> 英式英语和美式英语的区
英式英语和美式英语的区别有哪些
&　　英式英语和美式英语的区别有哪些？区分好两者之间的区别对于学英语有一定好处哦，下面就一起来看看以下相关介绍吧！
& & & & 英式英语和美式英语的区别
　　1、语音方面
　　美式英语在音韵上是趋于保守的，例如：大多数情况下当代美式英语都有卷舌音(又称翘舌音)，字母r在辅音前也要发音;虽然当代英式英语没有卷舌音，但在17世纪时英国各地全是这样。
　　2、词汇方面
　　(1)美式英语和英式英语虽同出一源，但在以后的发展中受到的影响不同就产生了拼写上的不同。首先，相同的词既出现在美式英语中，也出现在英式英语中，但分别表示完全不同的概念(即同词异义)。
　　(2)美式英语和英式英语分别用不同的词来表示同一概念(即同义异词)。
　　(3)美式英语和英式英语虽属于同一体系，但其在拼写体系仍略有不同(即拼写差异，但读音不变)。
　　3、语法方面
　　(1)美式英语和英式英语使用的是同一语法体系,但在某些情况下， 尤其是在表达提供消息的时候, 美式英语用一般过去时,而英式英语用现在完成时.
　　(2)对于某些名词美式英语用复数形式,而英式英语用单数形式。
　　(3)在某些词组或习语中,美式英语和英式英语的介词用法不同。
　　(4)在某些表示抽象概念的地点名词前,美式英语用定冠词,而英式英语不用。
& & & &以上就是关于英式英语和美式英语的区别有哪些的介绍，看完上述介绍，相信大家已经有所了解了吧！社区广播台
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美式英语和英式英语发音的区别
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[1]
奇妙的[ r ]音。[ r ]音是最具区别性特征的美语之一。当[r]音在词首时基本没什么可说的，英美语没什么不同。而当它出现在词中与其它单元音组合在一起时，美语中的[ r ]便成了个典型的卷舌音，如bIRd, teachER等。这个[r]音简单易学，如teacher一词，你先按国际音标的发法，发出[??]音，等[?]音马上结束时，只需将舌尖轻轻向后上方一挑就OK了,你若不卷舌呢，那你发的就是英音呗。不过提醒大家注意，只有单词中含有字母R时，才有可能出现这个卷舌的[r]音，在美语单词的音标标注当中，这个需要卷舌的[ r ]是以上标的形式出现的。有些同学觉得这个[r]音真的很好听，所以就不加辨别地瞎发，一遇到[?]就加[r]音，如下几个单词是不可以卷舌发的，idea [ɑ?’di?]；money [‘m?n?]; China [’?ɑ?n?]; banana[b?’nɑn?]。
[2]
咧嘴的梅花[ae]与卷舌的长音[ɑr]：英美语中都存在[ae]音，具体的方法也没什么差别。许多学习英语发音的人在发这个音时口型开不到位，发得不饱满。嘴尽可能张大，最好下巴再向前伸一下，基本就会发准的。虽说英美语在这个音上没什么分歧，然而它们对于这个音各自的运用却是截然不同的，且美语里不存在[ɑ:]音。我们可以参照国际音标简洁地归纳出美语的[ae]音运用规则：英语中原本发[ae]音的，在美语里同样发[ae]音；英语中的[ɑ:]音在美语里分别由[ae]与[ɑr]两种形式来对应。但凡英语音标为[ɑ:]且单词中对应的是ar组合（如car），那么美语中的对应音标为[ɑr]，在发音时要注意在收尾时发出[r]音，如Car [ka:] [kɑr]。而对于英语中发[ɑ:]但词中无字母R的单词（如pass），美语中则一律发成[ae]音,如Pass [pa:s] [paes]。在这一点上英美语最有意思的分歧是CAN’T这个词，音标分别是[ca:nt] 和[caent]，体会体会吧。
[3]
恼人的[a]音。从英美音标对照表中我们能够注意到，美语摒弃了长元音符号[:]。长元音[?:]在美语里由[?]与之对应，而短元音[?]与长元音[ɑ:]则统统由[ɑ]一个音标与之对应。我们找些例子来详细地分析一下：首先是[?:]与[?]的对应关系。如果国际音标中[?:]音是通过OR组合发出的，那么美语中对应的音标为[?r]，如Pork[p?:k] [p?rk], 在发美音时你只要尾音卷舌即可。如果国际音标中的[?:]音是由不含有字母R的其它组合发出的，那么美语里则标注为[?]音，如Law[l?:] [l?]，在发音上没什么显著的差别。这是国际音标中的长元音[?:]音在美语中的对应发法。其次，国际音标中的短元音[?]在美语中则完全等于换了一个发法，即[ɑ]音。我们已经知道，美语中的[ɑ]音是专用以对应于英语中的长元音[ɑ:]的，而从上一点中我们又了解到了，美语中所有该发[ɑ:]音的全都改发成了[ae]或[ɑr]了。也就是说，英音[ɑ:]与美音[ɑ]的对应只是个形式上的对应，不是应用上的对应，它只是告诉了我们美音的[ɑ]音在发法上类似于英音的[ɑ:]而已。基于这种理解，我们便可以得出英美语发音上的一种对应关系，即但凡英音为[?]的，美音皆为[ɑ]，如lot[l?t] [lɑt],在发美音[ɑ]时，你只要比英音的[?]口型再大些，时间上拉长一些，接近于或等于英音[ɑ:]的口型就行了。这一段讲得比较复杂，做个小结吧：[?:]与[?]或[?r]对应；[?]与[ɑ]对应。美语用[ɑ]来代替国际音标中的[?]音是美语中第三个最显著的区别性特征，不了解这个差异，至少在听音上会很吃亏的。
[4]
开放的[?]音。英美语在[?]音上的音标书写方法是一致的，然而在实际的发法上，美语的[?]音较英语的[?]音口型要放得开一些。如stuDY，英音口收得特别紧，听起来如“地”字。而美音呢则开放些，听起来介于[?]与[e?]之间。英美语在这一音标上的差别虽然如此之简单，但却为许多学习者所忽略，值得细细品味。
[5]
形存实亡的[?]音。同[?]音一样，英美语的[?]音标虽然拼写一致，但实际的运用却也是不尽相同的。美语里倾向于把英音中的[?]音多半发成[?]音，如hurry, [‘h?rr?][‘h?rr?]。
[6]
憨厚的音。美语用来对应英语的长元音[u:]，短元音[?]在英美语中则都是一样的，且这两对音标在英美发音上基本没什么差异可言。问题在于，英音中有一个[j]与的组合，即[ju:]音，如new[nju:]。我们已经注意到，英美语辅音拼写只存在两个差异，一个是[ɡ]-[g]，一个是[j]-[y]。然而英语里发[ju:]的，到了美语里并非单由[yu]来对应，而是分成了两种情况：第一种情况是[ju:]-[yu]，通常这些单词中都含有字母Y，如You [ju:] [yu]，当然这不是必然条件，如字母Q [kyu]；第二种情况是[ju:]-，典型的如new [nju:] [nu]，这当然算得上是英美语发音中的另一条显著的区别性特征了。
[7]
圆圆的[o?]音。英语中的[??]音，术语称做合口双元音，换句话说，你发此音的过程就是在用嘴唇做一个圆形的过程，嘴由开到合：先是形成一个饱满的圆形，然后将这个圆形收缩成一个小圆，亦即合口。而到了美语里，这个变异了的[o?]音则是从一开始就固定在那个饱满的圆形上的，无后续的合口动作。当然好练了，你把嘴张圆喽，然后吐气、发音就成了，千万别合口，直到[o?]音发完了，嘴部肌肉才可松懈下来（请听一下：[o?]）。再典型不过的就是NO这个单词的发音了。
[8]
不可小视的清音浊化问题。在英语里，我们知道有一条清辅音浊化规则，亦即当清辅音如[k][t][p][tr]等位于字母S之后，且该音节为重读音节时，这些清辅音当浊化为[g][d][dr]等。而美语里的清音浊化问题则远远超出了上述规定。我们可以试着这样概括美语中的另一条常见的清音浊化潜规则：当一个清辅音位于两个单元音之间时，该清辅音通常浊化为相应的浊辅音。如letter[‘let?][‘l?t?r]，美语的实际发音为[‘l?d?r]。值得一提的是，浊化并不是说[t]完全变成了[d]音，而是说这个[t]音发得很接近于[d]但又不象[d]发得那样重，呵呵，明白了么？你怎样读WATER这个词，通过这个词就可以看出你发的是标准的英音、美音或者是英美音混了。根据以上各条的讲解，大家想必已经弄清楚了，WATER [‘w?:t?]，在美音中应该发[‘w?d?r]。英美音发法上至少存在三点差异：（1）美音的[?]要比[?:]的口型略大些，接近于[a:]音；（2）[?r]要卷舌；（3）[t]要浊化成[d]。啊哈，那现在你发的是英音哩还是美音，仅就这个单词而言？
[9]
美音的简化处理。在竭力摆脱英国殖民统治的过程中，美国人要求独立的，不仅有政治、经济，还有语言。虽然地域会使某语言变异，但人为的干预对这种变异也会起到相当重要的作用，美语就是典型的这样一种情况。美语对于英语的改造发生在整个语言体系当中，但整个改造过程都可以说是以一条最根本、最易把握的原则为指导思想的，即，将一切简而化之。从发音的角度讲，美语的简化规则主要体现在以下几个方面：（1）化不规则为规则：比如Clerk [kla:k] [kl?rk]，这里的ER组合在英语里完全是不规则的发法，而美语则将它规则化为[?r]。再比如，HISTORY[‘h?str?] [‘h?st?r?]，英语将字母O漏掉从而发出[tr]音，是双音节单词；而美语则将这个词规则化，按发音的基本规则分为三个音节，人们在识记该词的过程中就不易将那个O漏掉。这样的情况在美语里有很多，更典型一点儿的当然是非INTERESTING莫属了，你会发么？（2）充分利用连读爆破规则，能省则省：这得提一下美语里很特别的那个[h]音，该音在美语里发得很弱很弱，弱到了可以省略的地步，以致于形成了一系列的听音难点。如Tell him，Tell her，在美语里便可以发成[‘t?l?m] [‘t?l?r]。另外，有些美国人在发WH组合时，愿意在[w]音前加一个[h]音，如WHITE[hwɑ?t]，挺有意思的。在美语，尤其是美语中，还存在着一种让人发晕的省音现象，亦即将多个单词利用连读爆破拼合在一起发出，细分的话这又要分成好几部分，这里只挑重点的说好啦：将 “to& &of& &have& &me& &you& 等虚词与其它词合并到一起，如:gotta（got to），gonna (going to)，kinda (kind of)，lotsa (lots of)，musta (must have)，gimme (give me)，waddya
(What do you)，I dunno (I don’t know)。你也许已经注意到了，许多缩合是以a结尾的，但我要提醒你注意一点，这个a不在重音节上，因此应弱化成[?]。（3）将一些特殊做特殊处理。有些学生将tomato读成[t?‘mɑ:t??]，但又将potato读成[p?‘te?to?]，这便是英美音混淆的典型表现，对于这一类外来词汇，美语与英语背道而驰，将a规定为[e?]音。
[10]
美语的重音。在谈美音的简化处理时，我们实质上已经超脱了单词层面，过渡到了词组或句子层面。而当我们谈及句子的发音时，就不可避免地要谈及重音问题。美语与英语在重音上差异悬殊，表现在两个方面，一个是单词的重音，另一个是句子的重音。前者属个别现象，后者属普遍现象。先谈单词的重音差异，对于一些外来语，尤其是源自法语的外来语，英国人习惯于将单词重音放在第一个音节上，而美国人则放在第二个音节上，如：ballet [‘baele?] [bae’le?], café [‘kaefe?] [kae’fe?]等。不过有时则又要反过来说，即美国人重读第一个音节，英国人重读第二个，典型的如research [n.] [re’s?:t?][‘ris?t?]，还包括一些以ham, wich, cester等结尾的地名发音差异。在这一点上，我们并没有什么太多的规律可遵循，建议在学习单词要特别注意一下重音的英美语不同标注。现在我们转向更具普遍现象的句子重音差异：其实很简单，美语在简化原则的指导下，将句子重音压缩成一到两个，所重读的也就是说话人想强调的那个内容，句子说得就如同一个单词，这就是著名的语言连锁现象。关于这一点我在我先前的那篇文章中已经说得很清楚了，这里只重复一下要点，重音位要读得慢些清楚些，非重音位要通过连读爆破尤其是弱化一气呵成。而英音呢，则是重音散乱，一个句子的重音通常集中在实词、特殊疑问词、感叹词，指示代词及人称代词等上面。我们因此而普遍有一种感觉，那就是美语发音含糊不清，而英音口齿清楚。举个例子就差不多了吧：May I have your name?May ‘I ‘have your ‘name? May I have your ‘name?
对了，也要特别注意一下否定句两种语言的重音位置才好。
作为本文的收尾部分，我想强调一点：有人说美国是个大熔炉，亦即不存在什么纯粹的美国人，都是来自世界各地的人共同组成的那么一个美国，所以口音各异，什么样的发音都有。英国呢，苏格兰人的英语我是听了多少回都还是听不明白。这么说是什么意思呢？我们这里做英美语的发音区别，是以标准美语与标准英语为参照点的。熟悉这两种占主流的英语，那么我们便等于有了一个坐标，再碰到其它不管什么类型的英语时也就能够做到心中有数，以静制动
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&& 师生风采
美式英语与英式英语的发音区别
　　　　时间：　　作者：榕树花　　来源：新东方论坛
　　这个话题提起来似乎有些过时，或者显得无关紧要。我相信很多国内的人多持有这种看法，包括之前的我。我一直认为，反正是英语，管它什么美式英式，在我看来都差不多。就这样，我犯了很多人都犯的一个“错误”。我在查单词时，并不关注美式读音和英式读音的区别，随便选一个读就是了。所以在我掌握的英语单词中，部分发的是美音，部分是英音，典型的大杂烩，一团乱。不过我的发音还是以美式为主，因为我所使用的学习资料还是以美国的为主，如美剧、美国新闻等等。
&&&& 事实上，我提出这个话题绝不是小题大做。对于口语来说，我们选择美式英语，问题倒也不大，它也还算通用。但听力就不是那么回事了。若你面对的是英式英语环境，比如说你要留学英国，或者你要面对的是说英式英语的客户，那么你该怎么办？靠美式英语能过关吗？相信我，熟悉了美式英语，不代表你能迅速适应英式发音；因为英式英语和美式英语在发声上的区别还是比较大的。你须要明白两者之间的差别，并进行听力练习，才能游刃有余的应对上述情景。
&&& 说起来，我真正认识到这两者的区别是在第一次看英剧时。我看没有字幕的美剧，一点也不吃力；但是第一次看没有字幕的英剧，我却几乎看不下去。如果没有看过英剧的朋友可以找一部来看，忽略字幕，感受一下它的难度，及其与美式发音的差别。后来，经过反复看英国情景剧《IT CROWD》，我才逐渐习惯并能听懂大部分英式英语。
&&& 为何英语发音和英式发音会显得如此不同呢？经过一番搜索，研究，我认为主要是由以下原因造成：&&& && 字母发音上的区别。在相同词汇中，美式英语和英式英语某个字母的发音不同，如：dynasty英式英语中发音为['din?sti]，美式英语发音则为['dain?sti]；either，英音为['ai&?]，美音为['i: &?].
&&&&& 重读音节的不同。即使相同词语每个字母发音都相同，也会由于重读音节的不同导致两者发音上的差别，如：dictate 英音为[dik'teit]，重音符在中间；美音为 ['dikteit]重音符在前面。
&&&&& 以上是较专业抽象的说法。而通过我个人看美剧和英剧的经历来看，两者在发音上的区别主要表现在：美式英语显得比较柔和、平缓；而英式英语则显得比较刚硬，词与词之间的区别相对明显。用符号来表示，美式英语的发音犹如波浪线“～～～”，缓缓前进；而英式英语的发音则更像上下幅度较大的折线“∧∧∧”，起伏明显。而从口型角度来看，两者的区别也和上述形容的状态相似：发美式音的人嘴巴上下开合幅度适中，而左右幅度较大，为“&&”形；而英式英语发声时，说话的人不时会呈现出“○”状态，上嘴唇和下嘴唇距离较大。大家有兴趣可以观察一下，看情况是不是这样。
&&& 关于美式英语和英式英语在发音上的区别，在维基百科里有比较具体的说明，我看了一下，如果把那些内容都掌握了，英式英语和美式英语的发音对你而言就不成为问题了。具体地址为http:双斜杠en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_pronunciation_differences。
&&& 最后插一些话，如果有朋友使用有道词典工具，那么注意：当一个词语有两种发音的时候，前面那个发音音标为英式，后者为美式；至于人工发声则为美式。如果你不确定，那么可以查阅下面这个在线词典网站：3w点thefreedictionary.com人工的美式发声和英式发声均有，你可以直接区别两者的差别。
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美式英语和英式英语的区别
Historical originsAmerican medical text from 1814 showing the British English spellings still employed at the time, such as &tumours&, &colour&, and &centres&. In the early 18th century, English spelling was not standardized. Differences became noticeable after the publishing of influential dictionaries. Current British English spellings follow, for the most part, those of Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language (1755), whereas many American English spellings follow Noah Webster's An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828).[1] Webster was a strong proponent of English spelling reform for reasons both philological and nationalistic. Many spelling changes proposed in the United States by Webster himself, and in the early 20th century by the Simplified Spelling Board, never caught on. Among the advocates of spelling reform in England, the influences of those who preferred the Norman (or Anglo-French) spellings of certain words proved to be decisive. Subsequent spelling adjustments in the United Kingdom had little effect on present-day American spellings and vice-versa. In many cases, American English deviated in the 19th century from mainstream British spelling, but it has also retained some older forms. The spelling systems of most Commonwealth countries and Ireland, for the most part, closely resemble the British system. In Canada, the preferred spellings include some American forms and some British,[2] and Canadians are somewhat more tolerant of foreign forms.[3] Australian spelling has also diverged somewhat from British spelling, with some American spellings incorporated as standard.[4]Latin-derived spellings-our, -orMost words ending in an unstressed -our in British English (e.g. colour, flavour, harbour, honour, humour, labour, neighbour, rumour) end in -or in American English (cf. color, flavor, honor, harbor, neighbor, rumor, labor, humor). Wherever the vowel is unreduced in pronunciation, this doesnot occur: e.g. contour, velour, paramour and troubadour are spelled thus the same everywhere. Most words of this category derive from Latin non-agent nouns having nominative - the first such borrowings into English were from early Old French and the ending was -or or -ur.[5] After the Norman Conquest, the ending became -our in Anglo-French in an attempt to represent the Old French pronunciation of words ending in -or,[6] though color has been used occasionally in English since the 15th century.[7] The -our ending was not only retained in English borrowings from Anglo-French, but also applied to earlier French borrowings.[5] After the Renaissance, some such borrowings from Latin were taken up with their original - many words once ending in -our (for example, chancellour and governour) now end in -or everywhere. Many words of the -our/or group do not have a L for example, armo(u)r, behavio(u)r, harbo(u)r, neighbo(u)r; also arbo(u)r meaning &shelter&, though senses &tree& and &tool& are always arbor, a false cognate of the other word. Some 16th- and early 17th-century British scholars indeed insisted that -or be used for words of Latin origin (e.g. color[7]) and -our for F but in many cases the etymology was not completely clear, and therefore some scholars advocated -or only and others -our only.[8] Webster's 1828 dictionary featured only -or and is generally given much of the credit for the adoption of this form in the United States. By contrast, Dr Johnson's 1755 dictionary used the -our spelling for all words still so spelt in Britain, and others where the u has since been dropped: ambassadour, emperour, governour, inferiour, errour, horrour, mirrour, tenour, terrour, tremour. Johnson, unlike Webster, was not an advocate of spelling reform, but selected the version best-derived, as he saw it, from among the variations in his sources: he preferred French over Latin spellings because, as he put it, &the French generally supplied us&.[9] Those English speakers who began to move across the Atlantic would have taken these habits with them and H L Mencken makes the point that, &honor appears in the Declaration of Independence, but it seems to have got there rather by accident than by [10] design. In Jefferson's original draft it is spelt honour.& Examples such as color, flavor, behavior, harbor and neighbor scarcely appear in the Old Bailey's court records from the 17th and 18th century, whereas examples of their -our counterparts are numbered in thousands.[11] One notable exception is honor. Honor and honour were equally frequent until the 17[12] Honor still is, in the UK, the normal spelling as a person's name. Derivatives and inflected formsIn derivatives and inflected forms of the -our/or words, British usage depends on the nature of the suffix used. The u is kept before English suffixes that are freely attachable to English words (for example in neighbourhood, humourless and savoury) and suffixes of Greek or Latin origin that have been naturalised (for example in favourite, honourable and behaviourism). However, before Latin suffixes that are not freely attachable to English words, the u:? ? ?may be dropped, as for example in honorary, honorific, honorist, vigorous, humorous, labo may be either dropped or retained, as for example in colo(u)ration and colo(u)rise); or [5] may be retained, as for example in colourist).In American usage, derivatives and inflected forms are built by simply adding the suffix in all environments (for example, favorite, savory etc.) since the u is absent to begin with. Exceptions American usage, in most cases, retains the u in the word glamour, which comes from Scots, not Latin or French. Glamor is occasionally used in imitation of the spelling reform of other -our words to -or. The adjective glamorous usually omits the first &u&. Saviour is a somewhat common variant of savior in the US. The British spelling is very common for honour (and favour) in the formal language of wedding invitations in the US.[13] The name of the Space Shuttle Endeavour has a u in it since this spacecraft was named after Captain James Cook's ship, HMS Endeavour. The special car on Amtrak's Coast Starlight train is known as the Pacific Parlour car, not Pacific Parlor. The name of the herb savory is thus spelt everywhere, although the related adjective savo(u)ry, like savo(u)r, has a u in the UK. Honor (the name) and arbor (the tool) have -or in Britain, as mentioned above. As a general noun, rigour /? r??r/ has a u in the UK; the medical term rigor (often /? ra? ?r/)[citation needed] does not, such as in &rigor mortis&, which is Latin. Words with the ending -irior, -erior or similar are spelt thus everywhere. Commonwealth usage Commonwealth countries normally follow British usage. In Canada -or endings are not uncommon, particularly in the Prairie provinces. In Australia, -or endings enjoyed some use throughout the 19th and 20thcenturies, and are still found in some regions,[8] usually in local and regional newspapers, although in recent years most major Australian newspapers have switched from &-or& endings to &-our& endings. The most notable countrywide use of -or is for the Australian Labor Party, which was named in hono(u)r of the American labo(u)r movement.[14] Aside from that, -our is now almost universal. New Zealand English, while sharing some words and syntax with Australian English, follows British usage.-re, -erIn British usage, some words of French, Latin or Greek origin end with a consonant followed by -re, with the -re unstressed and pronounced /??/. Most of these words have the ending -er in the United States.[15][16] The difference is most common for words ending -bre or -tre: British spellings calibre, centre, fibre, goitre, litre, lustre, metre, mitre, nitre, reconnoitre, sabre, saltpetre, sombre, spectre, theatre and titre all have -er in American spelling. There are many exceptions to the -re spelling in British usage. Many words spelt with -re in Modern French are spelt with -er in both British and A among these are chapter, December, disaster, enter, filter, letter, member, minister, monster, November, number, October, oyster, perimeter, parameter, powder, proper, September, sober and tender. The ending -cre, as in acre,[17] lucre, massacre and mediocre, is preserved in American English, to indicate that the c is pronounced /k/ rather than /s/. After other consonants, there are not many -re endings even in British English: louvre[17] and manoeuvre after -v; meagre and ogre after -g; and euchre, ochre and sepulchre after -ch. In the United States, ogre, ochre, and manoeuvre and sepulchre are usually spelt as ma and the other -re forms listed are less used variants of the equivalent -er form.[citation needed] The e preceding the r is retained in American-derived forms of nouns and verbs, for example, fibers, reconnoitered, centering, which are, naturally, fibres, reconnoitred and centring respectively in British usage. Centring is a particularly interesting example, since it is stillpronounced as three syllables in British English (/? s?nt?r??/), yet there is no vowel letter in the spelling corresponding to the second syllable. It is dropped for other derivations, for example, central, fibrous, spectral. However such dropping cannot be regarded as proof of an -re British spelling: for example, entry and entrance derive from enter, which has not been spelt entre for centuries.[18] The difference relate -er rather than -re is universal as a suffix for agentive (reader, winner, user) and comparative (louder, nicer) forms. One consequence is the British distinction of meter for a measuring instrument from metre for the unit of length. However, while [19] &poetic metre& is often -re, pentameter, hexameter etc. are always -er. Exceptions Many other words have -er in British English. These include Germanic words like anger, mother, timber and water and Romance words like danger, quarter and river.Theater is the prevailing American spelling used to refer to both thedramatic arts and buildings where stage performances and screenings of films take place (i.e. &movie theaters&); for example, a national newspaper such as The New York Times uses theater throughout its &Theater&, &Movies& and &Arts & Leisure& sections. In contrast, the spelling theatre appears in the names of many New York City theaters on Broadway[20] (cf. Broadway theatre) and elsewhere in the United States. In 2003, the proposal of the American National Theatre, eventually to be founded and inaugurated in autumn 2007, was referred to by The New York Times as the &American National Theater&; but the organization uses &re& in the spelling of its name.[21][22] The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. features the more common American spelling theater in its references to The Eisenhower Theater, part of the Kennedy Center.[23] Some cinemas outside New York also use the theatre spelling.[24] In many instances, places in the United States use Centre in their names. Examples include the Stonebriar Centre mall in Frisco, Texas, the cities of Rockville Centre, New York and Centreville, Illinois, Centre County, Pennsylvania, and Centre College in Kentucky. Sometimes these places were named before spelling changes took effect but more often the spelling merely serves as an affectation. An apparent example of the use of Center in the United Kingdom is the Valley Centertainment in Sheffield, although this is in fact a portmanteau of centre and entertainment.For British accoutre, the American practice varies: the Merriam-Webster Dictionary prefers the -re spelling[25] but the American Heritage Dictionary prefers the -er spelling.[26] More recent French loanwords retain an -re spelling in American English. These are not exceptions when a French-style pronunciation is used (/r?/ rather than /?r/), as with double-entendre, genre and oeuvre. However, the unstressed /?r/ pronunciation of an -er ending is used more or less frequently with some words, including cadre, macabre, ma?tre d', Notre Dame, piastre, and timbre. Commonwealth usage The -re endings are mostly standard throughout the Commonwealth. The -er spellings are recognized as minor variants in Canada, due in part to American influences. Proper names, particularly names incorporating the word Centre/Center, are an occasional source of exceptions, such as, for example, Toronto's controversially-named Centerpoint Mall.[27]-ce, -seFor advice / advise and device / devise, American English and British English both retain the noun/verb distinction (where the pronunciation is -[s] for the noun and -[z] for the verb). For licence / license or practice / practise, British English also retains the noun/verb distinction (the two words in each pair are homophones with -[s] pronunciation, though). On the other hand, American English uses license and practice for both nouns and verbs (with -[s] pronunciation in both cases too). American English has kept the Anglo-French spelling for defense and offense, which are usually defence and offence in British E similarly there are the American pretense and B but derivatives such as defensive, offensive, and pretension are always thus spelled in both systems. Australian[28] and Canadian usage generally follows British.-xion, -ctionThe spelling connexion is now rare in everyday British usage, its employment declining as knowledge of Latin declines,[29] and it is not used at all in America: the more common connection has become the standard internationally. According to the Oxford English Dictionary the older spelling is more etymologically conservative, since the word actually derives from Latin forms in -xio-. The American usage derives from Webster who discarded the -xion in favor of -ction by analogy with such verbs as connect.[30]Complexion (which comes from the stem complex) is standard and complection usually is not.[31] However, the adjective complected (as in&dark-complected&), although sometimes objected to, is standard in US [32] English as an alternative to complexioned, but is quite unknown in this sense in the UK, although there is a rare usage to mean complicated.[33]Greek-derived spellings-ise, -ize (-isation, -ization)See also: Oxford spelling American and Canadian[34] spelling accepts only -ize endings in most cases, [35] such as organize, realize, and recognize. British usage is split between both -ize and -ise (organize / organise, realize / realise, recognize / recognise),[35] and the ratio between -ise and -ize stands at 3:2 in the British National Corpus.[36] In Australia and New Zealand -ise spellings strongly prevail: the -ise form is preferred in Australian English at a ratio of about 3:1 according to the Macquarie Dictionary. Worldwide, -ize endings prevail in scientific writing and are commonly used by many international organizations, such as the ISO and the WHO. The European Union switched from -ize to -ise some years ago in its English language publications, and this resulted in the coexistence of the -ize spelling in older legislative acts and the -ise spelling in more recent ones. Proofreaders at the EU's Publications Office ensure consistent spelling in official publications such as the Official Journal (where legislation and other official documents are published), but the -ize spelling may be found in other documents. The same pattern applies to derivatives and inflexions such as colonisation/colonization. British usageBritish English using -ize is known as Oxford spelling, and is used in publications of the Oxford University Press, most notably the Oxford English Dictionary. It can be identified using the registered IANA language tag en-GB-oed. The OED lists the -ise form separately, as &a frequent spelling of -IZE&, and refuses to list the -ise spellings even as alternatives in the individual entries for words such as realize.[37] It firmly deprecates usage of -ise for words of Greek origin, stating, &[T]he suffix..., whatever the element to which it is added, is in its origin the Greek -ι ζ ε ι ν , Latin -izā and, as the pronunciation is also with z, there is no reason why in English the special French spelling in -iser should be followed, in opposition to that which is at once etymological and phonetic.& It maintains &... some have used the spelling -ise in English, as in French, for all these words, and some prefer -ise in words formed in French or English from Latin elements, retaining -ize for those of Greek composition.&[38] Noah Webster rejected -ise for the same reasons.[39] Henry Watson Fowler's A Dictionary of Modern English Usage quotes the OED and clearly recommends the -ize- spelling. Also Horace Hart in Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford also clearly recommended the -ize- spelling. The Cambridge University Press, on the other hand, has long favoured -ise,[40] and many reference works, including the Pocket Fowler's Modern English Usage, accept the &-ise& usage as legitimate.[40] Perhaps as a reaction to the ascendancy of American spelling, the -ize spelling is often incorrectly viewed in Britain as an Americanism, and -ise is more commonly used in the UK mass media and newspapers,[35] including The Times, The Daily Telegraph and The Economist. Meanwhile, -ize is used in many British-based academic publications, such as Nature, the Biochemical Journal and The Times Literary Supplement. Exceptions Some verbs ending in -ize or -ise do not derive from Greek -ι ζ ε ι ν , and their endings are therefore not interchangeable:???Some words take the -z- form exclusively, for instance capsize, seize (except in the legal phrase to be seised of/to stand seised to), size and prize (only in the &appraise& sense) Others take only -s-: advertise, advise, apprise, arise, circumcise, comprise, compromise, demise, despise, devise, disguise, excise, exercise, franchise, guise, improvise, incise, merchandise (noun), revise, rise, supervise, surmise, surprise, televise, and wise. One special case is the verb prise (meaning to force or lever), which is spelled prize in the US[41] and prise everywhere else,[42] includingCanada,[43] although in North American English it is almost always replaced by pry, a back-formation from or alteration of prise.[44]-yse, -yzeThe distribution of -yse and -yze endings, as in analyse / analyze, is different from -ise / -ize: -yse is British and -yze is American. Thus, in British English analyse, catalyse, hydrolyse, and paralyse, but in American English analyze, catalyze, hydrolyze, and paralyze.Analyse seems to have been the more common spelling in 17th- and18th-century English, but many of the great dictionaries of that period C John Kersey's of 1702, Nathan Bailey's of 1721 and Samuel Johnson's of 1755 C prefer analyze. In Canada, -yze prevails, just as in the United States. In Australia and New Zealand, -yse stands alone. English verbs ending in -yse or -yze are not similar to the Greek verb, which is λ ?ω lúō &I release&. Instead they come from the noun form λ ?σ ι ? lysis with the -ise or -ize suffix. For example, analyse comes from French analyser, formed by haplology from the French analysiser,[45] which would be spelled analysise or analysize in English.-ogue, -ogSome words of Greek origin, a few of which derive from Greek λ ?γ ο ? or α γ ω γ ??, can end either in -ogue or in -og: analog(ue), catalog(ue), dialog(ue), demagog(ue), pedagog(ue), monolog(ue), homolog(ue), synagog(ue) etc. In the UK (and generally in the Commonwealth), the -ogue endings are the standard. In the US, catalog has a slight edge over catalogue[46] (the inflected forms, cataloged and cataloging v catalogued and cataloguing); analog is standard for the adjective,[citation needed] but both analogue and analog are
in all other cases the -gue endings strongly prevail,[47] for example monologue, except for such expressions as dialog box in computing,[48] which are also used in the UK. In Australia, analog is used in its technical and electronic sense, as in analog electronics.[4] Finally, in Canada and New Zealand, and analogue is used, but just as in the US analog has some currency as a technical term[49] (e.g. in electronics, as in &analog electronics& as opposed to &digital electronics& and some video-game consoles might have an analog stick). The dropping of the &ue& is mandatory in forming such related words as &analogy&, &analogous&, and &analogist&.Simplification of ae and oeMany words are written with ae/? or oe/? in British English, but a singlee in American English. The sound in question is /i?/ or /?/ (or unstressed/?/). Examples (with non-American letter in bold): aesthetics, amoeba,anaemia, anaesthesia, caesium, diarrhoea, encyclopaedia, faeces, foetal, gynaecology, haemophilia, leukaemia, oesophagus, oestrogen, orthopaedic, palaeontology, paediatric. Oenology is acceptable in American English but is regarded as a minor variant of enology.The spelling foetal is a Britishism based on a false etymology.[50] The etymologically correct original spelling &fetus& reflects the Latin original and is the standard spelling in medical journals worldwide.[51] Exceptions to the American simplification rule include aesthetics and archaeology, which usually prevail over esthetics and archeology, respectively,[52] as well as the stronger case of palaestra, in which the simplified form palestra is a variant described by Merriam-Webster as &chiefly Brit[ish].&[53] Words where British usage varies include encyclopaedia, homoeopathy, mediaeval, and foetus (though the British medical community, as well as at least one authoritative source,[54] consider this variant to be unacceptable for the purposes of journal articles and the like, since the Latin spelling was actually fetus). The Ancient Greek diphthongs &α ι & and &ο ι & were transliterated into Latin as &ae& and &oe&. The ligatures ? and ? were introduced when the sounds became monophthongs, and later applied to words not of Greek origin, in both Latin (for example, c?li) and French (for example, ?uvre). In English, which has imported words from all three languages, it is now usual to replace ?/? with Ae/ae and ?/? with Oe/oe. In many cases, the digraph has been reduced to a single e in all varieties of English: for example, oeconomics, praemium, and aenigma.[55] In others, it is retained in all varieties: for example, phoenix, and usually subpoena.[56] This is especially true of names: Caesar, Oedipus, Phoebe etc. There is no reduction of Latin -ae plurals (e.g. larvae); nor where the digraph &ae&/&oe& does not result from the Greek-style ligature: for example, maelstrom, toe. The British form aeroplane is an instance (compare other aero- words such as aerosol). The now chiefly North American airplane is not a respelling but a recoining, modeled after airship and aircraft. Theword airplane dates from 1907,[57] at which time the prefix aero- was trisyllabic, often written a?ro-. Internationally, the American spelling is closer to the usage in a number of other languages using the Latin alphabet.[citation needed] For instance, almost all Romance languages (which tend to have more phonemic spelling) lack the ae and oe spellings (a notable exception being French), as do Swedish, Polish, and others, while Dutch uses them sometimes (&ae& is rare, but &oe& is the normal representation of the sound [u], while written &u& represents either the sound [y] or [?]). The languages Danish, Icelandic, Norwegian and some others retain the original ligatures. In German, through umlauts, is retained as its equivalent of the ligature, for when written without the umlaut. These words resemble the British usage (i.e. ? becomes ae and ? becomes oe). Similarly, Hungarian uses &é& as a replacement for &ae& (although it becomes &e& sometimes), and the special character &?& (sometimes &?&) for &oe&. Commonwealth usage In Canada, e is usually preferred over oe and often over ae as well, just as in the neighbouring United States.[citation needed] In Australia, encyclopedia and medieval are spelled with e rather than ae, as with American usage, and the Macquarie Dictionary also notes an increasing tendency towards replacing ae and oe with e universally.[4] Elsewhere, the British usage prevails, but the spellings with just e are increasingly used.[58] Manoeuvre is the only spelling in Australia, and the most common one in Canada, where maneuver and manoeuver are also sometimes found.[59] This shortening is natural, especially since the Canadian Forces in the air and on the oceans are frequently involved in joint maneuvers with the U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Navy. In Canada, oe and ae are used occasionally in the academic and science communities.[citation needed]Doubled consonantsDoubled in British EnglishThe final consonant of an English word is sometimes doubled in both American and British spelling when adding a suffix beginning with a vowel, for example strip/stripped, which prevents confusion with stripe/striped and shows the difference in pronunciation (see digraph). Generally, thisoccurs only when the word's final syllable is stressed and when it also ends with a single vowel followed by a single consonant. In British English, however, a final -l is often doubled even when the final syllable is unstressed.[60] This exception is no longer usual in American English, apparently because of Noah Webster.[61] The -ll- spellings are nevertheless still regarded as acceptable variants by both Merriam-Webster Collegiate and American Heritage dictionaries.??? ? ? ??The British English doubling is required for all inflections (-ed, -ing, -er, -est) and for the noun suffixes -er and -or. Therefore, British English usage is cancelled, counsellor, cruellest, labelled, modelling, quarrelled, signalling, traveller, and travelling. Americans usually use canceled, counselor, cruelest, labeled, modeling, quarreled, signaling, traveler, and traveling. o The word parallel keeps a single -l- in British English, as in American English (paralleling, unparalleled), to avoid the unappealing cluster -llell-. o Words with two vowels before a final l are also spelled with -ll- in British English before a suffix when the first vowel either acts as a consonant (equa in the United States, equaling or initialed), or belongs to a separate syllable (British fu?el?ling and di? American fu?el?ing and di?aled). ? British woollen is a further exception due to the double vowel (American: woolen). Also, wooly is accepted in American English, though woolly dominates in both systems.[62] Endings -ize /-ise, -ism, -ist, -ish usually do not double the l in British E for example, normalise, dualism, novelist, and devilish. o Exceptions: duellist, medallist, panellist, and sometimes triallist in British English. For -ous, British English has a single l in scandalous and perilous, but the &ll& in marvellous and libellous. For -ee, British English has libellee. For -age, British English has pupillage but vassalage. American English sometimes has an unstressed -ll-, as in the UK, in some words where the root has -l. These are cases where the alteration occurs in the source language, which was often Latin. (Examples: bimetallism, cancellation, chancellor, crystallize, excellent, tonsillitis, and raillery.) All forms of English have compelled, excelling, propelled, rebelling (notice the stress difference); revealing, fooling (note?the double vowel before the l); and hurling (consonant before the l). Canadian and Australian English largely follow British usage.[60]Among consonants other than l, practice varies for some words, such as where the final syllable has secondary stress or an unreduced vowel. In the United States, the spellings kidnaped and worshiped, which were introduced by the Chicago Tribune in the 1920s,[63] are common. Kidnapped and worshipped are the only standard British spellings. Miscellaneous:? ?British American caliper. B American jewelry. The standard pronunciations (/? d?u??lri/)[64] do not reflect this difference. According to Fowler,jewelry used to be the &rhetorical and poetic& spelling in the UK. Canada has both, but jewellery is more often used. Likewise, the Commonwealth (including Canada) has jeweller and the United States has jeweler for a jewel(le)ry retailer.Doubled in American EnglishConversely, there are words where British writers prefer a single l and Americans usually use a double l. In American usage, the spelling of words is usually not changed when they form the main part (not prefix or suffix) of other words, especially in newly formed words and in words whose main part is in common use. Words exhibiting this spelling difference include wil(l)ful, skil(l)ful, thral(l)dom, appal(l), fulfil(l), fulfil(l)ment, enrol(l)ment, instal(l)ment. These words have monosyllabic cognates always written with -ll: will, skill, thrall, pall, fill, roll, stall, still. Cases where a single l nevertheless occurs in both American and British English include null→annul, till→until (although some prefer &til& to reflect the single L in &until&, occasionally using an apostrophe ['til]); and others where the connection is not transparent or the monosyllabic cognate is not in common use in American English (e.g. null is used mainly as a technical term in law, mathematics, and computer science). In the UK, ll is used occasionally in distil(l), instil(l), enrol(l), and enthral(l)ment, and often in enthral(l), all of which are always spelt this way in American usage. The former British spellings instal, fulness, and dulness are now quite rare.[65] The Scottish tolbooth is cognate with toll booth, but it has a specific distinct sense.In both American and British usages, words normally spelled -ll usually drop the second l when used as prefixes or suffixes, for example full→useful, all→almighty, well→welfare, chill→chilblain. The British fulfil and American fulfill are never fullfill or fullfil. Dr Johnson wavered on this issue. His dictionary of 1755 lemmatises distil and instill, downhil and uphill.[66]Dropped eBritish English sometimes keeps silent e when adding suffixes where American English does not. Generally speaking, British English drops it in only some cases in which it is unnecessary to indicate pronunciation whereas American English only uses it where necessary.?British prefers ageing,[67] American usually aging (compare raging, ageism). For the noun or verb &route&, British English often uses routeing,[68] but in America routing is used. (The military term rout forms routing everywhere.) However, all of these words form &router&, whether used in the context of carpentry, data communications, or military. (e.g. &Attacus was the router of the Huns at ....&)Both forms of English retain the silent e in the words dyeing, singeing, and swingeing[69] (in the sense of dye, singe, and swinge), to distinguish from dying, singing, swinging (in the sense of die, sing, and swing). In contrast, the verb bathe and the British verb bath both form bathing. Both forms of English vary
both prefer cringing, hinging, lunging, syringing.?Before -able, British English prefers likeable, liveable, rateable, saleable, sizeable, unshakeable,[70] where American practice prefers to drop the -e; but both British and American English prefer breathable, curable, datable, lovable, movable, notable, provable, quotable, scalable, solvable, usable,[70] and those where the root is polysyllabic, like believable or decidable. Both forms of the language retain the silent e when it is necessary to preserve a soft c, ch, or g, such as in traceable, cacheable, both usually retain the &e& after -dge, as in knowledgeable, unbridgeable, and unabridgeable. (&These rights are unabridgeable.&)??Both abridgment and the more regular abridgement are current in America, only the latter in the UK.[71] Similarly for the word lodg(e)ment. Both judgment and judgement are in use interchangeably everywhere, although the former prevails in America and the latter prevails in the UK[72] except in the practice of law, where judgment is standard. The similar situation holds for abridgment and acknowledgment. Both forms of English prefer fledgling to fledgeling, but ridgeling to ridgling. Both acknowledgment, acknowledgement, abridgment and abridgement are used in A the shorter forms are endorsed by Australian governments.[4][73] The word &blue& always drops the &e& when forming &bluish& or &bluing&.-ed and -t for past tenseIn the UK (as well as Australia and New Zealand) it is common to end some past tense verbs with a &t& as in learnt or dreamt rather than learned or dreamed.[74]Different spellings for different meanings?dependant or dependent: British dictionaries distinguish between dependent (adjective) and dependant (noun). In the US, dependentis usual for both noun and adjective, notwithstanding that dependant is also an acceptable variant for the noun form in the US.[75] disc or disk: Traditionally, disc used to be British and disk American. Both spellings are etymologically sound (Greek diskos, Latin discus), although disk is earlier. In computing, disc is used for optical discs (e.g. a CD, Compact D DVD, Digital Versatile/Video Disc), by choice of the group that coined and trademarked the name Compact Disc, while disk is used for products using magnetic storage (e.g. hard disks or floppy disks, also known [76] as diskettes). For this limited application, these spellings are used in both the US and the Commonwealth. Solid-state devices also use the spelling &disk&. enquiry or inquiry:[77] According to Fowler, inquiry should be used in relation to a formal inquest, and enquiry to the act of questioning. Many (though not all) British writers maint the OED, on the other hand, lists inquiry and enquiry as equal alternatives, in that order. Some British dictionaries, such as Chambers 21st Century Dictionary,[78] present the two spellings as interchangeable variants in the general sense, but??????prefer inquiry for the &formal inquest& sense. In the US, only inqu the title of The National Enquirer, as a proper name, is an exception. In Australia, inquiry and enquiry are often interchangeable, but inquiry prevails in writing.[citation needed] Both are current in Canada, where enquiry is often associated with scholarly or intellectual research. ensure or insure: In the UK (and Australia), the word ensure (to make sure, to make certain) has a distinct meaning from the word insure (often followed by against C to guarantee or protect against, typically by means of an &insurance policy&). The distinction is only about a century old.[79] In American usage, insure may also be used in the former sense, but ensure may not be used in the latter sense. According to Merriam-Webster's usage notes, ensure and insure &are interchangeable in many contexts where they indicate the making certain or [making] inevitable of an outcome, but ensure may imply a virtual guarantee &the government has ensured the safety of the refugees&, while insure sometimes stresses the taking of necessary measures beforehand &careful planning should insure the success of the party&.&[80] insurance or assurance: In the business of risk transfer, American English speakers will normally refer to life insurance or fire insurance. In British English, &assurance& refers to risk associated with certainty, such as covering death (death is inevitable), whereas &insurance& refers to uncertainty (such as a home insurance policy). In British English &life insurance& is used for a policy covering uncertainty (for example, a pianist's hands may be covered under &life insurance&). Canadian speakers remain more likely than US speakers to use assurance.[81] Assurance is also used for the legal names of several Canadian insurance companies, such as Canada Life Financial [82] or Great-West Life [83] matt or matte: In the UK, matt refers to a non-glossy surface, and matte to the motion- in the US, matte covers both.[84] programme or program: The British programme is a 19th-century French version of program. Program first appeared in Scotland in the 17th century and is the only spelling found in the US. The OED entry, written around 1908 and listing both spellings, said program was preferable, since it conformed to the usual representation of the Greek as in anagram, diagram, telegram etc. In British English, program is the common spelling for computer programs, but for other meanings programme is used. In Australia, program has been endorsed by government writing standards for all senses since the 1960s,[85] and is listed as the official spelling in the Macquarie D.[4] see also the name of The Micallef Program(me). In?Canada, program prevails, and the Canadian Oxford Dictionary makes no meaning-based distinction between it and programme. However, some Canadian government documents nevertheless use programme in all senses of the word C and also to match the spelling of the French equivalent.[85] tonne or ton: in the UK, Australia, Canada and New Zealand, the spelling tonne refers to the metric unit (1000 kilograms), whereas in the US the same unit is referred to as a metric ton. The unqualified ton usually refers to the long ton (2,240 pounds (1,020 kg)) in the UK and to the short ton (2,000 pounds (910 kg)) in the US (but note that the tonne and long ton differ by only 1.6%, and are roughly interchangeable when accu ton and tonne are usually pronounced the same in speech).See also meter/metre, for which there is a British English distinction between these etymologically related forms with different meanings but the standardised American spelling is &meter&. The spelling used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures is &metre&.[86] This spelling is also the usual one in most English-speaking countries, but only the spelling &meter& is used in American English, and this is officially endorsed by the United States.[87]Different spellings for different pronunciationsIn a few cases, essentially the same word has a different spelling that reflects a different pronunciation. However, in most cases the pronunciation of the words is the same. As well as the miscellaneous cases listed in the following table, the past tenses of some irregular verbs differ in both spelling and pronunciation, as with smelt (UK) versus smelled (US) (see American and British English differences: Verb morphology). UK aeroplane US airplane NotesAeroplane, originally a French loanword with adifferent meaning, is the older spelling.[88] The oldest recorded uses of the spelling airplane are British.[88] According to the OED,[89] &[a]irplane became the standard American term (replacing aeroplane) after this was adopted by the National Advisory Committee for AeronauticsUKUSNotes in 1916. Although A. Lloyd James recommended its adoption by the BBC in 1928, it has until recently been no more than an occasional form in British English.& In the British National Corpus,[90] aeroplane outnumbers airplane by more than 7:1 in the UK. The case is similar for the British aerodrome[91] and American airdrome,[92] although both of these terms are now obsolete. Aerodrome is used merely as a technical term in Australia, Canada and New Zealand. The prefixes aero- and air- both mean air, with the first coming from the Ancient Greek word ??ρ (āēr). Thus, the prefix appears in aeronautics, aerostatics, aerodynamics, aeronautical engineering and so on, while the second occurs invariably in aircraft, airport, airliner, airmail etc. In Canada, airplane is more common than aeroplane, although aeroplane is not unknown, especially in parts of French Canada (where it is, however, used only in English C the French term is avion, and the French word aéroplane designates 19th-century flying [93] machines).aluminiumaluminumThe spelling aluminium is the international standard in the sciences according to the IUPAC recommendations. Humphry Davy, the element's discoverer, first proposed the name alumium, and then later aluminum. The name aluminium was finally adopted to conform with the -ium ending of metallic elements.[94] Canada uses aluminum and Australia and New Zealand aluminium, according to their respective dictionaries.[95] In vulgar senses &buttocks& (&anus&/&wretch&/&idiot&); unrelated sense &donkey& is ass in both. Arse is very rarely used in the US, though understood by some. The 19th century had the spelling behove pronounced to rhyme with move.[96] Subsequently, a pronunciation spelling was adopted in America, while in Britain a spelling pronunciation was adopted.arseassbehovebehooveUK bogeymanUSNotesboogeyman or It is pronounced /? bo?im?n/ BOH-gee-man in boogerman the UK, so that the American form, boogeyman /? b?im?n/, is reminiscent of the 1970s disco dancing &boogie& to the British ear. Boogerman /b??m?n/ is common in the Southern US and gives an association with the slang term booger for Nasal mucus while the mainstream American spelling of boogeyman does not.brentbrantFor the species of goose.UKcarburettor carburetor charivari shivaree, charivari/? krb?? r?t?r/; US /? krb?re?t?r/.In America, where both terms are mainly regional,[97] charivari is usually pronounced as shivaree, which is also found in Canada and Cornwall,[98] and is a corruption of the French word. For a two- the horse-drawn carriage is coupé in both (meaning &cut&); unrelated &cup&/&bowl& is always coupe. In the United States, the &e& is accented when it is used as a foreign word. This noun (not to be confused with the adjective eerie) rhymes with weary and hairy respectively. Both spellings and pronunciations occur in America. Meat or fish. Pronounced the French way (approximately) in the US; Canada follows British pronunciation and distinguishes between fillet, especially as concerns fish, and filet, as concerns certain cuts of beef. McDonald's in the UK use the US spelling &filet& for their Filet-O-Fish.coupécoupeeyrieaeriefilletfillet, filetfurorefurorFurore is a late 18th-century Italian loan-wordthat replaced the Latinate form in the UK in the following century,[99] and is usually pronounced with a voiced e. The Canadian usage is the same as the American, and Australia has both.[100]grottygrodyCl both are slang termsUK haulier jemmy moustacheUS from the 1960s. hauler jimmy mustache[101]Notes H haulier is the older spelling.[102] In the sense &crowbar&. In America, according to the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the American Heritage Dictionary, the British spelling is an also-ran, yet the pronunciation with second-syllable stress is a common variant. In Britain the second syllable is usually stressed. Mother. Mom is sporadically regionally found in the UK (e.g. in West Midlands English). Some British dialects have mam,[103] and this is often used in Northern English, Irish English, and Welsh English. In the American region of New England, especially in the case of the Boston accent, the British pronunciation of mum is often retained, while it is still spelled mom. In Canada, there
Canadians often say mum and write mom.[104] In Australia and New Zealand, mum is used. In the sense of a preserved corpse, mummy is always used. The American spelling is from French, and American speakers generally approximate the French pronunciation as /n?i?v(?)?te ?/, whereas the British spelling is nativised, as also the pronunciation /n?? i?v(?)ti/. In the UK, na?veté is a minor variant, used about 20% of the time in the British National C in America, naivete and naiveté are marginal variants, and naivety is almost unattested.[105][106]mum(my)mom(my)naivetyna?vetéorientated orientedIn the UK, Australia and New Zealand, it is common to use orientated (as in family-orientated), whereas in the US oriented is used exclusively (family-oriented). Both words have the same origins, coming from &orient& or its off-shoot &orientation&.[107] The 'y' represents the pronunciation of thepyjamaspajamasUKUSNotes original Urdu &pāy-jāma&, and in the 18th century spellings such as &paijamahs& and &peijammahs& appeared: this is reflected in the pronunciation /pa?? d??m?z/ (with the first syllable rhyming with &pie&) offered as an alternative in the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary. Both &pyjamas& and &pajamas& are also known from the 18th century, but the latter became more or less confined to the US.[108] Canada follows both British and American usage, with both forms commonplace.pernickety persnickety Persnickety is a late 19th-century American alteration of the Scots word pernickety.[109] quin scallywag sledge quint scalawag sled In British English the standard usage is speciality, but specialty occurs in the field of medicine,[112] and also as a legal term for a contract under seal. In Canada, specialty prevails. In Australia both are current.[113] According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the oldest form was &tyd bit&, and the alteration to &titbit& was probably under the influence of the obsolete word &tit&, meaning a small horse or girl. Abbreviations of quintuplet. In the United States (where the word originated, as scalawag),[110] scallywag is not unknown.[111]speciality specialtytitbittidbitwhilstwhilePenguin Working Words recommends while only, and notes that whilst is old-fashioned. Cambridge Guide to English Usage and M-W's Webster's Guide to English Usage comment on its regionalcharacter, and note that it is rare in American usage. It is thus safer to use only while in international English. (See the article While for further sources deprecating the use of whilst, and cautioning about uses of while.)[edit] Miscellaneous spelling differencesIn the table below, the more common spellings are on top. Note that this list includes words that were historically spelt differently in American/British English but today are usually spelt the same. UK ache acre adze annexe US ache, ake[114][115] acre, aker[116] adz, adze annex To annex is the verb in both British and A however, when speaking of an annex(e) C the noun referring to an extension of a main building, not a military or political conquest, which would be an annexation C the root word is usually spelled with an -e at the end in the UK, but in the US it is not. In British usage, artefact is the main spelling and artifact a minor variant.[117] In American English, artifact is the usual spelling. Canadians prefer artifact and Australians artefact, according to their respective dictionaries.[118] Artefact reflects Arte-fact(um), the Latin source.[119] Remarksartefactartifactartisan axeartisan, artizan ax, axe Both the noun and verb. The word comes from Old English ?x. In the US, both spellings are acceptable and commonly used. The Oxford English Dictionary states that &the spelling ax is better on every ground, of etymology, phonology, and analogy, than axe, which became prevalent in the 19 but it [&ax&] is now disused in Britain&.[120] In the US, &ax& is used for the tool whereas &axe& is used for the weapon.brasier camomile,brasier, brazier[121][122] chamomile, The word derives, via French and Latin, fromUK chamomileUS camomileRemarks Greek χ α μ α ?μ η λ ο ν (&earth apple&). The more common British spelling &camomile&, corresponding to the immediate French source, is the older in English, while the spelling &chamomile& more accurately corresponds to the ultimate Latin and Greek source.[123] In the UK, according to the OED, &the spelling cha- is chiefly in pharmacy, after L that with ca- is literary and popular&. In the US chamomile dominates in all senses. In banking. Hence pay cheque and paycheck. Accordingly, the North American term for what is known as a current account or cheque account in the UK is spelled chequing account in Canada and checking account in the US. Some American financial institutions, notably American Express, use cheque, but this is merely a trademarking affectation. As in chequerboard/checkerboard, chequered/checkered flag etc. In Canada as in the US.[124] The original Mexican Spanish word is spelled chile.[124][125] In Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, chile and chilli are given as also variants.chequecheckchequercheckerchillichili, chilecipher, cypher cosy dyke domicile doughnutcipher cozy dike domicile, [126] domicil doughnut, donut In the US, both are used, with donut indicated as a variant of doughnut.[127] In the UK, donut is indicated as an American variant for doughnut.[128] draft British English usually uses draft for al[129] for a preliminary v for an order of payment (bank draft), and for military In all senses (adjective, noun, verb).draughtUKUSRemarks conscription (although this last meaning is not as common as in American English). It uses draught for drink from a cask (draught beer); for animals used for pulling heavy loads (draught horse);
for a ship's minimum dep and for the game draughts, known as checkers in America. It uses either draught or draft for a plan or sketch (but almost always draug a draftsman drafts legal documents). American English uses draft in all these cases, including draftsman (male or female) (although in regard to drinks, draught is sometimes found). Cana in Australia, draft is used for technical drawings, is accepted for the &current of air& meaning, and is preferred by professionals in the nautical sense.[130] The pronunciation is always the same for all meanings within a dialect (RP /? dr?ft/, General American /? dr? ft/). The spelling draft appeared first inthe late 16th century.[131] gauge gauntlet gage[132] gauge gauntlet, gantlet Both spellings have existed since Middle English.[133] When meaning &ordeal&, in the phrase running the ga(u)ntlet, some American style guides prefer gantlet.[134] This spelling is unused in Britain[135] and less usual in America than gauntlet. The word is an alteration of earlier gantlope by folk etymology with gauntlet (&armored glove&), always spelled thus.gazelle glycerine greygazelle, gazel[136][137] glycerin, glycerine gray Scientists use the term glycerol, but both spellings are used sporadically in the US.Grey became the established British spelling in the 20th century, pace DrUKUSRemarks Johnson and others,[138] and it is but a minor variant in American English, according to dictionaries. Canadians tend to prefer grey. The non-cognate greyhound was never grayhound. Both Grey and Gray are found in proper names everywhere in the English-speaking world. The two spellings are of equal antiquity, and the Oxford English Dictionary states that &each of the current spellings has some analogical support&.[139]grille hearken jail, gaolgrill, grille harken jailIn the US, &grille& refers to that of an automobile, whereas &grill& refers to a device used for heating food. In the UK, gaol and gaoler are used sometimes, apart from literary usage, chiefly to describe a medieval building and guard. Both spellings go back to Middle English: gaol was a loanword from Norman French, while jail was a loanword from central (Parisian) French. In Middle English the two spellings were associated with different pronunciations. In current English the word, however spelt, is always given the pronunciation originally associated only with the jail spelling (/? d?e?l/). The survival of the gaol spelling in British English is &due to statutory and official tradition&.[140]kerbcurbFor the noun designating the edge of a roadway (or the edge of a British pavement/ American sidewalk/ Australian footpath). Curb is the older spelling, and in the UK and US it is still the proper spelling for the verb meaning restrain.[141](kilo)gram, (kilo)gram (kilo)gramme(Kilo)gramme is used sometimes in the UK but never in the US. (Ki