要拿雅思6分，怎样准备？_百度知道
要拿雅思6分，怎样准备？
我现在自测的水平大概也就4.5~5分左右吧~没有考过46级。学校课业繁忙，每天只有晚上的时间最充裕。可我必须要在3月份之前考到雅思四门6分！我具体该如何准备呢？？希望有经验的能帮助我！先谢谢了！！！
我在暑假有参加过一个月的雅思培训班~我现在大二~
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第一，你要开始背四六级的词汇，一般来说，雅思听力口语作文只考这部分词汇，所以现在还不晚~第二，你买慎小嶷的十天突破系列，我就是在考试前几天，还在看那两本书~第三，你买黑眼睛系列，练习听力，因为听说那个比雅思真题难，所以只要练好那个应该没问题~第四，就是要每天多练习口语了~小小意见，仅供参考~
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你要各单项都达到六分么？这个不是太简单，你现在是高中生么？如果你目前是5分的水平那么自己复习达到5.5分希望比较大，要是四项都到六分说实话不太容易，我建议你可以利用晚上的时间参加一期英语培训班，这样效果会比较显著，我知道世纪雅思还不错，他们有周末班和晚班还有日版，你可以根据你自己需要的目标分数来制定一个详细的学习计划，祝你成功哦~~
先去准备听力词汇，具体的听力词汇也就3000来个，不是量，是保质的情况下，就是这3000个要很熟悉，阅读就去买剑桥3……6都要做好，考前要关注一些雅思机经。说就看发挥吧，但具体的一些话题要准备好作文，考前一定要背好5篇教育，社会，科技，政府政策，大众媒体，法律和犯罪这几类的一定要重点了解
你的情况很紧急啊，我觉得目前就是应该多做题了，各相关考题都尝试一下，并且就按雅思正规考试那样去规定时间。另外，再报一个强化班也是必须的，环球雅思、北京雅思都可以，貌似还在搞活动楼主要努力啊，相信一定会通过的
去环球雅思咨询下吧我之前在宁波环球雅思学过那边的老师很好的帮我制定了学习计划现在准备雅思很有信心
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This is especially true when it comes to those who only got band 6.5 but indeed demand band 7.0。 有时候，6.5 分到 7 分的距离，小作文起了决定性的作用。 按照剑桥雅思的分类，小作文可为：柱状图(bar chart)，饼图(pie chart)，曲线图(line graph)， 表格(table)，地图(map)和流程图(processing chart)。当然，这只是按照这些图表的属性和特 征来归类。 为什么我要费那么多笔墨在这个人所共知的问题上面呢？经过我 1 个月的练习和 研究，我发现，如果按照这样的归类，我们得总结出 6 套相对应的模版(句型和词汇)。其实 这样是吃力不讨好， 事倍功半的， 因为这样的归类方法严重地影响了我们的复习方案和练习 计划，而且并没有很好地反应出 task 1 的本质要求。 我的个人认为，应该把柱状图，饼图，曲线图和表格看作一个总体，然后区分出是纵向比较 还是横向比较（下面会继续解释它们的区别和应对方案） ；然后地图题是一类，流程图是另 外一类。也就是说按照本人的经验，task1 小作文按照图表的本质应该分为：横向比较，纵 向比较，地图题和流程图。 Part 1 纵向比较和横向比较 由于雅思写作 task 1 中，柱状图，饼图，曲线图和表格占了绝大多数，所以这个板块应该作 为复习的重点。每当我们拿到题目的时候，我们第一件事应该做什么？对，看图表（果然是 一句废话）！其实我的意思是，我们得首先观察它们究竟是：不同物体在同一时间点的比较 ！ （即横向比较） ，还是单一物体在不同时间点的比较（即纵向比较） 。这一点非常非常非常非 常非常重要！！因为不同的比较，有着不同的内在比较关系。详细分析如下 ！ 横向比较：由于没有时间的变动，因此不存在物体或数据的波动，也就是说，那些描述变化 趋势、描述变化特征的词汇和句型完全不适用。此时此刻，我们要 focus 的是 ? 首先我们要找出极值（最大值和最小值） ? 然后客观地、略有筛选地描述剩余数据（若数据太多，则有所侧重；若数据不多，则全部 描述） ? 接着就是高潮了--找出不同数据之间的共同特征和大小比较（比如说，谁和谁一样大/小， 谁是谁的几分之几，谁是谁的多少倍） ? 高潮过后，就需要有一个意犹未尽但有心无力的总结 纵向比较：顾名思义，就是由于时间的推移，不同物体和数据之间发生了量的变化，也就是 说，这时候关于描述变化趋势和变化特征的词汇和句型就用得上了。此时此刻，我们要 concentrate 的是 ? 首先客观描述变化的大体趋势（是升高了还是降低了，是多了还是少了） ? 然后描述变化的具体特征（是怎样增加的，是怎样减少的，幅度如何，速率如何） ? 接着找出变化趋势相似的不同物体，然后客观描述一下，以减少单词和词汇的重复使用， 避免 ? 同样，这里也需要一个纵横全局的归纳和总结 说了那么多，估计你们也看烦看腻了。毕竟很多人都想着一蹴而就，想着尽可能多背单词多 抄句型。好吧，闲话不多说，上货！请大家验明正身！ ！ 程度副词 多于：More than, just over, over 少于：Less than, just under 几乎：Approximately, almost, nearly完全：Exactly, precisely 表示列举 data/information 句型 1. Overall, A has the largest number of 名 词 (NO1) and B the smallest (NO2). C and D both have NO3; E has NO4. Overall, Sweden has the largest number ofenrolled students (17) and Syria the smallest(5). France and Spain both have 12 Germany has 11. It is noticeable that France and Germany have s imilar profiles. 2.A has the most+ 名 词 +doing (NO1); B is next with NO2, while C has NO3. D and E have ( 相 同) NO4 each Sweden has the most students studyingCAD (9); Spain is next with 7, while France has 6. German y and Syria have 4 CAD students each. 3.According to the pie chart, A, which is %, is the most?among the total?, then next is B with %, ? ? ? ? followed by C, making up %; and finally come E, F and G at %, %, % respectively. According to the pie chart, chicken, which is 40%, is the most popular among the total meat sold, t hen next is pork with 20%, followed by beef, making up 18%; and finally come lamb, fish and oth er at 15%, 5% and 2% respectively. 纵向比较 1.Experience/witness/see/enjoy+修饰词(最高级)+增加/减少/震荡 Experience/enjoy + a significant/the most dramatic + decrease/increase 增加: increase, growth, rise 减少: decrease, drop 快速: dramatic, drastic 缓慢: gradual, steady, slow 大幅: significant, substantial 小幅: moderate, slight 震荡: considerable/marked/sharp/minor fluctuation 2.The number of? was No1 in Yr and rose/reduced by % to No2 ? ? The number of miles that car traveled was 3199 in 1985 and rose by 50% to 4806 in the subsequen t years. 增加/上升: increase, rise, grow 急促上升: jump, soar to, surge to 减少/下降: decrease, drop, decline 急促下降: plummet to, plunge to 3.主语+上升/减少 to? or 主语+上升/减少 by ? ? 4.The percentage/proportion/number of is 修饰词 larger/ smaller than that of 修饰词 明显: substantially, obviously 轻微: slightly, moderately 5.A 修饰词 increase/decrease occurred 修饰词 大幅: considerable, significant, substantial 小幅: moderate, slight 6.表示不变的状态：主语 remain constant/unchanged/stable/steady at 表示趋势的句型 1.there is a downward/ upward/ opposite/ general/ dominant trend 下降的/上升的/相反的/总体的/主要的趋势 2.?tend to be more/less preferred 倾向越来越受(不)受欢迎 ? ? As can be seen from the table, walk and certain short-distance transportation, such as cycled and l ocal bus tend to be less preferred. 3.There is a considerable increase/decrease in? ? ?There is a considerable increase in total miles by all modes of transportation, compared with the d ata (4,740 miles) in 1985. 表示比较增长或减少趋势 B also rose/increased/grew during this period, but less sharply decreased/declined/dropped The sales of games software also rose during this period, but less sharply.Sales increased from abo ut 13 billion dollars in 2000 to just under 20 billion dollars three years later. 表示相同相似变化趋势的句式 A similar situation was seen in the?, where ? ? A similar situation was seen in the wholesale and retail trade sector, where the number of women r ose from about 550 000 in 1975 to almost 800 000 two decades later. There are some similarities between A and B Be similar to/ A has something in common with B 表示变化特征的词汇表示超过的词语 Outnumber 比?多，在数量上超过 ? ? In this profession, women outnumber men by two to one. = there are twice as many women as men 在这个行业，女性人数是男性的两倍 The number of men outnumbered women by four to one. 我们的人数以 4 比 1 超过他们 Exceed 超过?数量 ? ? The price will not exceed $100. Overtake (在数量或重要性方面)大于，超过 Nuclear energy may overtake oil as the main fuel. 表示连续的时间段 1.over a span of? years ? ? = over the period from?to? ? ? ? ? = in the years between?and? ? ? ? ? 2.during the same period 3.in the No. years spanning from 19xx through 19xx = from?to?within the 5 years period ? ? ? ? 4.from then on = from this time onwards = in the subsequent years. 横向比较 1.? 程 度 副 词 doubled/trebled ? ? 三 倍 /quadruple 四 倍 /halve 减 半 (NO. vs NO.), while?doubled/trebled/quadrupled/halved which were 数 字 (年 份 ) and 数 字 (年 ? ?份) respectively. The figure by long distance bus more than doubled during the same period (54 miles vs. 124 miles ), while the miles by taxi trebled which were 13 miles and 42 miles respectively. 2.表示DA 占总体的多少‖或DA 为 B?倍‖或DA 为 B 的?分之?& ? ? ? ? ? ? 3.?数字(A+B), of which A were?and B were? ? ? ? ? ? ? Italy received 20 million visitors, of which 1.2 million were from the UK and 1.8 million were fro m the USA. 4. ?had a higher/lower total number of 名词 than any of the other+名词 ? ? France had a higher total number of visitors than any of the other countries on the list. 表示比较的句型 1.likewise,句子. 同样地，? ? ? Likewise, the use of other, unspecified, forms of transport also increased. 2.By contrast/In comparison,句子. 相反地，? ? ? By contrast, the long distance vehicle enjoyed a significant increase over the period, spanning fro m 1985 to 2000, although there exists some differences. In comparison, student expenditure in country C was considerably lower, at only US$1500 per yea r 3.compared with the data (数字) in 年份,句子. 与?相比较，? ? ? ? ? Overall, there is a considerable increase in total miles by all modes of transportation, compared w ith the data (4,740 miles) in 1985. 4.?had half/twice/triple? ? ? times as many 可数名词 as?, but/yet the number of?and?was the same. ? ? ? ? ? ? Australia had half asmany visitors asThailand (3 million vs6 million), butthe number of visitors tot hose countries from the UK and the USA was the same, 0.3 million. 5.句子, while 句子. 12 million Americans visited Canada while 5.5 million visited Mexico. 6.?had a higher/lower total number of?than any of the other+名词复数 ? ? ? ? France had a higher total number of visitors than any of the other countries on the list. 表示D%‖的词语 百分比：percentage, proportion, share 高：High, large C highest, largest 低：low, small―lowest, smallest 表示D占%‖的词组 正向：A constitute/occupy/account for/compose/comprise B A 占 B 的% 负向：% of B be composed of A (总体)有%的(某一元素) % of 名词 be composed of (总体)有%的(某一元素) Around 15% of our diet is composed of protein. 我们的饮食中大约有 15%的蛋白质 composes (某一元素)构成总体的% Christians compose around 2.5% of the country’s population 基督教徒占这个国家人口的 2.5% Comprise 构成Older people comprise a large proportion of those living in poverty. Constitute 构成 Constitute around 60% of the total/a larger percentage (around 20%) of Constitute the majority of the labour force. 占劳动力的大多数 Occupy 占据 Dry lands occupy a third of the world’s surface. 陆地占了地球表面的三分之一 Account for (数量上，比例上)占 The Japanese market accounts for 35% of the company’s revenue. 日本市场占公司收入的 35%. 对了，差点忘了，要区分数据是 data 还是 percentage.这个决定了相对应的词汇如果大家能够熟练地掌握我上述的总结和归纳的话， 相对对于以上四种图表一定能够得心应 手了 Part 2 地图题 地图是最近比较流行的题目，本人连续考的 4 次雅思写作里面，居然有两次都是地图题（12 月 11 日和 2 月 26 日） 。不过对于应付这种题型，大家不用害怕，其实没什么大不了的。慎 小嶷最近的新书《十天突破写作完整真题库》里面的 DAY 1O(page 297~318)，有详细的归 纳。以下内容均为摘抄该书的章节。恳请大家尊重别人的知识产权，在没有得到原作者允许 的情况下，请勿用于商业用途~~ 表示DA 位于‖ A is located/situated/lies? ? ? A is just off the road to? A 就在通向某地的路边上 ? ? A is right at the center of? A 就在?的正中央 ? ? ? ? 表示DA 靠近或者紧挨着 B‖:A is next to/near/close to 表示DA 在距离 B 某一面?公里处‖ ? ? A is located/situated/lies?kilometers/miles to the east/west/north/south of B ? ? 表示DA 位于 B 内的某个部分‖ A is located/ situated/ lies in the eastern/western/northern/southern part of B 表示DA 在 B 的某个角上‖ A lies/is located/is situated on/at the east/west/north/south/corner of B 表示D剩下的‖部分：The rest of the? ? ? 表示D道路通向/河流流向某处‖: The road runs from?to? ? ? ? ? The river runs/ flows from?to? ? ? ? ? 表示D沿着河流/道路‖:Along with river/road Alongside the river/road 表示DA 在道路或者河流的某一侧‖ A is located/situated/lies on the north/south side of the river/ the road e.g. situated on the south side of the River Thames, this hotel offers its guests an ideal location in c entral London 表示DA 与 B 仅一河之隔/仅一路之隔‖:A is right across from B 表示DA 在道路或河流的南北端‖ A is located/situated/lies on the north/south end of the river/the road表示DA 在 B 的对面‖:A is opposite B 表示DA 在 B 某一侧的边界上‖ A is located/situated/lies on the eastern/western/northern/southern border of B 表示DA 在 B 某侧的边缘上‖ A is located/situated/lies on the eastern/western/northern/southern edge of B 表示DA 朝北/朝南/面朝公园等‖ A faces north/south A faces towards the north/ the south A faces a park 表示D斜向的方位‖: 东北 north-east 东南 south-east 西北 north-west 西南 south-west 表示建筑物的布局：Layout 指一个建筑物周边的环境：The surroundings of a building 表示DA 占据了某个空间‖：A occupies 表示 A 由几个不同的部分组成：A consists of/ is composed of/ is made up of B, C and D 表示 A 的长度是：The length of A is?=A is?in length ? ? ? ? 表示 A 的宽度是：The width of A is?=A is?in width ? ? ? ? 表示 A 的面积是：A is?in area ? ? The farm is 50 kilometers in area The building almost doubled in floor area. 表示大约：approximately, roughly, about, around 表示一块地：a patch of land/ a stretch of land 表示从 A? 延伸到? extended/ stretched from?to? ：A ? ? ? ? The park extended from Main Street to King George Street This period stretched from the mid-eighteenth century to the late nineteenth century 表示比较，D与?所不同的是‖ ? ? Unlike A, B Compared with A, B A?while/ whereas B? ? ? ? ? In comparison/ in contrast/ by contrast, B 表示可以D使用‖：available 表示可以D容纳‖：can accommodate 表示理论上讲：in theory, theoretically, hypothetically 表示但事实上：but in reality/ however, realistically/ yet in practice/ but in fact/ as a matter of fact, though 表示在某处建造了 A：A was built in=was constructed in=was established in 表示在某处又增建了 A：A was added to=an addition was made to?,which was A ? ? 表示改动原建筑或原场地：v. change/ modify/ remodel n. change/modification/remodeling 表示 A 被改造成了 B：A was turned into/ was transformed into/ was converted into B 表示 A 被搬走或拆掉：A was removed/ demolished/ taken down from? ? ? 表示 A 被 B 取代了：A was replaced by B/ A made way for B 表示 A 的面积缩小：the size of A was reduced to only half of/ one third of the original size表示 A 的面积扩大:A was expanded to twice its size=the size of A almost doubled 表示 A 向 XX 方向延伸：expand/extend northward/southward/eastward/westward 表示 A 经历了：A experienced/ witnessed/saw 起初：at first=initially=in the beginning=originally 接着：then=next=after that=in the following stage=in the next/subsequent period=afterward 在这个阶段：at this point=in this phase=in this stage 最终：finally=eventually=in the end Part 3 流程图 对于流程图，本人从来没有准备过。我觉得没必要捡了芝麻丢了西瓜。毕竟它出现的频率很 低，而且几乎很难准备。有见及此，对于那些在考试当中遇到流程图的烤鸭们，我只能说： D不要慌，不要怕，前面就是天堂，一路走好！ ！‖ TASK 2 大作文 Part 1. 考官是怎么改卷子的？ 知己知彼，百战百胜，所以D考官是怎么改卷子的，他以什么为标准的评分‖的尤为重要。经 过朋友的介绍，我认识了 Steward，他是一位资深的写作老师和改卷老师，在悉尼大学语言 中心工作(那些在悉尼的朋友，如果想找他的话，请给我留言，我有他的联系方式)。我上了 他两小时的课，他帮我改了 12 篇大作文和 2 篇小作文。我觉得这短短的两小时，远远比上 什么新东方新航道环球雅思什么保 7 班精品班重要得多得多。after all，很多中国雅思老师 还是处于意淫阶段。 看着他改了 12 篇文章，发现他改作文的模式非常非常的 mechanical，他说考官一般会在 1 小时内改六份作文 （including task 1 and task2） 那就是说平均 5 分钟改一篇。 ， 在这五分钟里， 他 就 死 死 地 盯 着 评 分 规 则 ， 从 task response, coherence and cohesion, lexical resources, grammatical range and accuracy 这四个 方面评分。而且让我无比深刻的是：雅思是一门语言能力考试，它侧重于测试学生的语言表 达能力，而不是思维能力。记住：核心词是语言表达！ ！ Part 2. 雅思写作 7 分是什么样的概念 以下是雅思写作的 7 分标准 (a). task response: ? addresses allparts of the task ? presents a clear position throughoutthe reponse ? presents, extend and supports main ideas, but there may be a tendency to over-generalise and/or s upporting ideas may lack focus. 用中文最简单的理解是：首尾都要回答问题，允许泛泛而谈。这就是说，我们没必要花太多 的精力去考虑观点是否绝对严谨是否意义深刻， 关键是要告诉考官你的思考逻辑。 这就是剑 桥雅思的魅力，它要考你的不是你的思维能力，而是你的语言表达能力。哪怕在 ridiculous 的观点，只要你能用最恰当的语言去表达，你也可以同样得 7 分（当然，如果你的目标是 8 分，你就当我痴人说话吧） 。还有就是说，很多题目本身包含很广泛的概念，很多大学教授 用十几万字都解释不清的关系， 怎么就能让我们这些门外汉用三言两语就解释好呢。 说了这 么多，我想说的是，如果你从一开始就习惯背诵满分作文，习惯复制别人的观点，这样的复 习方法会很吃力（我不敢说是错的，那是确实低效，甚至有赌博成分） ，事倍功半。毕竟我们都是正常人， 我们都有自己的思考能力和理解能力， 我们说的每一个观点都是 make sense， 不 make sense 的是我们没把那个观点说清楚。 (b). coherence and cohesion ? logically organisesinformation and ideas, there is clear progression throughout ? lises a range of cohesive devicesappropriately although there may be some under-or over use ? presents a clear topicwithin each paragragh 用中文最简单的意思是：分段分点，每点之前必须有连接词。这一点非常非常容易达到（我 总结了大量这样的词汇，明天或者后天上传上来） 。然后那个考官最为推介的范式（以 argumentation 的题目为例，因为 report 类的文章更死板了） ：开头段+主体段（让步一段，支 持（反对）两段）+结尾段。其实说白了，就是我们最熟悉不过的模版。 也就是说，模版是 非常有用的，之所以变成没用（serve no helpful purpose）是因为用模范的那个人没有用（想 起粤语里面的一句歇后语，叫D太监撒尿‖） 。至于怎么用模版才能变得不落于俗套，下文回 答问题 7 的时候会有详细分析。 (c). lexcial resource ? uses a sufficient rangeof vocabulary to allow some flexibility and precision ? uses less common lexical itemswith some awareness of style and collocation ? may produce occasional errosin word choice, spelling and/or word formation 用中文最简单的意思是：足够就好，不需要多；一两个大词就够，不需要滥。一说到单词， 相信我们并不陌生，甚至认为学英语就是背单词，写作就是单词的选美与堆砌。尽管我们都 知道这是不对的，但是依旧默默地坚持着，比如说背诵一大堆同义词代换，一大堆除了莎士 比亚见过之外其他人都没见过的大词。 这样的复习会很累而且会逐渐把雅思写作从逻辑表述 变成词汇大杂烩。至于何谓是足够的单词，何谓是 less common lexical items，这就是问题 6 的范畴了。经过我写了大概 30 篇雅思作文，我觉得我们需要的词汇其实真的不多（我的词 汇表一定会 upload 上来，估计在明天或者后天） 。我想说的是，记单词最好的方法是，把单 词放到句型或者例句上面来， 然后句型或者例句一定要与雅思写作 topic 相关。 如果不相关， 证明那个词就算记住了，也不会用。 (d). Grammatical range and accuracy ? uses a variety of complex structures ? produces frequent error-free sentences ? good control of grammar and punctuation but may make a few mistake has 用中文最简单的意思是：句子结构多样性和允许语法错误的存在。对于句子结构多样性，这 一点， 我觉得我们中国学生肯定没问题的， 什么定语从句， 什么名词性从句， 什么状语从句， 倒装句，虚拟语态，被动语态等，我们只会过犹不及。从我的个人经验来看，我有时候会把 定语从句和同位语从句搞乱 （并不是我们不知道有什么不同， 而是一紧张就很容易忽视了） 。 说到语法错误， 我可以说， 我们中国学生最最最常犯的语法错误都是非常低级 （请参考 part.4 内容） 。 Part 3. 雅思写作 7 分所需要的词汇 (a). 雅思写作必备连词--只要掌握了这些连词，就能符合到 coherence and cohesion 7 分以上 的要求 以下为英语写作(雅思写作，学术论文等)必备的连词汇总。以下的内容参考了悉尼大学本科学生 orientation handbook 里面关于如何 preparing for essays 的总结，再加上本人的积累。有 些连词与下面的句型汇总重合， 请以句型汇总为重点。 对于应该雅思写作和大学学术论文绝 对绰绰有余，希望能帮助大家。 为了更好地分享我的经验，我将以下的词语划分成三组 ? 用下划线 highlight 的是适用那些总感觉雅思写作写不长、写不满 250 字、需要灌水的同学 ? 用粗体 highlight 的是适用于那些每次都写得太长、写爆格，务实的同学 ? 用斜体 highlight 的是适用于那些有强烈大词欲，渴望用大词整死考官的同学 ? signal sequence or addition To Accordingly, actually, additionally, afterwards, again, also, and, another, as was previously stated, as well as, at the same time, besides this, consistent with this, correspondingly, equally important, finally, further, furthermore, in addition, in a like manner, in the first place, in the same way, inclu ding, initially, last, likewise, more importantly, moreover, next, originally, overall, primarily, simil arly, to begin with, too, what is more. ? signal time To After, afterward, as long as, at first, at last, at length, at the same time, before, concurrently, curren tly, during, finally, following, immediately, in the future, in the meantime, last but not least, later, meanwhile, next, once, presently, rarely, simultaneously, sometimes, subsequently, then, this time, until, until then, whenever, while. ? To show results Accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in other words, in that case, it follow s that, it is evident that, otherwise, owing to, resulting from this, so it can be seen that, that being t he case, therefore this implies, this suggests that, thus, under these circumstances. ? To introduce evidence/support/reasons Contradictory to this, contrarily, in support of this, it follows, this is clear because, the evidence fo r?is, the reasons for?are, this is supported by, to affirm this, to attest to this, to corroborate, to exp ? ? ? ? lain, to further confirm, to further verify, to list, to substantiate this, in substantiation. ? To signal repetition, summary, or conclusion Accordingly, all in all, all together, as a final point, as a result, as I have noted, as indicated earlier, as mentioned, as previously stated, as we have seen, briefly, by and large, consequently, finally, gi ven these facts, hence, in brief, in conclusion, in other words, in short, in summary, to sum up, in s ummation, on the whole, overall, since, so, summing up, then, therefore, thus, thus we can see that , to conclude, to recapitulate, to repeat, to review. ? introduce causes or effects To Accordingly, as a result, because, consequently, due to, for as much as, for that reason, hence, in as much as, in that, in view of, on account of, owing, since, then, therefore, thus, to narrow the focus , after all, from this perspective, from this point of view, given this context, in fact, in order to, in o ther words, in particular, in this case, in this context, indeed, particularly, put another way, specific ally, that is, this is particularly true when, under certain, circumstances, up to a point, with this in mind. ? contrast, To After all, although, alternately, and yet, at the same time, be that as it may, bu, contrastingly, conve rsely, despite, dissimilarly, even though, for all that, however, in contrast, in contrast to this, in opp osition to this, in reality, in spite of this, inconsistent with this is that, instead, meanwhile, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, paradoxically, rather than, regardless of, still, though, whereas, when in fact, yet. ? To compare Also, analogous to, another similar issue is, at the same time, by the same token, equally, in compa rison, in like manner, in similar fashion, in the same way, likewise, similarly. ? To clarify In other words, that is, that is to say, this means that, to clarify, to elaborate, to explain, to paraphra se, to put it another way. ? To show purpose In order to, in the hope that, for the purpose, with this end, to the end that, with this objective ? To dismiss All the same, at any rate, either way, in any event, in either case, whatever happens. ? To signal concession Admittedly, albeit, although it is true that certainly, even so, granted, it may appear that, knowing t his, naturally, of course, this is only the case when, while this is true, while it may seem that. ? To signify a condition Granting that, in the event of, on the condition that, providing that, so long as ? To prove examples As an illustration, by way of example, for example, for instance, in particular, in support of this, n otably, to demonstrate, to elaborate, to exemplify, to highlight, to illustrate, specifically, that is. ? To reference Concerning this, considering this, with respect to, with regards to ? To emphasise Above all, as a matter of fact, certainly, chiefly, especially, importantly, in any case, in particular, i ndeed, it must be emphasised, that, mainly, mostly, notably, obviously, of course, particularly, pri marily, specifically, truly, undoubtedly. (b). 雅思写作必备同义词代换--只要掌握了这些连词，就能游刃有余地驾驭我们想要表达的 观点，满足 lexcial resource 7 分要求 对于雅思写作， 总有那么一个问题绕不开， 那就是我们究竟需要积累多少个单词才能写出一 篇能够完整表达我们观点的文章。有的老师说最起码要有 6 级的词汇量，有的老师(慎小嶷) 说熟记 286 个单词就足够~~根据本人的经验，我觉得在一开始备考的时候，完全没有必要 去考虑我们究竟需要多少个单词， 因为在没有练笔就开始记单词的情况， 我们的思路往往受 我们所记过的单词的影响。在这样的惯性下，我们很可能很生硬地套用单词，而不是自然而 然地抒发观点。我觉得只有在自己平时充分练笔(我自己大概写了 30 多篇雅思作文)的前提 下，我们才知道我们自己究竟需要什么样的单词和词组，需要多少的同义词代换~~我的经 验是： 不要让单词成为自己的负担， 最好是边写边积累， 毕竟我们不是考 GRE。 哪怕是 GRE 词汇的巨人也可能成为雅思写作的侏儒~~关键是用词准确到位，清晰表达观点 以下是经过我 30 篇雅思写作练笔之后总结出来的 75 组必备的同义词代换， 如果能熟练掌握， 必定能让你们在驾驭和阐述观点的时候变得游刃有余~~其实不单单是为了雅思写作，出国 留学不能避免的就是每个学期排山倒海的 individual assignments 和 group works， 相信以下的 词汇对大家是有帮助的。 中性动词1.导致：v. cause, bring about, give rise to, lead to, generate, create, Be a contributing factor to 2.认为：v. point out, argue, claim, assert, think, consider 3.强调：v. emphasize, bring/call attention to, accentuate, heighten, strengthen 4.集中：v. focus on, concentrate on 5.解决：v. combat, address, tackle, resolve, solve 6.从事：v. carry out, conduct, perform 7.承认：v. concede, admit, acknowledge, accept, allow, grant 正向动词 1.支持：v. support, advocate, agree with 2.增加：v. increase, grow, rise, enlarge n. increase, growth, rise, enlargement 3.改善：v. improve, enhance, upgrade, boost n. improvement, enhancement, boom 4.扩张：v. expand, enlarge, extend, widen, broaden n. expansion, enlargement, extension 5.提高：v. augment, increase, develop, intensify n. augment, increase, development 6.发展：v. develop, advance, grow, evolve, flourish n. development, advancement, growth, flourishing 7.产生：v. develop, come into being/existence, come about 8.获得：v. acquire, gain, get, obtain, attain 9.执行：v. implement, execute, put into effect, perform n. implementation, performance 10.实现：v. achieve, fulfill, gain, accomplish, attain n. achievement, accomplishment, attainment 11.开始：v. commence, begin, start n. commencement, beginning, start 12. 促进：v. promote, further, advance, encourage, stimulate, foster n. promotion, advancement 13.鼓励：v. stimulate, encourage, act as stimulus, motivate n. encouragement, incentive, motivation 14.唤起：v. arouse, cause, induce, prompt, trigger, spark off 15.需要：v. call for, demand, require 16. 取代：v. replace, take the place of, substitute for n. replacement, substitution for, in place of 17. 加快：v. accelerate, speed up, quicken n. Acceleration, speeding up 18. 减轻：v. abate, lessen, reduce, alleviate, mitigate n. abatement, lessening, alleviation, mitigation 19. 保护：v. protect, preserve, conserve n. protection, preservation, conservation 20.保卫：v. safeguard, defend, shield n. safeguard, defence, shelter21. 建立：v. establish, set up, found, construct n. establishment, foundation, construction 22. 遵守(规则，法律)：abide by, comply with, follow, respect, act in accordance with 23. 允许：v. allow, permit, give the means to, facilitate 负向动词 1.反对：v. object, raise objections, oppose 2.减少：v. decrease, lower, reduce, cut down n. decrease, reduction, drop, decline 3. 耗尽：v. deplete, exhaust, use up n. depletion, exhaustion, using up, 4. 阻碍：v. hamper, hinder, obstruct, impede, inhibit n. hindrance, obstruction, obstacle, impediment 5.限制：v. limit, curb, restrict, place a limit on n. limit, restriction 6. 危及：v. endanger, imperil, jeopardize, put at risk 7. 衰败：v. deteriorate, degrade, degenerate, rot n. deterioration, degeneration 8. 恶化：v. exacerbate, aggravate, worsen, inflame n. exacerbation, aggravation, worsening 9. 加剧：v. intensify, escalate, sharpen, aggravate n. escalation, intensification, aggravation 10.破坏：v. damage, destroy, ruin, devastate n. damage, destruction, ruin, devastation adj. devastating, destructive 11. 污染：v. pollute, contaminate n. pollution, contamination 12. 败坏：v. pervert, corrupt, deprave, lead astray, debase 13.扭曲：v. distort, pervert, misrepresent, falsify, misstate, misreport 14.削弱：v. weaken, undermine, impair, invalidate 15. 干涉：v. interfere in/with, intervene in, impinge on/upon(侵犯) n. interference/intervention/involvement in/with 16. 侵犯：v. encroach on/upon (time/rights/personal life) n. encroachment on/upon = impinging on/upon 17. 与?相违背/相矛盾：run counter to = run contrary to ? ? Contradict (each other)= conflict with = be at odds with sth 18.误解：v. misunderstand, misapprehend, misinterpret n. misunderstanding, misapprehension, misinterpretation 19. 逃避：v. escape, break out, evade, elude 20.遭受：v. suffer from, be stricken with, be afflicted with 21.违反：v. violate, disobey, transgress, infringe n. violation, infringement, contravention, breach 22. 忽视：v. lose sight of, ignore, neglect 23.疏远：v. alienate, isolate, become/get estranged fromn. alienation, isolation, estrangement 其他重要的同义词代换 1.大量的：enormous, massive, tremendous, considerable 2.重要的：significant, substantial, crucial, important 3.严重的：adj. severe, serious, acute, drastic adv. severely, seriously, acutely, drastically 4. 有害的：adj. hazardous, dangerous, harmful 5. 贫穷的：adj. poor, poverty-stricken, destitute, impoverished 6. 富有的：adj. rich, wealthy, affluent 7. 差距：n. gap, disparity, divergence 8. 积极的：beneficial, advantageous 9.消极的：baneful, detrimental 10. 明显的：manifest, obvious, evident, apparent 11. 影响：impact, repercussion, effect, ramification 12. 人类：the human race, human being, humankind, humanity 13. 当代：in current society, in this day and age, in present-day society, in contemporary society 14. 传统的：traditional, conventional, old-fashioned 15. 健康的：healthy, vigorous, robust 16. 有营养的：nutritious, nourishing, wholesome, healthy 常用的正向形容词 Adequate/ basic/ broad/ general/ sufficient 充分的/ 基本的/ 宽泛的/ 大概的/ 足够的 Penetrating/ profound/ revealing/ remarkable/ proper/ thorough 入木三分的/ 深刻的/ 发人心省的/ 出色的/ 正确的/ 彻底的 Original/ unique/ fresh/ rare/ clear/ fascinating/ interesting 独到的/ 独特的/ 新鲜的/ 少有的/ 清楚的/ 生动的/ 有趣的 Significant/ substantial/ considerable 常用的负向形容词 Unethical/ immoral/ unscrupulous/ unprincipled 不道德的 Antisocial/ unacceptable/ undesirable 反社会的/ 不能接受的/ 令人不快的 Aggressive/ criminal/ disruptive/ violent 挑衅的/ 犯罪的/ 扰乱的/ 暴力的 Notorious/ appalling/ vicious/ bloody 臭名昭著的/ 令人震惊的/ 令人发指的/ 血腥的 (c). 雅思写作必备写作单词--这一项是最虚最模糊的一项。不同的人因为有不同的观点，因 而需要不同的独特单词。(如果时间紧迫的同学，请先参考慎小嶷的《十天突破雅思写作》 ， 我的单词汇总仍在整理当中，不便之处，敬请原谅) Part 4. 雅思写作常见的语法错误 (a). 雅思写作低级语法错误 (1) 冠 词 a, an, the 的 乱 用 ， 少 用 ， 多 用 。（ 对 于 这 个 问 题 ， 考 官 说 了 ， this mistake is insignificant and it takes time for people to avoid it） 。结合自身经验， 就算我自己 真的看了语法书，我们也同样会继续犯错，但这个错误不影响我们拿 7 分（当然也不能每句话都错一两次） (2) 名词单复数。这个问题很普遍，特别要搞清楚哪些名词是可数的，哪些名词是不可数的， 哪些名词是既可数又不可数（可数与不可数表达不一样的意思） ，哪些名词是单复数同形， 以及哪些词可以修饰可数，哪些只能修饰不可数。这就需要积累。特别是平时写作的时候， 刻意留意这个问题，在有疑问的单词打圈，然后写完之后马上查词典。以下是从网络上找来 的，很管用的总结。 ? 单数名词不能单独存在，一般前面应该有限定词修饰。 ? 不定冠词 a/an 永远只能修饰单数可数名词。 ? every 和 each 永远只能修饰单数可数名词。但 every+数词+复数名词是正确的，如： every ten years ? 序数词后面一般使用单数可数名词。 ? anther 永 远 只 修 饰 单 数 可 数 名 词 。 但 another+ 数 词 /few+ 复 数 名 词 是 正 确 的 ， 如 ：another few books ? other 通 常 修 饰 复 数 名 词 ， 也 可 修 饰 不 可 数 名 词 。 ， 如 Henry Smith is taller than any other student in his class. ? 下 列 词 和 短 语 只 能 修 饰 复 数 名 词 these,those,many,various,several,numerous,diverse,few,a few,both,a (good/large/great) number of, numbers of,one of ? 大于 1 的词数只能修饰复数名词 ！ ！牢记的结构：one/two/many+of+限定词+复数名词！ ！ ? 只能修饰单数可数名词的词： one,anther,a/an,this,that,each,every,either,such a,many a！ 注意！ ！ ！ many student 以及 many a student ? 只 能 修 饰 复 数 可 数 名 词 的 词 ： &1 的 数 字 (two,six.....),hundred,thousand,million,both,several,many,few,a few,these,those,a (good/large/great ) number of,numbers of,the numberof,numbers of,numerous,various,diverse,a series of,a wide ran ge of,a collevtion of ? 只 修 饰 不 可 数 名 词 的 词 ： much,little,a litter,a great deal of,a great amount of,a piece of,an article of ? 既可修饰不可数又能修饰可数的词： all (of) a lot of some (of) lots of any (of) plenty of most (of) half (of) a wealth of (a) part of enough (of) the rest of other one third of such no a variety of (3). 主谓一致：这个语法最好上百度百科，那里的分析非常详细。我发现经常犯主谓一致的 错误是 ? 当主语后面有 as well as, with, along with, together with, but, like, rather than, except 等引导的 短语时,谓语动词要与最前面的主语保持一致. ? &half of, the rest of, most of, all of 及百分数或分数+of 等后接名词&作主语时,谓语动词形式 根据 of 后的名词而定. (4). 动词的时态问题，现在时，过去式，过去分词的问题。 (5). 标点符号的运用：千万不要出现满篇作文全是逗号的中国特色社会主义现象。一个句子 当主谓宾完整出现就是一个句子。更加不要用叹号。(6). 不要用缩写：例如 don't, can't, won't 等。一旦出现缩写，证明你太业余太随意了，一点 都不学术。 (b). 雅思写作致命语法错误 (1). 句子成分缺失，通常是缺谓语（由于谓语用了动名词或者过去分词） (2). 定语从句和同位语从句的混淆（特别容易在引导同位语从句时，误以为引导定语从句） (3). 定语从句与状语从句的混淆（例如 where, when 等引导的从句需要特别注意，要清楚其 在句子中的成分） (4). 在使用倒装句时，请注意助动词提前。如果不熟练，那就请你不要用了。 Part 5. 雅思写作的误区 (a). 雅思考官是不太在乎你是用一面倒还是‖先让步再支持D 记得在悉尼海外东方学院的 J 老师说过，现在D一面倒‖已经很难甚至不能拿 7 分了。我问了 一下考官，他给我的答复非常的 straightforward，无论让步还是一面倒，都是可以拿 7 分， 关键是 reasonably explain and extend your idea. (b). 雅 思 写 作 中 只 要 是 问 opinion 的 题 目 ( 包 括‖discuss both views and give your own opinionD和‖to what extent do you agree or disagree&)， 开头和结尾都要表明观点 记 得 还 是 悉 尼 海 外 东 方 学 院 ， 还 是 那 个 D 名 师 ‖J ， 他 说 在 写‖discuss both view and give your opinion‖和‖ to what extent do you agree and disagree‖的开头 是不要一样的。前者不用一开始就表明你自己的 opinion，后者才需要。但是雅思考官给我 的 回 答 是 ： Dyou should preview the question and give you opinion immediate so that the examiners can easil y understand what you are going to argue‖.这就是说慎小嶷《十天》里面最喜欢的开头了，D介 绍背景+分析双方观点+表明自己态度‖；也就是说用模版。 Part 6. 雅思写作如何展开论证 记住三个英文单词Dexplain‖,Dextend‖orDexample‖ 你或我总会那么一个时候， 想到了一个观点但是不知道怎么论证， 或者不知从哪一个点开始 论证。其实很简单，要么你就说为什么这个观点会产生，要么你就说这一观点所产生的影响 （积极或消极） ，要么就举例子说明观点的存在性。无非就是这么三种思考方向。假如一篇 文章你有 4 个观点，只要上述三项各用一两次，文章看起来更加有可信度，句型就自然而然 变得有多样性的。 ！！重点推介?雅思写作必备句型！！ ！ ? ? ！ 说到这， 我就分享一下怎么才能让模版看起来不像模版。 最立竿见影的方法是总结和归类句 型。经过我三个月的复习和总结，我发现雅思作文无非就是以下几种关系：开头句型，插入 语和连词，中立关系，积极关系，消极关系，因果关系，建议关系和结尾句型。我总结超过 160 个句型，而且我所有文体（report 类，argumentation 类，综合类） ，几乎所有领域（教育 类，社会类，发展类，环保类，犯罪类，科技类等）都写过了，而且所写的文章经过考官批 改都是至少 7 分，有几篇 8 分。我这就是归功于我平时积累的这些句型。而且在上次 2 月 26 日的考试（题目应该算是比较难的，小作文地图题+社会类粮食方面的大作文）中，我用 了 36 分钟去写地图题，只剩下 24 分钟写大作文，我当时都很害怕，害怕写不完。但是我总 结的句型帮了我一大忙。我用了 20 分就写完了，最后得了 7.5 分。并不是我在吹牛，我只是想说，学会用以下句型，既可以保证你有稳定的发挥，又可以有效的避免语法错误，而且 还能把大词很自然而然地就写出来了，一点都不造作。 还有，我想说的是，这里没有所谓的 7 分句型或者什么 6 分句型。我觉得这样划分只会导致 我们盲目地背诵高分句型而忽略它实际的用法和语境。 什么是高手？高手就是用最简单方式 表达最准确的意思。你们可以根据自己的喜好和习惯，自己选择。还有，再好的句型，如果 不能很随心所欲地从自己笔下写出来， 那只能证明那个句型还不是属于自己。 这就需要平时 刻意的运用，每写完一篇之后再回过头来看看，有哪些更恰当的句型没有用上。经过多次的 trial and error，这些句型就会变成你以后 show off 的资本了。 我怎么变得这么掳。盗苏饷炊嗷姑挥猩匣酢６粤耍褂幸坏悖杂谝韵滤芯湫秃偷 词，我都查过牛津高阶词典和柯林斯大词典，语境和用法基本是正确。很多都配上例子，如 果发现有错的，希望大家提个醒，我会马上纠正。 如果觉得要记上这 160+的句型很吃力的话，或者觉得下周就要考试了，来不及熟悉用法的 话，我用红色 highlight 了我最最最常用的，最最最喜欢的而且最最最万金油的句型 (a). 开头句型 适合 discussion 问题的开头 The issue/ discussion/ topic/ problem/ subject about/ of (whether 从 句 式) is of great interest/ concern/ importance/ significance to/ for? ? ? has triggered/sparked off an intense controversy in the realm of? ? ?or how +不定? The issue of?is of great interest to? ? ? ? ? e.g. The issue of whether the practice of requiring students to wear school uniforms will affect thei r personality and individuality is of great interest to many people. ? The topic of?is of great concern for? ? ? ? ? e.g. The topic of whether it is appropriate and effective to use corporal punishment on young child ren is of great concern for many people. ? The subject of?is of great importance to? ? ? ? ? e.g. The subject of how to resolve the problems caused by the rapid development of technology no wadays is of great importance to many scientists. ? The discussion about?is of great significance to? ? ? ? ? e.g. The discussion about the most effective way to provide financial and technological supports to third-world countries is of great significance to both industrialized and developing countries. ? The question of?is a matter of much contention among ? ? ? The problem?has been widely debated in the world of? ? ? ? ? ? The inquiry into? triggered/sparked off an intense controversy in the realm of? ? has ? ? e.g. The inquiry into the morality of conducting various researches and experiments on human clo ning has triggered an intense controversy in the realm of science 对于人类克隆研究与实验的道德性所作的研究已经引起了科学界的激烈争议 适合 agree/disagree 问题的开头? Although it is commonly believed that?, this is actually not the case ? ? e.g. Although it is commonly believed that conventional views about a healthy lifestyle and prope r conduct are no longer relevant to young people’s needs today, this is actually not the case. ? Although it is widely accepted that?, this is simply untrue in our day-to-day experiences ? ? ? Although it is generally acknowledged that?, this can hardly be held true in many real-life situati ? ? ons. ? Although conventional wisdom has it that?, the reality of the situation is often far more complica ? ? ted than that. 虽然传统大众观念认为?，但是现状却远比这种观念要复杂得多 ? ? ? Although the received opinion is that?, the harsh realities usually turn out to be a completely diff ? ? erent picture 虽然大众普遍接受的观点是?，但是无情的现实往往显现出不同的图景 ? ? e.g. Although the received opinion is that schoolchildren generally benefit from watching televisio n and using other high-tech media in their learning process, the harsh realities usually turn out to b e a completely different picture. ? Although many people subscribe to the belief that?, this is in fact a common misconception that ? ? we need to clear up 虽然许多人认同这样的观点：?，但是事实上这却是一种我们需要澄清的普遍错误观念 ? ? e.g. Although many people subscribe to the belief that providing public library facilities and servic es is a waster of taxpayer’s money, this is in fact a common misconception that we need to clear u p. ? Although most individuals are convinced that?, this is actually a popular myth that must be expl ? ? oded. 虽然大多数人坚信?，但这却是一种我们必须揭穿的普遍错误观点 ? ? e.g. Although most individuals are convinced that their happiness is closely linked with the level o f their financial success, this is actually a popular myth that must be exploded. 表示趋势的句型 There has been a growing trend that? ? ? an interesting tendency that/of? ? ? a common practice of/that? ? ? a widespread phenomenon that? ? ? e.g. There has been a widespread phenomenon that students from rural areas find it increasingly di fficult to have access to college or university education. ? Recent decades have seen an increased awareness of? ? ? ? Recent decades have witnessed a major transformation in? ? ? e.g. Recent decades have witnessed a major transformation in agricultural development, where ind ustrial technologies are being employed and new varieties of crops are being created, yet, opponen ts of this development have raised a number of difficult questions. From my point of view, this is a really complicated matter, and we need further investigations to understand the whole picture.(b). 中立关系 ? is worth mentioning that? 值得一提的是 It ? ? ? is by no means certain that? 完全不能确定的是 It ? ? ? is far too soon that? 为时过早的是 It ? ? ? is not uncommon that? 不足为奇的是 It ? ? ? is undeniable that? 不可否认的是 It ? ? ? is unavoidable that 不可回避的是 It ? is obvious/ evident/ manifest that 明显的是 It ? is gradually borne in on sb that 逐渐被某人认识到 It ? is of great interest that? 广为兴趣的是 It ? ? ? is of paramount importance that? 首要的是 It ? ? ? is of great urgency that? 刻不容缓的是 It ? ? ? is +副词 + suggested/argued/advised/believed that 普遍认为 It ? is widely accepted that It ? is generally/commonly believed that 普遍相信的是 It ? is universally acknowledged that 众所周知的是 It ? is strongly/commonly suggested recommended/ advised that 强烈建议的是 It ? is sometimes argued that 有时候争论的是 It ? There is/was little/no substance that ?几乎毫无/没有根据 ? ? ? is no without substance that ?并非没有根据 It ? ? 表达观点的句式 ? Advocates of??的支持者 ?? ?? ? Opponents of??的反对者 ?? ?? Point out/ argue/ claim 声称/believe / assert 断言/ declare 宣称/ conceive 设想 that ? 表示趋势的句型 There has been a growing trend that? ? ? an interesting tendency that/of? ? ? a common practice of/that? ? ? a widespread phenomenon that? ? ? Recent decades have seen an increased awareness of witnessed a major transformation in ? 表示D强调某种状态在特定明显或不明显‖的句型 This is especially true if/when we consider the fact that/when it comes to/in terms of 当我们考虑? ? 的时候，这一点尤为正确 It is not even always true that? ?并不是总是正确的 ? ? ? ? ? Incline to = tend to 倾向于 ? Gain/get/have(direct/free/ready/unlimited/unrestricted/restricted/equal) access to 获得/得到直接/自由/容易/方便/不受限制/受限制/平等/接近的机会e.g. Men and wowen should have equal access to education and employment. ? Be accompanied by B 伴随 A ? Be entitled to = be eligible to = be authorised to 使享有权利，使符合资格 e.g. the privately insured are entitled to special benfits such as having the choice pf their own doct ors, and being able to avoide long waiting lists for hospital beds. ? Have and will continue to 现在是并且将来也会继续? ? ? e.g. Education has been and will continue to be central to the country’s economic performance in t he 21st century. ? Give rise to = bring about = create = generate = provoke(负面的) = evoke 引起，造成 e.g. Computers have brought about many changes in the workplace. Have/exert an influence/impact/effect on sb/sth 起?作用 ? ? Play a role in sth 扮演?角色 ? ? ? 正 面:Considerable/enormous/dominant/profound/crucial/beneficial(favourable)/ stablizing/pervasive /substantial/lasting/formative 相当大的/巨大的/起支配作用的/深远的/有利的/稳定的/广泛的/实际的/(对成长或发 展) 重大作用 ? 负面:adverse(unfavourable)/corrupting /destructive (devastating/disruptive) 不利的/腐蚀的/破坏的 Have inherent advantages/disadvantages 有内在的优点/缺点 e.g. In terms of environmental protection, exporting agricultural products by means of air transport ation has its inherent disadvantages. ? Be in a position to do 有条件去做 e.g. Because of the existence of express transport such as air freight, people in frigid zone are in a position to acquire more nutritious food and vegetable from the tropical zone. ? Be a double-edged sword ?是一把双刃剑 ? ? ? Equip sb with sth = furnish sb with sth 装备，使有能力，向?提供 ? ? ? Turn on = hinge on 取决于 e.g The environmental protection hinges on the actual action by the civilians. ? A is a key determinant of B A 是 B 的决定因素 e.g. In an individual’s career, tenacity is a key determinant of success. ? Be an underlying factor in? 是?潜在/隐含力量 ? ? ? ? e.g. Human curiosity is an underlying factor in the growing popularity of newspapers ?Rely (almost exclusively) on = depend on (几乎全)依靠 e.g. Children should not always rely on parent’s help. ? Be considered as = be think of as = be acknowledged as = be regarded as 被认为是 ? Be served/used as a brenchmark ? It turned out that = turn out to be 证明是 E.g. the advancement of technology turns out be conducive to the mankinds. ? Be confronted with?= In the face of ? 面临着 ? ? ? ? e.g. be confronted with/in the face of fierce/stiff/intense competition ? Deserve/require (careful/full/serious/sufficient/ special) consideration 需要仔细/全面/认真/足够/特别考虑 Take sth into consideration/account 考虑到， 顾及 ? A and B are not mutually exclusive 两者并不互相排斥 e.g. This two options are not mutually exclusive. ? Be no exception to? 也不例外 ? ? e.g. There is no exception to this rule in modern or in accent times. ? Does not necessarily mean 并不必然意味着 ? ?be now a commonplace? 司空见惯的事 ? ? ? ? ? A and B alike 两者都，同样地 ? Reach saturation point 到达饱和程度 ? End up + doing/ adj/ in sth 以?告终 ? ? (c). 插入语和衔接词 In essence 本质上 ? In terms of 就?而言 ? ? ? As the case may be,句子 or 主语+谓语, as the case may be,宾语 根据具体情况而定，视情况而定 e.g. Students should be given sufficient autonomy in deciding the courses they take as the case ma y be. ? More often than not,句子. 通常，往往e.g. More often than not it is these moments that separate the victors from the rest C because they never despair , and press on when others fade. 往往就是这些时刻将成功者与其他人区分开来――因为成功者从不绝望， 会在他人放弃时选 择坚持下去。 表示D依我而言‖的词组 From my point of view, From my perspective, To my mind, In my opinion, To my way of thinking 关于 By no means 的应用 Be by no means an exclusive/a unique way 绝不是唯一的方法 Be by no means confined to? 绝不局限于 ? ? e.g. Poverty and deprivation are by no means confined to the north of the country. Be by no means fortuitous/coincidential 绝非偶然 e.g. The occurrence of such things is by no means fortuitous/ coincidental Be by no means isolated 绝非孤立/个别 e.g. Such cases, though not prevalent, are by no means isolated. Be by no means separated from 绝不应该脱离 e.g. Theory should by no means be separated from practice. 理论绝对不应该脱离实际 Be by no means certain 仍未确定的 e.g. It is by no means certain that genetrically modified food will benefit humans in the future. 转 基因食品能否在未来有益于人类仍是不确定的 Be by no means a perfect way 绝非完善的方法 e.g. This is by no means a perfect way to solve the problem. 表示例证的句型 ?is a good case in point ? ? = one example will suffice to illustrate this point = a telling(有说服力的) /notorious (臭名昭著的) example is ? ? ? = ?is a representative of ? ? ? ? ? 表示大量的词组 A+形容词+ number of+可数名词+谓语动词复数 A+形容词+amount of+不可数名词+谓语动词单数(time/money/information/help/data) 大量的: Massive/considerable/enormous/ tremendous 不成比例的:disproportionate 小量的:Limited/moderate/small A wide range of = a vast/impressive array of = a wealth of = a host of = a variety of 表示D一系列‖的词组 A series of = a chain of = a sequence of表示D等等‖的词组 and so forth= and so on = and the like 表示程度的短语 in full measure 最大程度地，最大限度地 in no small/ some/ large/ equal measure 在很大/某种/很大/同样程度上 To some/a certain extent 在某种/一定程度上 To a lesser extent 其次 表示D关于，谈及到，就?而言‖的词组 ? ? When it comes to With respect to In regard to In relation to 表示某个时间段的词组 In the midst of 正值?时候 ? ? Amid +名词词组 在?当中 ? ? Under the wave of +名词 在?浪潮中 ? ? 表示伴随状态的词组 With the rapid development of? 随着?快速发展 ? ? ? ? With the advent of? 随着?时代的来临 ? ? ? ? With the proliferation of? 随着?扩散 ? ? ? ? With the huge expansion of? 随着?扩张 ? ? ? ? 表示D不管‖的词组 Regardless of = irrespective of 表示D考虑到，鉴于‖的词组 In the light of = in view of 表示D更不用说‖的词组 not to mention + sth = let alone 表示D(对社会规则的)遵从，遵守‖的词组 In conformity with = in compliance with = in accordance with 表示D除了之外‖的词组 Apart from?= Other than? ? ? ? ? 表示D连锁反应‖的词组 Domino effect 多米洛骨牌效应Knock-on effect 连锁反应 (d). 积极关系 Be made (readily/ freely/ publicly/ generally) available for/to sb 可以容易/免费/让公众/普遍得到 e.g. Free medical care must be made available for those too poor to do so. ? Provide/give sb deep/penetrating/revealing/ fascinating insights into sth 给予某人深刻的/有启发性的/发人心省的/生动的见识 e.g. The old buidling in cities can give people especially teenagers fascinating insights into the cha nge of history. acquire/advance/broaden/deepen one’s understanding of sth 获得/增进?见识 ? ? = gain/get/obtain insights into ? Have better acquaintance with 更了解? ? ? e.g. Have better acquaintance with the local needs than those in other countries so that it utilise the social resources more efficiently = have better knowledge with e.g. Local people or government have better knowledge with the operation of charity organization in terms of the oversee of donations, thus ascertaining the transparency of fund arrangement and a voiding misappropriation of the public fund. ? Become/be proficient/skillful in/at sth/ in doing 精通，熟练 e.g. student should become proficient in using several languages. ? Instill sth in/into sb = inculcate sth in/into sb 灌输某人? ? ? e.g. instill an idea/confidence deeply into sb inculcate a sense of responsibility in sb = impart sth to sb 传授?给某人 ? ? ? Be capable of sth/doing sth 有能力的，足以胜任的 = be competent to do sth = Be more than capable of ?完成有能力 ? ? e.g. Schools should equip students with practicial skills so that they are competent to find a job un der current fierce competition. Be well/fully aware of/that = be conscious of/that 意识到，注意到 e.g. People have been fully aware of the urgency of environmental protection. Be the major beneficiaries from = largely benefit from? 成为最主要的受益人 ? ? e.g. In respective of individuals, they are the major beneficiaries from doing their tasks at home in this age of the computer technology Be conducive/ helpful/ beneficial/instrumental to? 有利于,对?起作用 ? ? ? ? = be advantageous to = be of advantge to = to the advantage of e.g. be instrumental in bring about an end to the conflict.An environment conducvie to learning ? Be given sufficient/greater autonomy in doing? 给予足够的/更大的自主权 ? ? e.g. students should be given sufficient autonomy in deciding the courses they take as the case ma y be Be in the best interest of? 符合?利益 ? ? ? ? e.g. Even though most citizens are conscious that recycling garbage can fully utilise natural resour ces in the best interest of the whole society, they are still reluctant to do so ? Become an indispensable part of? 成为?不可分割的一部分 ? ? ? ? e.g. car have become an indispennsable part of our lives. ? Make use of = turn sth to good account = take advantage of sth 善用/利用机会 e.g. People should put the media to good account. We should make better use of our resources. ? Break down/remove/cross/overcome the barriers 打破/消除/跨越/克服障碍 e.g. they believe that sport can cross any barriers. 他们相信体育可以跨越任何障碍。 ? Get rid of? 摆脱,消除(不好的感觉,情况) ? ? = rid sb/sth/yourself of sb/sth 消除,解除 = extricate sb/sth/yourself from sth (使)摆脱,脱离,解救,挣脱 e.g. he had managed to extricate himself from most of this official duties. ? Alleviate the heavy burden of? 减轻?重负 ? ? ? ? e.g Staying at home for work and study can alleviate the heavy burden of transport and energy co nsumption. ? Serve a useful function of 起到有用的功能 = Perform the function of 履行?的功能 ? ? = Fulfilll a valuable function in 实现一种有价值的功能 = Serve the purpose of 起到?的目的 ? ? = Fulfill an educational purpose 实现一种教育目的 e.g. It is sometimes claimed that zoo perform an improtant function in the protection of endangere d or rare species e.g Apart from serving the practical function of giving people a comfortable shelter, a good buildi ng should also fulfill an aesthestic purpsoe by inviting the residents to appreciate its beauty both in side and outside. e.g. Visiting museum is not only an enjoyable experience for young children, but it also fulfills an important edcuational purpose by exposing them to a rich deposit of history, culture and tradition. ? Be/get accustomed to doing/sth 习惯于? ? ? = be/get used to doing/sthe.g. Students should not get accustomed to relying on others’ help. ? Adapt yourself to sth/ doing 适应(新环境) = adjust oneself to sth/ doing e.g. students should adjust themselves to current fierce competition ? Serve/ satisfy/ cater to the needs of? 满足?要求 ? ? ? ? e.g. satisfy/cater to the needs of tourists from abroad serve the needs of future generations ? Cater for sth 迎合 e.g. Catering for international tours, the local government commits more money to improve local i nfrastructure. ? Provide a solid foundation for? 提供巩固的基础 ? ? e.g. respect and friendship provide a solid foundation for marriage. = Lay the foundation on? 为?提供基础 ? ? ? ? e.g. Basic science lays the foundation on which any other subjects are built. Have no more worries about? 不用再担心 ? ? e.g. The owners of companies have no more worries about employees not coming for work, becau se of the heavy snow storm. Be immune to 不?(负面的)影响 ? ? e.g. The corporate sector has remained largely immune to this crisis. Immerse oneself in = Commit oneself to sth 潜心于，专心于 e.g. Student should immerse themselves in studying theory in universities instead of learning pract ical skill Reach a consensus on 达成共识 e.g. The EC Council of Finance Ministers failed to reach a consensus on the pace of integration ? Be brought up to do? 教养，培养 ? ? e.g. It is standard practice that children are brought up to respect the law. 通常来说，小孩子接受教育要遵守法律 ? Keep the pace with 与?俱进 ? ? e.g. A number of advanced professional personnel are needed to keep the pace with the rapid econ omic development. ? With less +名词+动名词组合, greater possibilities of 动名词组合 will be taking place someday. 如果少一点的? ? ? 更有可能在某天发生 ,? e.g With less people driving to work or school, greater possibilities of returning us a balance in ec osystem will be taking place someday. (e). 否定关系 Serious/distinct/relative lack/ shortage/ absence/ insufficiency/ scarcity of= Be lack of/be short of/ be deficient in/ be in need of (严重地/明显地/相对地)缺乏? ? ? ? Be a hurdle to/ be a hindrance to/ be a barrier to 阻碍? ? ? = confronted with/encounter/erect/put up barriers to ? Scratch the surface of the problem 治标不治本 e.g. obviously, this solution scratch the surface of the problem. Find it difficult to be immune to? 很难不受?的影响 ? ? ? ? e.g. with the development of globalisation and social development, one country finds it difficult to be immune to global affairs. Be (severely/grievously) stricken with sth = be afflicted with/by = suffer from 受煎熬，遭难的，受折磨 e.g. The country ends up being stricken with the epidemic. A bear/take the brunt of B A 首当其冲受到 B 的不利影响 e.g. women bear the brunt of childcare duties School will bear the brunt of cuts in govenment spending. 政府削减开支，学校将首当其冲受到影响 ? Fall prey to sth 受害，受坏影响 e.g. the new government has fallen prey to corruption and fraud. 新一届政府深受腐败和欺诈行为之苦 ? Be vulnerable to 容易受?(不好的)影响 ? ? e.g. The entity is potentially vulnerable to competitor’s moves. Students are usually vulnerable to social evils. 易受到社会恶习腐蚀 ? Be prone to sth 易于遭受，有做(坏事)的倾向 e.g. tired, malnourished people are prone to infection. Come with unpleasant/undesirable