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商务翻译课件改进版(2010年)
? It is an ever-changing world, full of opportunities as well as challenges. ? International communications are getting increasingly frequent and imperative, among which business translation plays a vitally important role. ? Actually translation itself is rather dull and at the same time, highly demanding in terms of our time, energy and even dogged persistence. ? Anyway, let’s move on to enjoy the pains and gains from translating!商务英语翻译 之 词汇翻译? 综 合 练 习? 数 字 翻 译 法及 练 习? 重 复 法及 练 习? 增 减 法及 练 习? 视 角 转 化 法及 练 习? 词 类 转 换 法及 练 习? 词 义 的 引 申及 练 习? 词 义 的 选 择及 练 习商务英语翻译 之 句法翻译? 难 句 长 句 ? 定 语 从 句 ? 被 动 句 式 ? 比 较 句 式 ? 否 定 句 式商务英语翻译 之 文体与语篇? 商 务 合 同? 商 品 说 明 书? 商 务 信 函? 商 标 与 品 牌? 商 务 广 告? 商 号 与 名 片词义的选择（Choice of Meaning）变化中的词义（热身）a. The expansion or generalization of meaning b. The narrowing or specialization of meaning c. The shift of meaning.词义的选择（Choice of Meaning）变化中的词义（举例）countdownfallout倒计时 放射性尘埃 家庭料理 东方 药片 . 液体扩展为: 十分危急的情况 扩展为:（不良的）后果 转化为: 经济 转化为: 方向 缩小为: contraceptive (pills) 缩小为:白酒economyorientationpillliquor词义的选择（一）根据汉语的表达习惯确定词义（二）根据词性确定词义 （三）根据专业来确定词义 （四）根据词的搭配关系和上下文 来确定词义（一）根据汉语的表达习惯确定词义net income net profit net conclusion净收入 纯利润 最终结论小数目 1. a low figure 收入低的工人 2. workers on low incomes 3. The simplest way to succeed in business is to buy low and sell high. 生意成功最简单的途径就是贱买贵卖。 4. The value of the pound has fallen to a new low against the dollar. 英镑兑换美元的比值已跌到新的（最）低点。商务英语翻译不同于文艺作品的翻译， 一般不讲求文采、韵味、修辞等，而要求把 “准确严谨”的原则Z于首位；在翻译专业 术语和关键词语时，一定要在透彻地理解原 文的精神实质的基础上，准确地用符合汉语 表达习惯的说法表达出来。（二）根据词性确定词义1. The price quoted include a progressive commission to be calculated on FOB basis of 2% for a single order for 10 dozen or up, 3% for 30 dozen or up.所报价格包括累进佣金，按FOB价为基础计算，每定单在10打及以上 时佣金为2%，30打及以上为3%。2. Party B is commissioned by the manufactures to buy steel plates and this contract shall supersede all previous commitments.乙方受制造厂家的委托购买钢板，因此本合同将取代以前的一切承诺。 由于词性不同，以上两句中的commission的词义有很大差别。在前 一句中名词，意思是“佣金”；在后一句中却是动词，意为“委托”或 “代理”。稍作引申： 1. Regressive 累退的; 2. The Contractor shall be responsible for and shall carry out all maintenance work during commissioning period.（在试运行期间，承包 方应负责进行一切维修工作。）1. Arbitration of all questions in dispute under this contract shall be at the choice of either party and shall be in accordance with the International Arbitration Rules of American Arbitration Association.对在合同中一切有争议的问题是否付诸仲裁将由任何一方做出选择， 并须按照美国仲裁协会的国际仲裁规则进行仲裁。2. Our products are manufactured from the choice grades of material and will satisfy you in every respect.由于以上两句中的choice的词性不同，在词义的确定上也有所不 同。第一句中的Choice是名词，意思为“选择”（Act of choosing between two or more possibilities)；第二句中的Choice是形容词，意思 为“优质的”（of very good quality）。 当然，必要时，还可以转换词汇的词性：例如将副词转换成形容词 或介词，名词转换成动词等等。同时，词性的转换也存在着一定的规 律。一般而言，英语中多用名词和介词，而中文里多用动词和副词。 以后将对此进行详细讲解。我方的产品均用上等材料制成，因此，在各方面都会使贵方满意。（三）根据专业来确定词义1. The premium rates vary with differed interests insured. 2. If the buyer fails to pay any account when due, the buyer shall be liable to pay the seller overdue interest on such unpaid amount from the due date until the actual date of payment at the rate of five percent per annum, such overdue interest shall be paid upon demand of the seller. 3. The articles of our immediate interest are your “CHON-HOI” brand Agricultural Washing Machines.以上三句出自三个不同的行业，第一个句子出自保险业，“interest” 一词在句中的意思是“被保险的货物”；第二个句子的背景是国际贸易， “interest”的意思是“一方由于未能支付到期的应付款项而向另一方支付 的利息”；而第三句属于营销业，此时的“interest”则应译成“对什么产 品、品牌感兴趣”。4. In order to be eligible to attend and vote at the SGM of the Company, all transfers of shares (with the relevant share certificates) must be lodged with the branch share registrar of the Company in Hong Kong by 4: 00 p.m. on Friday, 29 November 2005.原文中transfers 并非单指“过户”或“过户手续”，而是引申为“过 户文件”，与其后的share Certificates（业内通常译作“股份证书”或 “股票”）同属实物，事实上也只是实物才可交回股份过户分处。文中 的SGM是 Special General Meeting的缩写，即“股东特别大会”，业内也 称为EGM 即Extraordinary General Meeting。一个不了解股票等专业知 识的译者很难在这些词上做到翻译准确。 凡欲享有资格出席本公司的股东大会并于会上投票(的各股票持有 者)，所有股份过户文件（连同有关股份证书）必须于日 星期五下午四点前送达本公司的股份过户分处。5. It has raised its JV equity to 70% to gain management control. It has trebled its initial investment and is now expanding its product range and manufacturing capacity to meet growing demands.equity 通常指“公正、公平”的意思，而在金融市场上指的是企业资 产中所占的股份。initial investment是商贸中常用的术语，通常译为“先 期投资”或“预付款”，而不是“一开始的投资”。 公司将其在合资公司的股份增至70%，以获得管理控制权。这使它 的先期投资增加了两倍，而且现在正在扩大产品范围和生产能力来满足 不断增长的需求。6. Due diligence should be done before finalizing any large investment or acquisition. 7. The terms of the transaction have been negotiated on an arm?s length basis.Due diligence 按字面的意思就是“应有的勤奋”，而在企业融资领 域里，是指律师、会计师等专业人员以专业身份和知识审核有关资料是 否准备齐全的一个过程，业内通常译为“尽职调查”或“审慎调查”。 如果涉及到商务合同，比如具有法律约束力的企业融资文件，这就 涉及到法律文件。而法律文字的特色就是用词力求精确，意旨清晰，尊 重传统习惯。on an arm?s length basis一词在法律上并非按一般英汉字典 上的解释“同对方保持一定距离”，而是引申作“正常、公平的交易”。 6.在确定大笔投资或并购前需要进行尽职调查。 7.交易条款按照公平原则商订。（四）根据词的搭配关系和上下文来确定词义 1. In case of any request by either party, the party having possession of the desired record may deliver the appropriate records to the requesting party. 2. The price difference should in no case be as big as USD 25 per metric ton. 3. In the case of an order for more than 6 000 pieces, Party B allows a special discount of 6 percent.尽管每个句子中都含有“case”这个词，但它在以上三个句子中都由于 其搭配形式不同而具有不同的意义。第一句中的短语“in case of”用于引导 状语，意思为“假使、如果”；第二句中“in no case”相当于一个副词，意 思为“决不”；而第三句中的“in the case of”虽然在结构上与“in case of” 类似，但意义却不大相同，意思为“至于，就……来说”。再以一个常见的词为例：account，可指“账户、客户、生意往来关系”，复数则可指“账目、会计部门、账款”等， 它在不同搭配或上下文中可有不同的含义： 1. When the debt is cleared―as it must be by the time the customer retires―and the account goes into credit, it will attract interest at about 5 percent.顾客退休时，必须结清欠款，随后账户可转为信用货款，收取约百分 之五的利息。2. The company is one of our major accounts, so we should do our best to satisfy their needs.那家公司是我们的主要客户之一，因此我们得尽可能满足他们的需求。3. The CFO was accused of falsifying the company accounts.财务总监被控伪造公司账目。4. She works in accounts.她在会计部门任职。5. Accounts payable is created when a firm deals with suppliers who extend credit.公司与供货商交易时因其延长信货而产生应付账款。总之，一个词会因其搭配形式的差异而具有不同意义，这在商务合同 中出现得尤其频繁。在此，在翻译实践中，译者需要运用语篇理论，通过 词语在语篇中的运用来确定其真正含义。正因为如此，译者有必要将多义 词放到全文中去理解，而无论从哪方面斟酌考虑，词义、专业或词的搭配， 无一不与语篇紧密相联。词义的引申（Extension）1. Every life has its roses and thorns. 2. sleep deficit每个人的生活都有甜有苦。 睡眠不足词义的引申指的是在一个词所具有的原始意义的基础上， 根据上下文和逻辑关系进一步加以引申，选择适当确切的译 语词汇来表达，避免生搬硬套地逐字死译，这样才能使译语 更加通顺流畅。正如前文所述，英语词义对上下文的依赖性 强，可变性大，因此词义引申在英译汉中尤为重要。 （一）词义的转化 （二）词义的具体化 （三）词义的抽象化（一）词义的转化 1. These days, the U.S. economy isn?t “graduating enough scientists to fill the need of the coming decades,” frets Charles C. Leighton, “That?s a real concern.”近来，美国经济“未培养出足够的科学家来满足今后几十年发展的 需要，”查尔斯? 莱顿抱怨说，“这才是真正需要关注的问题。” C? （graduating 由“毕业”转化为“培养” 。）2. The factors which are likely to influence investment spending do not stop here.可能影响投资开支的因素并不止这些。 （在此，do not stop here由“不停留在这里”转化趁“并不止这 些”。 ）3. Our products, if maintained properly and regularly, can at least see twenty years? service.我们的产品如果适当地定期检修，至少可以使用二十年。4. The huge increase in oil prices in the 1970s cast a cloud over the development plans of many developing nations.20世纪70年代石油价格猛涨，曾对许多发展中国家的经济发展计划 投下一抹阴影。 Cloud在现代英语里可以表示“使人产生未曾想到的伤心或不愉快”。 故本句如此引申。Cloud作动词用时，有“含混不清”、“不易看懂或理 解”、“变得难以判别”、“玷污”之义，比如：Scandals clouded the popular president?s reputation. （丑闻玷污了深得民心的总统的声誉）。（二）词义的具体化 1. Now that the merger of “dot” and “com” has created so many young millionaires, there?s a new topic: venture capital.既然网络公司的兼并造就了如此多的百万富翁，我们面临一个新话 题：风险资本。 （一般公司网址都有“dot and com”，所以此处具体引申为“网络 公司” ）2. All the wit and learning in the economic circle will be present at the seminar.经济界的所有专家学者将出席这次研讨会。 （wit and learning由抽象的“智慧与学识”引申为具体的“专家学 者” ）1. For the average consumer, voice-activated devic for the elderly and the handicapped, they may become indispensable for a wide variety of chores in the home.对普通消费者来说，声触发装Z能提供方便，对老年人和残疾人来 说，它可能成为从事各种家庭杂务事不可或缺的帮手。2. There is more to their life than political and social and economic problems, more than transient everydayness.他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会的和经济的问题，远不止一 时的柴米油盐问题。3. The Board tried its best to improve the balance sheet of the company.董事会已尽最大努力改善本公司的整体财务状况。（balance sheet 在会计上固然可解作“资产负债表”，但是这个词还可引申为公 司的“整体财务状况”。)（三）词义的抽象化 1. The interest rates have see-sawed between 10 and 15 per cent. 2. Everyone knows that John lost his shirt when the business he had invested failed.利率一直在 10％到15％之间不断波动。 （ See-saw 由 “ 跷 跷 板 一 上 一 下 的 交 替 摆 动 ” 抽 象 化 为 “ 波 动”。）大家都知道，约翰生意失败后就倾家荡产了。 (lose his shirt 由“丢了一件衬衫”引申为“失去一切”，相当 于汉语中常说的“连短裤都输没了”。）3. CED Finklestein: He needs to pull a rabbit out of his hat to save the company.总经理芬克尔斯坦说：他需要拿出一个绝招来挽救公司。 （pull a rabbit out of his hat 原义为“从自己的帽子里抓出一只 兔子来”，在此引申为“像耍魔术一样拿出一种不同凡响的解决办 法”。译文简洁明晰地把总经理担心的心情表达了出来。）1. The owner?s son has the inside track for the job.老板的儿子有优先获得这项职务的权利。inside track 原义为 “内圈跑道”，在此引申为“优先的权利”。2. The EEC?s common agricultural policy is a dinosaur which is adding ￡13.50 week to the food bill of the average British family.欧洲经济共同体的农业共同政策早已不合时宜，它要使英国家庭 平均每周在食品开销上多支出13.50英镑。 Dinosaur的词典释义是“恐龙”，在现代汉语里，它又常被引 申为“要被废弃的落后的庞然大物”，如the country?s industrial dinosaur指“该国庞大而陈旧的工业体系”。落后而要被废弃的东 西当然也是过时的或不合时宜的，故此处作这样的引申。词类转换法（Conversion of Part of Speech ）1. Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.2. He is a good observer. 3. Access to the Internet is very simple.火箭已经用来探索宇宙。 他善于观察。 上互联网很简单。 尼龙的强度4. Nylon is nearly twice as strong as natural silk.词类转换指的是商务英语中语言的词性和表现方法的改变。由于英 语和汉语的表达习惯、句子结构和词的搭配关系均有差异，在翻译中往往 很难做到词性和表现手法一致。为了适应译文语言的表达习惯和语法规则， 在商务英语翻译中必须运用词性转换技巧。同样一个意思，英汉语常用互 不相同的结构来表达，因而可以说，词性的转换是随着句子结构改变而产 生的。词性转换技巧是一种较灵活的翻译技巧，我们不能一味追求词性的 对等，而应根据上下文作恰到好处的调整处理，使译文贴切，以求达到最 佳的翻译效果。Extremely keen competition between American and German vehicle manufacturers in the European market has compelled us to change our investment plan.美国与德国汽车制造商在欧洲市场竞争得异常激烈，迫使我们不 得不改变投资计划。（英语名词转换成汉语动词）将英语名词转换成汉语动词，译文更符合汉语的表 达习惯。因为与英语相比，汉语句子中动词用得多，除了 大量的动宾结构外，还有很多连动式、兼语式等两个以上 动词连用的现象。因此，英语中不少词类，如名词、动名 词、介词、形容词、副词等在英译汉时往往需要进行一定 的调整，转译成汉语动词。当然，英语的名词化和汉语的 动词化并不排除在英译汉时把英语动词转化成汉语的名词， 再如：1. A government report targets earnings from industry at US $ 200 billion by 2008.政府的一份报告提出一个指标：到2008年，要使工业收入达到 2 000 亿美元。（英语动词转换成汉语名词）2. The cost of making goods can be drastically lowered by means of mass-production.通过批量生产可以大幅度降低生产产品的成本。（英语介词转化 成汉语动词）3. Before World War II the most successful attempt to reduce tariffs by reciprocal bargaining was the trade agreements program of the United States, which was limited, however, by its bilateral nature.第二次世界大战之前，通过互相谈判降低关税的最成功的努力是 美国的贸易协定计划，但是这一计划受其双边性质的限制。（英 语代词转换成汉语名词）4. Advertising affects tremendously every sphere of modern life.广告对现代生活的方方面面产生极大的影响。（英语副词转换成汉 语形容词）5. The fair price connected with the superiority of varieties of our products will be able to guarantee our competitive edge in the international market.我方各种各样的产品价格公平，品质优良，能够确保在国际市场 的竞争优势。（英语名词转换成汉语形容词）。 可以看出，经过词性转换后译出的句子明显通顺达意，节奏感强， 符合汉语的表达习惯。另外，语言是个无限生成的系统，词类转换也 是千变万化的，在翻译实践中需要灵活运用。比如英语名词可以转换 为汉语副词，副词可以转换为名词。有时翻译一个句子需要进行几个 不同的词类转换。再举例：1. He is physically weak, but mentally swift.他身体虽弱，但思维敏捷。（副词转换成名词）2. I have the honor to inform you that the new products of yours have entered the international markets.我荣幸地告诉你，贵公司的新产品已经打入了国际市场。 （名词转换成副词）3. Lin Zexu believed that a successful ban of the trade in opium must be preceded by the destruction of the drug itself.林则徐认为，要成功地禁止鸦片，就得首先把鸦片焚毁。 （形容词+名词转换为副词 +动词，名词转换为动词）Males and females are equal in their right to inheritance.（形容词转换为名词；介词转换为名词）继承权男女平等。There must be less empty talk and more hard work.（名词转换为动词）一定要少说空话，多做工作。For 20 years we were passive witnesses to the deterioration of prices of our raw materials and an excessive increase of the prices of manufactured goods.（形容词＋名词转换为副词＋动词）二十年来我们坐视原材料价格下跌与工业品价格暴涨（的情况）。A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car.一个穿着讲究的人上了车。他的外表和谈吐 都像个美国人。Homework 1. 2. 3. He was a regular visitor. He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker. An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs. Talking with the his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man’s past wrong doings.4.视角转化法（Shift of Perspective）1. riot police 2. crisis law 3. Students are still arriving. 4. Don?t stop running. 5. Inflation is Target of Bank?s New Policy （China Daily 标题） 6.arms conference 7. I must confess… 8.People will be long forgetting her.防暴警察 反危机法 学生还没有到齐。 继续跑。 反通货膨胀是银行新 政的目标。 裁军会议 不瞒您说， 人们会长久记住她的。在英译汉过程中，我们常常遇到这样一种情况，即原词所表达 的并不是其字面意义，而是其字面意义的反义，或者说是对其字面 意义的否定，可这种否定又往往不出现否定词，这种情况并不少见， 需要用到视角转化法。 作为翻译中的一种变通手段，视点转换指译者在不涉及特殊文 化背景因素的情况下，用译语意义替代原语意义，重组原语信息的 表层形式，转换表达角度，使译文更符合汉语习惯，更易于被读者 接受，更有利于译文预期功能的实现。如下面这句话常出现在香港 的电车门上： Please tender extra fare.（恕不找赎。）“找赎”乃 粤语，相当于普通话中的“找零、找钱”。如果顺译则为：“请如 数缴费。”但作为无人售票车上的提示语，如果从反面着笔效果会 更好。例如，自学teach oneself；远程教育distance learning。视点 转换技巧除了包括肯定句与否定句之间的相互转换，还包括其他与 原文不同或相反的表达角度。1. With the winter coming in, many fashion stores start to sell warm clothes.冬天即将来临，许多商店开始销售寒衣了。 （此处 warm clothes 不译为“暖和的衣服”，经视角转换后译为 “寒衣”，刚好符合汉语的表达习惯，且更简练。）2. Party A shall have a right of first refusal whenever party B wishes to sell any of its shares in the Group.乙方任何时候有意出售其持有之本集团任何股份，甲方一律拥有优 先购买权。 （如果把 right of first refusal 刻译成“优先拒绝权”，则有失准确， 必须经过视角转换把它译成“优先购买权”才符合行业规范。）3. We offer to take ten percent off if your order is big enough.如果您的订货量足够大的话，我们会给您打九折。 （ take ten percent off 本义为“把价格扣除百分之十”，利用视点 转换法可翻译成“打九折”。）4. The supermarket designated quite a few pick-up points in some comparatively densely populated communities in suburban areas.该超市在郊区人口相对密集的社区设立了好几个上车地点。 （Pick-up points 原义为“接（顾客）的地点”，现在经过视点 转换则变为“上车地点”了。）5. The seller determines to sell it at one price.商家决定该产品以不二价销售。 （ at one price 为“只以一种价格”，这样的表达不符合汉语的表 达习惯，而用“不二价”则表示出商家不愿同顾客讨价还价的决 心。）6. In his 1776 work The Wealth of Nations, Scottish economist Adam Smith proposed that specialization in production leads to increased output.苏格兰经济学家亚当? 斯密在其1776年所著的《国富论》中认为， 专业化生产会引起产出增加。 （这里，把“生产的产业化”转变为“专业化生产”，把“增加 的产出”转变为“产出增加”。）1. With Silicon Valley?s unbelievable housing prices in mind, I expected to see a much worse house.由于对硅谷出奇高的房价早有所闻，所以看到房子还过得 去，真是出乎我的意料。2. Urban clearway.市区通道，不准停车。3. Keep upright. 切勿倒Z。 4. Yet they could only get the blood if one of the frightened children would agree to give it.然而，如果这些受惊吓的孩子中无人自愿献血，他们就 无法得到血。5. You couldn?t kill any more.你已经恶贯满盈了。6. The bill was defeated, but during the next 25 years more than 100 food and drug bills were introduced in Congress.虽然议案未获通过，但在随后的25年中，有 100多个食品和药品法案被提交到国会。7. This book could not have been written or published without the help of dozens of people, and I am deeply grateful to all of them.这本书的写作和出版曾得到许多位友人的各种帮助,谨 此一并深表谢意。增减法（Amplification & Pruning ）◆ 增词法：1) 增补同义词 2) 增补范畴词 3) 增补产品名称 ◆ 减词法文字增补是商务英语翻译中的重要技巧之一。英语的 语言习惯是只要不引起误解便应尽量避免哆嗦。但如果汉 译时未进行一定的文字增补，拘泥于原文形式，机械地对 译，反而会影响语义的理解和译文的文体风格。热身练习1. In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué .晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后 公报。2. Our product is indeed cheap and fine.我们的产品物美价廉。3. Read co writing an exact man.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人准确。增词法（一）增补同义词词义英语有一词多义的特点，同一个词可以同时与若干个词进行搭 配，相互修饰、制约，语言仍自然流畅。但汉语在词的搭配方面相对严 谨，同一个词通常不能同时与多个词搭配。根据汉语词的搭配习惯和英 语词汇的一词多义的特点，我们应采用文字增补的技巧，这样才能使译 文既准确达意，又照顾到汉语的语言习惯。The innovation of products is one of the reform measures of the SOEs because it can decrease loss, cost and budget.产品的革新是国企改革措施之一，因为它可以减少损失、降低成本 并削减预算。 如果直译成：“产品的革新是国企改革措施之一，因为它可以减少 损失、成本和预算。”那么，句中的“减少”和“成本”的搭配就 不妥当，所以有必要增补相应的汉语词汇。1. Investor confidence is crucial to the success of our economic system.投资者的信心对于经济体系的成功运行至关重要。2. Both the buyer and the seller are busy at negotiations of business, contract and draft.买卖双方正忙于交易磋商，合约谈判和汇票议付。如果直译为：“买卖双方正忙于交易，合约和汇票的磋 商。”那么，“磋商”和“合约”及“汇票”的搭配也不 准确，因此，需要译者根据汉语的搭配习惯做出增补。增词法（二）增补范畴词 在英译汉过程中考虑到汉语的表达习惯，经常增加的范 畴词有：方法、措施、情况、情绪、状态、现象、方面、问 题、关系、工作等。例如： The changes of requirements for the commodities in the market are affected by the internal and external factors.影响市场对商品需求的变化情况有内因和外因两方面的因素。 如果直译就是：影响市场对商品需求的变化有内因和外因两方面。 但若添加范畴词“情况”、“方面”等来修饰相应的抽象名词， changes和 factors 更加具体、明确，符合汉语的修辞需要。1. The tension in the Middle East has attracted much attention.中东的紧张局势已引起了全世界的广泛关注。2. The terms of the contract must be clear, definite, certain and complete.合同条款必须书写清楚、意思明确、语气肯定、内容完备。3. Unless these issues are addressed as a matter of urgency, the consequent de-motivation of staff will undoubtedly have a negative impact on the performance of the company.除非这些问题作为当务之急得到及时解决，否则员工中随之出现 的消极怠工情绪无疑将对公司的整个运营业绩产生负面影响。confusion混乱局面 饱和状态 废物回收利用 准备工作 管理部门 冗员，多余信息 补救措施saturationrecycling preparationmanagementredundancy remediessolutionmodification advantage .解决方案修改方案 有利地位backwardness落后状态增词法（三）增补产品名称词义对于英文中缺失的产品名称，翻译时有时要根据具 体情况增补出来。如： The price which society pays for the law of competition, like the price it pays for cheap comforts and luxuries, is also great.社会为竞争法则付出的代价，犹如它为便宜的舒适家用商品和高 档消费品的代价一样巨大。 comfort 和 luxury 都是抽象名词，但在构成复数后，词义就具体 化了。否则该句就会产生这样的误译：社会的竞争法则付出的代价犹 如它为便宜的舒适和奢侈付出的代价一样巨大。The five Toyota, twenty Hitachi and thirty Xerox have long been ready for shipment, but shipment cannot be effected because of the late arrival of your L/C.5辆丰田牌汽车，20台日立拍电视机和30台施乐牌复印机早已备 妥待运，但因你放信用证延迟到达，货物不能按期装运。原文中Toyota，Hitachi，Xerox都为世界知名品牌， 在翻译时要按汉语的习惯用法把他们的产品名称补充完 整，才能使译文具体明了。减词法If winter comes, can spring be far behind? These references are valuable.冬天来了，春天还会远吗？这些文献很有价值。英减词是指将原文中需要、而译文中又不需要的词语省 去。减省的词语应是那些在译文中保留下来反而使行文累赘 噜嗦、且不合汉语语言表达习惯的词语。减词一般用于以下 两种情况：一是从语法角度进行减省；二是从修饰角度进行 减省，但总体效果无非是在更透彻地理解原文基础上更流畅 地表达出来。A teacher should have patience in his work.（省略冠词）当老师的应当有耐心。The products should be sampled to check their quality before they leave the factory. （省略冠词）产品出厂前应该进行抽样检查。I framed the words in my mind, “Pardon me, but have I done something to offend you?” （省略介词和名词）我心里在嘀咕：“对不起，我有什么举止行为冒犯你了吗？”With the weather so stuffy, ten to one it?ll rain presently.天这样闷，很可能就要下雨了。（省略介词）University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。重复法（Repetition）1. We should learn how to analyze and solve problems.我们应该学会如何分析问题和解决问题。2. The big company has its disadvantages.大企业有大企业的难处。3. Managing multinationals means handling both national and organizational culture differences at the same time.管理跨国公司意味着要同时处理民族文化差异与组织文化差异。 虽然有不少人把重复法单列为一种主要的翻译方法，但重复法实 际上也是一种增词法，只不过所增加的是上下文中出现过的词而已。 为了避免文章的单调乏味，英文中往往尽量要避免用词重复。除了使 用代词外，同一件事物常用拼写不同而意义相近的词来表示。汉语的 重复则不会给人以单调乏味的感觉，相反，如果使用得当，还可以起 到反复强调的作用，使语义明确，译文生动。所以英译汉时有时要重 复某些词汇。1. He became an oil baron―all by himself.他成了一个石油大亨――一个白手起家的石油大亨。2. Last year, the output of coal in this region amounted to about 20 percent of the whole country, of steel 25 percent, and of cotton 35 percent.去年，这一地区的煤产量约占全国总产量的20%，钢产量占25% , 棉花产量占35％。3. In fact, the blatant use of money to motivate people either to join an organization or to stay on has created more motivation problems than it has solved.事实上，大张旗鼓地用金钱来促使人们加入某组织或留下来，这 种做法所引起的激励机制上的问题，远比其所解决的问题要多。4. The main difficulty is the shortage of funds, teachers and teaching materials.主要的问题是经费不足、教员不足、教材不足这几项。5. We thank you very much for the warm hospitality accorded to our trade delegation during this visit to your country and for the close co-operation in the business discussions.我们非常感谢你们在我贸易代表团访问贵国期间给予的盛情款待， 感谢你们在业务洽谈中给予的密切配合。6. With respect to manuscripts and pictures that are provided by the Chinese party, without the consent of the Chinese Party, the other party may not transfer the copyright, or extend the use thereof, or extend the areas where they shall be distributed.凡我方提出的书稿或图片，未经我方同意，对方不得转让出版权， 不得扩大使用权，不得扩大发行区域。Homework1. People use natural science to understand and change nature. 2. The doctor will get more practice out of me than out of seventeen hundred ordinary patients. 3. The blow hurt not only his hands but his shoulders too.4. A large family has its difficulties.5. A good play serves to educate and inspire the people.数字翻译法（一）表示“不多不少”、“恰恰正好” （二）表示“大约”、“不确定” （三）表示“高于”、“多于” （四）表示“少于”、“差一些”、“不到”等 （五）形容数目、数量多时的翻译 （六）形容数目、数量少时的翻译 （七）倍数的翻译（八）数字的翻译（一）表示“不多不少”、“恰恰正好”、“整整”： exactly，flat，just，sharp，whole，cool等 The wire measures exactly twenty meters.这条导线刚好20米长。The machine worked for ten whole days.这台机器整整运转了10天时间。The plane takes off at 8 o’clock sharp.这架飞机8点整起飞。He earns a cool half million a year.他一年收入整整50万。The T-shirt cost just 10 dollars.买这个T恤衫正好花了10美元。Professor Johnson finished the experiment in twentyfour hours flat.约翰逊教授完成这一实验正好用了24小时。（二）表示“大约”、“不确定”： about，some，around，round，nearly，towards，somewhere about，estimated， approximately，in/of/on the border of，close to，or so等It is nearly / toward (s) 4 o’clock. It is somewhere about 4 o’clock.现在将近四点了。 现在四点左右。The price of this new machine is in the neighborhood of / on the border of a thousand dollars.这台新机器的价格约1000美元。The college subscribes to two hundred magazines or so.这所院校订阅的杂志大约有200种。About / Some / Around / Round twenty passengers were killed in the road accident.这次交通事故中约有二十名旅客死亡。（三）表示“高于”、“多于”：more than, odd, over, above, long, past, or more, upwards of, higher than, exceed, in excess of 等 Never spend in excess of your income.花钱切勿超过你的收入。There are three thousand odd students in this normal school.这所师范院校有三千多名学生。Supplies of this commodity greatly exceed the demand.这种商品的供应大大超过了需求。Upwards of seven thousand medical workers and twenty thousand PLA men have left for the earthquake district.有七千多名医务人员和两万多名解放军前往震区。The patients are children of three years old and upwards.这些病人是三岁和三岁以上的儿童。The child couldn’t count past 20.这个孩子不会数20以上的数。（四）表示“少于”、“差一些”、“不到”： less, less than, below, no more than, under, short of, off, to, within, as few as等 The price of that tricycle is less than /under /below fifty dollars.那辆三轮车的售价还不到50美元。The invention cost each family no more than one dollar a week.这项发明使每个家庭每周仅花费1美元。He bought the coffeepot at 6 dollars off the list price.他以低于价目表6美元的价格买下了那把咖啡壶。It’s five minutes to five now.现在是5点差5分。（五）表示数目、数量多时：full, solid, at least, all of, no less than, as…as，等 The motor ran 450 solid days on end.马达连续运转了足足450天 。The experiment will take three months, at least. The temperature at the sun’s center is as high as 10 000 000 ℃．太阳中心的温度高达摄氏1 000万度。 实验至少需要三个月时间。They covered full twenty reference sources on clone in a single day.仅用了一天时间，他们就看完了足足20种有关克隆的资料。There were no less than 3 000 dead and wounded in the 9? terrorist attack. 11在9? 11恐怖袭击中，死伤者达3 000多人。They covered all of ten miles.他们走了实实足足十英里。（ 六 ） 表 示 数 目 、 数 量 少 ： only, merely, barely, scarcely, but, at most, no more than, scant 等 There is at most / only room for one person.至多只有可容纳一个人的空间。That solar-energy car weighs only / merely / barely / scarcely / but 500kg.那辆太阳能汽车重量仅有500公斤。Inspection time for the installation was no more than 2 hours.检验安装工作仅用了两个小时。They covered a scant six miles today.他们今天走了近6里路。（七）倍数的翻译1. “be n times + as a. (ad.) as”“n times + a.(ad.)比较级+than ” n times the size （length, amount,…）of B “是…的n倍”或“比…大（n－1） 倍” The grain output of this year is about three times as great as that of last year.今年的粮食产量大约是去年的3倍/比去年多两倍左右。Asia is four times larger than Europe.亚洲是欧洲的4倍/亚洲比欧洲大3倍。2.“be as + a. (ad.)+ again as” or “again as+ a. (ad.) + as” “是……的两倍”或“比……多一倍” 另外，若again之前有half，则表示“比…长（大， 宽，多…）半倍”；若again之前有much或many，则 表示“比…长（大，宽，多…）一倍”。 1. This wire is as long again as that one.这根金属线的长度是那根的两倍。2. Brown has half as many books again as Peter does.布郎的书比彼得的书多一半。3. Prof. Peter has books as many again as I do.彼得教授的书比我的书多一倍。3. “n times + upon/over” “是…… n倍”或“比…… 多n-1倍” He is five times upon your age. 他的年龄是你的5倍。 The industrial output in our factory this year is ten times over that of 1999. 今年我们工厂的产量是1999年的10倍。 The total output value of the city’s light industry has grown three times over that of last year. 这个城市的轻工业总产值比去年增长了两倍。4. “increase (rise, grow, go up) +(by) n times” “increase (rise, grow, go up) + to + n times” “increase (rise, grow, go up) + n-fold” “increase (rise, grow, go up) + by a factor of + n” “增加到n倍”、“增加了（n－1）倍” The population of this county has increased by a factor of 5.该县的人口已经增长了4倍。By 2004 the production of primary copper has increased fivefold.到2004年，原铜产量增长了4倍。The sales of industrial electronic products have multiplied 5 times.工业电子产品销售额增加了4倍。The steel output has increased by three times.钢产量已增加了两倍。The price of rice has increased to three times.大米的价格涨到了原价的3倍。5. “increase (rise, grow, go up) +by n +单位（或n%）”The output went up by 45 000 tons.产量增加了45 000 吨。 表示净增量，数词n等照译。The production has increased by 5 %.生产已增加了5％。6. “an increase of n”或“a n% increase of”表示净增量，n 照译。There is an increase of 4.5 million tons of steel as compared with last year.钢产量比去年增加了450万吨。There is a 25% increase of steel as compared with last year.钢产量比去年增加了25％。7. “decrease ( reduce, fall, lower,等) + by n 或n%”; “系动词 + n less (than)” 表示净减量，所减数字均可照译 180 decreased by 80 is 100. The cost decreased by 40%.180减去80等于100。 成本下降了40％。 这种工序少用了35％的燃料。This new process used 35 % less fuel. 8. A is n times as small （light，slow，…）as B A is n times smaller （lighter， slower，…) than BA的大小（重量，速度，??）是B的1/n9. “decrease (reduce/fall/lower,等）+ (by) n times (n-fold)” “decrease (reduce/fall/lower,等）+ n times as + a. (ad.) + as” “decrease (reduce/fall/lower,等）+ by a factor of n There is a n-fold decrease/reduction…“减少到n分之1” 或“减加少了n分之（n－1）” The enterprise management expenditure this year has decreased by three times as against that of 2002.该企业今年的行政管理开支比2002年降低了2/3。The price of farm tools has decreased by a factor of 4.农具降到原价的1/4。The error probability of the equipment was reduced by 2.5 times through technical innovation.通过技术革新该设备误差概率降低了3/5。 因为英汉语言在使用分数方面的差异（如汉语的分母中极少使用 小数点），如果英语减少的倍数中有小数点时，则应换算成分数。根 据表达习惯英语中的2.5times，汉语一般不说“二点五分之一”，这 时应换算成整数分母，即“降低到五分之二”或“降低了五分之三”。By using a new process the prime cost of the television set was reduced by 3.4 times.采用一种新工艺使这种电视的主要成本降低了71%。算成整数分母，即“降低到5/17”或“降低了12/17”，但这 样仍不符合汉语习惯。在不要求绝对精确的情况下，可进一步 换算成百分数，即“降低到29%”或“降低了71%”。In this region the grain output is now five times／five-fold that twenty years ago．本地区现在的粮食产量是二十年前的五倍。／本地区现在 的粮食产量比二十年前增长了四倍。 Johnson finished the 200-meter dash in 22 seconds flat. 约翰逊跑完200米正好用了22秒。 The company spent a solid year on the acquisition of its rival. 该公司花了整整一年时间来收购其竞争对手。 This equipment will reduce the error probability by a factor of 5． 这种设备使误差概率降低到原来的1/5。 The weight of the bicycle has decreased 3 times. 这种自行车的重量减少了2/3。The speed exceeded the average speed by a factor of 2.5. 该速度超过平均速度1.5倍。 A is as long again as B. A的长度是B的2倍。 The sales of TV set have risen 3.5 times. 电视机销售量增加了2倍半。 If there were a bridge here, the distance would be shortened 4 times. 如果这里有座桥，距离将缩短3/4。数字的翻译首先，数目的分位制不同。中国数字是“个、十、 百、千”，再往上是“万、十万、百万、千万”，然后 是“亿、十亿、百亿、千亿”，等等。而英美则习惯上 是以三位数来分位的，即“个、十、百”，往上去是 “千、十千、百千”，然后是“M(million百万)、十M、 百M”，最后落脚点都在“百”上。 其次，命数法不同。如英美不以我们的“万”和 “亿”来命数，而我们也不以英美的“million”和 “billion”来命数，这就造成翻译的困难。同时，英美 的命数也有不同：“billion”在美国指“十亿”，在英 国指“一兆（万亿）”，美国则用“trillion”指“一兆 （万亿）”。大数字的基本译法nine thousand, seven hundred and forty-three 9,743a hundred and seventy-four thousand, three hundred and one 174,301 eighteen million, six hundred and fifty-seven thousand, four hundred and twenty-one 18,657,421seven hundred and fifty million750,000,000four billion（美式）或four thousand million（英式） 40亿 twenty billion three hundred billion four million million 200亿 3000亿 4万亿词汇翻译 之 综 合 练 习（1）一、翻译下列句子，并指出划线词汇在一般语篇和商务语篇 中的词义区别. ? 1. We hereby engage the bills shall be duly honored on presentation. ? 2. He became as exhilarated as if his tender for building a mansion had been accepted. ? 3. The total of our current assets and fixed assets comes to 15 billion US dollars. ? 4. The company has an absolute interest in the building. ? 5. Managers with stock options may be using their firms? resources to increase the short-term value of their own holdings.词汇翻译 之 综 合 练 习（2）一、翻译下列句子，并指出划线词汇在一般语篇和商务语篇 中的词义区别. ? 6. It treats futures and options uniformly while recognizing the unique features of options. ? 7. The group is the largest of the four companies, with 15 production facilities throughout the country. ? 8. The team is directed by senior management from the Audit, Clearing, Legal, Market Surveillance, Research and Trading Floor Department of the CME. ? 9. Mr. Smith is the artificial person of the company. ? 10. As of the end of April this year, China had 1,170 listed companies with a total stock market capitalization of 4,546.223 billion RMB.词汇翻译 之 综 合 练 习（3）二、翻译下列句子，并注意划线词汇的翻译技巧。? 1. Here the exporter?s assets (the money due from the overseas buyers) will always match his liability (his foreign currency borrowings). ? 2.... And for good reason: Lenders worry that they?ll be throwing money to a black hole. ? 3. Its acquisition of the group will allow it to gain access to France?s railway business. ? 4. The unit cost is $ 98, but in view of the size of the order, we can offer a 5% discount. ? 5. Tobacco and smoking were the subject of 413 broadcast news stories during the year.词汇翻译 之 综 合 练 习（4）二、翻译下列句子，并注意划线词汇的翻译技巧。? 6. The products are exported to these densely populated countries. ? 7. And no wander: being foreign makes his already complicated life as a mobile telecoms executive more complicated still. ? 8. About 22 percent of the European Union?s exports go to, and 20 percent of its imports come from, developing countries. ? 9. I bought the book from a self-service bookstand. ? 10. We should be grateful if you would give us further details of American computers at the earliest time.词义选择 之 练 习 （1）? 1. Thank you for your letter reference DT/Zi No. 102, of 29th, March. ? 2. We have had only one order from ABC Co., Ltd., so we regret we cannot give you a reference from long experience. ? 3. Reference is made to your Sales Confirmation No. 1529. ? 4. The Buyer asked for credit and had given the Bank of China, Beijing as a reference. ? 5. The Sales Company is given the same power with reference to apportioning the commission. ? 6. A reference to your records will show that we have more than once asked you to establish L/C against S/C No. 2523.词义选择 之 练 习 （2）? 7. The time limit for inspection and claim is 60 days after discharge of the cargo at the port of destination. ? 8. Party B agrees that the expiration of this license shall not discharge party B from its obligation. ? 9. Routine duties of the Joint Venture Company are to be discharged by the general manager appointed by the Board of Directors. ? 10. Party B shall check the quality of each discharge in accordance with the Contract.词义选择 之 练 习 （3）? 11. Just as in that year, when those catastrophes were followed by substantial increases in insurance premiums, insurers are already lobbying for rate relief. ? 12. During the 1980?s the large premiums paid in acquisition often resulted in prices that greatly exceeded the value of tangible assets.词类引申 之 练 习 （1）? 1. Vietnam was his entré to the new Administration, his e third incarnation as a foreign policy consultant. ? 2. There was no provocation for such an angry letter. ? 3. Fatty?s Restaurant had become an institution in his life in the last seven years. ? 4. The trunk was big and awkward and load with books. But his case was a different proposition.词类引申 之 练 习 （2）? 5. The invention of machinery had brought into the world a new era---the Industrial Age. Money had become King. ? 6. Shocking disclosures of unsanitary conditions in meat-packing plants, the use of poisonous preservatives and dyes in foods, and cure-all claims for worthless and dangerous patent medicines were the major problems leading to the enactment of these laws.词类转换 之 练 习 （1）? 1. There is a popular belief among consumers that goods are no longer in high quality as before. ? 2. His acceptance of bribes led to his arrest. ? 3. The sight of the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games filled me with special longing. ? 4. Sorry, I can?t teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I. ? 5. Man is becoming fully aware of the importance of safeguarding environment. ? 6. You are ignorant of the duties you undertake in this insurance policy.词类转换 之 练 习 （2）7. The selling plan may become available during the next year. 8. “Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch . 9. I?m all for the resolution of directors. 10. The plane flew straight ahead, across the harbor and over the sea. 11. With China?s entry to the WTO and Beijing?s successful bid for the 2008 Olympic Games, learning English is more important than ever before.?? ? ?词类转换 之 练 习 （3）? 12. The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people. ? 13. The soup tastes good. ? 14. Satellites, however, must be closely watched, for they are constantly being tugged at by the gravitational attraction of the sun, moon and earth. ? 15. Formality has always characterized their relationship. ? 16. The young man, who looks and talks like John, is Li Ming?s boss.词类转换 之 练 习 （4）? 17. Tom was eloquent and elegant but soft. ? 18. They were considered sincere. ? 19. They did their best to help the sick, the young, and the old. ? 20. The light was on, the TV was playing, but nobody was in. ? 21. Tom is physically strong but mentally weak. ? 22．All the students should develop morally, intellectually, and physically.词类转换 之 练 习 （5）? 23. The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment. ? 24. The security of buying the products of the world famous business companies wonderful. ? 25. He is a perfect stranger in business. ? 26. Independence is a necessity in her life. ? 27. Our president had prepared meticulously for his journey to Europe. ? 28. From then on, they lived very happily for the rest of their lives.词类转换 之 练 习 （6）? 29. He looked at the Letter of Credit given to him by ABC Group in surprise. ? 30. He sat there in silence. ? 31. It was a clear and unemotional exposition of our President?s reasons for willingness to begin a new dialogue between two corporations. ? 32. The new boss earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit his clerks.视角转化 之 练 习 （1）? ? ? ? ? 1. The old man lay awake almost the whole night. 2. The teacher really has an open mind. 3. He is strange to compliment. 4. I?ll see you dead before I accept your term. 5. Only that I know you might be wanted，I should detain you a little longer. ? 6. Not for nothing does a weasel come to a chicken and give New Year greetings.视角转化 之 练 习 （2）? 7. In 1954, MILLER PESTICIDE AMENDMENT spells out procedures for setting safety limits for pesticide residues on raw agricultural commodities. ? 8. Offering these benefits did not make him widely popular with his stockholders. ? 9. Born into postwar uncertainties, in 1946, he grew up with a sense of vocation. ? 10．There is too much to be desired for the government to crack down bribery and corruption. ? 11. Casual, not so close, friendships are preferable in business.增减法 之 练 习 （1）? 1. A book, tight shut , 15 but a block of paper. ? 2. Success is often just an idea away. ? 3. English language learners should often watch the English programs of CCTV in order to raise their listening comprehension abilities. ? 4. The price offered by John is much cheaper than that of Mark. ? 5. Speed and reliability are the chief advantages of the electronic computers. ? 6. You were, you are, and you remain to be the consumers of our products.增减法 之 练 习 （2）? 7. The inflation distorts our economic decisions, penalizes thrift and crushes the struggling young and the fixed-income elderly alike. ? 8. The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection. ? 9. You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing. ? 10. In spite of the fact that his initial experiments had failed, Prof. White persisted in his research.增减法 之 练 习 （3）? 11. Stainless steel possesses good hardness and high strength. ? 12. Planning and market forces are both means of regulating economic activities. ? 13. Let us know the detailed information on your market. ? 14. On condition that you sign this receipt, I?ll pay the money.重复法 之 练 习 （1）? 1. The child doesn't like this book. Show him a more interesting one. ? 2. We don?t want any more money. We?ve had enough. ? 3. Our company is in this building and theirs is in that one. ? 4. This reception room is lighter than the one next door. ? 5. The price offered by ABC Group is quite cheaper than that by CAP Group.重复法 之 练 习 （2）? ? ? ?6. The best watches are those made in Switzerland. 7. John speaks German as fluently as Mary does. 8. He can run 100 meters within 14 seconds, so do I. 9. I went to the headquarters of that company because I wanted to. ? 10. “Have we got enough money?” “I think so.” ? 11. Mary is in London and John is there too.重复法 之 练 习 （3）??? ? ?12．You should help him since you promised to do so. 13. He spoke for the first motion of the directors and against the second. 14. They are all excellent entrepreneurs, and Kerry is the most excellent I?ve ever seen. 15. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 16. John won the first round and Jim the second. 17. Among the four oil paintings, two appear to be real, others false.数字翻译 之 练 习 （1）? 1. The output was reduced to 25%. ? 2. By the year 2010 the world?s annual oil output is expected to fall to 50%. ? 3. The error probability of the equipment was reduced by 2.5 times. ? 4. This year, the production of this kind of machine in our plant is estimated to increase to 3 times compared with 2006. ? 5. Johnson finished the 200-meter dash in 22 seconds flat.数字翻译 之 练 习 （2）? 6. Doctor Smith treated cool 30 patients that day. ? 7. The explosion is complete in a few thousandths of a second. ? 8. Hundreds of tall buildings have sprung up in the metropolitan city of Nanjing this year. ? 9. The renovated model of lathe turns twenty percent faster than the previous one. ? 10. Tens of millions of Yuan (RMB) have gone into the building of this auditorium with modern electronic facilities. ? 11. There is an about 100% increase of steel in this steel works in 2006 as compared with 2005.数字翻译 之 练 习 （3）? 12. The principal advantage over the old model of refrigerator is a four-fold reduction of both noise and weight. ? 13. Ten to one, we will overfulfill our production plan for this month. ? 14. Let?s go fifty-fifty on the dinner check. ? 15. The Royalty rates indicated in Attachment of Contract shall be applicable for five (5) years following the date of receipt of the technology, after which, they will be reduced by one percent (1%) per annum.数字翻译 之 练 习 （4）? 16. In addition to the payments under the preceding paragraph, Employer will make commission payments to the Employee based on 2.50% of gross sales. This commission will be paid monthly on the last day of the following month. ? 17. The total volume of state purchase in the first quarter rose by 5 percent, compared with the same period of last year.句法翻译之一：否定句式就词汇而言，英语中表示否定的词语比汉语多，按词 分类，有名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词 等；从意义上分，有完全否定、部分否定、含蓄否定、双 重否定等其他否定形式。就表达方式而言，有用单词表示 的，也有用特殊结构表示的。先举个简单的例子： 1）China?s negotiation over its WTO membership was not an easy task. 中国入世谈判不是一件轻而易举的事情。 （客观评价） 2 ） China?s negotiation over its WTO membership was no easy task. 中国入世谈判决非一件轻而易举的事 情。（主观强调）热身：There is no love lost between them.句法翻译之一：否定句式在汉语中，“不”、“非”、“没有”等这些否定词都是直接放在 被否定的词语前面的，但是在英语里，和谓语在一起的not有时并不是否 定谓语动词，而是否定句子中的其他成分，可它又没有直接放在被否定 的词语前面。因此就产生了判别否定对象的问题。如果把否定对象搞错 了，全句的意思也就会弄错，甚至把意思弄反。在这方面我们主要考虑 有这样几种情况：1）完全否定 3）形式否定 5）否定转移2）部分否定 4）含蓄否定 6）双重否定否定句式（1）：完全否定英 语 表 示 完 全 否 定 的 词 语 有 no, not, never, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither…nor… 等。含有这些词语的完全否定句一般情况下意思都是 一目了然的，只要注意译文的表达，符合现代汉语习 惯就行了。例如： There is no denying the fact that marketing research is an important factor in the success of a business. 不能否认市场调研是企业成功的一个主 要因素。否定句式（2）：部分否定部分否定就是指整个句子所表达的意思或概念不是全部否 定，而是既含有部分否定的意思，又含有部分肯定的意思。用 在部分否定中的词语有：not every, not all, not both, not much, not many, not always等，部分否定句式常常译成“不 都?”、“并非”。而这类句子很容易被翻译成汉语的全部否 定句。例如： All of the trade issues were not settled under the WTO framework. 这句话很容易被翻译成“所有的问题都没有在世贸组织 框架下得到解决。”其实它的含义是世贸组织只解决了一部 分问题，还有一部分没有解决，即：“并非所有的问题都在 世贸组织的框架下获得解决”。而中文的“所有的问题都没 有在世贸组织的框架下得到解决”应当翻译成 “None of the trade issues were settled under the WTO framework.”比较句式（2）：部分否定1. The US dollar is not strong at all times. 美元并不是在任何时候都是坚挺的。 2. China does not accept every economic condition that the US imposes on it. 中国并不都接受美国施加的所有经济条件。 3. European countries did not wholly join the euro zone. 欧洲国家并不完全加入了欧元区。? 带 有 不 定 代 词 或 形 容 词 all, both, each, every, everybody, everyone, everything等在否定句中做主语时，这种句子不是 全部否定，而是表示部分否定，常常译成汉语的“不都 是……”、“并非都”。 ? 副词always, wholly, entirely, completely, totally, altogether, everywhere, often, quite, enough, 以及 hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, few, little等在否定句中，表示部分否定。 a. Dialogs are seldom held between the two parities due to a lack of sincerity on the part of one party. b. Few of the countries have responded positively to the US trade policy. a. 因一方缺乏诚意，双方很少进行对话。 b. 没有几个国家对美国的贸易政策做出积极反应。否定句式（3）：形式否定 1.The importance of market research cannot be overstated. 市场调研的重要性无论怎样强调都不为过。 2. Our company could not get enough capital on this project. 在这个项目上，我们公司无论如何也得不到足够的资金。 3. It?s a good workman that never blunders（犯大错）. 智者千虑，必有一失。 1. cannot… cannot…over- ； cannot …enough 等 表 示 “无论怎样也不为过”，“越…越好”，其意义是肯定的。 2. It is a (an)＋形容词＋名词＋否定从句，这种结构表示肯定， 往往翻译成“再……也会”。否定句式（3）：形式否定 4. How often have they not complained about the high prices we offer! 他们经常抱怨我方报价太高！ 5. Manufacturers spend not a little on advertisements of products. 制造商在产品广告方面投入很多。 3. 某些带not的疑问句、感叹句、陈述句同样表示肯定的含义。 4. not (…) a little, no little, not (…) slightly的句子也表 示肯定意义，可以译成“很多”，“非常”。否定句式（3）：形式否定 6. He is old, none the less he works like a young man. 他虽然上了年纪，但是干起活来还像个年轻人。He will forget all about it as likely as not． He will succeed as likely as not． As often as not the buses are late in peak hours． More often than not conservative people look backward rather than forward．他很可能会把它忘得一干二净。 他很可能会成功。 公交车往往在高峰时间晚点。 保守的人们往往不是向前看，而是往后看。5. 含有否定词而又不表示否定的固定词组有很多，常见的有 as likely as not （很可能），more often than not，as often as not（往往，经常），none the less（依然， 依旧）。7. The applicant was too eager to know the result of interview. 这位求职者迫不及待地想知道面试结果。 8. The board of directors are only too pleased with the new acquisition proposal. 董事会对新的收购提议非常满意。 6. Too + ready (apt, eager, easy, anxious, willing, inclined 等 adj.) 时 ， 不 表 示 否 定 ， 而 表 示 very 和 extremely的意思。 7. only (but, all ) + too + pleased (willing, delighted, glad, happy, satisfied等) + to，这种结构同样表示肯定 意义。9. The managing director could not read the long sales report other than cursorily.这份销售报告太长，总裁只能草草地看一看。 we are not participating, as Bidders, in more than one Bid in this bidding process, other than alternative offers in accordance with the Bidding Document. 请选择：1.按投标文件规定，我们作为竞标方，在投标过程中，只能投 标 一次，而不提供其他报价方案。 2.按投标文件规定，我们作为竞标方，在投标过程中，只能投 标一次，这与出几个报价供挑选有所不同。 3.作为投标人，除了根据投标文件参加一些备选（方案）报价 外，我们不会在本投标程序中进行（超过一次的）多次投标。8. Not…other than: 这个句式的原意是“除了…就不…”， 通常表示肯定的意义，一般翻译成“就”、“只能”。其他的形式否定 1）Don’t lose time sending this email message to the marketing department. 2）The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanation. 3）All the articles are untouchable in the museum. 4）He didn?t half like the girl. 5）I couldn?t feel better. 6）I couldn?t agree with you more. 7）If that isn?t what I want! 8）I can?t wait to see you! 9）I can?t see you quickly enough.否定句式（4）：含蓄否定 含蓄否定是指英语中有些词或短语不与否定词连用，同样也 可以表示否定的意义。 1. It?s too good a business opportunity to miss. 不能错过这样一个好商机。? 1）too＋形容词＋动词不定式: 这 种结构通常表示否定含义，常常翻 译成“太……以至于”。否定句式（4）：含蓄否定 2. It is a silly fish that is caught twice. 再蠢的鱼也不会上钩两次。3. It is a good divine(牧师) that follows his own instructions.能说者未必能行。? 2）在一些习语或谚语中，It is a …that /who… 结构可以表示含蓄否定意义，一般翻译成“再 怎样……也不会……”，“未必”的意思。这种 结构与强调句式不同。否定句式（4）：含蓄否定4. China would have successfully purchased two early-warning planes from Israel but for the US intervention. 如果不是美国从中干预的话，中国就会顺利地从以色列 手中购买两架预警飞机的。 5. Japan has begun offering HDTV on a limited basis, and some European countries will start within two year. The United States, yet to choose an official HDTV system, may lag slightly. 日本已经开始在有限范围内提供高清晰度电视，有些欧洲 国家也将在两年以内开始。美国至今尚未选定法定的高清 晰度电视制式，因此可能会稍稍落后。? 3）But that?与but for?表示“如果不 是??的话”、“若非”。? 4）(Have) yet to: 尚未，还没有。否定句式（4）：含蓄否定 6. The beauty of Hangzhou is more than I can describe. 杭州景色优美，无法用语言形容。 7. The production manager has bitten off more than he can chew by taking a bigger order. 生产经理接受了一大笔订单，有些贪多嚼不烂。 8. A bigger payroll is more than such a small business as his can afford. 员工队伍过大是他这样的小企业无法承担的。? 5）More than后面虽然是肯定形式，却表示 否定意义。否定句式（4）：含蓄否定 9. Sixty percent of the people polled said that snails are the last things they would like to eat. 在接受民意调查的人当中，百分之六十的人说他们最不爱吃 的东西是蜗牛。 10. Young people are most welcomed by an enterprise as they are the least conservative. 年轻人深受企业欢迎，因为他们最不保守。 11. The boss made me do one thing after another, which was the limit. 老板要我做完这个又做那个，真受不了。? 6）有些句子含有The last, the least, the limit 等表示极限的词组具有否定的意义，通常翻译 成“最不可能的”，“最不合适的”。否定句式（4）：含蓄否定 12. What is the good of the US imposition of trade sanctions on China? 美国对中国实施贸易制裁是没有用的。 13. When have you lost your heart? 你什么时候气馁过？? 7）某些疑问句在特定语言环境下具有与字面 相反的意义，即暗含否定的意味，而且其否定 语气一般比较含蓄。否定句式（4）：含蓄否定 14. Such high prices are really beyond our means.15. It was beyond his power to sign such a contract. 16. She is still in two minds as to the merger proposal. 17. The staff are off work today. 18. The price campaign is far from over. 19. The American trade delegation was strongly criticized for having left Beijing before saying goodbye.? 8）介词表示否定:英语中介词的使用非常活跃，有些 介 词 可 以 表 达 否 定 意 义 ， 这 些 介 词 有 from, off, beyond, past, in, out of, against, beside, without 等。否定句式（4）：含蓄否定 20. The Chinese textile goods were denied entry into the European ports. （没有获准 ） 21. Some small and medium-sized enterprises have turned their attention to the rural areas to avoid competition from more powerful rivals. （不 与…竞争） 22. We expected the order to be smaller. （没有想到 ） 23. It?s been five years since the two firms had a business transaction. （没有 ） 24. A lot of businesses are blind to the damage they have done to the environment in their development. （熟视无 睹）否定句式（4）：含蓄否定 25. Absence of honesty on the part of the American trade delegation has resulted in repeated failures of the Sino-US trade talks. （不能坦诚相见 ） 26. He studied business communication at the university to the exclusion of other subjects. （没有 ）? 9） 词汇表示否定:除了某些明显表示否定意义的副词和连接词之外，英语中有些词汇或词组也同样可以表示否定含义，例如某 些词语本身具有“缺陷”、“短少”、“脱落”、“排除”、 “忽略”、“不知”等属于消极方面的词义，这些也都属于否定 含义的范围，翻译成汉语时一般可以译成否定意义，比如译成： “不是、没有、未能、免受、不够、无法”等。还有某些抽象名 词 如 absence, ignorance, exclusion 等 ， 某 些 形 容 词 短 语 如 free of, far from, inferior to等都可以进行否定处理。否定句式（5）：否定转移 一般来说，英语中的否定词总是紧紧出现在被否定部 分的前面，对其后面的部分进行否定，但有时否定词所否定 的并不是紧随其后的部分，而是后面的某个部分，这就是否 定的转移。如果对否定的转移缺乏足够的认识，就会造成理 解和翻译上的错误。 1. I have not come to you for money. 我来不是找你要钱的。 2. We haven?t called the meeting to discuss this issue. 我们召开这个会议不是来讨论这个问题的。 3. China does not believe that permitting the RMB to trade freely is a good idea. 中国认为允许人民币自由兑换不是个好主意。否定句式（5）：否定转移 4. They did not part good friends. 他们分手时感情不好。 5. The oceans do not divide the world so much as unite it. 与其说海洋把世界分割开来，不如说把世界连接起来。 6. She did not marry you because you were a billionaire. 这句话可能有两个意思：一是“因为你是个亿万富翁，所 以她没有嫁给你”；二是“她并没有因为你是个亿万富翁才嫁 给你”，或者说“她嫁给你，并没有因为你是个亿万富翁”。 那么如何来正确判断not到底否定的是哪一部分？[应根据上下 文和逻辑来判断.]请看下例：否定句式（5）：否定转移 7. The talks could not proceed because the parties involved had opposing views. 会谈无法继续进行，因为有关各方意见分歧。 8. Airline companies didn?t stop operation because of the rising oil prices. 航空公司并没有因为油价上涨而停止运营。 9. He does not think he is superior to others because his father is a high-ranking official. 如果把这句话它理解成“He thinks he is superior to others not because his father is a high-ranking official.”（他认为自 己高人一等，不是因为自己的父亲是个高干），则整个意思 就改变了。但是，如果把because从句提到前面的话，就变 成了 “Because his father is a high-ranking official, he does not think he is superior to others.” ，这样则不符合逻辑。否定句式（5）：否定转移 有时，because的前面有just, only, merely, simply等 副词，这些副词通常将否定的范围局限在because引导的从 句上。例如： 10. Don?t read books simply because other people are reading them. 我不要只因为别人在读某些书就去读这些书。 11. I am not apt to shrink from my duty merely because it is painful. 我并不因为怕吃苦而逃避自己的义务。否定句式（6）：双重否定 英语句子中的双重否定并不完全是由两个等同的否定词构 成，而多半是由一个否定词和一个表示否定意义的词或词组构 成。比如 no/ not/ never…but就表示肯定的意思。双重否定 是一种富于修辞作用的语法结构，他可以加强语气，起到强调 的作用，因此译文要表现得明确、有力，也可以降低语气，把 话说得含蓄一些，委婉一些。 英语的“双重否定”结构在译成汉语时可以是两个否定词， 例如译成“没有不，不会不，并不是没有，无不，没有不是， 并非毫无，不得不，不能不，非……不可，未免不，未必不” 等。一般来说，原文是加强语气的，翻译时最好也处理成汉语 的双重否定结构。否定句式（6）：双重否定 1. There is no rule that has no exception. 任何规则都有例外。 2. A successful entrepreneur should fight no battle unprepared. 成功的企业家不打无准备之仗。 3. There is not any advantage without disadvantage. 有一利必有一弊。 4. We are not reluctant to accept your proposal. 你方的建议我方愿意接受。 5. Not a day passed without trade conflicts between the two countries. 这两个国家没有一天不发生贸易摩擦。否定句式（6）：双重否定 如果译成双重否定结构不能够准确表达原文的意思，那么不 妨将它处理成汉语的肯定结构。例如： 7. I never think of summer but I think of childhood. 一想到夏天，我就会想起童年。 8. This is a matter of no small consequence. 这件事情关系重大。 too…not to 和 not too…to 这两种结构都表示双重否定， 通常译成“太……肯定会……”、“必然”和“不要…… 不……”。 9. Many foreign retailers such as Wal-Mart are too wise not to grasp the Chinese market. 像沃尔玛这样的许多外国零售商如此聪明，不会不抓 住中国这块市场。句法翻译之二：比较句式英语和汉语在表示比较的结构形式和使用方法上 有较大的差别，从文化差异方面来看，英美人一般不 作绝对的肯定或否定，总是作相对的比较，而汉语则 习惯于使用最高级形式。此外，还有一些比较句式在 汉语中反映不出来。常见的比较句式结构有以下几个 方面：? ? ? ?1）各种比较句式的替换 3）差比句式 5）比例句式 7）介词表示比较2）等比句式 4）极比句式 6）择比句式 8）其他表达方法比较句式（1）：各种比较句式的替换 从形式上看，英语中表示比较时有三种格式：原级 （A is as …as B），比较级（A is more than B） 和最高级（A is most…），但实际上这些结构形式 可以替换使用，翻译时可以灵活处理。1. Never has China made better economic developments than now.中国从未取得像现在这样好的经济成就！ ① A is more than B（A比B……）这个结构可以替 换成B is not as …as A（B不像A那么），意义上没有 区别，因此在翻译时可以采用原级形式来处理比较级。比较句式（1）：各种比较句式的替换 2. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large numbers of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States. 尽管美国的汽车产量居世界首位，但它仍然从德 国、日本和瑞典进口大量汽车，重要原因是美国 市场有这种需求。② 原级和比较级按最高级翻译比较句式（2）：等比句式 等比句式表示两个相比较的事物处于同样情况，翻 译时可按原级处理。有以下几种形式： 1. We have kept business relationship with the company for years as it was as creditable as ever. 2. Containerization is an efficient mode of shipment as it is as simple as time-saving.[The problems are as numerous as trivial．问题既多又繁琐。]1. 我们与那家公司保持多年的商业关系，理由是该公司一贯讲信用。 2. 集装箱化是一种高效运货法，这种方法既省时又简单。① as…as…结构除了表示单纯的比较（“同…一样”）以外，还可以用 注意：并非所有的由as...as引导的句子，都能直接译出；它还可用来比较两个不同事物或人的两个不同特征，表示二者的状况处于同等程度或两个事物之间具有连带关系。译成 汉语时，以“而/但”连接两个事物。如：Life here is as cheap as taxis are expensive. （这里 的生活支出费用挺低，但乘出租车却贵得要命。） The prisons are as over-crowded as the farmlands are empty．（监狱里人满为患，而农田却无人耕种。 ）来比较一个事物或人的两个不同特征（的同时存在），可译为“既…又…”。比较句式（2）：等比句式3. A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man. 没有爱的家不称其为家，正如没有灵魂的躯体不称其为人 一样。 4. Science and religion no more contradict each other than light and electricity. 科学与宗教，就像光与电一样，并不互相矛盾。 ② no more than…和no more…than 这两种结构都 表示前者与后者一样，通常翻译成“……同…一样 (不)” (注意顺利)。再比如：比较句式（2）：等比句式5. Nobody with any sense expects to find the whole truth in advertisement any more than he expects a man applying for a job to describe his shortcomings and more serious faults. 有头脑的人不会指望广告里说的都是真的，同样也不 会指望申请工作的人会说出自己的缺点和严重过失。例外的情况： 用于there be和to have这类动词之后，作“…同…一样”解。 He has no more money than you have. 他的钱和你一样多。 Second-hand smoke is no more harmful than bad diet, industrial pollution or stress.（间接吸烟与劣质饮食、工业污 染和生活紧张同样对人体有害。 Ted got no more of the votes than he needed.（特德得到了 他所需要的票数。）比较句式（2）：等比句式6. Fertilizers are to the plant what food is to men.肥料对植物来说，如同食物对于人一样（重要）。注：Reading is to the mind what food is to the body．读书 之于思维犹如粮食之于身体。该句型常见的变体有“A is to B as C is to D．”，“What C is to D，A is to B．”； “As C is to D．so is A to B.”等。 7. The talented are to the company as capital is to the company.人才对于公司来说如同资本对于公司一样重要。③ A is to B what C is to D 这种结构通常翻译成汉 语的“A对于B，如同C对于D”，并在形式上略有变化。比较句式（2）：等比句式8. One may as well make business transactions via the Internet at home as do business with the other party