当前位置： >>
英 语 笔 译课件(3学生用)
英语长句翻译? 长句的翻译首先要判断出句子的结构（如是简单句，并列句，还是复合句），再找出句 中的主要句子成分，即主语和谓语动词，然 后再分清句中的宾语、状语、表语、宾语补 足语、定语等，最后还要弄清原文的表达模 式特点。一般说来，英语长句的翻译主要依 原句的语义及句子各部分间的逻辑关系而定， 采取的方法就是分译，而分译法大体又分为 顺译法、逆译法、综合法。1、理顺原句内部关系，理出句中包含的各语义点? I wondered （1）how she would feel（2）ifshe learned that the Negro（3）before whom she had behaved in such an unladylike manner（4）was habitually a white man（3）. ? 【译文】 我心中思衬（1），在一个黑人面 前表现得如此有失女士风度（4），倘若得知 这个黑人其实是白人时（3），不知她作何感 想（2）。2、将整理出的各语义点按汉语表达习惯重新排列。? It would take me an entire book to list（1）all of the people I have known in my life who spent the majority of their lives as single people（2）, but who were the undisputed focus of a large group of friends（3）-- usually serving as problem-solvers, and widely respected and loved（4）. ? 【译文】 我毕生认识了许多人，他们一生中大部分 时间都是单身（2），但在朋友群中却无可非议地 是个核心人物（3）。他们经常帮人解决问题，广 受尊敬，广受爱戴（4）。要把这些人的姓名一一 列出的话，恐怕要写一本书（1）。? He had flown in just the day before fromGeorgia,（1）where he had spent his vacation（2）basking in the sun（3）after the completion of the construction job（4） he had been engaged in in the South（5）. ? 【译文】 他本来在南方从事一项建筑工程 （5），任务完成之后（4），他就上佐治亚 去度假（2），享受着阳光（3），前天才坐 飞机回来（1）。3、依照重新排列的语义点顺序用汉语逐点表达? One of the most heartwarming aspects（1）of people who are born with a facial disfigurement （2）, whether minor or major（3）, is a number of them（1） who do not allow it to upset their lives（4）, even reaching out to help others with the same problem（5）.? 【译文】 有些人生来面部就有残缺（2），残缺有 大有小（3），但令人欣慰的是这些人中很多人（1） 并没有因此而生活得不愉快（4），相反，他们倒 去主动帮助其他有同样问题的人（5）。? Now there is in America a curious combination（1） of pride in having risen to a position where it is no longer necessary to depend on manual labor for a living（2）and genuine delight in what one is able to accomplish with one's own hands（3）.? 【译文】 现在美国有一个奇怪的现象：人们一方面 为地位上升不再需要靠体力劳动谋生而感到自豪， 另一方面又对能够亲自动手做事而由衷地感到高兴。第三节 洋化与归化? 由于文化上的差异，英译汉时有时直译原文就会使译入语读者感到费解，甚至误解。这 时，就有必要借用汉语中意义相同或相近、 且具有自己鲜明文化色彩的表达法对原文加 以归化。归化翻译法常用于处理某些英语成 语、典故、形象词语等一类文化色彩较浓的 表达方式。恰倒好处地归化可以使译文地道 简洁、生动活泼，便于译入语读者理解和接 受。? at a stone's throw一箭之遥? wet like a drown rat 湿如落汤鸡 ? as stupid as a goose 蠢得像猪? as stubborn as a mule 犟得像牛? seek a hare in a hen's nest 缘木求鱼? as dumb as an oyster 守口如瓶? lead a dog's life 过着牛马一样的生活? cry up wine and sell vinegar 挂羊头，卖狗肉? put back the clock 开倒车 ? talk horse 吹牛? kill the goose that lays the golden eggs 杀鸡取卵 ? drink like a fish 牛饮? (1) Once the wife of a parson, always the wife of a parson.嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗。 ? (2)One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃， 三个和尚没水吃。 ? (3) I was limp as a dish rag. My back felt as through it had been beaten with wires. ? 我软得像一团棉花，脊背疼痛得好像被钢丝抽打 过一样。 ? (原文中limp as a dish rag，如直译为&像洗碟布 一样柔软&，既不地道，又让人产生一种较恶心的 感觉，不如用汉语中常说的&软得像一团棉花&加 以归化。)? (4) Everybody said how well the new Secretarywas doing, but old Mr. Carr said shortly, &Yes. New brooms sweep clean.& ? 人人都说新任秘书干得好，但卡尔老先生却简慢 地说：&新官上任三把火。& (原文new brooms sweep clean的字面意思是&新扫把扫得干净&，比 喻&新任职的人干得好&，和汉语中的&新官上任三 把火&异曲同工，貌离神合。) ? (5) Among the blind the one-eyed man is King. 山中无老虎，猴子称霸王。 ? (6) Last night I heard him driving his pig to market.昨夜我听到他鼾声如雷。? (7) Who would have thought of Mr.Mottram doing so well? And so many of his friends, too, that used to stay here? We were entertaining angels unawares. ? 谁知道摩特兰先生干得那么出色？还有他那许多 朋友，原来都住在这儿的，谁知道呀？我们真是有 眼无珠。 ? (8) It was, as Bill afterwards expressed it, &during a moment of temporary mental apparition&, but we didn't find that out till later. ? 恰如后来比尔说的那样，那阵子简直是&一时鬼迷 心窍&。不过，我们直到后来才明白了这个意思。? (9) They will be ice-skating in hell the day, when I vote the aid for them. ? 要我投票赞成给他们援助，除非太阳从西边出来(10). &Until her husband won the pools, she was the most commonplace, dowdy, illiterate creature imaginable, but now that she dresses herself up like a society queen and nearly always remembers to sound her aitches, people are already beginning to forget what she was like before. &Fine feathers make fine birds.& ? &过去没有比她更平平常常、无知无识而又邋邋 遢遢的了，自从她男人赢得全部赌注以后，她打 扮得象个社交皇后，总是记住发H的音，人们开 始忘记她以前是什么样子了。& &人靠衣裳马靠鞍 嘛。&? (11) I'd much rather see her once or twice and not do anything about it---what could I do about it anyway? She's a bit out of my class, don't you think? If I did try to do anything, I'd only get sent off with a flea in my ear.我宁愿见她一两面就算了──我还能干什么呢？ 你没看到她和我不怎么相称吗？我要干点什么， 也只会碰一鼻子灰。 ? (12) He was so fond of talking that his comrades nicknamed him &magpie&. ? 他如此唠叨,同伴们给他起了个 &麻雀&的外号.?? 采用归化时,要避免走极端,不要用汉语民族文化色 彩太浓的词(如:历史人物、地理名词等)来归化英 语习语,否则译文会让人感觉不伦不类。 ?(1) Beauty lies in lover's eyes.情人眼里出美人. ? (2) Many heads are better than one.一人不及众 人计. ? (3) Never offer to teach fish to swim.不要教鱼儿 游泳. (此处也不宜归化为具有浓厚汉语文化色彩 的 &不要班门弄斧&、 &不要关公面前耍大刀&.)分译（断句）课堂练习? 分译是翻译英语长句的有效手段，这也包括合译、 顺译与逆译。? 由于英语和汉语两种语言存在有不少差异。英语中的长句常常要译成汉语的几个短的句子。不仅仅限 于句子的译法。甚至连英语中的简单句、短语词组， 甚至一个单词都根据语境都可以用汉语的句子来表 达。这是由于两种语言的思维方式不同，两种语言 的句子结构有时也大不相同，下面举一些翻译的例 子来加以说明。? １、 Illogically, she should have expected some kind of miracle solution.２、 Not having been discovered, many laws of nature actually exist in nature. ３、 His residence in a small town limited his knowledge of the outside world. ４、 A movie of my leaving that frightening place would like a shell leaving a rifle. ５、 His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery. ６、 The secret letter had been all of time just out of reach.? ７、 That question is too hard for me to answer. ８、 Eventually, more as a last hope than with any confidence in a result, a subcommittee was formed to try to reconcile difference between them.. ９、 He shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narrowed in indignation. １０、 The stories with their unexpected endings are built around interesting situations, rather than around analysis of character.总 结? 认真分析以上句子的译文，再仔细对照英语原文，我们可能会得出分译的原因： 对同一件事物，英语常常先议论后叙述， 或先表明态度，后摆明情况。而汉语表达方 式往往相反。英语的定语可以后置（汉语不 能）。英语状语的使用也更灵活。分译/切分? 英语中长句较多, 句中修饰语多且长，使句子结构复杂，所以英译汉时，不能照样克隆复 制，而是得根据汉语语法的特点，灵活处理。 切分（包括断句）就是一种常用的方法，是 指把英语中的长句分解成两个或两个以上的 句子。它常包括单词分译、短语分译和句子 分译等三种情况。（一） 单词分译? 单词分译是指把原文中的一个单词拆译成一个小句或者句子。采用单词分译主要有两个 目的：一是为了句法上的需要。由于一些单 词在搭配、词义等方面的特点，直译会使句 子生硬晦涩，翻译腔十足，而把某个单词分 译却能使句子通顺，且不损伤原意。二是为 了修饰上的需要，如加强语气，突出重点等。 英语中的名词、动词、形容词和副词等都可 分译。例如：? (1)We recognize that China's long-term modernization program understandably and necessarily emphasizes economic growth. ? 我们认识到，中国的长期现代化计划以发展经济 为重点，这是可以理解的，也是必要的。 ? (2) Then and there he named the startled General lying wounded on his cot the new Commander in Chief of the Airforce… ? 他就在当时当地任命这位躺在榻上治伤的将军为 空军总司令，使这位将军吃了一惊。? (3) Yet it is painfully apparent that millions of Americans who would never think of themselves as law-breakers, let alone criminals, are takingincreasing liberties with the legal codes that are designed to protect and nourish their society.?显然，数百万美国人从来没有想过自己会违法，更不用说 犯罪了，而就是他们正在越来越肆意歪曲旨在保护和培育这 个社会的法律条文，这真令人痛心。 ? （原文中painfully apparent如照字面译成&痛心地明显的&， 不合汉语表达习惯，将painfully单译成句，既突出了重点， 表明作者对这一现象感到痛心的心情，又使语言自然流畅。）? (4) At present people have a tendency to choose the safety of the middle-ground reply. ?现在，人们都倾向于采取不偏不倚的态度来回答问题，因 为它安全，不招风险。（choose the safety of the middleground reply如机械直译成&选择不偏不倚回答问题的安全&， 语言晦涩难懂。将safety分译出来则较好地解决了这一问 题。）? ?(5) Auntie Julia vainly asked each of her neighbours in turn to tell her what Gabriel had said. 朱利亚姨妈接连向坐在旁边的人打听加布里埃 尔刚才说了些什么，却没有问出个所以然来。（二） 短语分译? 短语分译是指把原文中的一个短语分译成一个句子。 名词短语、分词短语、介词短语等有时都可以分译 成句。例如： ? (1) These cheerful little trams, dating back to 1873, chug and sway up the towering hills | with bells ringing and people hanging from every opening. ? 这些令人欢快的小缆车建于1873年，嘎嚓嘎嚓摇 摆爬上高耸的山峦。车上铃儿叮当作响，每个窗口 都是人。（介词短语分译）? (2) The military is forbidden to kill the vessel,| a relatively easy task. ? 军方被禁止击毁这艘潜艇，虽然要击毁它并不怎 么费事。(名词短语分译) ? (3) Invitingly green Angel Island, [once a military installation（设施）,] contains meandering（蜿蜒的 ） trails and picnic spots ideal for a day?s excursion（短途旅行）. ? 迷人的天使岛郁郁葱葱，小径蜿蜒，是一日游的 理想野餐场所。但在过去它却是一个军事基地。 （名词短语分译）（三） 句子分译? 句子分译可以分为简单句的分译、并列复合句的分 译、主从复合句的分译以及其他情况的分译。 ? A. 简单句的分译 ? (1) Daybreak comes with thick mist and drizzle. ? 黎明时分，大雾弥漫，细雨蒙蒙。 ? (2) But another round of war in the region| clearly would put strains on international relations. 但是，如果该地区再次发生战争，显然会使国际关 系处于紧张状态。? B.并列句的分译 ? (1) On her once familiar street, as in any unused channel, an unfamiliar queerness （ 奇 妙 ） had silted（阻塞）| a cat wove itself in and out of railings, but no human eye watched Mrs. Drover's return. ? 走在一度熟悉的大街上，就像在一条没有人走过 的道路上一样，她心里充满了从未有过的新奇。一 只猫在栏杆那儿绕来绕去，但是没有人留意特罗弗 太太回来。（在； 处切分）? (2) The entire cable-car system recently gotan overhaul （ 大 修 ） after more than a century of operations, |so you are on firm ground even if the streets seem to be tilting （倾斜）beneath you. ? 在运行了一个世纪之后，最近对整个缆车 系统进行了彻底检修。所以即使你觉得街道 似乎在下面倾斜，你在缆车上仍很安全。 （在连词so处切分）? (3) The recruitment （ 招 募 ） of Chineselabor was not universally accepted in racially conscious 19th century America | and some white workers were unsettled（不安） by their appearance in large numbers. ? 在种族意识十分强的19世纪的美国，招募 中国劳工的做法并非普遍为人接受。由于工 地上大批出现中国劳工，某些白人工人感到 心绪不宁。（在连词and处切分）? C. 主从复合句的分译 ? 英语复合句汉译时常在分句连接处加以切分， 分译成两个或两个以上的句子。例如： ? (1) One day, while out on the bleak moors(阴 冷的荒原）, Pip is startled by a hulking（笨重的), menacing man | who threatens him if he does not bring him some food immediately. ? 匹普外出在阴冷的荒原上游荡时，一个魁梧、凶 狠的男子把他吓了一跳。这个男子威胁他，让他立 即为他送些食物来。（在who引导的从句前切分）? (2) All this had come to an end in 1905|when the medical mission was dissolved and several of Mother's colleagues were killed in the uprising. ? 1905年，这一切都宣布结束了。在一次暴 动中，妈妈的几个同事牺牲了，医疗队也解 散了。 （when处切分）? D. 其他情况的分译有些长句的翻译得根据具体情况、意群的分布 等进行灵活处理，合理进行切分，使译文层次分明， 观点明确。例如： ? (1) Suddenly the door bursts open and the Time Traveler appears, |dirty, disheveled（不整洁 的）, and bedraggled（满身污泥的）, with a nasty cut on his chin. ? 突然，门猛然开了，时间旅行家出现。他十分肮 脏，衣冠不整，满身是泥，下巴上有一套令人作呕 的刀痕。（在appear后切分）?? (2) The boy and the woman were alreadyseated by spread table-cloth when the man came down to them, |dressed in his business suit and vest and tie and hat as if he expected to meet someone along the way. ? 等到男人走过来时，女人和孩子早已挨着地 上铺开的桌布边坐好了。男人身穿上班的套 装和背心，系着领带，戴着帽子，似乎估计 路上会遇到什么人似的。（分词短语前切分）总结：? 1 并列分句在并列连词前可以切分。例如：/and…; /but…; /or…; ;/ ? 2 复合句在分句前可以切分。例如：/who…; /when…; ? 3 同位语可以在同位语的标志词(marker)前 切分。例如：/that…; /,……,; /-? 4 其它情况的切分：（1）成分间关系疏松时； （2）有明显转折时；（3）不切分则不符合 汉语表述习惯时。Exercises:分译：? 1. You know you have to read “between the lines” to get the most out of anything.? 2. So teaching gives me pace, and variety, andchallenge, and opportunity to keep on learning. ? 3. He hadn?t blamed her for minding the fact, since in those days a girl brought up as she was, knew nothing, but it was her man prudish.? 4. Nothing in life, at least nothing aboutmoney, something horrible might happen at the crucial moment and the money be snatched from her very fingers. ? 5. Through all the abuse, pain, and hunger that have ground him down, he has never totally lost hope that things would yet turn around.? 6. The writer spoke of acute bodily illness―of a mental disorder which oppressed him― and of an earnest desire to see me… ? 7. He was about to have one of his rare dinners with his daughter. ? 8. They were brown, shriveled, and like two little walking peanuts. ? 9. You are talking delightful nonsense. ? 10. The river flowed ominously silent.合 译? 英语和汉语两种语言在结构上有不同的特点。从以上也可看出，英语中的一个单词我们在 翻译时也可以用一个句子来表达，如是遇到 长的句子当然就更复杂一些了。但长句也是 由基本结构扩展而来的。通过句法分析，判 断出句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句，找 出句子的主要成分，然后要弄清主要成分与 各修饰成分之间的种种相互逻辑关系，分清 层次，抓住主干。还要注意根据汉语的特点， 运用恰当的方式使译文通顺、达意。? １、 We may ask ourselves if we areready, psychologically, to accept the possibility of life elsewhere. ? １、 我们可以自问，我们是否已作好了 心理准备，接受地球以外存在生命的可 能性。? ２、 We must recognize that what we aredoing is simply part of trend that began with Copernicus and Galileo, who first showed us that Earth is not the center of the universe. ? ２、 我们必须认识到，目前我们正在做的不 过是认识转变趋势的一部分。这个认识的转 变起源于哥白尼和伽利略，当初哥白尼和伽 利略告诉我们地球不是宇宙中心。? ３、 That, and later discoveries that our galaxy is one of billions---with countless possibilities for life--indicates that we?re part of something truly grand, in every sense of that word. ? ３、 哥白尼和伽利略他们的发现，以及后来发现我 们的这个银河系在宇宙中数达十亿个之多，生命的 可能性难以计数，这些都表明我们人类只是某个巨大系统的一个组成部分，这的的确确是一个不折不 扣的大系统。? 注解：以上三个例句有一个共同的特点，它们 叙述的内容基本上是按照所发生的时间先后 安排，或者内容是按照逻辑关系安排，与汉 语的表达方法比较一致。因此我们可以按照 原文的顺序译出。这在长句拆译时称为“顺 译法”。（并不经常可用）“逆译法”?A student of mathematics must become familiar with all the signs and symbols commonly used in mathematics and bear them in mind firmly, and be well versed in the definitions, formulas as well as the technical terms in the field of mathematics, in order that he may be able to build up the foundation of the mathematical subject and master it well for pursuing advanced study.? 这是由一个主句（主语及三个并列的谓语）及一个从句（一个主语及两个谓语）组成的目的状语从句。 按照英语的句子结构的习惯先表明看法及态度，再 摆明情况。这与汉语的表达习惯有所不同。汉语重 “意合”，句子内部以及上下文之间多靠语义来连 贯；句子成分的先后位置通常是按时间顺序或逻辑 顺序来安排的。所以我们就必须从原文的后部开始 翻译，逆着原文的顺序翻译。 参考译文： 为了打好数学基础，掌握好数学，以便学习深 造，一个学数学的人必须熟悉和牢记数学中常用的 符号，通晓定义、公式以及术语? His assistants think nothing of bicyclingdown the village street in their lunch hour to take a piece of cheese to an old age pensioner who sent her order by words of mouth with a friend who had happened to be passing. ? 1朋友路过；2老人捎信；3营业员骑车送货； 4他们认为没什么 ? 英语：结论、评说前置；汉语：先摆事实， 后予以评论? 如果一位领养老金的老人让恰好路过家门的一位朋友给店里捎个口信，说她想买一块奶 酪，店里的营业员就会利用午餐时间，骑着 自行车，穿过村庄的小路，把奶酪给她送上 门去。他们并认为这有什么麻烦。顺逆合译? Can anyone question that peace will be buta myth and rests upon quick sand as long as nations commit themselves to an arms race which is totally wasteful and which dooms the hope of the children of man for a better future? ? 中文先叙后问；英语先问后叙。 ? 在叙述中先假设，再引出结果。 ? 最后对峙明白无误的事实发问。? 只要各国还致力于完全是劳民伤财的，并会断送人类后代对美好前途崇敬的军备竞赛， 那么和平就只不过是一个神话，时间里在流 沙之上的，对此难道还会有人表示怀疑吗？? Let me put on record that we applaud thedeclaration of the Chinese leadership that China will endeavour to translate into reality the principle of the sovereign equality of nationas. ? 中国领导人申明，中国将为实现各国主权平 等的原则而努力。我们为这一申明拍手叫好。 让我把它记录在案。? He had had too many nights alone. Once hehad enjoyed being alone. Now it was hard to be alone. ? 他往常独自挨过的长夜太多了，虽也曾有过 怡然自乐的时候，可如今却难耐寂寞。 ? In fact, you may have noticed that none of the men around here are what you might call “happily married”. They went at it in too much of a hurry. ? 事实上，你或许已经留意到，这一带没有一 个男子汉可以称得上你所谓的“美满婚姻” 的，他们都是匆匆成家的。简单句与简单句的合并? (1) She is intelligent, ambitious and hard-working. She is also good at solving problems. ? 她很有才智、雄心勃勃、工作努力，还善于解决问 题。（两句合一） ? (2) The door was unlocked. She went inside and sat in a stupor. She was near collapse, barely able to move her swollen feet.?门没锁上，她走了进去，呆呆地坐了下来，极度 的衰弱几乎使她无力挪动她那红肿的双脚。（三句 合一）? (3) I pulled up a chair and sat down. I satwith my legs wide apart at first. But this struck me as being irreverent and too familiar. So I put my knees together and let my hands rest loosely on them. ? 我把椅子挪过去坐下，开始两脚分开，但 我突然觉得这样显得不尊重，太不拘礼节， 便把两膝并拢，把双手随便地放在膝盖上。 （四句合一）复合句的合并? (1) We are going to have to be prepared tooperate with people who are nuts. ? 我们将不得不应付那些难对付的家伙。 ? (2) And he found himself trying to suppress a bitterness that was soul-destroying. ? 他发现自己在竭力抑制损伤灵魂的苦涩。? (3) Many people have married whosechances to do so were much inferior to Miss Martha's. ? 许多条件远不如玛莎的人都已结了婚。 ? (4) The diagnosis seems in every case to correspond exactly with all the sensations that I have ever felt. ? 每次看病的诊断似乎都和我所有的感觉完全 相符。第五节：Dynamic & Static? 英语倾向于多用名词，因此叙述呈静态；汉语倾向多用动词，因此叙述呈动态。英语静态倾向，主要表现在以下几方面： ? Ⅰ名词化（Nominalization）是英语的常见现象。 ? 名词化主要是指用名词来表达原来属于动词（或形容词）所 表达的概念，如用抽象名词来表达动作、行为、变化、状态、 品质、情感等概念。试比较：? The doctor arrived extremely quickly and examined the patient
the result was that he recovered very speedily. ? The doctor?s extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.? 医生迅速到达，并非常仔细地检查了病人，因此病人很快就康复了。? ?? ? ?Ⅱ用名词表示施事者（Agentive noun），以代替动词。 英语常用含有行为和动作意义的普通名词代替动词。大量 由派生（如以er或or结尾）的名词既表示施事者，又保留 原来动词的意义。这类名词常常与前置形容词构成静态结 构： 很会偷窃的人 a good thief=someone who thieves well会晕船的人 a bad sailor=someone who often getsseasick他能吃能睡。??He is a good eater and a good sleeper.你一定很不善于学习，要不然就是教你的人很不会教。?You must be a very bad learner, or else you must be going to a very bad teacher.??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?我所认识的人当中，她最会记仇。她怎么会变得 这么恨我呢？ She is the best hater I have ever known. How she got to hate me so much! 过去我也常常有点喜欢胡思乱想。 I used to be a bit of a fancier myself. 你们今天老是看着钟表等待下班啊！ You are all clock-watchers today! 他失业以后，就很不合群了。 Since he lost his job, he has been a loner. 我只适量喝酒―我每天喝两碗黄酒。 I am a moderate drinker―I have two bowls of wine every day..? Ⅲ 用名词代替形容词，构成标题式短语（Headline phrase）。 ? 报刊标题为了节约版面，尽量省略虚词和其他次要 的词，把具有刺激性的词语（stimulating words）挤 压在一起，因此名词连用便成了一种“free-and-easy ? ? ? ? ? ? ?habit”。如： 中美贸易回顾会谈开始 Sino-American Trade Review Talks Start 一月份原油产量超过指标 January Crude Oil Output Beats Target 这种名词连用的短语结构简化，表达方便，词数少 而信息量大，在现代英语里几乎俯拾皆是。 保持优美身材的问题 figure control problem 黄金储备 gold reserve? ? ? ? ??Ⅳ名词优势造成介词优势。 介词前置于名词或名词性短语，由于英语多用名 词，必然也多用介词，因此产生了介词优势。 他在读书。 He is at his books. = He is reading books. 有人给他撑腰。 He has someone behind him. = Someone supports him. 说完这些话，她便走开了。With these words she went away. = After saying these words, she went away. 这趟火车是开往上海的吗？Is this train for Shanghai? = Is this train going to Shanghai?? ? ? ? ?? ? ?Ⅴ用形容词或副词表达动词的意义。 我怀疑他是否还活着。 I am doubtful whether he is still alive. 学生合作得很好，老师向学生表示感谢。他当时不 知道我在场。 The teacher thanked her pupils because they are very cooperative. 他当时不知道我在场。 He was unaware of my presence. 总之，英语常常通过动词的派生、转化、弱化等手 段，采用非动词的形式（如名词、介词、形容词、 副词等）表达动词的意义，因此表达静态。Exercises in Class? （1） Silence followed this remark. ? ( 2） Our age is witnessing a profound political change. ? （3） Its gleaming sands and backdrop of pine woods and distant hills give it a pleasant and restful atmosphere. ? （4） She knows what's what. ? （5） They thought differently. ? （6） It is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of structure. ? （7） The room is well furnished.第五节：Abstarct & Specific? 英语的名词化往往导致表达的抽象化。英语的抽象表 达法主要见于大量使用抽象名词。抽象表达法在英语 里使用得相当普遍，尤其常用于社会科学论著、官方 文章、报刊评论、法律文书、商业信件等文体。 ? The absence of intelligence （情报）is an indication of satisfactory developments. ? =No news is good news. ? 没有消息即表明有令人满意的进展。 ? 汉语的重要特色是用“实”、“明”、“直”、 “显”、“形”、“象”的表达法，即措辞具体，涵 义明确，叙述直接，常常借助于比喻和形象，因此比 较平易朴实（down-to-earth style）。 ?? Ⅰ. 用动词取代抽象名词。 ? 英语大量的行为抽象名词（action-nouns）表示行为 或动作意义，由这类名词构成的短语往往相当于主 谓结构或动宾结构。在英汉转译中， 汉语可充分利 用其动词优势，以动代静，以实代虚。如： ? 雨无情地下个不停，我感到惊异。 ? I marveled at the relentless determination of the rain. ? 这些问题难以归类。 ? These problems defy （挑衅）easy classification. ? 在决策过程中，他已经不那么抛头露面了。 ? He has surfaced with less visibility in the policy decisions.? Ⅱ. 用范畴词使抽象概念具体化。 ? 范畴词（category words）用来表示行为、现象、属 性等概念所属的范畴，是汉语常用的特指手段。如： ? We have winked at these irregularities too long. ? 我们对这些越轨行为宽容得太久了。 ? What they wanted most was an end of uncertainties. ? 那时他们最渴望的就是结束这摇摆不定的局面。 ? 他讲话时，态度坚定，但面带愁容，时而眼神暗淡。 ? He spoke with firmness, but his face was very sad and his eyes at times were dim. ? 见到自己的家乡，他想起了童年的情景。 ? The sight of his native place called back his childhood.? Ⅲ. 用具体的词语阐释抽象的词义。 ? 英语抽象词的涵义比较笼统、概括、虚泛，在汉语 里常常找不到对应的词来表达，这时常常要借助具 体的词语来解释其抽象的意义。如： ? No country should claim infallibility（确实性）. ? 任何国家都不应自称一贯正确。 ? This rambling propensity（倾向、习性） strengthened with years. ? 岁月增添，游兴更浓。 ? She wondered whether her outspokenness（直言无讳） might be a liability （债务）to him. ? 她怀疑自己那么心直口快，是否会成为他的包袱。? Ⅳ. 用形象性词语使抽象意义具体化（figuration）。 ? ? ? ? ? ?汉语常常借助生动具体的词语来表达英语抽象笼统 的意义。如： He was open now to charges of willful blindness. 这时人们指责他装垄作哑。 He waited for her arrival with a frenzied（疯狂的） agitation（兴奋）. 他等着他来，急得象热锅上的蚂蚁。 我对他讲的话，虽是逆耳，却是忠言。I talked to him with brutal （残酷的）frankness. 年轻时代，他背井离乡，徒步来到首都，几乎身无 分文。When young, he quitted his home and traveled to the metropolis, which he reached in a state of almost utter destitution（贫困）.? 英译汉时，这种“化虚为实”的方法可以通行文、 添文采，增加译文的可读性；汉译英时，“化实为 虚”的方法则常常可以化症结、消梗制，提高转换 的可译性。如： ? 他这一阵心头如同十五个吊桶打水，七上八下，老 是宁静不下来。 ? His mind was in a turmoil（混乱） these days and he was quite unable to think straight.（心平气和） ? 允跪而言曰：“百姓有倒悬之危，君臣有危卵之急， 非汝不能救也。” ? Wang Yun knelt, saying, “The people are on the brink of destruction, the prince and his officers are in jeopardy, and you, you are the only savior.”Exercises in Class? (1) Vietnam was his entree to the new administration, his third incarnation (化身）as a foreign policy consultant. ? (2) What is known is that weight extremes in either direction are definitely unhealthy. ? (3) Shock the bottle well before the experiment. ? (4) Cyrus Vance has always been a clean-desk man, so it did not take him long to prepare to leave Washington. ? (5) For generations coal and oil have been regarded as the chief energy sources used to transport men form place to place.第六章（一）转换? 一、词类转换词类转换是指英语中的某一词类译成汉语时转换成另一词 类。 ? （一） 英语名词、介词、形容词或副词转换为汉语动词? ?(1) The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man.乃是至关重要的对策。? 因此，对于一个从事社会活动的人来讲，培养一种爱好和新的情趣方式，? (2) Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential.? 然而，对所有这两种类型的人来说，变换一下看法、改变一下环境和转换一下注意力都是最基本的需要。?? (3) …and it was on the first stage of this journey, in? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Kenya, that she received the news of her father?s death and her own accession to the throne. ……就在此行的第一站肯尼亚，她接到了父亲去世并 由她本人继承王位的消息。 （二） 英语动词、副词转换为汉语名词、形容词 (1) The inflammation is characterized by red, swelling, fever, and pain. 炎症的特点是红、肿、热、痛。 (2) The visiting guests were escorted to the Yellow Crane Tower last Sunday. 上星期天，来访的客人和陪同人员一起参观了黄鹤楼。 (3) Formality has always characterized their relationship. 他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。? （三） 英语名词转换为汉语形容词、副词?(1) He added: &I understand and respect those views, but I deeply believe in the correctness of my decision.“ ? 他还说：&我理解并尊重他们的看法，但我深 信我的决定是正确的。& ? (2) They came back game and glee. ? 他们兴高采烈地回来了。? 二、 句子成分转换 ? 句子成分转换是指英语中的某一句子成分译成汉 语时转换成另一种句子成分。句子成分转换在主语、 ? ? ? ?谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语之间展开。 (1) You can always tell the somebodies from the nobodies at a cocktail party. The somebodies come late. 在鸡尾酒会上人们常常可以看出大人物和无名小卒 来。那些迟到的就是大人物。（主语转换为表语； 谓语转换为主语） (2) Cheerful, efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable. 他们乐观、能干、热情，总是想方设法使你一路上 顺利舒适。（状语转换为谓语）?? (3) Her presence of mind had not com but she could not have trusted herself to speak. ? 她还没有完全失去镇静，一时却又找不出话可说。 （主语转换为宾语，宾语转换为主语） ? (4) This is the unexpected kind of remark that makes there is a touch of rough poetry about him. ? 正是这种出人意料的言论使我喜欢上了上校。他这 个人还有那么点诗意呢。（主语转换为宾语；介词 宾语转换为主语）? 三、表达方式转换 ? 英汉两种语言在表达方式上往往因角度不同而异。要克服? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ?这些差异，翻译时也就常有必要把一种表达方式转换为另一 种表达方式，使译文符合汉语表达习惯。 (1) Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation. 87年前，我们的先辈在这个大陆上创建了一个新的国家。 (2) They had a dozen children, six boys and six girls, in seventeen years. 在17年中，他们生了12个孩子，6男6女。 (3) She has been a widow only for six months. 她丈夫死了至今才不过半年 (4) ──Is there a special rate by the month? ──Yes, there is a 10% discount. ──按月计算有什么优惠吗？ ──有，可以打9折。? Exercises in Class? (1) He is a teacher of English. ? (2) He is physically weak. ? (3) She was gazing across the sea, apparently ignorant of him. ? (4) The road to development is long but we are firmly on it. ? (5) In fact, the Lexicographer?s name was always on the lips of this majestic woman, and a visit he had paid to her was the cause of her reputation and her fortune. (6) They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizationally. ? (7) Angola was the most identifiable trouble spot in South West Africa.? 二、 主动式与被动式转换 ? （一） 被动转换为主动 ? 英语被动句式转换为汉语主动句式时，原文中的 主语在译文中有时仍可作主语，有时也可作宾语， 有时全句还可译成带表语的主动句。例如： ? (1) Heat is constantly produced by the body as a result of muscular and cellular activity. ? 由于肌肉和细胞活动的结果，身体不断地产生热。 ? (2) With the development of speech, the number of occasions producing sudden experiences of pleasure increased, and since laughter was closely associated with speech, man had this means of expressing hispleasure. ? 随着说话的发展，产生突然感受愉快的机会增多了， 并且，由于笑与说话密切相关，人类就有了这种表 达愉快的手段。? (4) In future conflicts, similar logisticalproblems are likely to be repeated---raising the prospect of mass confusion in a full-scale mobilization. ? 在未来的冲突中，类似的后勤问题大概还会 重复出现，从而在一次大规模的动员中有可 能出现大乱。 ? (2) The visitor was flattered and impressed. ? 客人受宠若惊，深为感动。? （二） 主动转换为被动 ? 有时, 英语中主动句在汉译时可用汉语中的被动句 来表达，但这一现象似不多见。例如： ? (1) His acceptance into the Party is a quite natural thing. ? 他被吸收到党内是完全应该的。 ? (2) Appalled by what he had done, Bob rushed to the parapet and flung himself on the rocks below, where the sea claimed him immediately. ? 鲍勃对他所做的一切感到震惊，他冲到护墙处，纵 身跳到下面的岩石上，立即被大海所吞没。三、正反转换? 由于思维方式的不同，英语中有些从正面表达的东西在汉语中习惯从反面来表达；而有 些从反面来表达的东西在汉语中则习惯从正 面来表达。因此，英译汉时常常有必要进行 转换。这就是通常所说的&正说反译、反说正 译&法。? 1：Until these issues are resolved, a technologyof behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. ? 字面翻译：直到这些问题被解决，研究行为 的技术手段就会继续被排斥，解决问题的唯 一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。 ? （如果）这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的 技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的唯 一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。 （正说反译）? ? ? ? ?英语中的否定按语言学家们的划分大致上有4类： 完全否定（带no的词语，如nothing, none等） 半否定（hardly, scarcely等） 部分否定（not all, not every等） 意义否定（fail, without等），翻译时一般情况下可 以对号入座。譬如：A: “I don?t think he saw us.” B: “Yes, he did.” 不，他看到了。 ? frost-free refrigerator无霜冰箱 Freeze! 别动！ Wet paint! 油漆未干！ mortally ill 不治之症1． 英语为肯定式，汉语译作否定式? 1) The proposal was carried by a very narrow margin. ? 这项建议差点通不过。 ? 2) It was beyond his power to sign such a contract. (prep.) ? 他无权签订这种合同。(介词beyond由“超过”之意 转译为“无”) ? 3) Time is what we want most, but what, alas, many use worst. (adv.) ? 时间是我们最缺少的，但可叹之至，偏偏许多人最 不善于 利用。( 副词worst由“最糟”之意转译为 “最不善于”)? 4) I have read your article. I expect to meet an older man. (adj.) ? 拜读了你的大作，没想到你这样年轻。(形容词older 由“较年长”之意转译为“没想到”) ? 5) The guerrillas would rather fight to death before theysurrendered. (conj.) ? 游击队员们宁愿战斗到死而决不投降。(连词before 由“之前”转译为“决不”) ? 6) I dropped medicine and took up physics． ? 我不再学医，改学物理了。 (动词dropped由“掉下” 之意转译为“不再学”)? 7) The mother said she would let off her son washing the dishes if he could finish his assignment before supper． ? 母亲说，如果她儿子晚饭前能做完作业，就不让他 刷碗了。(动词短语let off由“放开”之意转译为 “不让”) ? 8）He dived into the water fully clothed and rescued the boy．? 他 没 脱 衣 服 就 跳 进 水 里 救 出 了 孩 子 。 ( 状 语 fullyclothed由“全身衣着”之意转译为“没脱衣服”) ? 9)We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust. ? 我们相信，年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任。2． 英语为否定式，汉语译作肯定式? 1) Don?t lose time in posting this letter. ? 赶快把这封信寄出去。（不要丧失→赶快） ? 2) Some people can eat what they like and get no fatter． ? 有些人爱吃什么就吃什么，照样瘦。（不长胖→照 样瘦） ? 3) He manifested a strong dislike for his father?s business. ? 他对他父亲的行业表示强烈的厌恶情绪。（不喜欢 →厌恶） ? 4) Such flight couldn?t long escape notice. ? 这类飞行迟早会被人发觉的。（不能长期→赶快）? 5) The post office is at the next corner，you can?t miss it．? 邮局就在下个路口，你会找到的。（不会错过→会找到） ? 6) You can't be too careful.. ? 你要特别小心 ? 7) But there is another story, a family saga, that may turn out to be important to unlocking the mystery of what actually happened between Lewinsky and the President.? 但是，莱温斯基和总统之间究竟发生了什么事，另 外一个故事，即家史，最终对解开这个谜十分重要。3．同一词语，既可译作肯定式，又可译作否定式? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?1) I?m new to the work. 这工作我是生手。（这工作我不熟悉。） 2) He is free with his money. 他花钱大手大脚。（他花钱从不吝啬。） 3) He realized that he was in trouble. 他意识到遇到麻烦了。（他感到自己的处境不妙。） 4) The station is no distance at all. 车站近在咫尺。（车站一点儿也不远。） 5) It?s no less than a fraud. 这简直是一场骗局。（这无异于一场骗局。）4．英语中的双重否定结构? ? ? ? ? ? ?1) There is no rule that has no exception. 所有的规则都有例外。（没有不例外的规则。） 2) There is not any advantage without disadvantage. 有一利必有一弊。 3) It never rains but it pours. 不雨则已，雨必倾盆。 4) It is impossible but that a man will make some mistakes. ? 人不会不犯错误。（人总会犯错误。）5 翻译中的否定的陷阱? 英语否定结构中有一些句式结构往往容易出错，须倍加小心。 ? all…not（并非……都） ? 1) All that glitters is not gold. ? 发光的不一定都是金子。 ? 2) All cities did not look like as they do today.? 在过去，城市并不都像今天这样个个千篇一律。both…not（并非两者……都） 1) But you see, we both cannot go. 但是我告诉你，我们俩不能同时都走。 2) Both the instruments are not precision ones. 这两件东西不都是精密仪器。 cannot…too（怎么……也不足以） 1) The importance of this conference cannot be overestimated. ? 这次会议的重要性无论怎么强调也不过分。? ? ? ? ? ? ?? 2) I shall never be able to stress too much foryour kindness. ? 不管我怎么感谢你，都不足以报恩于万一。 ? 3) You cannot be too careful in proofreading. ? 校对时，越仔细越好。? for all…（尽管……；不；说不定） ? 1) He seemed as fresh as ever, for all that I never saw him drink or eat.? 尽管我从未见到他喝点什么或吃点什么，他似乎仍 然精神饱满。? 2) You may leave at once for all I care. ? 你尽可立即离开，我才不管呢。 ? 3) For all we knew, the files we were supposed to photograph were already on their way. ? 说不定那些该由我们去拍摄的文件已在途中。 ? It be + adj. + noun + that…（再……也会……） ? 1) It is a good workman that never blunders. ? 智者千虑，必有一失。（再聪明的工匠也难免出 错。） ? 2) It is an ill wind that blows nobody good. ? 坏事未必对人人都有害处。（再坏的事也不是对人 人都有害处。）Exercises? 1) As a place to live, it left much to be desired. As a? ? ? ?secret training base for a revolutionary new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity. 2) As he sipped his coffee, he opened a stil and began reading. 3) Father's attitude toward anybody who wasn't his kind used to puzzle me. 4) Don?t scamp your work because you are pressed for time. 5) The pictures that linger in his mind, called up in a moment by such sensations as the smell of roses or of new-mown hay, are of a simpler nature.第二节 变通：增减词语? 一、增词? 增词一般用于以下三种情况：一是为了语法上的需要；二是为了意义上的需要；三是为了修辞上的需要。 ? （一）、为了语法上的需要 ? 1. 英语中没有量词，汉译时就得根据汉语的表达习惯增加合 适的量词。 ? (1) To the east and the south a faint pink is spreading. ? 东南方呈现一抹浅红，正在向远处扩展。 ? (2) The sun rose thinly from the sea. ? 一轮红日从海边淡淡升起。 ? (3) A stream was winding its ways through the valleyinto the river.?一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇到江里去了。? 2.英语动词有时、体的变化、有语气，而汉语动词 却没有对等的表现形式，翻译时常常须增加一些表 示时体和语气的词才行。 ? (1) I was, and remain, grateful for the part he played in my release. ? 我的获释是他成全的，对此我过去很感激，现在仍 然很感激。 ? (5) English prose is elaborate rather than simple. It was not always so. ? 现今英国散文华巧而欠简朴，过去却并非总是如 此。? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?3. 英语的可数名词有单复数之别，汉语则没有。 翻译时常常有必要增词以便传达这一含义。 (1) The lion is the king of animals. 狮子是百兽之王。 (2) I saw bubbles rising from under the water. 我看见一个个水泡从水下升起。 (3) The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men. 连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。 (4) The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. 群山已在山谷里开始投下蔚蓝色的长影。? 4. 英语中常用省略句，翻译时要根据汉语的表达习惯， 作些适当的增补。 ? (1) She ate little. Food sickened her, and I think much of life too. ? 她吃得很少；她厌恶食物，我觉得她也厌恶生活。 ? (2) When I turned around, John was grinning, expectant, studying my face intently to see if he had pleased me. He had. ? 我转过身，只见约翰正咧着嘴笑，满脸期待的神情；他 热切的目光想从我的脸上探明他是否博得了我的欢心。 他确实博得了我的欢心 ? (3) Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice. ? 勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；疼爱过度，即成溺爱；俭约 过度，即成贪婪。? （二）、为了意义上的需要 ? 英译汉有时有必要增加合适的动词、形容词或副 词，使译文意思明确。 ? (1) He doubtlessly expected hugs, tablefuls of food, tears, laughter, and conversation followed by more conversation, then hugs and more hugs all over again, without end. ? 毫无疑问，他以为会有热烈的拥抱，满桌的食物， 激动的泪水，欢乐的笑声，一段接一段的谈话，一 次又一次的拥抱，没完没了 ? (2) In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique. ? 晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演 之后，他还得起草最后公报。? 有时为了意思明确还必须增加合适的名词或是重复 同一名词，例如： ? (1) These early cars were slow, clumsy, and inefficient. ? 这些早期的汽车速度缓慢，行动笨拙，效率不高。 ? 英语中有一些由动词或形容词派生来的抽象名词， 翻译时也可根据上下文在其后增加适当的名词，使 译文意思明确、符合汉语的表达习惯。例如： ? darkness 漆黑一团 / madness 疯狂行为 / complacency 自满情绪 /backwardness 落后状态 ? (2) Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected？ ? 如果对自己的错误都不认识，怎么能悔恨和改正呢？? （三）、为了修辞上的需要 ? 为了使译文优美自如、活泼生动或是得到强调，有时有必? ? ? ???要重复某些词语或是增加适当的描述词、语气助词、重叠词、 承上启下的词、概括词。 (1) Poor little tender heart! And so it goes on hoping and beating, and longing and trusting. 可怜这温柔的小姑娘，一颗心抖簌簌的跳个不停，她左盼右 盼，一直想念情人，对他深信不疑 (2) Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed healths. 他们的主人,（又是）割啊，（又是）倒啊，（又是）上菜 啊，（又是）切面包啊，（又是）说啊，（又是）笑啊， （又是）敬酒啊，忙个不停。（增加语气助词和概括词语） (3) Only very slight and very scattering ripples of half-hearted hand-clapping greeted him. 欢迎他的只有几下轻轻地、零零落落、冷冷淡淡的掌声。二、省略（减词）? （一）、 从语法角度进行减省 ? (1) Ice is a solid. If we heat it, it melts and becomes water. ? 冰是固体，加热即融化成水。 ? (2) The products should be sampled to check their quality before they leave the factory. ? 产品出厂前应该进行抽样检查。 ? (3) As it is late, let us go to bed.? 不早啦，睡吧！? 二、从修饰角度进行减省 ? (1) I felt a trifle shy at the thought of presenting myself to a total stranger with the announcement that I was going to sleep under his roof, eat his food and drink his whisky, till another boat came in to take me to the portfor which I was bound. ? 我要去见一个素不相识的陌生人，向他宣布我得 住在他家、吃他的、喝他的，一直等到下一班船到 来，把我带到我要去的港口为止──想到这儿，我真 有点不好意思了。 ? (2) University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not. ? 报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。? (3)There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead. ? 天未下雪，但叶落草枯。 ? (4) There was not a sound in her---and around us nothing moved, nothing lived, not a canoe on the water, not a bird in the air, not a cloud in the sky. ? 船上悄然无声，四周一片静谧，死一般沉寂，水面 不见轻舟飘动，天空不见小鸟浮云。 ? (5) To learn is not an easy matter and to apply what one has learned is even harder. ? 学习不容易，使用更加不容易。Exercises? (1) But at the present moment the whole road looked? ???rather pretty, for the sun had just set in splendor, and the equalities of rent were drowned in a saffron afterglow.（增词） (2). If you are a twinkler, you have the ability to walk into a room and bring the sunshine with you, making everyone else want to bask in it. （省略） (3) The problem of alternative fuels of vehicle is one problem we shall approach. （省略） (4) There are some things that I have happily seen of the wondrous way of the spider.（省略） (5) Standing as it does on a high hill, the church commands a new view. （增词）三、变通：改变句式? 1定语从句翻译法 ? 1)合译法:把定语从句放在被修饰的词语之前，从而将英语复合句翻译成汉语单句。如:? A) Congress made public a survey of human rights in105 countries that receive U.S. aid.? 国会公布了关于接受美国援助的105个国家的人权情况调查报告。? B) (There are) many people (who) want to see the film.? 许多人要看这部电影。? C) Home workers (are people who) have made decisions regarding their careers and life-styles.? 在家工作一族自行决定其职业与生活方式。? D) His speech(, which) bored everyone, went on and on.? 他的演讲令人人生厌，没完没了。? B)分译法:根据定语从句的不同情况，我们可以将其翻译成并列分句、其它从句或独立句等。如: ? Anyone who stops absorbing new knowledge is certain to lag behind.语从句）? 任何人如果停止吸取新知识，就肯定会落后。（翻译为条件状? The strike would prevent the docking of ocean steamships which require assistance of tugboats.? 罢工会使远洋航船不能靠岸，因为他们需要拖船的帮助。（翻译成原因状语从句）? A geological prospecting engineer who had made a spectral analysis of ores discovered a new open-cutcoalmine.? 一位地质勘探工程师对光谱进行了分析之后,发现了新的露天煤矿。（翻译为时间状语结构）? The delivery of public services has tended to be an areawhere we decorate an obsolete process with technology.? 公共服务的提供方式已趋陈旧，这正是我们必须采用技术加以装备的领域。（翻译为并列分句）? 2 主语从句翻译法? 1) 以that, what, who, where, whatever等代词引导的主语从句，可以将从句翻译成“的”字结构。 如: ? It is important that science and technology be pushed forward as quickly as possible. ? 重要的是要把科学技术搞上去。 ? Whoever breaks the law will be punished.? 凡是犯法的人都要受到法律的制裁。（主语从句与主句合译成简单句，按顺序译出） ? 2)也可以译成“主-谓-宾”结构,从句本身做句子 的主语，其余部分按原文顺序译出，中间通过? It has been rightly stated that this situation is a threat to international security. ? 这个局势对国际安全是个威胁，这样的说法是完全 正确的。（It是形式主语，that this situation is a threat to international security是真正的宾语） ? Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa（反之）often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. ? 政府究竟是以牺牲对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理 论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪 一方看作是驱动的力量。? 3)宾语从句翻译法:由that, what, how, where等词引 导的宾语从句一般按照原文顺序翻译,即顺译法。如: ? Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than 0.1 rem without being damaged. ? 科学家们有理由认为人可以忍受远超过0.1雷姆的辐 射而不受伤害。 ? We wish to inform you that we specialize in the export of Chinese textiles and shall be glad to enter into business relations with you on the basis of equality and mutual benefit. ? 我公司专门办理中国纺织品出口业务，并愿在平等 互利的基础上同贵公司建立业务关系。? 4)状语从句翻译法:有时也可以译为并列句。如:?Electricity is such an important energy that modern industry couldn?t develop without it. ? 电是一种非常重要的能量，没有它，现代化 工业就不能发展。（原文由such…that…引 导的结果状语从句译为汉语的并列句）? 5)表语从句翻译法:大部分情况下可以采用顺译法， 间或也可以用逆译法。如： ? My point is that the frequent complaint of one ??? ? ?generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable. 我的观点是一代人经常抱怨下一代人是不可避免的。 （顺译法） His view of the press was that the reporters were either for him or against him. 他对新闻界的看法是，记者们不是支持他，就是反 对他。（顺译法） Water and food is what the people in the area are badly needed. 该地区的人们最需要的是水和食品。（逆译法）? 6)同位语从句翻译法:先翻译从句,即从句前置。如: ? This is a universally accepted principle of international law that the territory sovereignty doesn?t admit of infringement. ? 一个国家的领土不容侵犯，这是国际法中尽人皆知的准则。 ? Despite the fact that comets are probably the most numerous astronomical bodies in the solar system aside from small meteor fragments and the asteroids, they are largely a mystery. ? 在太阳系中除小片流星和小行星外，彗星大概是数 量最多的天体了，尽管如此，它们仍旧基本上是神 秘莫测的。第四节 诠释? 诠释（paraphrase）是指舍弃原文中的具体形象，直 接解释出原文的意思。在翻译一些具有鲜明民族色 彩的词语（如成语、典故）时，如果直译（保留法--参见课文）不能使译入语读者明白意思，而加注 又使译文太噜嗦，并且原文重意不重形、重意不重 典时，可采用释义法。它既可使译文简洁明了，又 不损害对原文信息的传达。 ? as drunk as a fiddler 酩酊大醉 ? as rich as Croesus 十分富有 ? bring down the house 全场喝彩? （1） It's not easy to become a member of that club?? ? ?? ??they want people who have plenty of money to spend, not just every Tom, Dick, and Harry. 要参加那个俱乐部并非易事──他们只吸收手头阔 绰的人，而不是普通百姓。 （2） A Red Light for Scofflaws！ 玩忽法令之风不可长！ （3） Our son must go to school. He must break out of the pot that holds us in. 我们的儿子一定得上学，一定要出人头地。 （4） When I go around on speaking engagements, they all expect me to assume a Quaker-Oats look. 我应邀外出演讲时，他们都指望我摆出一付毫无表 情、一本正经的面孔。? （5） Up Broadway he turned, and halted at a glittering café where are gathered together nightly the choicest , products of the grapes, the silkworm and the protoplasm. ? 他拐到百老汇路上，在一家灯火辉煌的饭店前停 下来，那里每晚汇集上好的美酒、华丽的衣服和有 地位的人物。 ? （6） Mr. Kingsley and his Red Brick boys will have to look to their laurels. ? 金斯利先生和他那些二流大学的学生们必须小心 翼翼地保持已经取得的荣誉。 ? (7) Clearly a tug of war over key policies continues between the pragmatic and ideological camps. ? 不言而喻，注重务实的和强调意识形态的两大营垒 还会在重大政策上争吵不休。? Exercises:? （8） Like many other Southerners, I came toseek my fortune in one of those pot-at-the-endof-the-rainbow factories along Euclid Avenue. ? （9） The study had a Spartan look. ? （10） Early Reagan was a mirror image of early Carter. ? (11). At 19 he had commenced one of those careers attractive and inexplicable to ordinary mortals for whom a single bankruptcy is good as a feast.? （三）、注释法 ? 由于英汉文化存在许多差异，因此英语中某些文化 词语在汉语中根本就没有对等词，形成了词义上的 空缺。在这种情况下，英译汉时常常要采用加注法 来弥补空缺。加注通常可以用来补充诸如背景材料、 词语起源等相关信息，便于读者理解。加注法可分 为音译加注和直译加注两种。 ? 音译加注指音译后附加解释性注释。注释可长可短， 可采用文中注释，也可采用脚注，还可二者合用。 ? cartoon 卡通片 ? Hamburger 汉堡包 ? Benz 奔驰车 ? clone 克隆（一种无性繁殖方法） ? sauna 桑那浴（源于芬兰的一种蒸汽浴）? （1） Hygeia herself would have fallen sick under such ? ? ? ??a regimen（养身法）; and how much more this poor old nervous victim? 按照这样的养生之道，别说这可怜的老太太了，就 连健康女神哈奇亚*也会害病。 *哈奇亚是希腊 神话中的健康女神。 （2） Like a son of Bachus, he can drink up two bottles of whisky at a breath. 他简直像酒神巴赫斯的儿子，能一口气喝光两瓶威 士忌。*巴赫斯是古希腊神话中的酒神。 （3）A dead leaf fell in Soapy's lap. That was Jack Frost's card. 一片枯叶飘落到苏贝的膝头。那是杰克? 弗罗斯特* 的名片。 *杰克? 弗罗斯特(Jack Frost)是英文里对&寒 霜&的拟人称号。? 直译加注指直译原文，并附加解释性注释。注释可长可短，既可采用文中注释，也可采 用脚注，还可二者合用。例如： ? Big Apple 大苹果（纽约的别称） ? mad-cow disease 疯牛病（牛海绵状脑病） ? Oval Office 椭圆形办公室（美国白宫总统 办公室） ? Desert Storm 沙漠风暴（1991年美国领导 的多国部队对伊拉克实施的军事打击行动）? （1）It was Friday *and soon they'd go out and get drunk. ? 星期五发薪日到了，他们马上就要上街去喝得酩酊大醉。? ? ? ? ? ?*星期五[Friday]为英国的发薪日。 （2）The man who waters his grass after a good rain is carrying coals to Newcastle. 刚下一场及时雨，那人却又为草坪浇水，真是把煤运到纽卡 斯尔，多此一举。 *纽卡斯尔：英国煤都。 （3）I am as poor as Job, my lord, but not so patient. 我象约伯一样穷的，大人，可是却没有他那样的好耐心。 *在《圣经》中，约伯以忍耐贫穷著称 (4) The question she flunked on was: &What is the Constitution of the United States?& The answer she gave was: &A boat.& 她答错的一道题是：&美国宪法*是什么？ 她的回答却是& 一条船。& *the Constitution of the United States指美国宪法， 但它也是美国历史上著名战舰&宪法号&的英文名字。Exercises? （1） New York was never Mecca to me. ? （2）&It is true that the enemy won the battle, but theirs is but a Pyrrhic victory,& said the General. ? (3) Even before they were acquainted, he had admired Osborn in secret. Now he was his valet, his dog, his man Friday. ? （4）All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our life-time on the planet. ? （5）While it may seem to be painting the lily, I should like to add somewhat to Mr.Alistair Cooke's excellent article.第十章：新闻英语翻译? 新闻英语（journalistic English）指英文报刊上常见的各类文章，体裁多样，有新闻报 道、新闻特写、广告、公报、文艺作品、述 评、访谈、学术介绍和争鸣……题材广泛， 内容包罗万象。限于篇幅，也因不存在一个 统一的新闻报刊文体和为了便于陈述，本课 所要讲的新闻英语主要指那些新闻性强的 news report，news analysis, news features等。新闻英语有以下文体特点：? （一）词汇层面 ? （1） 新闻报道通常拥有自己的一些惯用词汇，或者叫做“新闻词语”，如story一词意 思常常是news item或news report，而probe 一词则指“（新闻）调查”，如中央电视台 的一个重要栏目“新闻调查”即译为News Probe。还有如cut表示reduction；bar表示 prevent；curb表示restrain或control等等。 ? accord (give); ban (prohibition);?bid (attempt) ; boost (rise, increase) ; clash (disagreement) ; deal (business agreement) ; freeze (stabilization); loom(appear)? blaze(fire); comb(search); row [rau] (violentargument); rap(to speak severely to, to blame, to punish); move (plan, decision, suggestion); round(a series of action); shock (astonishment, blow) ; shun(to keep away from…); heist (robbery); viable (workable) ; voice(express) ; operation(activities) ; pact (agreement) ; woo (to seek to win…，to persuade…); fake (counterfeit)?? （2） 为了表达的需要和追求新奇以吸引读者，新闻英语中常会使用一些新词（包括旧 词赋新义）和临时生造的词（nonce words）。 ? 如gay (同性恋者)，basket (一组问题等)， unisex (男女共用)，hijack (劫持)，supercrat (高级官员)，dial in (电话示威)，moneywise (在金钱方面)，thumbsuck (安抚)，sitcom (情景喜剧)，Reaganomics (里根经济学)， Jazznik (爵士乐迷 )，heartmen (换心人)， Euromart (欧洲共同市场)，Masscult (大众文 化)，atobomb (原子弹)，blacketeer (黑市商 人)等? （3） 新闻英语还广泛借用社会各界的行业用语以 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?及外来词语。 a package deal (一揽子交易)， showdown （摊派）， knockout (击败) coup de theatre (非常事件，源自法语)， swindler (骗子，源自德语)， Zen (禅宗，源自日语)， renegade (变节分子，源自西班牙语)， rapport(两国间的亲善关系，源自法语)， macho (伟男气概，源自西班牙语)等等? attache[法语]随行人员 ? glasnost [俄语]公开性；开放 jujitsu [日语]柔术 judo [日语]柔道karate [日语]空手道 laissez-faire [法语]自由主义 Lebensraum [德语]生存空间 per annum [拉丁语]每年 per capita [拉丁语]人均 ? Rendezvous [法语]约会（地点） sumo [日语]相扑 tai chi chuan [汉语]太极拳 tsunami [日语]海啸 tycoon [日语]巨头? （4） 新闻英语还大量使用新闻套语。 ? 如according to…(eyewitness, AP reports, sources concerned, etc.)（据目击者，美联社，有关方面等） ? informative sources or well-informed source（消息灵 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?通人士） with guarded reserve（持审慎态度） no comments（无可奉告） on the brink of a breakthrough（即将取得进展） quoted as saying (cited as saying)（援引……的话说） in response to allegation in The New York Times （就《纽约时报》的提法发表评论） Not so, not yet（不置可否） preferred not to be identified（不愿透露姓名的）等 等。? （5） 为节省篇幅，新闻报道还常使用缩略词，如：ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)综合业务数字网，TMD（Theater Missile Defense）战区导弹防御系统， memo (memorandum)备忘录，AIDS (Acquired immure Deficiency Syndrome)， 获得性免疫功能丧失综合征， Lab (Labor), Lib (Liberal), nukes (nuclear weapons), heliport (helicopter airport)直升机停机坪, SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) 限制 战略武器会谈? 6. 一般而言，英语句子中的前置定语多为单词，但 是，在英语新闻报道中，记者往往不拘泥于这种传 统的语言现象，而是酌情灵活地使用复合定语，即 同时用两个或多个单词甚至一个句子来修饰某个句 子。例如：Instead of an all-out strike, the workers will stage a go-slow. ? 工人们没有举行全面罢工，而是采取消极怠工 的策略。 ? 这类由连字号连接的复合定语一目了然，避免了使 用短语或从句，既简化了句于的结构，节省了篇幅 。?? 1）名词+现在分词。如：cancer-causing drug 制癌药物 ? oil-producing country 产油国 ? peace-keeping force 维和部队 ? policy-making body 决策机构 ? 2）形容词+现在分词。如： ? far-reaching significance 深远意义 ? high-ranking official 高级官员 ? long-standing issue 由来己久的问题 ? wide-spreading AIDS 到处蔓延的艾滋病?? 3）名词+过去分词。如：? ? ? ????? ?blood-cemented friendship 鲜血凝成的友谊 export-oriented economy 外向型经济 poverty-stricken area 贫困地区 wasp-waisted road 蜂腰路段 4）形容词+过去分词。如： deep-rooted social problems 根深蒂固的社会 问题 foreign-owned enterprise 外资企业 long-faced job loser愁眉苦脸的失业者 quick-frozen food 速冻食品? 5）副词+过去分词。如：? ? ? ??? ???dimly-lit room 光线昏暗的房间 highly-sophisticated technology 尖端技术 richly-paid job 薪水丰厚的工作 well-informed source 消息灵通人士 6）名词+形容词。如： inflation-proof deposit 保值储昔 interest-free loan 无息贷款 labour-intensive enterprise 劳动力密集型 企业 vehicle-free promenade 步行街? 7）名词+名词.如：? ? ? ??? ???arms-reduction talks 裁军谈判 labour-management conflict 劳资冲突 supply-demand imbalance 供求失调 year-end report 年终报告 8）形容词+名词。如： fair-tradeagreement 互惠贸易协定 long-range nuclear missile 远程核导弹 long-term，low-interest loan 长期低息贷款 top-level talk 最高级会谈? 9）数词+名词。如： ? 100-metre dash 百米赛跑 ? one-man government 独裁政府 ? one-way street 单向道 ? 21-gun salute 21响礼炮 ? 10）名词+to+名词。如： ? dusk-to-dawn curfew 彻夜宵禁 ? face-to-face talk 会晤；面晤 ? ground-to-air missile 地对空导弹 ? hand-to-mouth pay 温饱工资? 11、综合性词组或短语。如： ? touch-and-go affair 一触即发的局势 ? good-to-excellent care 无微不至的关怀 ? middle-of-the-road policy 中立政策 ? on-the-job training 在职培训；岗位培训 ? On-the-spot interview 现场采访 ? One-country-two-system policy 一国两制 的政策 ? be-kind-to-animal campaign 保护动物运动 ? see-while-you-talkphone 可视电话? （二） 句法层面 ? （1） 为求得在较小的篇幅内容纳较多的信息量，新闻英语多采用扩展的简单句 （expanded simple sentences），其方法是 使用定语、状语、同位语、介词短语、分词 短语等语言成分来扩展简单句。例如： ? LAGOS, Dec. 15(Reuter) - The Nigerian foreign ministry's offices were completely destroyed by a fire in the center of Lagos Monday night. ? Eyewitnesses gave conflicting reports about the number of people injured in the blaze, which firemen suspect was caused by an electrical fault.? One fireman said four people had been rescuedfrom the ministry, suffering from minor injuries. ? About 100 firemen were unable to prevent the blaze spreading to buildings beside the sevenstorey ministry. ? The foreign ministry, which lost many valuable records in the blaze, was due to be moved to a new site shortly. ? The building, completely gutted （易消化的） by the blaze, also housed offices of the information ministry and the ministry of science and technology.?? （2） 广泛使用直接引语间接引语。这既可增添新闻报道的真实性和生动性， 又可显示其客观性。? According to an anonymous source据一位不愿透露姓名的消息灵通人士说…… ? A source who asked not to be identiried disclosed…据一不愿透露姓名消息灵通人士 说…… ? Foreign wire services were quoted/cited as saying…援引外国通讯社的消息说……? BEIJING, AUG. 19 (Reuter)--The president's visithas turned a new page in relations between the two countries, mass media here say. ? [路透社北京8月19日电]此间新闻界认为，总统 此次来访为两国关系揭开了新的一页。 ? LONDON, OCT. 20(Reuter via Xinhua)- London Markets closed mixed on profit taking after a higher opening in fairly active trading, it was announced here. ? [新华社转引路透社伦敦10月20日电]此间人士称， 伦敦股市开市时股价上扬，交易相当活跃。由于 一些持股者获利后抛股，因此收盘时有涨有跌。? 在英语新闻报道中，经常用来表示这种间接暗示消息来源的词或词语主要有： ? analysts 分析家 authoritative sources权威人士 authorities 权威人士 diplomatic sources 外交人士 document released by...由……发布的消息 educational circles 教育界 experts专家 financial quarters 金融界方面 Foreign Ministry spokesman 外交部发言人 government official政府官员 government statement政府声明 highly-placed sources高层消息灵通人士? judicial circles司法界 in―group source 圈内人士 military sources 军方人士 observers 观察家 official 官员 official sources 官方人士 police sources警方人士 reliable sources 消息可靠人士 sources close to...接近……(方面)人士 spokesman 发言人 the quarters concerned 有关方面 the atrical circles 戏剧界 unconfirmed report 未经证实的消息 unimpeacheable sources 消息可靠人士 well-informed sources 消息灵通人士? （3）正文较多地使用现在时，而标题所使用的时 态则几乎都是现在时，这可对读者产生一种“某事 正在发生”的印象，从而增强其真实感和现实感。 例如：China Starts WAP （移动协议标准） Service. / Longevity star dies at 110.? （4）标题中常使用省略句。像冠词、动词、介词等常在标题中省略，这既可节省版面，又可使新闻 的风格显得简洁明快。如：House and Senate Pursuing Efforts to Reduce Deficit (The New York Times) = The House of Representatives and the Senate are pursuing the efforts to reduce the deficit.?? （三）语篇层面 ? 在篇章结构上，英语新闻有其惯常使用的布局，即 标题（headline），导语（lead），正文（body）， 结语（conclusion）。 ? 英语的标题通常十分简洁，几个关键词即可点明其 报道内容的要旨。 ? 导语一般为新闻的第一句话，它通常提纲挈领地点 明该条新闻的主要内容（即who，what, when, where, why or how）。 ? 正文部分则对整个事件作进一步的详细说明，在先 后排列顺序上，一般是比较重要的内容在前，较次 要的在后，即形成一种倒金字塔形的结构（the inverted pyramid form）。 ? 新闻的最后是结语部分，该部分通常对整个事件进 一步发挥并做出结论。新闻英语的翻译? 1）要准确理解一些常用词语在新闻英语中的特定 含义。 ? 2）要注意使译文的文体风格与原文相适应。 ? 3）处理好新闻中的新词和生造词。 ? 如遇新词和生造词，首先可依据英语构词法对其在 词形上加以辨析，比如找出该词的词根或词缀，以 帮助理解其词意。另外要从词的联立关系和上下文 中，即该词与其它词的搭配、组合和它的各种语境 中去寻找线索，判断该词可能的意义。如果经以上 考证后仍不得其意，则可给出该词的音译， ? 4） 行文要力求简明。? 5） 翻译时不要为某些动词的时态所惑，注意原文 的一些特殊语法现象。如 Largest Chinese trade delegation to visit US in Nov. 中省去了to前的is，Deposits, loans rising in HK意为Deposits and loans are rising in HK.， 而 2 Workmen Injured in Electrical Accident则意为2 Workmen Were Injured…。? ? 6） 标题翻译要尽量与原文一样简短，要注重译文 能象原文一样传神达意。例如: Four Killed and Five Hurt in a House Fire 可译为&房屋起火四死五伤&； Soccer kicks off with Violence可译为&足球开踢， 拳打脚踢&。（“kickoff”指足球比赛中“开赛”或 “中场开球）? 7）形象美。一般应遵循下列三条原则：保留原文形象直译，寻求形式对等；更改原文形 象换译，寻求信息内容对等；省略形象补偿 意译，寻求功能对等。 ? 1.Palestine, a tiny place, straddles（跨坐） one of the world's political faultline （断层）.The crack （裂缝） from the small point threatens the peace of larger nations，the economy of every oil importer. ? 巴勒斯坦这块弹丸之地，坐落在世界政治的 某个断层之上。断层上的一小点裂缝，就会 威胁许多比它大的国家的和平，威胁每个石 油进口国的经济。（保留法）? 2. “The Chinese are nation of merchants.” said aJapanese diplomat，with distain（贬损） mixed with fear that the no-holds-barred（没有 过多限制的 ） Chinese brand of commerce eventually could overwhelm the more controlled Japanese model. ? 一位日本的外交官轻蔑地说：“中国人很有 商业头脑。”话语中流露着害怕中国人那无 孔不入的经商方法最终会压倒较拘束的日本 经商模式的语气。（换译法） ? 3. I do not have a crystal ball. I cannont predict how long it will take. ? 我不能预见将来的情况，所以不清楚会谈将 持续多久。（诠释法）? 8）形式美。语言结构、词序、语序等是语言表达的外在形式。语言的形式美能体现作者 不同的风格，也能表现出语言的逻辑美，因 此在翻译时，译者应尽可能地再现原文中的 形式美。 ? 1.save and save or stuff（填满） and starve. ? 要么当牛做马拼命赚钱，要么大吃大喝最后 挨饿。 ? 2.Year of the Citi in China? ? 花旗招展之年?? 9）修辞美。新闻英语中使用多种修辞方法可以增 加阅读的趣味性、生动性和可读性。译者应善于感 受，发掘原文中的修辞美，在汉语中最大限度地实 现审美等值。 ? 1.FedEx Taking off like “Rocket Ship”? （比喻）――联邦快递：像“火箭”一样腾飞? 2.New Coach, New L New Nets Still Lose? （对照）――新教练，新阵容；新网球队失败依然 ? 3.Too Much Cash；Too Little Innovation ? （对比）――钞票多多，创新寥寥 ? 4.Grammy ---Apple of New York's Eye?? （典故）――格莱美奖：纽约人心中的最爱Case Study & Exercises? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?1. No Fans? “No fret（烦躁、焦急）！” 赛场没人气？“咱可没生气！” 2. After the Booms Everything Is Gloom 繁荣不再萧条即来 3. Older,wiser,calmer 人愈老，智愈高，心愈平 4. Japanese dash to US to say “I do” 日本情侣蜂拥美利坚，牧师面前誓言“我愿 意”? 5. Bush daughters reach legal age to drink布什双娇初长成 酒巷从此任纵横 ? 6. Singaporean Star Gives Part of Liver to Save Dying Lover ? 若为爱情故肝脏也可抛――狮城上演感人 生死恋?Homework? 1. The central government called on every region to develop its own export-oriented hit products according to its local advantages and characteristic. ? 中央政府号召各地利用本地优势和特点开发当地的 出口型拳头产品。 ? 2. In order to fully tap the human resources, the rational flow of trained personnel should not only be allowed but also be encouraged. ? 为了充分发掘人才潜力，不仅应该允许人才合理流 动，而且还要鼓励人才流动。? 3. The disappearance of such materials as pornographic? ????and obscene books, periodicals and tapes is proof that China's campaign against porns is making progress. 黄色书刊及音响制品现己难觅踪迹，这证明了中 国的扫黄运动正在取得进展。 4. Some austere measures should be taken to check the u