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Mercedes-Benz
in the Dunes of
in . Note the high ground clearance due to
An off-road vehicle is considered to be any type of
which is capable of
on and off
surface. It is generally characterized by having large
with deep, open treads, a flexible , or even .[] Other vehicles that do not travel public streets or highways are generally termed off-highway vehicles, including , , , , , and .[]
Off-road vehicles have an enthusiastic following because of their many uses and versatility. Several types of
involve racing off-road vehicles. The three largest "4-wheel vehicle" off-road types of competitions are , , and .[] The three largest types of
competitions are , , and also desert racing like
and .[] The most common use of these vehicles is for
in areas distant from . The use of higher clearance and higher traction vehicles enables access on
that have rough and low traction surfaces.
Nicholas II's Packard Twin-6 with Kégresse track
One of the first modified off-road vehicles was the , a conversion undertaken first by , who designed the original while working for
between 1906 and 1916. The system uses an unusual
which has a flexible belt rather than interlocking metal segments. It can be fitted to a conventional car or truck to turn it into a
suitable for use over rough or soft ground.
After the , Kégresse returned to his native
where the system was used on
cars between 1921 and 1937 for off-road and . The Citro?n company sponsored several overland expeditions with their vehicles crossing
A huge wheeled vehicle designed from 1937 to 1939 under the direction of
was intended to facilitate transport in the . While having several innovative features, it generally failed to operate as hoped under the difficult conditions, and was eventually abandoned in Antarctica.
After , a huge surplus of light off-road vehicles like the
and heavier lorries were available on the market.[] The Jeeps in particular were popular with buyers who used them as . This was also the start of off-roading as a hobby. The wartime Jeeps soon wore out, though, and the Jeep company started to produce civilian derivatives, closely followed by similar vehicles from
, /, , and . These were all alike: small, compact, four-wheel-drive vehicles with at most a small hardtop to protect the occupants from the elements.[]
From the 1960s and onward, more comfortable vehicles were produced.[] For several years they were popular with rural buyers due to their off-road and load-lugging capabilities.[] The U.S.
and the , the British , and the -bodied Japanese ,
Lj's series were all essentially just station wagon bodies on
frames with
. Later, during the 1990s, manufacturers started to add even more luxuries to bring those off-road vehicles on par with regular cars. This eventually evolved into what we call the
today. It also evolved into the newer , where utility and off-road capability was sacrificed for better on-road handling and luxury.
Swedish H?gglunds
with wide rubber tracks
To be able to drive off the pavement, off-road vehicles need several characteristics: They need to have a low , so as not to sink into soft ground, they need
to not get hung up on obstacles, and they need to keep their wheels or tracks on the ground so as not to lose traction. Wheeled vehicles accomplish this by having a suitable balance of large or additional tires combined with tall and flexible suspension.
accomplish this by having wide tracks and a flexible suspension on the road wheels.
The choice of wheels versus tracks is one of cost and suitability. A tracked drivetrain is more expensive to produce and maintain. Wheeled drivetrains are cheaper and give a higher top speed. The tracked drivetrain has greater off-road capability.
Most off-road vehicles are fitted with especially . This allows the operator to make the most of the 's
while moving slowly through challenging terrain. An
coupled to a normal
often has an output speed too high. The vehicle often has one of two things, either a very low ("granny") first gear (like the all wheel drive
versions) or an additional gearbox in line with the first, called a . Some vehicles, like the Bv206 in the picture on the right, also have
to further reduce the gearing.[]
Many wheeled off-road vehicles provide power to all wheels to keep traction on slippery surfaces. For a typical four-wheel vehicle this is known as . Vehicles designed for use both on and off road may be designed to be switched between two-wheel drive and four-wheel drive so that the vehicle uses fewer driven wheels when driven on the road.
are built with higher
use and thus have a higher , therefore increasing the risk of rollover. When an SUV turns, the vehicle's mass resists the turn and carries the weight forward, thus allowing the traction from the tires to create a lateral
as the vehicle continues through the turn. The conflict between the top
of the SUV's desire to go straight while the
cause the bottom of the vehicle to move away and out from under the vehicle during a turn.
SUVs are more likely to be in rollover
than . According to a study conducted in the , SUVs have twice the fatality rate of cars and have nearly triple the fatality rate in rollover accidents. Of vehicles in the United States,
(including ) represent 36 percent of all registered vehicles. They are involved in about half of the fatal two-vehicle crashes with passenger cars, and 80 percent of these fatalities are to occupants of the passenger cars.
In the United States, the number of ORV users since 1972 has climbed sevenfold—from five million to 36 million in 2000. Government policies that protect wilderness but also allow recreational ORV use have been the subject of some debate within the United States and other countries.
All trail and off-trail activities impact
and wildlife, which can lead to , , , and ultimately
decreasing an 's ability to maintain . ORV's cause greater stress to the environment than
alone, and ORV operators who attempt to test their vehicles against natural obstacles can do significantly more damage than those who follow legal trails. Illegal use of off-road vehicles has been identified as a serious
problem ranked with dumping
and other forms of . Many user organizations, such as
and the , publish and encourage appropriate .
ORVs have also been criticized for producing more pollution in areas that might normally have none. In addition to
that can cause hearing impairment and stress in wildlife, according to the , old-style
(no longer a component of new off-road vehicles, although some are still in use) "emit about 20 to 33 percent of the consumed fuel through the exhaust" and "discharge from two-stroke snowmobile engines can lead to indirect pollutant deposition into the top layer of snow and subsequently into the associated surface and ground water." In 2002, the
adopted emissions standards for all-terrain vehicles that "when fully implemented in 2012... are expected to prevent the release of more than two million tons of
each year—the equivalent of removing the pollution from more than 32 million cars every year."
Off-road vehicle erosion
Negative environmental effects caused by motorcycles to a portion of the
Negative environmental effects that occurred when off-road vehicle drivers left the posted trail in
Common[] commercial off-road vehicles include four-wheel-drive
like the , , , and .[] A number of
have also seen civilian use, including the
. Some, like the early , were adapted to military use from civilian specifications. Specialised commonly available[] off-road vehicles include
(All Terrain Vehicles), , , , and .
Heavily modified Chevrolet Blazer typical of the United States hobbyist
Rubicon rock crawling
Sandrail at Silver Lake Sand Dunes
A 4WD Bus in , Australia
A "Super Jeep", ,
The ATV is commonly called a four-wheeler in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, the United Kingdom and parts of Canada, India and the United States. They are used extensively in , because of their speed and light footprint.
An all-terrain vehicle (ATV), also known as a quad, quad bike, three-wheeler, or four-wheeler, or RZR is defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as a vehicle that travels on low-pressure tires, with a seat that is straddled by the operator, along with handlebars for steering control. As the name implies, it is designed to handle a wider variety of terrain than most other vehicles. Although it is a
in some countries, it is not street-legal within most states and provinces of Australia, the United States or Canada.[]
There are various types of off-road motorcycles, also known as dirt bikes, specially designed for off-road events. Compared to road-going motorcycles, off-road machines are simpler and lighter, having long , high ground clearance, and rugged construction with little bodywork and no
for less damage in spills. Wheels (usually 21" front, 18" rear) have , often clamped to the rim with a .[]
militaries and utilities have used , , , , and Mercedes-Benz
for all-terrain transportation. The
is less common.[]
The military market for off-road vehicles used to be large, but, since
in the 1990s, it has dried up to some extent. The U.S. , developed during , coined the word many people use for any type of light off-road vehicle. In the U.S., the Jeep's successor from the 1980s on was the AM General . The Eastern Bloc used the
in similar roles.
at '07 Arms Fair
Classic used by the
Soldiers from the
test prototype off-road vehicles
Experimental marsh buggy, 1928, stuck in mud
Off-road bus in Iceland
Wikimedia Commons has media related to .
(Web). New Brunswick Acts and regulations. Attorney General, New Brunswick, Canada. June 27, 1985.
Rodney E. Slater (U.S. Transportation Secretary) (April 9, 1998). . News Release. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Archived from
(Web) on .
Jeffrey W. Runge, M.D. (Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) (February 26, 2003).
(Web). Testimony before the Committee on Commerce, Science, And Transportation, United States Senate. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
(Web). Article. Environment News Service (ENS). July 8, 2004.
van Wagtendonk, Jan W. (2003).
(PDF). USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-27. 2003. USDA Forest Service.
Rice, Kathleen C. . Center for Plant Conservation 2012.
. Las Vegas Review-Journal 2015.
(PDF). Conserving Natural and Cultural Resources on Department of Defense L Case Studies from the DoD Conservation Program (Page 13). US Department of Defense. 2004. Archived from
(PDF) on .
Kristine Sowl & Rick Poetter (April 16, 2004).
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(PDF) on .
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(PDF) on .
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(Web). Trail Ethics. Trent University. January 16, 2007.
(PDF) 2015.
(Web). Article. Environment News Service (ENS). September 17, 2002.
(Web). US Environmental Protection Agency. March 6, 2006.
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&将该图片的预览图保存到 Google Drive。Off-road - definition of off-road by The Free Dictionary https://www.thefreedictionary.com/off-road
off-road Also found in: , .
off-road or off·road
(?f′rōd′, ŏf′-)adj. Existing, taking place, or designed for use off paved or public roads or in rugged terrain: off-road sports such as snowmobiling.off′-road′, off′road′ adv.off-road
(Automotive Engineering) (of a motor vehicle) designed or built for use away from public roads, esp on rough terrain off′-road′
designed, built, or used for traveling off public roads, esp. on unpaved roads or rough terrain.
off-road [ˈɒfrəʊd]A. ADJ [driving, racing] → B. CPD off-road vehicle N →
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The location offers an off-road track, but also huge climbs and descents and a vast wooded section.Manufacturers of off-road equipment such as scrap handlers have spent part of their time this decade making sure that the machines they offer will meet Tier 3 emissions standards established by the U.PALMDALE - Disabled and handicapped students at Palmdale High School were treated Wednesday to rides around the parking lot in off-road racer Ty Godde's sleek and roaring race car.POLICE are warning parents about the dangers of off-road vehicles such as quad bikes and motorised scooters.Advanstar Communications (Santa Ana, CA) has formed the Off-Road Group as a unit of its Powersports division and will begin the production of three new products serving the off-road truck market, including DIRTsports, a consumer magazine, Off-Road Retailer and the "Off-Road Impact" trade show.ILLEGAL off-road bikers are making life a misery for the owner of a legal off-road bike track, it has been claimed.RHOI), which operates outdoor activity based businesses, including wholly owned subsidiary Rhino Off-Road Industries, Inc.The objective of the interinstitutional call for tender is to conclude a framework contract for the supply and delivery as well as commissioning, maintenance and after-sale service of large armoured 4 x 4 off-road vehicles (lot 1) and for the supply and delivery as well as commissioning, maintenance and after-sale service of medium-sized armoured 4 x 4 off-road vehicles (lot 2) to civilian crisis management operations (CCMOs), European Union Special Representatives (EUSRs), IcSP operations and operations under the responsibility of the Service for Foreign Policy Instruments, to the Offices of the Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department of the European Commission (ECHO), EU Delegations and CSDP military operations, wherever they are located.Off-Road Adventures has recognised the Ram Truck with its Manufacturer of the Year award.Los Angeles County officials on Tuesday paved the way for sheriff's deputies from the Santa Clarita and Antelope valleys to apply for $81,000 in state grants to help discourage illegal off-road vehicle riding.Police today urged people to report rogue off-road bikers.PINKSHEETS: RHOI), which operates outdoor activity based businesses, including wholly owned subsidiary Rhino Off-Road Industries, Inc.
▲off-road▼
For webmasters:OffRoadVehicles什么意思_百度知道
OffRoadVehicles什么意思
我有更好的答案
off-road vehicle
（可在崎岖地面使用的） 越野车辆。英[ɔf roʊd ˈvi:ɪkl]
美[ɔf rəʊd ˈviɪkəl]
By using controllable suspension, the consideration for off-road vehicle is given to both on road and cross-country.可控悬架可以使越野车辆兼顾越野行驶和道路行驶。复数：off-road vehicles
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off road是越野的off road wehicles越野车
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越野的英文缩写是ORV（Off-Road Vehicle）吗？
越野的英文缩写是ORV（Off-Road Vehicle）吗
我有更好的答案
off-road vehicle英 [ɔf roʊd ˈvi:ɪkl]
美 [ɔf rəʊd ˈviɪkəl]
（可在崎岖地面使用的）越野车辆
采纳率：83%
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