637208 条评论分享收藏感谢收起赞同 9886 条评论分享收藏感谢收起1.8K69 条评论分享收藏感谢收起更新记录
11月19更新：今日托福考试就命中了我下面让大家回复“知乎”在公众号领取的那套真题里三篇中的第二篇，The Chaco Phenomenon。ETS真是太给面子了...几乎每一个知乎过去的同学都回复了福利领取了这套真题，而今天就华华丽丽地命中了。每一个领取了飞跃计划又认真完成的，也会发现计划中第二周的周末就是要模考这一套题。其实最近除了上周都有真题命中，有时三篇，有时一篇，这次是两篇。太懒惰所以不经常来更新。而其中这一篇每个通过知乎关注我公众号的基本都是领过的。今天考试，却又领了真题或飞跃计划却没做的同学请面壁...今天命中的文章截图：两个月前就在知乎上，相信以前看过我回答的人大多都下过1015更新：珍贵资源，托福15年11月15日真题。（sigh...难道这也不能换来点赞吗？！求赞！）阅读听力写作都有，听力和综合写作的音频清晰，有题目。但是这套题没有答案，我还没空看，只做了阅读的第三篇，因为这篇在今年的7月9日和9月24日都重复考到了。有兴趣的雷锋学霸可以把整套题都做一下把答案公布在评论区，其他人可以看到有答案以后再做。链接： 密码：p8gl说明：所有链接如果访问不存在，请多刷新几次就出来了。（我刷新10次才出来，这是什么原理...！）9.29更新：重磅资料，全科网课。看一眼就知道这些课的价值了，去机构上所以大课包括大多数的高价1对1，其实也就能教这里的一部分东西。缺点就是老了点，拿来了解一下题型就好了。公众号里网课有更新，分为预备，基础，进阶，突破四个阶段，请按需下载。（虽然是非盈利，但是如果被告知侵权，会立即删除。另外领取过阅读飞跃计划的同学，请严格执行，不要再看阅读方面的视频，不需要。）这里放出比较有用的进阶链接，其他的请到微信领取。如果链接挂掉请移步公众号找人手动直接发你。01【预备段】——托福词汇10000链接:
密码: sq5c每个网课都是好几G，百度云又容易封，所以只能压缩文件后上传。【进阶段】——托福阅读冲刺课程 讲师：徐佳慧 课时：15链接:
密码: pz5b【进阶段】——托福听力冲刺课程 讲师：刘韧 课时：15链接:
密码: q36h【进阶段】——托福口语冲刺课程 讲师：于熙窿 课时：15链接:
密码: ai58【进阶段】——托福写作冲刺课程 讲师：廖歆 课时：15链接:
密码: 3rjv我是分界线，由于我最初的教研方向是阅读，所以接下来是阅读专题
先放执行计划后的学生成绩：昨天五个学生出分，27,27,28,30，还有一个没联系上。起码这两个，主要是得益于飞跃计划的认真执行。再放资料（大部分不推荐，请看完全文再挑选）★语法：躺着就能学语法+赖世雄入门语法链接：密码：hnz4加试：正常不算分，阅读也很少遇到链接：密码：ms93 背景知识：阅读和听力背景知识叙述链接：密码：egw8机经常识：到底什么是机经链接：密码：yj2v长难句：十几个文件请自行筛选链接：密码：wls3TPO文章音频：很奇怪会有人需要这个东西链接：密码：mdtw★★OG：托福官方指南第四版（扫描版不是很清楚）链接：密码：2jro440题：3年前考过的词汇题汇总，来自乐闻携尔链接：密码：aulc如果链接挂掉请移步公众号找人手动直接发你。现在是正文专攻托福阅读。托福100以上的人，大多阅读是28-30分。而这个分数，是不可能通过偶然或者技巧达到的。一句话：精读是提高托福阅读的捷径。托福阅读的高分考生有这几种典型：1单词狂。任你说背单词没用，体会不到精髓，浪费时间，我就是把红宝书背了3遍，我就是几乎每个词都认识了，我就是考满分了??2略读王。此党爱好课外阅读，广有涉猎，托福里考的天文地理人文社科这些知识都在广泛阅读的书里看到过，各种句型每个见了不下十遍，没看完文章都可以感觉出来作者的意思。无奈此种方法成效缓慢，这一两个月内就要出成绩的拖延症患者是没机会体验了。3技巧党。此党是国内培训机构的优秀产物，因为培训机构不讲技巧会让人觉得钱白花了，考生也觉得交了这么多钱应该要给我很多读不懂也能做对题的技巧吧？锦上添花考了高分的技巧党也是有的，可是对于大部分考生来说，你们听完题型技巧，考试真的用上多少了么？以上三种类型的人，如果成功考到高分，其实都有一个共同点：他能看懂每个句子的意思。托福的考试形态就是这样，只有结构题和最后一题与所谓的主旨有关，其他所有题目，考的都是单词和句子。也就是说，不管我对主旨的把握多么不够，我只要能看懂本段内的每个句子及其关系，就能考到28分。可是偏偏大部分人看不懂每个句子。他们希望通过整体的理解去做题，通过段落大义的把握去做题，通过技巧规律去做题。就是不想通过看懂文章去做题。——其实托福是题目很简单的考试，如果你题目做错了，大多都是因为你原文没看懂。和雅思不同（不用看太懂也能做对），和国内考研也不同（看懂了也不一定能做对）那么看懂文章难不难呢？是不是需要很长的时间才能做到？并不难，一套精读的训练，通过一个月30x2=60小时，不到20分的考生（连平均水平都不到）就可以升到近28分（少数学生才能到达的水平）而阅读本来就24分左右的学生，30小时就可以达到了。请大家对号入座 ，上过培训班的人，你花了多少小时学技巧？作为将来要去北美高校读书的人，难道想永远停留在“大概看懂意思”的地步麽？下面是问答环节：
到底什么叫做精读呢？1每个生词都查（你觉得中文你都不懂的概念就算了）：这样学到的单词，由于是在文章语境下学习的，印象更深刻，理解也更全面。2每句话都对照翻译读懂（基础语法太差的请自行找人补40分钟长难句）：托福阅读要求的语法知识很低，所以一般基础差的人一小时就能学会。怎么确定精读后真的理解了？精读每段之后，都要把这段的题目做了，如果还会错，很可能说明没有读到位。如何把握句子之间的关系？1有些题目比如简单细节题只考单个句子，还有些细节题推断题尤其是目的题和插入题考察句子之间的逻辑关系，所以需要训练这种能力。2在精读并且完成了一段的题目后，一定要立即重新精读本段。因为之前是边查单词边对照翻译、磕磕绊绊读的，这一边可以连贯读下来。精读具体应该怎么实施？1不同情况的人，精读的策略也不同。基础不好需要先精读后做题，一般情况需要先做题再精读，考前需要先模考再精读。2针对不同水平，我做了两套阅读计划：一个是逆袭计划，我平常自己带学生喜欢用这套，15-25分基础的同学都可以用，通过49天的训练，扎实1单词2句子3逻辑4主旨，周末辅助以题型练习，这样就把重心放在了读懂上，同时也顺带训练了做题，最后会很轻易出高分。靠着这套计划我在当时所在机构近千老师中创了提分记录，如果是暑期学生多的时候几乎每周都被发群发邮件通报表扬一次。其实各个老师讲方法课的水平差距还没有那么大，而一套具体可行，又可靠的计划实施更为重要。一个是飞跃计划，自学能力强的同学可以用这套。20分以上基础就可以使用，30天也会有较大提高，已经收到了很多真实提分反馈。我把这套计划的具体内容放在公众号里了，可以关注后免费领取。（注：每年的更新使计划都有一些改变，和图上不尽相同。）结尾：领取后记得点个赞呀~谢谢！我很喜欢《这本书能让你戒烟》这种逻辑，一站式解决问题，而大部分的托福培训班做不到这一点，因为主要是听课体验为导向，并不是目标为导向。所以我针对托福阅读做了个公众号，名字叫：托福阅读这个号就够了 。这里面有教研资料，有学习社群，和阅读计划。公众号搜索“托福阅读”就可以，排名在最前面。具体精读方法：阅读真题介绍：赞同 89245 条评论分享收藏感谢收起高考英语备考笔记整理高中英语语法权威解析 目录: 第 01 章 名词性从句 第 02 章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解 第 03 章 高中英语语法中的省略现象 第 04 章 主谓一致 第 05 章 动词不定式 第 06 章 倒装结构 第 07 章 定语从句 第 08 章 被动语态 第 09 章 祈使句 第 10 章 感叹句 第 11 章 疑问句 第 12 章 名词 第一章 名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses)。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它 在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从 句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一. 主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语 it 代替，而本身 放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语和 it 引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而 it 引导的 强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词 that。被强调部分指人时也可 用 who/whom。例如： a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。-1-b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not. 我对你成功与否不感兴趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place. 谋杀案是在早上发生的。(强调句型) d) It is John that broke the window. 是 John 打碎的窗户。(强调句型) 2. 用 it 作形式主语的结构 (1) It is + 名词 + 从句 It is a fact that ? 事实是? It is an honor that ?非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that ?是常识 (2) It is + 形容词 + 从句 It is natural that? 很自然? It is strange that? 奇怪的是? (3) It is + 不及物动词 + 从句 It seems that? 似乎? It happened that? 碰巧? It appears that? 似乎? (4) It + 过去分词 + 从句 It is reported that? 据报道? It has been proved that? 已证实? It is said that? 据说? 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况： (1)if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 (2)It is said /reported?结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. 错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (3)It happens/occurs?结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.-2-错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (4)It doesn’t matter how/whether ?结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. 错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. (5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? 错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely? 4. what 与 that 在引导主语从句时的区别 what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语.宾语.表语，而 that 则不然。例如： a) What you said yesterday is right. b) That she is still alive is a consolation 二.宾语从句 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。 1. 作动词的宾语 (1) 由 that 引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如： I heard that be joined the army. 我听说他参军了。 (2) 由 what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如： a) She did not know what had happened. 她不知道发生了什么。 b) I wonder whether you can change this note for me. 我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记。 (3) 动词+间接宾语+宾语从句。例如： She told me that she would accept my invitation. 她对我说她会接受我的邀请。 2. 作介词的宾语，例如： Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 我们的成功取决于我 们之间的合作。 3. 作形容词的宾语，例如： I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake. 我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。-3-注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的 that 从句的看作原因状语从句。 4. it 可以作为形式宾语 it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语 that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复 合宾语的句子中。 例如： We heard it that she would get married next month. 我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。 5. 后边不能直接跟 that 从句的动词 这类动词有 allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive 等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用 that 引导的宾语从句。如： 正确表达：I admire their winning the match. 错误表达：I admire that they won the match. 6. 不可用 that 从句作直接宾语的动词 有些动词不可用于“动词+间接宾语+that 从句“结构中，常见的有 envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate 等。例如： 正确表达：He impressed the manager as an honest man. 错误表达：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. 7. 否定的转移 若主句谓语动词为 think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine 等，其 后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如： I don’t think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。 三. 表语从句 表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语+连系动词+表语从 句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有 be, look, remain, seem 等。引导表语从句的 that 常可省略。另外， 常用的还有 the reason is that? 和 It is because 等结构。例如： 1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time. 2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people. 3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes. 4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus. 四. 同位语从句-4-同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。 1. 同位语从句的功能 同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由 that 引导，例如： 1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. 2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general. 2. 同位语在句子中的位置 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如： He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别 (1) 定语从句中的 that 既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语)，而同位语从句中 的 that 是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。 (2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征;同位 语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如： 1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(他告诉我的消息是汤姆 明年将出国。)(第一个 that 引导的从句是定语从句，that 在从句中作宾语) 2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。)(同位语从 句，that 在句中不作任何成分) 高一英语名词性从句专项练习 1.____he does has nothing to do with me. A. whatever B. No matter what C. That D. If 2. The manager came over and asked the customer how____ A. did the quarrel came about B .the quarrel had come about C. had the quarrel come about D. had the quarrel come about 3. Energy is ____makes thing work.. A. what B. something C. anything D. that 4. Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. A. while B. that C. when D. as-5-5. This is ___the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed. A. there B. in which C. where D. when 6. They have no idea at all____. A. where he has gone B. where did he go C. which place has he gone D. where has he gone 7. The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear ____he would die of the disease. A. that B. which C. of which D. of that 8. The order came ___the soldiers ____the small village the next morning. A.had to leave B. should leave C. /; must leave D. should leave 9. ___is no possibility ____Bob can win the first prize in the match. A. T that B. It; that C. whether D. It; whether 10. The question came up at the meeting_____ we had enough money for our research. A. that B. which C. whether D. if 11. Is _____he said really true? A. that B. what C. why D. whether 12.____the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter. A. That B. Whether C. If D. Where 13. It worried her a bit _____her hair was turning gray. A. while B. if C. that D. for 14. ???_____more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen. A. Whether B. This C. who D. If 15.____he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us. A. What B. That C. Whether D. If 16. ____you don’t like him is none of my business. A. What B. That C. Who D. How-6-17.____all the inventions have in common is ____they have succeeded. A. W what B. T that C. that D. T what 18. ____appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much. A. What B. It C. All that D. That 19. It is widely ______that smoking can cause cancer. A. believed B. think C. say D. hoped 20. ____caused the accident is still a complete mystery. A. What B. That C. How D. Where Keys: 1—5 ABABC 6—10 AABAC 11—15 BBCAB 16—20 BCBAA 第二章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解 &It& 用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英语语法的重点、难点，又是近几年高考的热点，因此应给 予充分的重视，现将 it 用法归纳如下： 一、It 用作实词 表达以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的 this,替代前文中的内容;指代一位性别不明的 小孩或未知的人;指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事;指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象?? 二、It 用作形式主语 替代作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。 It 作形式主语的常见句型： 1. 代作主语的动词不定式，其句型为 (1) It be adj. (for sb.) to do sth. 此处 adj. 通常为描述事件的形容词：easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important, unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, polite, impolite, clear, obvious, certain, suitable, proper, fit, useful, useless, dangerous? 例 It is illegal (for a teenager) to drive a car without a license. (2) It be adj. of sb. to do sth. 此处 adj. 通常为描述人的形容词：kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, considerate, thoughtful, thoughtless, careful, careless, silly, foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy.-7-例 It's kind of you to help me with the problem. (3) It 替代作主语的动名词的常见句型 It's no good/use doing? It's (well)worth doing? It's (well)worth one's while doing/to do? It's (well)worth while doing/ to do 例 It's no use crying over spilt milk. 2. It 替代作主语的从句常见句型 (1) It is + noun +从句 例 It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at office. (2) It is adj. +clause It's surprising that? (should)???竟然?? It's a pity/shame that?(should)???竟然?? 例 It's important that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.(=It's of much importance that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.) (3) It verb sb. + clause= It is v-ing + clause It+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze /bother/concern/frighten/please/anger sb. that? 例 It worried me that she drove so fast.(= It was worrying that she drove so fast.) (4) It verb (to sb.) that?= sb/sth verb to do (verb = appear, seem, come about, emerge, follow, chance, happen, occur, transpire, turn out , work out) 例 It (so) happened/chanced that they were out.(= They happened/chanced to be out.) (5) It is v-ed that?=sb/sth is to do (verb=say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide, determine, intend, plan, understand, know) 例 It is said that the couple have gotten divorced.(=The couple are said to have gotten divorced.)-8-(6) It is v-ed that ? (should)? (verb=demand, request, require, order, suggest, advise, recommend 例 It is suggested that they should begin with the third question. 三、It 作主语的句型 1. It takes sb. ? to do?(=sb takes?to do?)某人用多长时间做某事 例 It took the men a week to mend our roof.(= The men took a week to mend our roof.) 2. It's (just)(un)like sb. to do?(不)像某人做某事的风格 例 It was (just) like him to think of helping us. 3. It's (about/high) time that? should /v-ed?是该做某事的时候了 例 It's(about/high) time that we should take action. 4. It's the x-th time (that) ? have v-ed?第几次做某事了 例 It's the third time that he has failed the driving test. 5. It is/has been? since ?continuous v-ed(延续性动词) 某动作已有多长时间不发生了 例 It's 10 years that he lived here 6. It was(not)? before?过(不)了多长时间某动作发生了 例 It was not long before they arrived. 四、It 作形式宾语 用来替代作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句 尾。 It 作形式宾语的常见句型： 1. verb+ it+ adj./noun (for/of) to do/clause (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep?) 例 I think it hard for you to do the task on your own./I think it hard that you'll do the task on your own. 2. verb+it+adj./noun (one's) doing (adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=no use/no good/worth one's while/a waste of time/money/energy/words) (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep?) 例 I'll make it worth your while telling me about his secret.-9-3. verb+it+ important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essential that ? (should)? verb+it+of much/great/no/little importance that?(should)? (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep?) 例 I think it important that you (should) attendthe conference. 4. verb + it+ as+ noun/adj.+ clause (verb=accept, regard, take, see, view) 例 The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture. 5. v. +it + prep. + that? owe it to sb. that?把?归功于? leave it to sb that?把?留给某人去做 take it for granted that ?想当然 keep it in mind that? 例 Don't bother to arrange anything. Just leave it to me to sort out. 6. It 用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面，尤其是表示好恶的动词后，enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like, see to 宾语从句紧跟 it 之后 例 I hate it you can swim so well and I can't. 7. It 用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面，宾语从句紧跟 it 之后(except that 例外) 例 I'm for it that you will follow their advice. 五、强调句型 It is/was+被强调部分+ that(who)? 强调句型用来强调谓语动词以外的任何句子成分。当被强调部 分是人时也可以用 who。 在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点： 1. 请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句 例 When was it that he changed his mind to take part in the activity? 2. 在强调原因状语从句时，只能强调由 because 所引导的从句 例 It was because he was ill that he didn't come to school yesterday. 3. 在强调 not ? until 结构时必须把 not 与 until 一起放到被强调的位置上- 10 -例 It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my brother. 4. 注意强调句型与定语从句的区别 例 It was at 7 o'clock that he came here yesterday.( 强调句型) It was 7 o'clock when he came here yesterday.(定语从句) 六、It 常用的固定搭配 1. make it (1).在口语当中相当于 succeed,表示：成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达 例 It's hard to make it to the top in show business. (2).在口语中相当于 fix the date for,表示“约定好时间” 例 —Shall we meet next week? —OK. We just make it next Saturday. 2. as it is (1).相当于 in fact, in reality 表示“事实上，实际情况是??” 例 We had planed to finish the task today, but as it is we probably won't finish it until next week. (2).相当于方式状语从句，表示“照原样” 例 Leave the table as it is. 3. as it were 相当于 as one might say, that is to say, 表示“也就是说，可以说，换句话说” 例 He is, as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes. 4. if it weren't for?/if it hadn't been for?用来引导虚拟语气，相当于 without, or but for, 表示“如果不是??，要不是??” 例 If it weren't for Tom, I wouldn't be alive today. 5. that's it (1). 相当于 That's all. That's so much. 表示“至此为止，没有别的了” 例 You can have one more sweet, and that's it. (2). 相当于 That's right.表示“对啦” 例 — I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A”- 11 -—That's it. 6. catch it 在口语中，相当于 be punished/scolded for doing sth. wrong. 表示“因做错事而挨 骂，受责备，受批评，受惩罚” 例 We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class again. 7. have it (1).相当于 say, insist 表示“说，主张，表明，硬说” 例 Rumour has it that they are getting divorced. (2).相当于 get to know something,表示“了解，知道，获悉” 例 I had it from John that she was going abroad. 8. have what it takes 在口语中，相当于 be well qualified for, 表示“具有成功的条件” 例 You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star. 9. so it seems / appears. 10. Keep at it! (Don't give up!)相当于 go on,表示“继续做，不放弃” 例 My teacher asked me to keep at it. 11. Go it! (Go on!) 拼命干, 莽撞 12. Now you have done it! (You have done sth. wrong.) 13. Now you'll catch it! (You'll be punished.) 14. As it happened, ? 在口语中，相当于 it's a pity that?, 表示“真不凑巧，真遗憾” 例 As it happened, they were out. 15. As it turned out,?在口语中，相当于 it was found to be in the end, 表示“最后被证明是” 例 As it turned out, his statement was false. 16. Such as it is(they are) 在口语中，相当于 although it may not be worth much, 表示“虽 然没有多大价值” 例 You can borrow my exam notebook, such as it is. 17. Take it/things easy. 相当于 Don't worry or don't hurry. 用来劝告别人，表示“不要慌， 别担心，存住气” 例 Take it easy! He will do it well.- 12 -18. Take it from me.在口语中，相当于 believe me what I say.表示“请相信我的话，我敢担保” 例 You can take it from me that he will make it this time. 19. For what it is worth?在口语中，相当于 although I'm not sure it's of value, 表示“不 管其价值如何” 例 Here is the article I promise you, for what it's worth. 20. Worth it 在口语中，相当于 useful, 表示“有好处，值得做” 例 Don't hesitate about it! It's worth it. 21. Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你” 例 Believe it or not, Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday. 22. Take it or leave it. v. 要么接受要么放弃 例 That is my last offer. You can take it or leave it. 23. It all depends/that all depends 在口语中，相当于 it hasn't been decided yet, 表示“那 得看情况，还没有定下来” 例 —Are you going to the countryside for holiday? —It/That all depends. 24. It's up to sb. 在口语中，相当于 it's decided by sb. 表示“由??决定，由??负责，取 决于??” 例 —Shall we go out for dinner? —It's up to you. “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配专练 1. Was it during the Second World War_____ he died? A.that B.while C.in which D.then (88) 2. Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day? A.this B.that C.it D.he (89) 3. I don't think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work. A.this B.that C.its D.it (91) 4.Does ______ matter if he can't finish the job on time?- 13 -A.this B.that C.he D.it (91) 5. It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star. A.when , that B.until , that C.until , that D.when , then (92) 6. I was disappointed with the film. I had expected ______ to be much better. A.that B.this C.one D.it (93) 7. It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began. A.while B.which C.that D.since (94) 8. ______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. A.There B.This C.That D.It (95) 9. It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty. A.until B.that C.then D.so (97) 10. I hate_____when people talk with their mouths full. A.it B.that C.these D.them (98) 11. It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are. A.one B.that C.what D.it (2000) 12.I like ___ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. (2004) A. this B. that C. it D. one 13. —Do you like ___ here? —Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice.(全国卷) A. this B. These C. That D. it 14. We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made ___ from some wood. (全国卷) A. it B. One C. Himself D. another 15. The foreign Minister said, & _____ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.&(2004 北京) A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is 16. _____ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress. (2004 北京)- 14 -A. It B. As C. That D. What 17. — How often do you eat out?(2004, 天津) — ________, but usually once a week. A. Have no idea B. It depends C. As usual D. Generally speaking 18. We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn't quite _____ as planed. (2004 浙江卷) A. make out B. turn out C. go on D. come up 19. — What do you want to do next? We have half an hour until the basketball game. —________. Whatever you want to do is fine with me. A. It just depends B. It's up to you C. All right D. Glad to hear that 20. It was ____ back home after the experiment. A. not until midnight did he go B. until midnight that he didn't go C. not until midnight that he went D. until midnight when he didn't go KEYS: 1-5 ACDDB 6-10 DCDBA 11-15 ACDBD 16-20 BBBBC 第三章 高中英语语法中的省略现象 在英语语言中，为了使语言简洁明了，重点突出或上下文紧密相连，可以省去某些句子成分而保持句 子愿意不变，这种语言现象称之为省略。现就英语中的种种省略现象分析如下： 一、并列复合句中的省略 在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。如： a) The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy ) handed it to a policeman. 这个男 孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。 b) Your advice made me happy but(your advice made) Tom angry .你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生 气。 c) Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary (must have been)doing her homework. 汤 姆肯定一直在打篮球，玛丽一直在写作业。- 15 -d) Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao (was born) in 1963.高秀敏出生于 1959 年，傅彪 出生于 1963 年。 二、主从复合句中的省略 1.状语从句中的省略 一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中： 由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once 等引导的时间状语从句;由 whether ,if , unless 等引导的条件状语从句;由 though , although ,even if ,whatever 等引导的让步状语从句;由 as ,than 等引导的比较状语从句;由 as, as if , as though 等 引导的方式状语从句。上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则： 1) 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词 be，这时从句中可出 现如下结构：(1) 连词(as, as if , once)+ 名词; (2) 连词( though, whether , when)+形容词;(3) 连 词(whether, as if ,while )+介词短语;(4) 连词(when , while , though )+ 现在分词; (5) 连词 (when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as ) + 过去分词; (6) 连词(as if ,as though ) + 不定式。如： a) Once (he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer .庞龙曾经是个工 人，现 在变成一位著名的歌手。 b) Work hard when (you are) young ,or you'll regret.趁年轻要努力学习，要不然你会后悔的。 c) He looked everywhere as if (he was)in search of something .他到处看似乎在找什么东西。 d) While (he was) holding talks with President Hu Jintao ,US President George W. Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.美国总统布什在与胡锦涛主席会谈时，感谢中 国在六方会谈中起的重要作用。 e) The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected .这次展览比被预料的有趣的多。 f) Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if (he were) to speak。奥 林匹克金牌获得者跨栏运动员刘翔张开嘴好像要说什么。 注意： 1) 当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，间或也有这样的省略,如： Her father told her to be careful when (she was)crossing the street.当她过马路时父亲告诉 她要当心。 2) 当从句的主语是 it，谓语动词中又含有系动词 be 时 ，可以把 it 和系动词 be 一起省略。此时构 成连词(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容词的结构。如： Unless (it is) necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果没有必要，你最好 不要查字典。 2.定语从句中的省略 1) 一般说来，在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词 that ,which , whom 可以省略;如：- 16 -Is this reason (that) he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?这就 是他在会上解释他工作中粗心的原因吗?(2002 上海春季) 而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 which , whom 不可以省略。试比较： Tom (whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.( whom 可以省) 你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了。 Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill. ( whom 不可以省) 汤姆病倒了，你昨天见到他了。 2)在口语和非正式用语中，关系副词 when ,where , 和 why 经常用 that 来代替，甚至还可省略。 如： a) This is the first time (when/that)he had trouble with the boss.这是他第一次麻烦老板。 b) He wants to find a good place (where/that) we can have a picnic during the “golden week ”holiday .他想找一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方。 c) Could you tell us the reason (why/that)he was so unhappy ? 你能告诉我们他为什么如此不 高兴吗? 3)当先行词为表示方式的 the way 时 ，从句不能用 how 来引导 ，应该用 that 或 in which ，或 将它们全部省略。如： I don't like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her.我不喜欢你嘲笑他的行为。 3.宾语从句中的省略 1)在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中，连词 that 一般可以省略;但如果及物动词后面是由 that 引导 的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句 ，那么只有第一个 that 可以省略。如： a) I think (that) the reform of the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary. 我认为人民币 兑换率的改革是必要的。 b) He said (that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他说《 反分裂国家法》已被通过，而且胡锦涛主席已签署了主席令。 2)由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引导的 宾语从句，可以全部或部分省略。如： a) I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don’t know when (he will come to our city).我知道 NBA 明星要到我们城市来但我不知道他什么时候来。 b) He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why (he wants to move abroad)他想搬迁 到国外但他的父母想知道为什么。 4.在与 suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等词相关的名词性从句中，须用虚拟语气形式“should + 动词原形”，should 可以省略。如： Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year (should) last long in various forms.法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年以各种各样的形式长期持续。 5.主句省略多用于句首。如：- 17 -(It is a ) Pity that I didn’t go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.很遗憾，我昨天没有 去参加玛丽的生日聚会。 6.在答语中，主句可全部省略。如： —Why were you absent from school last Friday ?—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill. —上周五你为什么没有上学? —因为我妈妈病了。 三、简单句中的省略 1.省略主语 1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略 如： (You) Open the door, please. 请开一下门。2) 其它省略主语多限于现成的说法 如： a) (I) Thank you for your help 谢谢你的帮助。 b) (It)Doesn’t matter.没关系。 2.省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分 如： a) (There is) No smoking. 禁止抽烟 b) (Is there)anything else ? 还有其他事吗 ? c) (You come)This way please.请这边走。 d) (Will you) Have a smoke ? 抽烟吗 ? 3.省略宾语 如： —Do you know Mr. Li ? 你认识李先生吗?— I don’t know (him.) 我不认识他 4.省略表语 如： —Are you thirsty ? 你 30 岁了吗? Yes , I am (thirsty). 是的，我是。 5.同时省略几个成分 如： a) —Are you feeling better now? 你觉得好些了吗 ?—(I am feeling ) Much better (now) 好 多了。 b) (I wish) Good luck (to you) .祝你好运/祝你顺利。 四、动词不定式省略，只保留 to 的场合- 18 -1.不定式作某些动词的宾语时，这些动词常见的有：love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean , try , oblige , advise , persuade , agree , want , afford , forget , remember , try , manage 等。如： a)— You should have thanked her before you left . —I meant to ,but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.—你本该在离开前谢谢她。—我本打算这么做，但当我就要离开的时候我 却找不到她了。(2000 上海春) b) You can do it this way if you like to .如果你想做，你可以这么做。 2.不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时，这些动词常见的有：ask , tell ,advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit , forbid ,expect, order ,warn 等。如 ： a) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street ,but his mother told him not to. 男 孩想在街上骑他的自行车，但他母亲不让。(NMET1995) b) She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to (come). 她想来，可是她父母不让。 3.不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时，常见的形容词有：happy, glad ,eager , anxious , willing , ready 等。如： — I will be away on a business trip .Could you mind looking after my cat ? — Not at all.I would be happy to (look after your cat). —我要出差，你能帮我照顾一下我的猫吗?—没关 系，我很愿意。 4.不定式作某些复合谓语时，常见结构如：be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to 等。如： He doesn’t like fish but he used to 他现在不喜欢吃鱼，但过去喜欢。 五、动词不定式 to 的省略 1.主语部分有 to do ,系动词 is 或 was 时 ，作表语的不定式通常省去 to。如： The only thing you have to do is press the button.你必须做的惟一事情是按按钮。 2.作介词 but ,expect ,besides 的宾语，前面又有实意动词 do 时，不定式通常省去 to. 如： He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-“independence” timetable. 他说陈水扁除了推进支持“独立”的时间表外，什么也没有做。 3.主语部分暗含 to do，表语中的不定式通常省去 to。如： All I want (to do) is go to school and study hard .我想要(做)的就是上学，努力学习。 4.当两个或多个不定式并列时，其后的不定式符号可以省略，但有对比关系时不可省略。如： It is easier to say than to do . 说起来容易，做起来难。 5.在 would rather?than? 等结构中，不定式符号常常要省略. 如：- 19 -I would rather stay at home than go to see a film.我宁愿呆在家也不愿去看电影。 6.在 see ,watch ,notice ,hear, listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make, let ,observe 等词后 作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号why (not) do 结构 中, 不定式不带 to。如： a) I saw her enter the room. 我看见她进入了房间 b) Why not join us ?为什么不加入到我们的行列里来呢? 六.其他一些省略结构 1.名词所有格修饰的名词，若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可 以省略。如： We spent the weekend at the Mary's. 我们在玛丽家过的周末。 2.What 和 how 引导的感叹句中，常可省略主语 it 和 be 动词 如： a) What a wonderful victory (it is ) for Tom ! 这对 Tom 来说是个多么大的胜利呀! b) How beautiful (it is ) to be treated like a normal child. 被当作一个正常孩子对待对他 而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。 第四章 主谓一致 主谓一致(Subject- Verb Agreement)，指”人称”和”数方面的一致关系.如: He is going abroad. They are playing football. 可分为:语法一致, 内容一致, 就近一致. (一) 语法一致原则: 即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数. 以下为注意事项: 1. 单数主语即使后面带有 with , along with, together with, like(象), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数. 如: Air as well as water is matter. 空气和水都是物质. No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了两个仆人外, 没有一个人迟来用餐。 2. 用 and 连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念, 谓语动词用单数, 否则用复数. 如: The poet and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人) A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 锤子和锯都是有用的工具. (两样物) 用 and 连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。 3. 不定式(短语), 动名词(短语), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 如: Serving the people is my great happiness.- 20 -为人民服务是我最大的幸福. When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided. 我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。 4. 用连接的并列主语被 each, every 或 no 修饰时, 谓语动词用单数. Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳. No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 没有老师也没有学生开会缺席. Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。 5. each of + 复数代词, 谓语动词用单数. 复数代词+each, 谓语动词用单数.如: Each of us has something to say. 我们每个人都有话要说。 6. 若主语中有 more than one 或 many a/an , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动词仍用单数。 但 more+复数名词+than one 做主语时, 谓语动词仍用复数. 如: Many a boy likes playing basketball. 许多男生都喜欢打篮球. More than one student was late. 不只一个学生迟到 More persons than one come to help us. 不止一个人来帮助我们。 7. none 做主语时,谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数; 但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数,因而谓 语动词要用单数. 如: None of us are (is) perfect. 人无完人。 None of this worries me. 这事一点不使我着急。 8. 名词如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时, 谓语动词必须用复数. 如: His clothes are good. 但这些名词前若出现 a pair of , 谓语一般用单数.如: A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼镜。 9. 形复意单名词如: 以 ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics, 国名如: the United S 报纸名如: the New T 书名如: Arabian Night &天方夜谈&; 以及 The United Nations&联合国& 等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。 10. “a +名词+and a half “, “one and a half + 名词”, “the number of + 名词” 等作主 语时, 谓语动词要用单数. 如: Only one and a half apples is left on the table. 注意: one or two + 复数名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式, 如:- 21 -One or two places have been visited. 参观了一两个地点。 (二) 内容一致原则: 1.主语中有 all, half, most, the rest 等, 以及”分数或百分数+名词”做主语时,谓语动词单复数 取决于连用的名词.如: The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行车， 今天出售。 60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 这个苹果的 60%都被这个小男孩吃了。 Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的苹果都是烂的。 Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了。 2. 不定数量的词组, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of 等 作主语时, 谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如: A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科书已运到。 A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。 3. 加减乘除用单数.如: Fifteen minus five is ten . 15 减去 5 等于 10。 4. 表示时间, 金钱, 距离, 度量等的名词做主语时, 尽管是复数形式, 它们做为一个单一的概念时, 其谓语动词用单数.如: Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一个相当的距离。 5. (1) 通常作复数的集体名词. 包括 police , people, cattle 等, 这些集体名词通常用作复数. 如: The British police have only very limited powers. (2) 通常作不可数名词的集体名词. 包括 equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等. (3) 可作单数也可作复数的集体名词. 包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如: The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. 委员会决定解雇他。 6. the +形容词/过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物, 作主语时, 谓语动词用复数.如: The injured were saved after the fire. (三) 就近原则 1. 由 here, there, where 等引导的倒装句中, (有时主语不止一个时)谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数 上一致.如:- 22 -Here comes the bus 公共汽车来了. Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. 给你一支钢笔和几张纸。 Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away? 你不在这儿的时候, 你爱人和孩子在哪儿呆呢? 2. 用连词 or, either.... or, neither?.nor, not only?.but also 等连接的并列主语, 谓语动 词与靠近它的主语在数上一致。 如： Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 学生和老师都不知道这事. He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的钢笔。 注意: one of +复数名词+who/that/which 引导的定语从句中, 定语从句的动词为复数。如： Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 玛丽是饲养宠物者之一。 The only one of +复数名词+ who/that./which 引导的定语从句中，定语从句的动词应为单数。 Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 玛丽是唯一一个饲养宠物的人。 主谓一致练习 1. About 60 percent of the students _____ from the south, the rest of them _____ from the north and foreign countries. A. are/is B. are/are C. is/are D. are2. Half of the workers here _____ under 30 _____. A. is/years B. are/year old C. is/years old D. are/years of age 3. Now Tom with his classmates _____ football on the playground. A. play B. are playing C. plays D. is playing4. The number of pages in this dictionary _____ about two thousand. A. are B. has C. have D. is5. Thirty dollars _____ too expensive. A. are B. is C. were D. be 6. The audience _____ so large that no seat was left unoccupied in the great hall. A. is B. are C. was D. has 7. The secretary and principal _____ at the meeting now.- 23 -A. are speaking B. is speaking C. were making a speech D. have a speech 8. &If anybody _____, please put down _____ name,& said the teacher to the monitor. A. wants to buy the book/his B. want to buy the book/their C. will buy the book/one's D. wants to have the book bought/her 9. Nothing but one desk and six chairs _____ in the room. A. are B. is stayed C. is D. are left 10. Having arrived at the station, _____. A. it was found that the train had left &nb, B. th, e trai, n had left C. the train was found left D. he found that the train had left 11. Between the two roads _____ a TV tower called &Skyscraper Tower&. A. stands B. standing C. which stands D. stand 12. Either of you _____ going there tonight. A. will B. was C. is D. are 13. You as well _____ right. A. I are B. I am C. as I am D. as I are 14. All but Dick _____ in Class Three this term. A. are B. is C. were D. was 15. -- Shall I wait here for three hours? --Yes. Three hours ___, __ t, , , , , o wait for such a doctor. A. are not very long for you B. is not long enough fo, , , , , r you C. was not long enough for you D. will be too long for you 16. Where to get the materials and how to get them _____ at the meeting. A. have not discussed B. have not been discussed C. has not discussed D. has not been discussed 17. I took mathematics and physics because I think that _____ very important for me to make further research in this field.- 24 -A. what is B. they are C. this D. which are 18. Every student and every teacher _____. A. are going to attend the meeting B. have attended the meeting C. has attended the meeting D. is attended the meeting 19. Three fourths of the bread _____ by Bob, and the rest of the bread _____ left on the table. A. was eaten/were B. were eaten/was 20. This pair of shoes _____. A. is her B. is hers C. are hers D. are her C. were eaten/were D. was eaten/was21.There ______ no life on the moon. A. is said to have B. are said to have C. is said to be D. are said to be 22.A group of ______ are eating ______ and ______ at the foot of the hill A. leaves B. sheeps grasses leaves C. grass leaf D. sheeps grass leafs 23.My family raise a lot of _______, including two______. A. cattles cows B. cows cattle C. cattle cows D. cow, cattles 24.What he says and what he does_______. A. does not agree B. do not agree C. does not agree with D. not agree 25.The boy and the girl each ______ toys. A. have their own B. has their own C. have her own D. has her own 26.She is the only one among the ______ writers who ______stories for children. A. woman, writes B. women write C. women writes D. woman write 27.The railway station is ______from our school. A. two hour`s drive B. two hours` drive C. two hour drive D. two hours drive 28.Mike and John`s ______. A. father is a teacher B. fathers are teachers- 25 -C. father are teachers D. fathers are teacher 29.A great deal of talking and listening that ______ under casual circumstance may seem to be aimless. A. is occurred B. are occurred C. occurs D. occur 30._______ the classroom needs to be cleaned. A. Either the offices or B. The offices and C. Both the office and D. The office and 31.Three-fourths of the homework ______today. A. has finished B. has been finished C. have finished D. have been finished 32.More than 60 percent of the world’s radio programmes ______in England. A. is B. was C. are D. be 33. ______work has been done to improve the people`s living standard A.A great deal of B.A great many C.A large number of D.Many 34.The rest of the magazines ______ within half an hour. A.is sold out B.are sold out C.was sold out D.were sold out 35.There ______ a lot of sugar in the jar. A. has B.have C.is D.are 36. “All ______present and all ______going on well”, our monitor said. A.is is B.are, are C.are is D.is are 37.Yesterday the League secretary and monitor ______ asked to make a speech at the meeting. A.is B.was C.are D.were. 38.Mary as well as her sisters ______ Chinese in China. A.are studying B.have studied C.studies D.study 39.The rich______ not always happy. A.are B.is C.will D.may 40. ______can be done ______done. A.All, have been B.All that ,have been C.All has D.All that ,has been- 26 -41.Either of the plans ______equally dangerous. A.are B.is C.has D.have 42.The police ______the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre. A.is searching B.were searching for C.are searching D.was searching for 43.Your trousers ______dirty, you must have______ washed. A.is it B.are it C.are them D.is them 44.The Olympic games ______held every four ______. A.is years B.are years C.is year D.are year 45.He is the oly one of the students who______elected. A.are B.have C.has D.is 46. ______a good enough price for this book A.Two yuans are B.Two yuan are C.Two yuans is D.Two yuan is 47.No bird and no beast ______in the lonely island A.are seen B.is seen C.see D.sees 48.Every means ______prevent the water from______ A.are used to polluting B. get used to polluting C.is used to , polluted D.is used to ,being polluted 49.Each of the ______in the ship. A.passenger has his own room B. passengers have their own room C.passenger have their own room D.sengers has his own room 50.What we need ______good textbooks. A.is B.are C.have D.has 51.What you said just now______to do with the matter we are discussing. A.have something B.has something C.had something D.was something 52.Either your parents or your elder brother ______to attend the meeting tomorrow.- 27 -A.is B.are C.are going D.have 53.Neither of the novels which ______popular with us ______been translated into Chinese. A.are has B.are have C.is have D.is has 54.Every boy and every girl ______to attend the evening party. A.wish B.wishes C.hope D.are hoping 55._______ has been done. A.nety—nine percents of the work B. Half of what he promised C. Two-fifths of the articles D. Three quarter of the business 答案： 1-5 BDDDB 6-10 ABACD 11-15 ACDAB 16-20 DBCDB 21-25 CACBA 26-30CBACA 31-35 CCADC 36-40CBCAD 41-45 BBCBD 46-50 DBDDB 51-55 BAABB第五章 动词不定式 1 不定式作宾语 1) 动词+ 不定式 afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertake The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。 I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。 2) 动词+不定式;动词+宾语+不定式 ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish- 28 -I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。 I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。 我想让你和汤姆谈话。I want you to speak to Tom. 3) 动词+疑问词+ todecide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。 There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy. 有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。 注意 疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时， 谓语动词用单数。 如： The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。 2. 不定式作补语 1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do) advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, report, request, require, select, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warn a.Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 b.We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。 Find 的特殊用法 Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带 to 的动词不定式。find 后也可 带一个从句。此类动词还有 get，have。 I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn. I found that to learn English is important. 典型例题 The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.- 29 -A. lyingB. lieC. layD. laying答案：A.find 的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在 进行，过去分词表达被动。 2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。 acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学 生之一。 典型例题 Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented答案：A. 由 consider to do sth. 排除 B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。 而 C 为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选 C。 3) to be +形容词 seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean The book is believed to be uninteresting. 人们认为这本书没什么意思。 4) there be+不定式 believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。 注意 有些动词需用 as 短语做补语，如 regard, think believe, take, consider. We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。 Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。 3. 不定式作主语 1) It's easy (for me) to do that. 我做这事太容易了。 easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough- 30 -It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。 It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 当你不用车的时候，锁车是 有必要的。 2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。 kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考 虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的) It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。 注意 1) 其他系动词如，look，appear 等也可用于此句型 2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。 3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用 It is? to?的句型 (对)To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。(错)It is to believe to see. It's for sb.和 It's of sb. 1) for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如 easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible 等： It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。 2) of sb 的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如 good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。 It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。 for 与 of 的辨别方法 用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用 of，不通则用 for。如：You are nice. (通顺，所以应用 of)。He is hard. (人是困难的，不通，因此应用 for。) 4. 不定式作表语 不定式可放在 be 动词后面，形成表语。例如： My work is to clean the room every day. His dream is to be a doctor. 5. 不定式作定语- 31 -不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如： I have a lot of work to do. So he made some candles to give light. 6. 不定式作状语 1) 目的状语 To? only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)? as to? (如此??以便??) He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。 I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。 2) 作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。 What have I said to make you angry. He searched the room only to find nothing. 3) 表原因 I'm glad to see you. 典型例题 The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___. A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on答案：B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于&形容词+ 动词不定式&结构的末尾。 用作介词的 to to 有两种用法：一为不定式+动词原形; 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即 to+ 名词/动名词：admit to 承认，confess to 承认，be accustomed to 习惯于，be used to 习惯于， stick to 坚持， turn to 开始， 着手于， devote oneself to 献身于， be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望，pay attention to 注意 省 to 的动词不定式 1) 情态动词 ( 除 ought 外，ought to)： 2) 使役动词 let, have, make：- 32 -3) 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等 后作宾补，省略 to。 注意 在被动语态中则 to 不能省掉。 I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night. 4) would rather，had better： 5) Why? / why not?： 6) help 可带 to，也可不带 to, help sb (to) do sth： 7) but 和 except：but 前是动词 do 时，后面出现的动词用不带 to 的动词不定式。 8) 由 and, or 和 than 连接的两个不定式，第二个 to 可以省去： 9) 通常在 discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等词后， 可以省去 to be： He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。举例：He wants to move to France and marry the girl. He wants to do nothing but go out. 比较：He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 典型例题 1) ---- I usually go there by train. ---- Why not ___ by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going答案：D. why not 后面接不带 to 的不定式，因此选 D。 2) Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning答案：B. make 后接不带 to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。 动词不定式的否定式 Tell him not to shut the window? She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。 典型例题 1) Tell him ___ the window.- 33 -A. to shut notB. not to shutC. to not shutD. not shut答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为 tell sb not to do sth. 2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by. A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen答案：A。 pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为 pretend not to do sth.。 3) Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为 warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词 never. 4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to答案：A。not to 为 not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用 to 这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。 及物动词 do 后应有名词、代词等，否则不对，因此 B，D 不对。 5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation. A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating答案：C。warn 一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为 be warned not to do。 不定式的特殊句型 too?to? 1) too?to 太?以至于?He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。 ---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗? ---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。 2) 如在 too 前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为& 不太&。 It's never too late to mend. (谚语) 改过不嫌晚。 3) 当 too 前面有 only, all, but 时，意思是：非常? 等于 very。 I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。 He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。- 34 -不定式的特殊句型 so as to 1) 表示目的;它的否定式是 so as not to do。 Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不 丢掉他的工作。 Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。 2) so kind as to ---劳驾 Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。 不定式的特殊句型 Why not &Why not +动词原形&表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：&为什么不???& &干吗不???& 例如：Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假? 不定式的时态和语态 时态\语态 主动 被动 一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be doing 完成式 to have done to have been done 完成进行式 to have been doing 1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的 动作之后。 He seems to know this. I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。 2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。 I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. He seems to have caught a cold. 3) 进行时： 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。 He seems to be eating something. 4) 完成进行时： She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.- 35 -动名词与不定式 1) 动名词与不定式的区别： 动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的 不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的 2) 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。 3) 动名词与不定式语义不同的有 11 组： stop to do stop doing forget to do forget doing remember to do remember doing cease to do cease doing try to do try doing go on to do go on doing afraid to do afraid doing interested to do interested doing mean to do mean doing regret to do regret doing begin/start to do begin/start doing 特殊词精讲 stop doing/to do stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。 stop doing 停止做某事。 They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。 I must stop smoking. 我必须戒烟了。 典型例题 She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path. A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest- 36 -答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择&stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事&。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以 stop doing sth.不正确。 stop doing/to do forget doing/to do forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做) forget doing 忘记做过某事。 (已做)The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记 关了。(没有做关灯的动作) He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。( 已做过关灯的动作) Don't forget to come tomorrow. 别忘了明天来。(to come 动作未做) 典型例题 ---- The light in the office is still on. ---- Oh, I forgot___. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off答案：C。由 the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用 forget to do sth. 而 forget doing sth 表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。 remember doing/to do remember to do 记得去做某事 remember doing 记得做过某事 (未做) (已做)Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。 Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗? regret doing/to do regret to do regret doing 对要做的事遗憾。 (未做) 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。 (已做)I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。 I don't regret telling her what I thought. 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。 典型例题- 37 ----You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. ---Well, now I regret ___ that. A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done答案：D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感 到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选 D。 cease doing/to do cease to do cease doing 长时间，甚至永远停做某事。 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个部门已不复存在。 The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by. 姑娘们在老师走过时， 停了会聊天。 try doing/to do try to do try doing 努力，企图做某事。 试验，试着做某事。You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。 I tried gardening but didn't succeed. 我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。 go on doing/to do go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。 go on doing 继续做原来做的事。After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后，他接着去做物 理。 Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后，接着做 其他的练习 be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do 不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为&怕&; be afraid of doing 担心出现 doing 的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成的，意为&生怕，恐怕&。 She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake. 她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。- 38 -She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。 She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。 be interested doing/to do interested to do interested in doing 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道发生了什么事。 (想了解) I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that? 我对在瑞士工 作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? (一种想法) mean to doing/to do mean to do 打算、想mean doing 意味着 I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。 To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 赠加工资意味着增加购买力。 begin(start) doing/to do begin / start to do sth begin / start doing sth. 1) 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用 doing. How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴? 2) begin, start 用进行时时，后面动词用不定式 to do I was beginning to get angry. 我开始生起气来。 3) 在 attempt, intend, begin, start 后接 know, understand, realize 这类动词时，常用不定式 to do。 I begin to understand the truth. 我开始明白真相。 4) 物作主语时 It began to melt. 感官动词 + doing/to do- 39 -感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性;+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调&我看见了&这个 事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday. (强调&我见他正干活&这个动作)昨天我见他正在花 园里干活。 典型例题 1) They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow答案：A. 因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用 see sb do sth 的句型。 2) The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play答案：A. 本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用 see sb. doing sth 句型。 第六章 倒装结构 一 全部倒装 全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。 常见的结构有： 1. here, there, now, then, thus 等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用 be, come, go, lie, run。例如： 1) There goes the bell. 铃声渐渐消失了。 2) Then came the chairman. 然后主席就来了 3) Here is your letter. 这是你的信。 2. 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。例如： 1) Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轰炸机下面发出了一颗导弹。 2) Ahead sat an old woman. 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如： 1) Here he comes. 他来了。 2) Away they went. 他们走了。- 40 -二 部分倒装 部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动 词，则需添加助动词 do, does 或 did，并将其置于主语之前。 1. 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如 no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until? 等。例如： 1) Never have I seen such a performance. 我从来没看过这样的表演。 2) Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 你在哪儿都不会找到这个问题的答案。 3) Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 妈妈直到孩子睡着才离 开房间。 注意：当 Not until 引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。 注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。例如： 1) I have never seen such a performance.我从来没看过这样的表演。 2) The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房 间。 2. 带有否定意义的词放在句首，语序需要部分倒装。常见的词语有： not , never , seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly ? when , no sooner ?than ?等。例如： 1) Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. 他不仅拒收 了礼品，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。 2) Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她刚要出门时有个学生来找她。 3) No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 她刚要走时一个学生来看 她。 注意：只有当 Not only? but also 连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的 Not only? but also 仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。例如： Not only you but also I am fond of music. 我和你都喜欢音乐。 3