cultural environment has important influence on the operation of a multinational company. An enterprise wants to operate well, it must consider following factors: demographics, lifestyle expectations, Changes in the composition of society, education and training. Demographics mainly include population, population density, ageing, life expectancy and infant mortality, size of households and consumer expenditures. Lifestyle expectations refer to luxuries become necessities. Changes in the composition of society refer multicultural, multi-faith, multiracial and multi-ethnicity. Education and training include literacy rates, vocational training, management training and other factors.
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