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你可能喜欢在ALEVEL经济学这门课中，最难的部分应该属于essay question部分，尤其是到了A2阶段，很多题目的问题方式是很多变的，考官对于考生的期望值要求也是非常高的。与AS经济essay评分方式不同，A2经济essay在评分的时候，我们是采用LEVEL制，也就是考官通篇读完你的essay，会决定你处于哪一个LEVEL，一共我们分为4个level, 以25分为满分的essay为例：
LEVEL 1: 1-9分； LEVEL 2: 10-13分； LEVEL 3: 14-17分； LEVEL 4: 18-25分；
一篇好的经济学essay应该有的特质
那么我们来看一下作为LEVEL4，也就是一篇出彩的essay应该是符合哪些特点的。
（CAIE剑桥国际考试中心对于经济essayLEVEL 4的标准）
上图剑桥考试中心对于经济essay level4的要求，因为我们知道，经济学学科的学习目标分为4个，也就是Knowledge & understanding, application, analysis, evaluation (最后一个目标往往是最难的)。想要达到level4，我们分别要在这四个目标做做到以下几点：
1. Knowledge & understanding：知识点方面需要做到详细的解释，并且与题目所要求的任务匹配，也就是说，你知道题目在问什么，应该用你所学过的哪些知识点，并且能够详细地表达出来；
2. application：应用能力。一方面是你能够判断出来题目所给的背景和案例，背后的经济学原理是什么？当你提出一个点的时候，你能否联系到实际的例子，或则一些数据。比如我们在回答GDP是否能做作为living standard的主要指标的时候，其中一个点是real GDP per head 忽略了distribution of income, 这时候你可以引用用来衡量贫富差距的Gini coefficient (基尼系数)。
3. analysis： 这个目标考察你在经济学概念和思路去分析问题的时候有逻辑和连贯性，做到有理有据。一般在分析的时候，你可以用一些具有逻辑连接性的词组，比如: this may lead to, as a result, this may result in, as a consequence, therefore, however等等。举个简单的例子，a fall in the price of e-cigarettes may result in more smokers substituting e-cigarettes for traditional cigarettes, thereby leading to a fall in the demand for traditional cigarettes.
4. evaluation: 如何有效地进行评估，你要从以下角度出发，之前的逻辑成立的前提是什么，如果前提和假设不成立会怎么样？你要考虑一些列的因素，角度和论点，这些因素与角度可能会影响你的结论。在evaluation部分，经常用到的表达有: however, this depends on…, however, from the perspective of …., even though…., 举个简单的例子，the effectiveness of a tax in reducing cigarette consumption depends on the price elasticity of demand. …….. 这个角度就是在评估PED对于indirect tax在减少香烟消费的作用上起到了一定的决定作用，弹性的大小会影响它的作用。
我们以历年考试的真题为例来讲解如何做到以上的几个目标从而成为一篇好的essay。
Discuss the view that governments should always interven to reduce monopoly power in a market. 【25】
思路点评：这是一种比较常见的考法，让你去讨论一个观点是否正确，或则一个论述里面是否存在合理性。题目让你讨论的是政府是否应该总是去干预哪些具有垄断性的公司。我们说，首先我们要去解释什么是垄断，这是对于知识点的考察。既然是讨论性质，我们要去分析垄断是不是有不好的地方，因为不好，所以政府需要干预，既然涉及到干预，那么也需要提出政府如何去干预。最后，我们要来进行评估，这种干预一定是必要的吗？
根据以上的思路整理，我们可以做一个essay plan，来搭出一个框架：
INTRODUCTION: 作为essay的开头短，总结性的指出你的这篇essay的结构和你要回答的问题。
MAIN BODY:
1. 解释what is meant by monopoly以及相对应的diagram和examples （这一部分考察了knowledge，analysis & application）
2. 解释为什么monopoly may be considered to be bad, 就是要分析垄断的潜在危害，可以结合diagram进行解释说明。
3. 解释，基于以上的可能性的问题，how goverments intervene to reduce monopoly power.
4. evaluation, 这一部分开始要评估你上面的分析，也就是从什么样的角度或则因素来看，也许垄断不需要去干预。
–evaluation1：the existence of monopoly power may not be that bad?如果垄断没有那么多问题，那么就否定了政府干预的必要性。那么垄断有哪些好处呢？比如economies of scale, 比如the higher efficiency makes the monopoly等等。同样可以引用一些真实的例子来拉伸你文章的深度，比如可以引用Google,face book这样大公司作为例子来补充说明。经济学人就有一篇文章探讨垄断是否应该本干预：shoud digital monopolies be broken up?
–evaluation2: 即使政府干预，一定会成功吗？所以你也可以去解释 why government intervention may not be successful or why there might be government failure. 同样可以使用一些例子作为补充。
–evaluation3: 垄断是不是一直会持续下去？it is a dynamic nature, which means the barriers which make the firm monopoly may fall. 这也是一个评估的角度，也就是说垄断是一个动态的状态。
CONCLUSION: 最后加一段conclusion，直接回答题目本身。
关于如何提高essay writing的一些中肯之言
set an essay plan:
在考试的时候，虽然时间紧张，但是你有必要写一个大概的框架，你要包含那些点，然后把这些点有逻辑地进行排序。做到你心中有数。
write with the reader mind: 你在写essay的时候可以做到角色带入，假设你是老师和考官，你觉得对方能不能明白你在写什么。一篇好的essay是让一个哪怕没有经济学背景的人也能看懂。所以写完后，重新读一遍，有必要的话做一些小的改动，尽可能思路表达清楚。
use paragraphs：使用段乱，不要把所有的分析写在一段，堆积在一起。每一个段落有一个核心观点，然后整段用来解释这一个核心观点，做到逻辑清楚，表达准确，有理有据。段落之间空一行。
start with the economic theory: 用经济学的模型和概念作为你写作分析的基础。
use diagrams: 使用相关的图可以提升你的表达和逻辑。但是要注意，你的图都well and fully labelled,比如横轴代表什么，竖轴代表什么，而且不要让图孤零零地放在那里，要结合文章。
refer back to the question：你在写essay的时候可以时不时的回过去读一下题目，几秒钟的事情。但是好处在于，能够保证你没有写偏题，而且写的内容是与题目相关的。用文章的一些术语或词组，给考官传递一个信号，你是围绕题目进行展开的。
以上是LEO老师对于essay writing的一些小建议，相关经济学学习备考类文章可以看 ，，，希望大家受用，并且考试顺利。
经济老师LEO
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美国文学作业答案
B. What does the word “pact” mean?
The word “pact” means “agreement”.
C. Comment briefly on this stanza.
In this lines Pound comes to agree the importance of Walt Whitman although he has in the previous time rejected and attracted the achievements made by Whitman. Pound calls himself a grown child, which means he has matured so that he would like to take up what Whitman has left. The poem shows the undeniable position of Walt Whitman in American literature. (As time went by, Pound had realized that some agreement existed between “Whitmanesque” free verse, which he used to attack for its carelessness in composition. He’d like to learn from the free verse and show respect to Whitman.)
22. Every Friday five crates of oranges and lemons arrived from a fritterer in New York C every
Monday these same oranges and lemons left his back door in a pyramid of purples halves. There was a machine in the kitchen which could extract the juice of two hundred oranges in half an hour in a little button was pressed two hundred times y a butler’s thumb.
A. Indentify the work and the author.
The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald
B. What does the word “pyramid” mean here?
It means a pile of objects that have been put into the shape of a pyramid.
C. What picture does the quoted passage present?
It represents a picture of wastefulness and extravagancy.
Part III Give brief answers to each of the following questions in English
23. Analyzes the effects of Puritanism on Nathaniel Hawthorne.
1)Hawthorne’s view of man and human history derives, to a great extent, from Puritanism. He was not a Puritan himself, but his puritan ancestors had done the misdeeds. He believes that “the wrong doing of one generation lives into the successive ones,” and he was said to be often haunted by the sins of his ancestors. This intense awareness leads to his understanding of evil being at the very core of human life, which is typical of the Calvinistic doctrine that human beings are basically depraved and corrupted, hence, they should obey God to atone for their sins. 2)In many of Hawthorne’s stories and novels, the Puritan past is shown in an almost totally negative light, especially in his Young Goodman Brown and The Scarlet Letter. Hawthorne is attracted in every way to the Puritan world, even though he condemns its less human manifestations. On the one hand, it provided him with subject, and on the other hand, with the Puritan world of society as a historical background, he discusses some of the most important issues that concern the moral life of man and human history.
24. The white whale, Moby Dick, is the most important symbol in Melville’s novel. What symbolic
meaning can you draw from it?
It symbolic meaning is a voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man’s deep reality and psychology.
25. Emerson is generally known as an essayist. What is the style of his prose”.
1)Emerson’s essays often have a casual style, for most of them were derived from his journals or lectures. 2)They are usually characterized by a series of short, declarative sentences, which are quite logically connected but will flower out into illustrative statements of truth and thoughts. Emerson’s philosophical discussion is sometimes difficult to understand but he uses comparisons and metaphors to make the general idea of his work clearly expressed.
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封面内容简介、编委目录第1章　殖民地时期的美国　1.1　复习笔记　1.2　考研真题与典型题详解第2章　爱德华兹&富兰克林&克里夫古尔　2.1　复习笔记　2.2　考研真题与典型题详解第3章　美国浪漫主义&欧文&库柏　3.1　复习笔记　3.2　考研真题与典型题详解第4章　新英格兰超验主义&爱默生&梭罗　4.1　复习笔记　4.2　考研真题与典型题详解第5章　霍桑&麦尔维尔　5.1　复习笔记　5.2　考研真题与典型题详解第6章　惠特曼&狄金森　6.1　复习笔记　6.2　考研真题与典型题详解第7章　埃德加&爱伦&坡　7.1　复习笔记　7.2　考研真题与典型题详解第8章　现实主义时期&豪威尔&詹姆斯　8.1　复习笔记　8.2　考研真题与典型题详解第9章　地方色彩小说&马克&吐温　9.1　复习笔记　9.2　考研真题与典型题详解第10章　美国自然主义&克兰&诺里斯&德莱赛&罗宾森　10.1　复习笔记　10.2　考研真题与典型题详解第11章　20世纪20年代&意象派&庞德　11.1　复习笔记　11.2　考研真题与典型题详解第12章　艾略特 史蒂文斯 威廉斯　12.1　复习笔记　12.2　考研真题与典型题详解第13章　弗罗斯特&桑德堡&卡明斯&哈特&克兰&穆尔　13.1　复习笔记　13.2　考研真题与典型题详解第14章　菲茨杰拉德&海明威　14.1　复习笔记　14.2　考研真题与典型题详解第15章　南方文艺复兴&威廉姆&福克纳　15.1　复习笔记　15.2　考研真题与典型题详解第16章　安德森&斯坦&刘易斯&凯瑟&沃尔夫　16.1　复习笔记　16.2　考研真题与典型题详解第17章　20世纪30年代&多斯&帕索斯&斯坦贝克　17.1　复习笔记　17.2　考研真题与典型题详解第18章　波特&韦尔蒂&麦卡勒斯&韦斯特&新批评　18.1　复习笔记　18.2　考研真题与典型题详解第19章　美国戏剧　19.1　复习笔记　19.2　考研真题与典型题详解第20章　二战后诗歌&&20世纪40年代的诗人　20.1　复习笔记　20.2　考研真题与典型题详解第21章　自白派&垮掉的一代　21.1　复习笔记　21.2　考研真题与典型题详解第22章　纽约派诗人&沉思型诗歌&黑山派诗人　22.1　复习笔记　22.2　考研真题与典型题详解第23章　二战后美国小说（1）　23.1　复习笔记　23.2　考研真题与典型题详解第24章　二战后美国小说（2）　24.1　复习笔记　24.2　考研真题与典型题详解第25章　多种族文学（1）　25.1　复习笔记　25.2　考研真题与典型题详解第26章　多种族文学（2）　26.1　复习笔记　26.2　考研真题与典型题详解
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内容预览第1章　殖民地时期的美国1.1　复习笔记
I. American Puritanism
The settlement
of North American continent by the English began in the early part of the
seventeenth century. The first permanent English settlement in North America
was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1606. In 1620, the ship Mayflower
carried about one hundred Pilgrims arrived at Plymouth, Massachusetts. The
first settlers in America were quite a few of them Puritans. They came to America out of various reasons. They carried with them American
Puritanism which took root in the New World and became the most enduring
shaping influence in American thought and American literature.
1. Doctrines of
Puritanism
The Puritans
accepted the doctrine predestination, original sin
and total depravity, and limited atonement (or the
salvation of a selected few), which theologian John Calvin had preached.
2. The influence of
Puritanism on American literature
(1) The idealism
of Puritan had exerted a great influence on American writers.
It is a common place that American literature—or Anglo-American literature—is based on a myth, that
is, the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden. This literature is in good
measure a literary expression of the pious idealism of the American Puritan
bequest. The
Puritan dreamed of living under a perfect order and worked with courage and
hope toward building a new Garden of Eden in America，where man could at long last live the way he should. Fired with such a sense of mission,
the Puritan looked upon even the worst of life in the face with a tremendous
amount of optimism. All this went, in due time, into the making of American
literature. The spirit of optimism burst into the pages of so many American
(2) The American
puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling
into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American.
Puritan doctrine and literary practice contributed to no
small extent to the development of an indigenous symbolism. To the pious
Puritan the physical phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God. Every
passage of life, en-meshed in the vast context of God’s plan, possessed a
delegated meaning. It is impossible to overlook the very symbolizing process
that was constantly at work in Puritan minds. This process became, in time,
part of the intellectual tradition in which American authors were brought up
along with their people. For Jonathan Edwards, Emerson, Hawthorne, Melville,
Howells and many others, symbolism as a technique has become a common
practice. This peculiar mode of perception was an essential part of their
upbringing.
(3) With regard to technique,
the simplicity which characterize the Puritan style of writing greatly influenced
the American literature.
The style of the writing of the Puritan writers is fresh, the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of
nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible. All this left
an indelible imprint on American writing.
II. Overview of the colonial
literature
American literature grew out of humble origins. Diaries,
histories, journals, letters, commonplace books, travel books, sermons, in
short, personal literature in its various forms, occupied a major position in
the literature of the early colonial period.
1. Major writers of colonial period
(1) John Smith
Captain John Smith was one of the founders of the colony Jamestown, Virginia. His writing about North America became the source of information about
the New World for later settlers.
In The General
History of Virginia he wrote about his capture
by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas.
Another thing he wrote about that became historically
important was his description of the fertile and vast new continent in his A
Description of New England.
(2) William Bradford ()
In 1620 William Bradford led the Mayflower endeavor and became
the first governor of the Plymouth Plantation with his group of pilgrim
His major work is Of Plymouth Plantation.
(3) John Winthrop
John Winthrop was the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony.
In his famous speech A Model of Christian Charity
he stated that “we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill, the
eyes of all people are upon us.”
The two major poets in the colonial period were Anne
Bradstreet and Edward Taylor.
(4) Anne Bradstreet （）
Anne Bradstreet was known as the “Tenth Muse” who
appeared in America.
① Major works
The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America
Contemplations
“Upon the Burning of Our House”
“To My Dear and Loving Husband”
“In Reference to Her Children”
“The Fresh and the Spirit”
“As Weary Pilgrim”
② Analysis of her major works
◆Contemplations（9）
When the poet heard the grasshopper and cricket sing, she
thought of this as their praising of their Creator and searched her own soul
accordingly. It is evident that she saw something metaphysical, inhering in
the physical, a mode of perception that was singular Puritan.
◆“The Fresh and the Spirit”
This poem depicts two sisters arguing about their values.
The flesh is forthright with her assertion of her views about the importance
of this world while the Spirit, the other, tries to convince her of the
greatness of the kingdom of God. The twin sisters are evidently the integral
parts of one Puritan mind.
(5) Edward Taylor（）
Edward Taylor was a Puritan poet, concerned about how his
images spoke for God.
① Analysis of major works
◆“Huswifery”
This poem indicates that the poet saw religious
significance in a simple daily incident like a housewife spinning. The
spinning wheel, the distaff, the flyers, the spool, the reel and the yarn
have all acquired a metaphysical significance in the symbolic, Puritan eyes
of the poet.
◆“Upon a Spider Catching a Fly”
The pet sees the spider as a symbol of Hell. It is
obvious that Taylor has faith in God who can save the erring, or sinful,
humankind from the evil designs of Hell.
(6) Thomas Paine （）
Thomas Paine was born in England and came to America in
1774. His life was one of continual, unswerving fight for the rights of man.
He was a major influence in the American Revolution.
① Major works
Common Sense
The American Crisis
“The Times that Try Men’s Souls”
The Rights of Man
The Age of Reason
②Analysis of his major works
◆Common Sense
Common Sense attacked the British monarchy and added fuel to the fire
which was soon to bring the colossus of its colonial rule down in flame.
Paine declared that the crisis with which the North American colonies were
then faced could only be solved by an appeal to man’s instincts
and common sense and impulses of conscience. The booklet was warmly received
in the colonies as a justification for their cause of independence and as an
encouragement to the painfully fighting people.
◆The American Crisis
The American Crisis is made up of 16 pamphlets written between 1776 and 1783.
The first pamphlet “The Times that Try Men’s Souls” came out at one of the
darkest moment of the revolution. “The harder the struggle, the more glorious
the triumph,” when Washington had it read to the troops, it proved a
heartening stimulus, a spurring excitement to further action with hope and
confidence.
(7) Philip Freneau
Philip Freneau was important in American literary history
in a number of ways. Apart from the fact that he used his poetic talents in
the service of a nation struggling for independence, writing verses for the
righteous cause of his people and exposing British colonial savageries, he
was a most notable representative of dawning nationalism in American
literature. Almost alone of his generation, Freneau managed to peer through
the pervasive atmosphere of imitativeness, see life directly, and appreciate
the natural scenes on the new land and the native Indian civilization.
① Major works
“The Wild Honey
“The Dying
Indian: Tomo Chequi”
“The Indian Burying
② Analysis of major work
◆“The Wild Honey Suckle”
In this poem, the lyric beauty, the heartfelt pathos, and
the multiple emotional responses and echoes that the sight described are
simply amazing. Here we can see the poet enjoys the beauty that the American
landscape is capable of offering. This poem is an indication of the poet’s
dedication of American subject matter.
I. 美国清教主义
英国向北美的移民活动开始于17世纪上半叶。英国于1606年在北美建立了第一个永久性海外殖民区：弗吉尼亚州的詹姆斯敦。1620年“五月花”号载运100余名移民抵达马萨诸塞州的普利茅斯。很多美国早期的移民是清教徒，他们出于多种原因来到美国。他们信奉的清教主义后来在新大陆生根发芽，并对美国思想和美国文学产生了根深蒂固的影响。
1.清教主义的教义
清教徒信奉神学家约翰·加尔文宣扬的预设定论，原罪，彻底的堕落，有限制的救赎等神学主张。
2.清教主义对美国文学的影响
(1) 清教徒的理想主义对美国作家的文学创作产生了深远的影响。
从总体来看，美国文学——至少是白人的美国文学——是建筑在《圣经》伊甸园神话基础上的文学。在很大程度上，它是美国清教主义遗产——虔诚理想主义的一种文学形式。清教徒梦想着生活在一种完善的秩序之下，怀着勇气和希望在美国建立新的伊甸园，以使得他们能最终过上理想的生活。在这种使命感的鼓舞下，他们面对艰难险阻却充满乐观主义情绪。这些都成为美国文学产生发展的重要滋养。乐观主义弥漫在许多美国作家的作品里。
(2) 美国清教徒形象地观察事物的方式导致了具有典型美国文学特点的象征主义的产生。
清教神学和清教徒的文学实践是美国本土象征主义发展的主要原因。在虔诚的清教徒看来，现实的大千世界只是上帝的象征而已。生活中的一切现象都是上帝意图的组成部分和具体表现。很容易发现这种在清教徒思维中经常发生的象征过程。随着时间的推移，这一过程便成为美国人民和作家赖以成长的文化传统的一部分。乔纳森·爱德华兹，爱默生，霍桑，麦尔维尔来说，象征主义已成为一种常用的技巧。清教徒这种独特的观察世界的方式是他们所受教育的一个基本构成部分。
(3) 在写作技巧方面，清教徒作品的朴实无华也深刻地影响了美国文学。
清教徒作家的写作风格是语言清新、简单、直接；修辞简朴、诚挚，带有圣经直接影响下的高贵气质。这些都给美国文学留下了持久的印迹。
II. 殖民地文学简介
美国文学由很多粗糙的文体发展而来。日记、稗史、札记、书信、备忘录、游记及布道文稿等在内的各种形式的私人文字，在早期殖民时期的文学中占据着主要地位。
1. 殖民地时期主要作家
(1) 约翰·斯密斯
约翰·斯密斯上校是弗吉尼亚州詹姆斯敦殖民地的建立者之一。他的作品中有关北美的叙述成为后来移民了解北美新大陆的信息来源。
约翰·史密斯在《弗吉尼亚通史》中讲述了他被印第安人俘虏及被著名的印第安公主郎波克杭特丝营救的故事。
他的另一部具有重大历史意义的作品是《新英格兰概览》，其中描述了肥沃且广袤的美洲新大陆。
(2) 威廉姆·布雷福德
在1620威廉姆·布雷福德率领清教徒前辈移民乘“五月花”号到达美洲，他后来成为普利茅斯的首任总督。
他的主要作品是《普利茅斯开发史》。
(3) 约翰·温思罗普
约翰·温思罗普是马萨诸塞湾殖民地的首任总督。
在其著名演说《基督教博爱的典范》中他说到“我们将成为山颠之城，全世界人民的眼光都在注视着我们。”
殖民时期的两大诗人是安·布雷兹特里特和爱德华·泰勒。
(4) 安·布雷德斯特里特
她被称作在美国出现的“第十个缪斯”。
①主要作品
《美洲最近出现的第十位缪斯》
《沉思录》
《写在我家失火之际》
《献给我亲爱的丈夫》
《关于她的孩子们》
《灵与肉》
《疲惫的朝圣者》
②主要作品分析
◆《沉思录》第九首
当诗人听到蝈蝈和蛐蛐同时鸣叫，她感到这是它们对上帝恩惠的赞扬。她由此开始反思自己。这首诗突出地表现出清教徒形象地观察世界的方式。
◆《灵与肉》
这首诗描述了两姐妹的争论。“肉”所代表的是世俗的物质的诱惑力。而“灵”则试图说服“肉”相信上帝的神圣伟大。两姐妹代表了一个清教徒的完整思想。
(5) 爱德华·泰勒
爱德华·泰勒是个清教徒诗人，他的诗歌形象主要为上帝辩护。
①主要作品分析
◆《家务》
这首诗中，诗人从家庭主妇纺织这一普通的日常事件上看到强烈的宗教意味。在诗人这个清教徒的眼里，纺车、线杆、梭子、线筒及线卷，这些意象都具有抽象的意义。
◆《蜘蛛捕蝇有感》
诗人认为蜘蛛是地狱的象征。显然，泰勒信仰上帝，认为上帝能把犯错之人，甚至是有罪之人从地狱的邪恶圈套里拯救出来。
(6) 托马斯·潘恩
托马斯·潘恩出生于英国，于1774年来到美国。他的一生堪称为人的权利而坚持不懈、努力奋斗的一生。他是美国独立革命时期最有影响力的人物之一。
①主要作品
《美国危机》
《考验人的灵魂的时代》
《人的权利》
《理性的时代》
②主要作品分析
◆《常识》
《常识》抨击了英国的君主制，推动了即将到来的推翻殖民统治的斗争的发展。潘恩宣布只有通过听从人的直觉、常识和良心的召唤，北美殖民地面临的危机才能得以解决。这个小册子在殖民地受到热捧，它既是独立事业合法化的宣言书，也是对深陷痛苦斗争中的人们的精神鼓励。
◆《美国危机》
《美国危机》由16篇写于1776年至1783年的小册子组成。其中第一篇《考验人的灵魂的时代》写于美国独立战争最灰暗的时刻。“战斗越艰苦，胜利越光荣，”当华盛顿把这篇文章念给士兵听时，它宛如一剂兴奋剂，鼓舞军民满怀信心和希望勇往直前。
(7)菲利普·弗瑞诺
菲利普·弗瑞诺美国文学史上的重要地位体现在很多方面。他把自己的诗歌创作才能奉献给了国家的独立斗争事业，其诗歌歌颂了人民的正义事业，揭露了英国殖民者的暴行。除此之外，他还是开启美国文学民族主义的突出代表之一。弗瑞诺率先摆脱模仿英国诗作的羁绊，直接观察和描写四周的一切。他崇尚美洲大地的风貌和印第安文明。
①主要作品
《野生的金银花》
《奄奄一息的印第安人：托姆·柴吉》
《印第安人墓地》
②主要作品分析
◆《野生的金银花》
这首诗旋律优美，伤感之情动人心扉，其中描写的景色引发复杂的情感激荡和共鸣。诗人尽情享受着美国土地所拥有的美丽风景。该诗显示了诗人致力于描写美国本土的题材。
1.2　考研真题与典型题详解I. Fill in the blanks.1. The term “Puritan” was applied to those settlers who originallywere devout members of the Church of ________.2. The most enduring shaping influence in American thought andAmerican literature was ________.3. Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety, these were the ________values that dominated much of the early American writing.4. Many Puritans wrote verse, but the works of two writers, AnneBradstreet and ________, rose to the level of real poetry.5. The TenthMuse Lately Sprung Up in America is a collection of poems composed by________. 6. On January 10, 1776, Thomas Paine’sfamous pamphlet ________ appeared.7. Except Common Sense, Paine’s theother two famous works were_______ and________. 8. Thomas Paine’s second most important work ________ was animpassioned plea against hereditary monarchy.9. Thomas Paine，with his natural gift for pamphleteering and rebellion，was appropriately born into anage of________.10. Philip Freneau was noteworthy first because of the nature of hispoems. They were truly American and very patriotic. In this respect, hereflected the spirit of his age. Therefore, he has been called the “________ ofAmerican Poetry”.II. Multiple Choice1.Early in ________, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts started the main stream of the American national history.（北二外2007研）A. 14th centuryB. 15th centuryC. 17th centuryD. 16th century2. The first permanent English settlement in North America wasestablished at ________（北二外2009研）A. JamestownB. New YorkC. BostonD. Concord3. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of theAmerican nation were quite a few of them ________.（北二外2008研）A. Quakers.B. AnglicansC. CatholicsD. Puritans.4. It is a critical commonplace now that American literature isbased on a myth, that is, ________.（北二外2008研）A. the ancientGreek myth of ZeusB. the Britishmyth of the Saint GrailC. the Biblicalmyth of the Garden of EdenD. the legendof the Sleepy Hollow5. The common thread throughout American literature has been theemphasis on the ________.A.RevolutionismB. ReasonC. IndividualismD. Rationalism6. The ship “_____” carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66days to beat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put thePilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts.A. SunflowerB. ArmadaC. MayflowerD. Titanic7. The English colonies in North America rose in arms against theirparent country and the Continental Congress adopted ________ in 1776.A. theDeclaration of IndependenceB. the SugarActC. the StampActD. theMayflower Compact8. What style did the seventeenth century American poets adapt tothe subject matter confronted in a strangely new environment?A. The style oftheir own.B. The stylemixed with English and American elements.C. The stylemixed with native-American and British tradition.D. The style ofestablished European poets.9. Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the ________ who appeared in America.A. Ninth MuseB. Tenth MuseC. Best MuseD. First Muse10. It was not until January 1776 that a widely heard public voicedemanded complete separation from England. The voice was that of ______, whosepamphlet Common Sense, with its heated language, increased the growingdemand for separation.A. Thomas PaineB. ThomasJeffersonC. GeorgeWashingtonD. PatrickHenry11.Which is not connected with Thomas Paine?A. CommonSense.B. TheAmerican Crisis.C. TheRights of Man.D. TheAutobiography.12. “These are the times that try men’s souls”，these words were once read toWashington’s troops and did much to spur excitement to further action with hopeand confidence. Who is the author of these words?A. BenjaminFranklin.B. ThomasPaine.C. ThomasJefferson.D. GeorgeWashington.13.Which work is written by Freneau?A. TheRights of Man.B. The WildHoney Suckle.C. PoorRichard’s Almanac.D. The Dayof Doom.Ⅲ.Explain the following term.1.American Puritanism（南开大学2008研）IV. Read the following quotations and answer thequestions.Passage 1I heard themerry grasshopper then sing,The black-cladcrickeThey kept onetune and played on the same string.Seeming toglory in their little art.Small creaturesabject thus their voices raise,And in theirkind resound their Maker’s praise,Whilst I, asmute, can warble forth no higher lays?Questions:(1) This is the ninth of the “Contemplations” written by an earlyAmerican woman writer. What is her name?(2) Make a brief comment on this shortpoem.Passage 2HuswiferyMake me, O Lord,thy spinning wheel complete.Thy holy word mydistaff make for me.Make mineaffections thy swift flyers neat,And make my soulthy holy spool to be.My conversationmake to be thy reel, and reel,the yam thereonspun of thy wheel.Questions:(1) Identify the poet of this poem.(2) Make a brief comment on this poem.Passage 3These are thetimes that try men’s souls: The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will inthis crisis, shrink from the serv but he that stands itnow deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder theconflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteemtoo lightly: ‘This dearness only that gives everything its value. Heaven knowshow to put a proper price upon its goods.Questions:(1) Which book is this passage taken from?(2) Who is the author of this book?(3) Whom is the author praising? Whom isthe author criticizing?(4) What do you think of the language usedin the book?Passage 4From morningsuns and evening dewsAt first thylittle being came:If nothing once，you nothing lose,For when youdie you are the same:The spacebetween，is but anhour,The frailduration of a flower.Questions:(1) Who is the writer of these verses?(2) What is the title of this poem?(3) Give a brief comment on this poem.V. Short answerquestions1. Who was Anne Bradstreet? What were herliterary achievements?2.What are the basic Calvinist tenets? （国际关系学院2007研）VI. Essay question1. What is the significance of AmericanPuritanism in American literature?参考答案及解析I. Fill in the blanks.1.England(清教徒（Puritan），是指要求清除英国国教Church of England中天主教残余的改革派。其字词于16世纪60年代开始使用，源于拉丁文的Purus，意为“清洁”。)2.American Puritanism（美国文化源于清教文化，由清教徒移民时传入北美。美国主流价值观都可以追溯到殖民地时期一统天下的清教主义，并且清教思想对美国文学有着根深蒂固的影响。）3.Puritan（清教主义，起源于英国，在北美殖民地得以实践与发展。清教徒强调艰苦奋斗、勤俭节约、虔诚和淡泊。这些价值观也影响了早期的美国文学。）4.Edward Taylor（美国殖民时期最著名的诗人是安·布莱德斯特律和爱德华·泰勒。）5.Anne Bradstreet（安·布莱德斯特律是美国殖民时期著名的诗人。其代表作是诗集《最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯》（The TenthMuse Late Sprung up in America ）。）6.Common Sense（1776年美国独立的风潮开始，托马斯·潘恩支持美国独立，反对英国的殖民专政，撰写了他的成名小册子《常识》，为美国从英国殖民中独立出来辩论，批评英国国王残暴无能，认为独立后的美国应该建立共和国。）7.The Rights of Man，The Age of Reason(潘恩著名的作品包括，《常识》、《人的权利》、《理性的时代》。)8.The Rights of Man(1791年3月，托马斯·潘恩在伦敦出版《人权论》，激烈抨击埃德蒙·伯克（Edmund Burke，）的《法国革命感言录》（Reflections on the Revolution in France ）（1790）。《人权论》的可贵之处还在于，它冲破了当时笼罩于整个西方思想界对英国君主立宪政体的迷信，深入骨髓地批判了这一政体，给当时还处于摸索状态的法国革命指明了共和主义的崭新方向。)9.Revolution(潘恩是美国独立革命时期著名的作家之一。)10.Father(菲利普·弗瑞诺是开启美国民主主义的突出代表之一，他被称为“美国诗歌之父。”)II. Multiple Choice1.C 17世纪初，英国人在弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞定居，这也是美国历史的开端。2.A 詹姆斯敦是英国人在北美的第一个永久定居地。3.D 早期来到北美的殖民者有不少是清教徒，因而殖民时期的文学深受清教思想影响。4.C 由于深受清教主义的影响，美国文学——至少是美国的白人文学——是建立在《圣经》伊甸园神话基础上的文学。5.C 美国价值观的核心是个人主义，因而，个人主义也成为贯穿美国文学史的主线。6.C 多名清教徒前辈乘坐“五月花”号船到达美国马萨诸塞州的普利茅斯。7.A 1776年13个英属北美殖民地奋起反击英国的殖民统治，并且日，大陆会议通过了一份由托马斯·杰弗逊起草的《独立宣言》（Declaration ofIndependence）。8.D 17世纪美国诗人大多沿袭英国诗歌的风格。9.B 安·布拉德斯特里特被誉为“美国出现的第十个缪斯”。10.A 潘恩的《常识》号召美国摆脱英国的统治。11.D 《自传》是本杰明·富兰克林的代表作，其余三项都是潘恩的主要作品。12.B “这是考验人的灵魂的时刻”，这句话选自潘恩的《美国危机》。13.B 《野生的金银花》是弗瑞诺最具代表性的作品。Ⅲ.Explain the following term.1. The word Puritanism is originally used to refer to the theologyadvocated by a party within the Church of England. The term Puritanism is alsoused in a broader sense to refer to the attitudes and values considered characteristicof the Puritans. It has been employed to denote a rigid moralism, or thecondemnation of innocent pleasure, or religious narrowness adhered by the earlyNew England Puritans. The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exertedgreat influence over American moral values. And this Puritan influence overAmerican Romanticism was conspicuously noticeable. In addition, a preoccupationwith the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil marked theworks by such famous writers as Hawthorne and Melville.IV. Read the following quotations and answer thequestions.Passage 1(1) Anne Bradstreet.(2) This short poem offers the reader an insight into the mentalityof the early Puritan pioneering into a new world. When the poet, heard thegrasshopper and the cricket sing, she thought of this as their praising theirreator and searched her own soul accordingly. It is evident that she sawsomething metaphysical inhering in the physical, a mode of perception which wassingularly Puritan.Passage 2(1) Edward Taylor.(2) The poem indicates that the poet saw religious significance in asimple daily incident like a housewife spinning. The spinning wheel, thedistaff, the flyers, the spool, the reel and the yarn have all acquired ametaphorical significance in the symbolic, Puritan eyes of Edward Taylor.Passage 3(1) The American Crisis(2) Thomas Paine(3) Paine is praising those who stand “it”, it referring to “theservice of their country”. In the meantime, Paine is criticizing those whoshrink from the service of their country in this crisis.(4) The language is plain, impressive and forceful. Paine himselfonce said that his purpose as a writer was to use plain language to make thosewho can scarcely read understand.Passage 4(1) Philip Freneau.(2) “The Wild Honey suckle”.(3) Here Freneau offers a version of an abundant America with potential for providing a good life for all. The poem is also an indication ofhis dedication to American subject matter as he examined peculiarly Americancharacteristics of the countryside.V. Short answerquestions1. Anne Bradstreet () is one of the most important figures in the history ofAmerican Literature. She is considered by many to be the first American poet,and her first collection of poems, The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America, By a Gentlewoman of Those Parts, was the first book written by a woman to be publishedin the United States. Mrs. Bradstreet’s works also serves as a document of thestruggles of a Puritan wife against the hardships of New England colonial life.2. Calvinist theology is sometimes identified with the five pointsof Calvinism, also called the doctrines of grace. In English, The five pointsare sometimes referred to by the acronym TULIP, which means Total InheritedDepravity, Unconditional Election, Limited Atonement, Irresistible Grace andPerseverance of the Saints England colonial life.VI. Essay question1. The settlement of the North American continent by the Englishbegan in the early part of the 17th century. The first settlers who became thefounding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of the Puritans. Theycarried with them to America a code of values which became what is nowpopularly known as American Puritanism. It was one of the most enduring shapinginfluences in American literature. To some extent, it has become a state ofmind, a part of national cultural atmosphere that the Americans breathe.The American Puritans were idealists, believing that the Churchshould be restored to the “Purity” and religion was a matter of primaryimportance. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin, totaldepravity and limited atonement. It has been a critical commonplace that theAmerican literature—or Anglo-American literature—is based on a myth, that is,the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden. Fired with such a sense of mission,the Puritans looked at even the worst of life in the face with a tremendousamount of optimism. All this went, in due time, into the making of Americanliterature. The spirits of optimism burst out of the pages of so many Americanauthors, such as, Emerson, Whitman, etc.Furthermore, the American Puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental incalling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. Puritandoctrine and literary practice contributed greatly to the development of anindigenous symbolism. The ever symbolizing process became, in time, part of theintellectual tradition. To Hawthorne, Melville, Howells and many others,symbolism as a technique has become a common practice. This peculiar mode ofperception was an essential part of their upbringing.With regard to technique, simplicity characterizes the Puritan styleof writing. The style is fresh, the rhetoric is plain andhonest, without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence ofthe Bible. All this has left an indelible imprint on American writing.Thus American Puritanism has been, by and large, a healthy legacy to theAmericans.下载地址:
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