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Donald Ervin Knuth ( ; born January 10, 1938) is an American , , and
He is the author of the multi-volume work . Knuth has been called the "father of the ". He contributed to the development of the rigorous analysis of the computational complexity of algorithms and systematized formal mathematical techniques for it. In the process he also popularized the . In addition to fundamental contributions in several branches of , Knuth is the creator of the
computer typesetting system, the related
font definition language and rendering system, and the
family of typefaces.
As a writer and scholar, Knuth created the
computer programming systems designed to encourage and facilitate , and designed the / . As a member of the academic and scientific community, Knuth is strongly opposed to the policy of granting . He has expressed his disagreement directly to both the
Knuth was born in , , to Ervin Henry Knuth and Louise Marie Bohning, of German ancestry. His father owned a small printing business and taught bookkeeping at , where Donald enrolled, earning achievement awards. He applied his intelligence in unconventional ways, winning a contest when he was in eighth grade by finding over 4,500 words that could be formed from the letters in "Ziegler's Giant Bar"; the judges had only about 2,500 words on their master list. This won him a television set for his school and enough candy bars for his entire school.
Knuth had a difficult time choosing physics over music as his major at
(now part of ). He also joined Beta Nu Chapter of the . While studying physics at the Case Institute of Technology, Knuth was introduced to the , one of the early . After reading the computer's manual, Knuth decided to rewrite the assembly and compiler code for the machine used in his school, because he believed he could do it better.
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Knuth was one of the founding editors of the Engineering and Science Review, which won a national award as best technical magazine in 1959. He then switched from physics to mathematics, and in 1960 he received his bachelor of science degree, simultaneously being given a master of science degree by a special award of the faculty who considered his work exceptionally outstanding.
In 1963, he earned a PhD in mathematics (his advisor was ) from the .
After receiving his PhD, Knuth joined Caltech's faculty as an associate professor.
He accepted a commission to write a book on computer
. While working on this project, Knuth decided that he could not adequately treat the topic without first developing a fundamental theory of computer programming, which became . He originally planned to publish this as a single book. As Knuth developed his outline for the book, he concluded that he required six volumes, and then seven, to thoroughly cover the subject. He published the first volume in 1968.
Just before publishing the first volume of The Art of Computer Programming, Knuth left Caltech to accept employment with the , then situated on the
campus, which was performing mathematical research in
to support the .
Knuth then left this position to join the
Main article:
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After producing the third volume of his series in 1976, he expressed such frustration with the nascent state of the then newly developed electronic publishing tools (especially those that provided input to phototypesetters) that he took time out to work on typesetting and created the
As of 2013, the first three volumes and part one of volume four of his series have been published.
2nd ed., which originated with an expansion of the mathematical preliminaries section of Volume 1 of TAoCP, has also been published.
has praised the difficulty of the subject matter in The Art of Computer Programming, stating that "If you think you're a really good programmer...You should definitely send me a résumé if you can read the whole thing."
He is also the author of , a mathematical novelette on 's
construction of an alternate system of numbers. Instead of simply explaining the subject, the book seeks to show the development of the mathematics. Knuth wanted the book to prepare students for doing original, creative research.
In 1995, Knuth wrote the foreword to the book A=B by ,
and . Knuth is also an occasional contributor of language puzzles to .
Knuth has also delved into . He contributed articles to the
beginning in the 1960s, and was acknowledged as a major contributor in 's Mathematics on Vacation.
In addition to his writings on computer science, Knuth, a , is also the author of 3:16 Bible Texts Illuminated, in which he examines the Bible by a process of , namely an analysis of chapter 3, verse 16 of each book. Each verse is accompanied by a rendering in calligraphic art, contributed by a group of calligraphers under the leadership of .
Subsequently he was invited to give a set of lectures on his 3:16 project, resulting in another book, , where he published the lectures "God and Computer Science".
In 2006, Knuth was diagnosed with . He underwent surgery in December that year and started "a little bit of radiation therapy... as a precaution but the prognosis looks pretty good", as he reported in his video autobiography.
Knuth gives informal lectures a few times a year at , which he called Computer Musings. He is a visiting professor at the
in the United Kingdom and an Honorary Fellow of .
"Nested "—Donald Knuth and
and Donald Knuth
Knuth used to pay a
of $2.56 for any typographical errors or mistakes discovered in his books, because "256 pennies is one
dollar", and $0.32 for "valuable suggestions". According to an article in the 's Technology Review, these
are "among computerdom's most prized trophies". Knuth had to stop sending real checks in 2008 due to bank fraud, and instead now gives each error finder a "certificate of deposit" from a publicly listed balance in his fictitious "Bank of ".
He once warned a correspondent, "Beware of bu I have only proved it correct, not tried it."
Knuth published his first "scientific" article in a school magazine in 1957 under the title " System of Weights and Measures." In it, he defined the
as the thickness of
No. 26, and named the fundamental unit of
"whatmeworry." Mad published the article in issue No. 33 (June 1957).
To demonstrate the concept, Knuth intentionally referred "Circular definition" and "Definition, circular" to each other in the index of , Volume 1.
At the TUG 2010 Conference, Knuth announced an -based successor to TeX, titled "iTeX" (pronounced , with a bell ringing), which would support features such as arbitrarily scaled irrational units, , animation, and stereophonic sound.
In 1971, Knuth was the recipient of the first
. He has received various other awards including the , the , the , and the .
In recognition of Knuth's contributions to the field of computer science, in 1990 he was awarded the one-of-a-kind academic title of Professor of The Art of Computer Programming, which has since been revised to Professor
of The Art of Computer Programming.
Knuth was elected to the
in 1975. In 1992, he became an associate of the . Also that year, he retired from regular research and teaching at
in order to finish . He was elected a .
Knuth was elected as a Fellow (first class of Fellows) of the
in 2009 for his outstanding contributions to mathematics. He is a member of the . In 2012, he became a fellow of the . Other awards and honors include:
, 1975 and 1993
Josiah Willard Gibbs Lecturer, 1978
Harvey Prize from the , 1995
Fellow of the
"for his fundamental early work in the history of computing algorithms, development of the TeX typesetting language, and for major contributions to mathematics and computer science." 1998
Katayanagi Prize, 2010
in the category of Information and Communication Technologies, 2010
Hero Award, 2011
A short list of his publications:
——— (1997), , 1: Fundamental Algorithms (3rd ed.), Addison-Wesley Professional,  .
——— (1997), , 2: Seminumerical Algorithms (3rd ed.), Addison-Wesley Professional,  .
——— (1998), , 3: Sorting and Searching (2nd ed.), Addison-Wesley Professional,  .
——— (2011), , 4A: Combinatorial Algorithms, Addison-Wesley Professional,  .
——— (2005), —A RISC Computer for the New Millennium, 1, Fascicle 1,  .
——— (2008), The Art of Computer Programming, 4, Fascicle 0: Introduction to Combinatorial Algorithms and Boolean Functions,  .
——— (2009), The Art of Computer Programming, 4, Fascicle 1: Bitwise Tricks & T Binary Decision Diagrams,  .
——— (2005), The Art of Computer Programming, 4, Fascicle 2: Generating All Tuples and Permutations,  .
——— (2005), The Art of Computer Programming, 4, Fascicle 3: Generating All Combinations and Partitions,  .
——— (2006), The Art of Computer Programming, 4, Fascicle 4: Generating All Trees—History of Combinatorial Generation,  .
——— (2015), The Art of Computer Programming, 4, Fascicle 6: Satisfiability,  .
All books are hardcover unless otherwise noted.
——— (1984), Computers & Typesetting, A, The TeXbook, Reading, : Addison-Wesley,  , x+483pp.
——— (1984), Computers & Typesetting, A, The TeXbook, Reading, : Addison-Wesley,   (softcover).
——— (1986), Computers & Typesetting, B, TeX: The Program, Reading, : Addison-Wesley,  , xviii+600pp.
——— (1986), Computers & Typesetting, C, The METAFONTbook, Reading, : Addison-Wesley,  , xii+361pp.
——— (1986), Computers & Typesetting, C, The METAFONTbook, Reading, : Addison-Wesley,   (softcover).
——— (1986), Computers & Typesetting, D, METAFONT: The Program, Reading, : Addison-Wesley,  , xviii+566pp.
——— (1986), Computers & Typesetting, E, Computer Modern Typefaces, Reading, : Addison-Wesley,  , xvi+588pp.
——— (2000), Computers & Typesetting, A-E Boxed Set, Reading, : Addison-Wesley,  .
——— (1992), , Lecture Notes (27), Stanford, : —CSLI,  
——— (1996), Selected Papers on Computer Science, Lecture Notes (59), Stanford, : Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI,  
——— (1999), Digital Typography, Lecture Notes (78), Stanford, : Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI,  
——— (2000), Selected Papers on Analysis of Algorithms, Lecture Notes (102), Stanford, : Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI,  
——— (2003), Selected Papers on Computer Languages (cloth), Lecture Notes (139), Stanford, : Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI,  ,
(paperback)
——— (2003), Selected Papers on Discrete Mathematics (cloth), Lecture Notes (106), Stanford, : Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI,  ,
(paperback)
Donald E. Knuth, Selected Papers on Design of Algorithms (Stanford, California: Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI Lecture Notes, no. 191), 2010.
(paperback)
Donald E. Knuth, Selected Papers on Fun and Games (Stanford, California: Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI Lecture Notes, no. 192), 2011.
(paperback)
Donald E. Knuth, Companion to the Papers of Donald Knuth (Stanford, California: Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI Lecture Notes, no. 202), 2011.
(paperback)
; Knuth, Donald E.;
(Second ed.), Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley,  ,   xiv+657 pp.
Knuth, Donald Ervin (1974), Surreal numbers: how two ex-students turned on to pure mathematics and found total happiness: a mathematical novelette, Addison-Wesley,  
Donald E. Knuth, The Stanford GraphBase: A Platform for Combinatorial Computing (New York, ACM Press) 1993. second paperback printing 2009.
Donald E. Knuth, 3:16 Bible Texts Illuminated (Madison, Wisconsin: A-R Editions), 1990.
Donald E. Knuth,
(Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI Lecture Notes no 136), 2001.
Knuth, March 4, 2005
Knuth in front of statue St. , , , , June 9, 2006
Shustek, Russell, Alcorn, Knuth, Wozniak, Mathews, Allen, CHM 2011
Knuth and , CHM 2011
Reutenauer, Arthur. "A brief history of TeX, volume II". : 68–72.  .
Knuth, Donald Ervin (1980). Ji Suan Ji Cheng Xu She Ji Ji Qiao [The Art of Computer Programming]. Translated by Guan, JiW Su, Yunlin. Beijing: Defense Industry Publishing Co. I fondly hope that many Chinese computer programmers will learn to recognize my Chinese name Gao Dena, which was given to me by Francis Yao just before I visited your country in 1977. I still have very fond memories of that three-week visit, and I have been glad to see Gao Dena on the masthead of the Journal of Computer Science and Technology since 1989. This name makes me feel close to all Chinese people although I cannot speak your language.
Knuth, Donald Ervin. . Home page. .
. London: . Archived from
Knuth, Donald Ervin, ,
, Stanford University.
(February 1986), "Combinatorics, Complexity, and Randomness", Communications of the ACM, New York, NY, USA: ACM, 29 (2): 98–109, :
Knuth, Donald Ervin, , Stanford University.
(), Notices (article), The American Mathematical Society, March 2002.
Knuth, Donald Ervin,
() (Letters) to the patent offices in the USA and Europe.
Shasha, Dennis E Lazere, Cathy A (1998), , Springer, p. 90,  
Koshy, Thomas (2004), , Academic Press, p. 244,   2011
"History of Beta Nu Chapter", , CWRU.
Knuth, Donald Ervin (1963),
() (PhD dissertation), Caltech.
Knuth, Donald Ervin.
Weinberger, Matt (26 April 2016). . < 2016. "If you think you're a really good programmer... read (Knuth's) Art of Computer Programming... You should definitely send me a résumé if you can read the whole thing," read a quote from Bill Gates on the cover of the third edition of the first volume.
Zeilberg, , Rutgers.
Madachy, Joseph S.,Mathematics on Vacation, Thomas Nelson & Sons Ltd. 1966
Knuth, Donald Ervin (1991), 3:16 : Bible texts illuminated, Madison, : A-R Eds,  
. . April .
. Magdalen College 2010.
. . October 30, .
Knuth, Donald Ervin. . Home page.
Knuth, Donald Ervin (June 1957), , Mad Magazine (33).
"Don Knuth",
(conference), Zeeba TV, 2010.
Knuth, Donald Ervin,
(video) (recording), Zeeba TV.
Knuth, Donald Ervin (2010),
(), , 31 (2): 121–24,  
, Siam, 2009.
(in Norwegian).
, retrieved .
Knuth, D. E. (1974). . Amer. Math. Monthly. 81: 323–343. :.
Knuth, D. E. (1992). . Amer. Math. Monthly. 99: 403–422. :.
Knuth, Donald E. (1979). "Mathematical typography". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.). 1 (2): 337–372. :.  .
, : Technion, 1995.
"Galardonados",
(in Spanish), : FBBVA, 2010.
Myers, Andrew (June 1, 2001). . Stanford Report 2011.
Knuth, Donald Ervin, , Home page (list).
Knuth, Donald Ervin, , Home page.
Knuth, Donald Ervin, , Home page.
Knuth, Donald Ervin, , Home page.
Knuth, Donald Ervin, , Home page.
Knuth, Donald Ervin, , Home page
Knuth, Donald Ervin, , Home page
Knuth, Donald Ervin, , Home page
Knuth, Donald Ervin, , Home page
Knuth, Donald Ervin, , Home page
Knuth, Donald Ervin, , Home page.
Knuth, Donald Ervin. . ..
Knuth, Donald Ervin.
Platoni, Kara (May–June 2006). . Stanford Magazine. Archibald, Timothy photogr. Stanford Alumni.. A retrospective of Knuth's life and work, with some rare, recent photos.
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