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下列各项中，可能与臭氧层的破坏有关的是（　　）A．森林被大量破坏B．大量使用化石燃料C．大量使用氟氯烃类制冷剂D．大量使用农药
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臭氧层是指大气层的平流层中臭氧浓度相对较高的部分，其主要作用是吸收短波紫外线．大多数科学家认为，人类过多地使用氯氟烃类化学物质（用CFCs表示）是破坏臭氧层的主要原因．氯氟烃是一种人造化学物质，1930年由美国的公司投入生产．在二战后，尤其是进入60年以后，开始大量使用，主要用作气溶胶、制冷剂、发泡剂、化工溶剂等．另外，哈龙类物质（用于灭火器）、氮氧化物也会造成臭氧层的损耗．氮氧化物、氯、溴等活性物质及其他活性基团会破坏这个平衡，使其向着臭氧分解的方向转移．而CFCs物质的稳定性使其在大气同温层中很容易聚集起来，其影响将持续一个世纪或更长的时间．在强烈的紫外辐射作用下它们光解出氯原子和溴原子，成为破坏臭氧的催化剂（一个氯原子可以破坏10万个臭氧分子）．故选：C
为您推荐：
人类过多地使用氯氟烃类化学物质（用CFCs表示）是破坏臭氧层的主要原因．
本题考点：
人类活动破坏生态环境造成的影响．
考点点评：
解答此类题目的关键是熟知破坏臭氧层的原因．
扫描下载二维码Patent CN1057114C - Lubricating oil composition for refrigerator - Google PatentsCN1057114 CGrantCN Oct 4, 2000Jun 12, 1997Aug 17, 1996, CN 1057114 C, CN 1057114C, CN , CN-C-1057114, CN1057114 C, CN1057114C, CN, CN, ,
(6) , Lubricating oil composition for refrigerator
CN 1057114 C 提供了用于制冷机的润滑油组合物，所述组合物包含无氯氢氟烃制冷剂以及二甲基聚硅氧烷发泡剂。 Provides a lubricating oil composition for refrigerator, the composition comprises a chlorine-free hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant and a blowing agent dimethylpolysiloxane. 该组合物有利于有效降低压缩机内的声级。 The composition is conducive to effectively reduce the sound level of the compressor.
1.制冷机压缩机的润滑油组合物，所述组合物包含：无氯氢氟烃制冷剂；分子中至少具有两个酯键的润滑酯油；发泡剂；以及添加剂；所述发泡剂为下列通式(I)所代表的二甲基聚硅氧烷： Refrigerator compressor 1. The lubricating oil composition, said composition comprising: a chlorine-free hydrofluor molecule having at least two ester lubrica the foam agent is of the following formula (I) represented by dimethylpolysiloxane:
其中，n为2和4000之间的某数，并且以基于组合物总重量的0.001至0.01％重量的量加入组合物中。 Wherein, n is a number between 2 and 4000, and an amount of 0.001 to 0.01 percent by weight based on the total weight of the composition added to the composition.
2.权利要求1的润滑油组合物，其中所述发泡剂以基于组合物总重量的0.03％重量的量进行使用。 The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein said blowing agent in an amount of 0.03% by weight based on the total weight of the composition were used.
3.权利要求1的润滑油组合物，其中所述氢氟烃制冷剂是1，1，1，2-四氟乙烷。 The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein said hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant is 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane.
4.权利要求2的润滑油组合物，其中所述的氢氟烃制冷剂是1，1，1，2-四氟乙烷。 The lubricating oil composition of claim 2, wherein said hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant is 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane.
5.权利要求1的润滑油组合物，其中所述酯油是一个或多个由选自C2-10支链脂肪酸与新戊二醇，三羟甲基烷基丙烷，季戊四醇或二季戊四醇进行酯化作用所产生的多羟基酯，并且所述酯油在分子中至少具有两个酯键，所述多羟基酯在40℃的粘度为2至35cSt，而在100℃的粘度为1至6cSt。 The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the ester oil is one or more ester selected from C2-10 branched-chain fatty acids with neopentyl glycol, trimethylol propane, alkyl, pentaerythritol or dipentaerythritol polyol esters of action generated, and the ester oil in the molecule having at least two ester linkages, said polyol ester having a viscosity of 2 to 40 ℃ 35cSt, and a viscosity at 100 ℃ is 1 to 6cSt.
6.权利要求2的润滑油组合物，其中所述酯油是一个或多个由选自C2-10支链脂肪酸与新戊二醇，三羟甲基烷基丙烷，季戊四醇或二季戊四醇进行酯化作用所产生的多羟基酯，并且所述酯油在分子中至少具有两个酯键，所述多羟基酯在40℃的粘度为2至35cSt，而在100℃的粘度为1至6cSt。 The lubricating oil composition of claim 2, wherein said ester oil is one or more ester selected from C2-10 branched-chain fatty acids with neopentyl glycol, trimethylol propane, alkyl, pentaerythritol or dipentaerythritol polyol esters of action generated, and the ester oil in the molecule having at least two ester linkages, said polyol ester having a viscosity of 2 to 40 ℃ 35cSt, and a viscosity at 100 ℃ is 1 to 6cSt.
制冷机压缩机的润滑油组合物 The lubricating oil composition refrigerator compressor
本发明涉及降低制冷机压缩机内的噪音水平，并特别涉及含有无氯氟烃制冷剂和硅氧烷发泡剂的润滑油。 The present invention relates to reduce the noise level inside the refrigerator compressor, and more particularly to non-chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants containing lubricants and silicone foaming agent.
在压缩机领域中，压缩机系统内噪音的产生和抑制得到了人们的关注。 In the field of compressors, compressor noise generation and suppression systems to get people's attention. 多数压缩机都含有吸入和排放阀，这些阀在开关时就产生了噪音。 Most contain compressor suction and discharge valves, these valves when the switch is produced noise. 这些噪音很恼人并具破坏性，特别是在压缩机系统的家居应用中。 The noise is very annoying and disruptive, especially in home applications compressor system.
已知如果使压缩机内的油起泡，从压缩机传出的声音将会降低。 Known if the oil bubble in the compressor, the sound came from the compressor will be reduced. 美国专利5,084,196描述了用于Flon氛围的润滑油组合物具有优异的高温稳定性以及抗发泡性能，所述润滑油组合物含有100重量份在40℃的运动粘度为5到500cSt的基油，以及0.0001到1重量份的具有环氧结构在25℃的运动粘度为1000cSt或更高的聚硅氧烷。 U.S. Patent 5,084,196 describes a lubricating oil composition for a Flon atmosphere having excellent high-temperature stability and anti-foaming properties, the lubricating oil composition comprising 100 parts by weight of kinematic viscosity at 40 ℃ of 5 to 500cSt base oil, and 0.0001 to 1 part by weight of a kinematic viscosity at 25 ℃ is 1000cSt or more epoxy structure-containing polysiloxane.
但是，不规则的油起泡会导致制冷机压缩机的起动和运行过程中噪音的产生。 However, foaming can cause irregular oil process refrigerator compressor starting and running noise. 对于用于含氯氟烃(例如，R-12(二氯二氟甲烷))制冷剂系统的常规矿物油，使用消泡剂来抑制过度的泡沫生成。 For used chlorofluorocarbons (e.g., R-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane)) of the refrigerant system of conventional mineral oils, antifoaming agent to inhibit excessive foam formation.
最近，科学界已逐渐认识到了与使用含氯氟烃例如R-12相关的某些环境危害，特别是关于它对臭氧层的不利影响。 More recently, the scientific community has come to realize that some of the environmental hazards associated with the use of chlorofluorocarbons such as R-12-related, particularly its adverse effects on the ozone layer. 人们已做了很多努力去发现可应用于多数制冷应用中但无须对制冷设备进行根本改变的方法。 People have done a lot of effort to find can be applied to most refrigeration applications but without a fundamental change in the cooling device approach. 在许多应用中四氟乙烷制冷剂例如R134a已被认为是R-12的可接受的替代物，并且可以预计在将来制冷剂R134a的广泛使用会增加。 In many applications, e.g., tetrafluoroethane R134a refrigerant has been considered acceptable substitute for R-12, and can be expected in the refrigerant R134a is widely used will increase in the future.
酯润滑油表现出与制冷剂R134a良好的相容性，但在与制冷剂分离时它会产生不规则的大量的泡沫，从而会导致在压缩中产生噪音。 Ester lubricants and refrigerants R134a exhibits good compatibility, but when it is separated from the refrigerant will produce a large number of irregular bubbles, which will lead to noise in compression.
因此，本发明的目的之一是使用氢氟烃制冷剂来降低压缩机内的声级。 Accordingly, one object of the present invention is the use of hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants to reduce the sound level of the compressor.
通过将润滑油组合物用于使用无氯制冷剂的压缩机可以实现上述目标，所述组合物包括作为基润滑剂的酯油，发泡剂，抗水解剂以及抗氧化剂，所述发泡剂为下面通式(I)所代表的二甲基聚硅氧烷，其用量为基于组合物总重量的0.001到0.01％。 By using the lubricating oil composition for a chlorine-free refrigerant compressor can achieve the above objectives, the composition comprises an ester oil as the base lubricant, a foaming agent, an antioxidant and anti-hydrolysis agent, the blowing agent as in the following formula (I) represented by dimethyl polysiloxane, in an amount based on the total weight of the composition of from 0.001 to 0.01%.
其中，n为2和4000之间的某个数。 Wherein, n is a number between 2 and 4000.
参考下面与附图相结合的详细描述可以容易地理解本发明的这些及其它特征和优点，所述附图中：图1(A)和1(B)是显示按照本发明含有0.003％重量的发泡剂在压缩机内分别于24℃和93.5℃所产生的泡沫的照片；而图1(C)是描绘使用含有0.003％重量的发泡剂的酯润滑油在压缩机内的声级的曲线图；图2(A)和2(B)是显示按照本发明含有0.01％重量的发泡剂在压缩机内分别于24℃和93.5℃所产生的泡沫的照片；而图2(C)是描绘使用含有0.01％重量的发泡剂的酯润滑油在压缩机内的声级的曲线图；图3(A)和3(B)是显示按照本发明不含发泡剂在压缩机内分别于24℃和93.5℃所产生的泡沫的照片；而图3(C)是描绘使用不含发泡剂的酯润滑油在压缩机内的声级的曲线图；以及图4到6是描绘按照本发明使用含有或不含发泡剂的润滑油在压缩机内于主频处的声级的曲线图。 Combination with the accompanying drawings with reference to the following detailed description of the present invention can be readily understood These and other features and advantages of the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 (A) and 1 (B) is displayed in accordance with the present invention comprises 0.003% by weight of foam blowing agents were pictures in the compressor 24 ℃ and 93.5 ℃ and Fig. 1 (C) is a graph depicting the use of 0.003% by weight of a blowing agent comprising an ester lubricant oil in the compress Fig. 2 (A) and 2 (B) is displayed in accordance with the present invention containing 0.01% by weight of the foam blowing agent pictures in the compressor, respectively, at 24 ℃ and 93.5 ℃ and Fig. 2 (C) is a graph depicting the lubricating oil containing 0.01% by weight of an ester of the blowing agent in the compress Figure 3 (A) and 3 (B) is displayed in the compressor according to the present invention does not contain a blowing agent Photos were foamed at 24 ℃ and 93.5 ℃ and Fig. 3 (C) is a graph depicting the ester lubricating oil containing no foaming agent in the graph of the sound lev and Figure 4-6 is a graph depicting Lubricants used according to the present invention, with or without blowing agent in a compressor in a graph of the sound level at the frequency.
现在参照附图对本发明进行详细的描述。 Referring now to the drawings of the present invention will be described in detail.
按照本发明，由于通过使用了特别的发泡剂使得润滑油所产生的泡沫的致密性和精细度得到了提高，有效降低压缩机内的声级是可能的。 According to the present invention, due to the fineness and density by using a special foaming agent such that the lubricating oil produced foam has been improved, effectively reduce the sound level of the compressor is possible.
对于本发明的润滑油组合物，无氯氢氟烃用作制冷剂，分子内含有至少两个酯键并且在40℃粘度为2-35cSt而在100℃粘度为1-6cSt的两种或更多种脂肪酯油的混合物用作基油。 For the lubricating oil composition of the present invention, the chlorine-free hydrofluorocarbon as a refrigerant, the molecule containing at least two ester bonds and a viscosity at 40 ℃ 2-35cSt and a viscosity at 100 ℃ two or more 1-6cSt various fatty ester oil was used as the base oil. 特别地，优选使用多烃基酯例如C2-10支链脂肪酸与新戊基乙二醇，三羟甲基烷基丙烷，季戊四醇或二季戊四醇的酯化作用产物。 In particular, it is preferable to use a polyhydroxy ester e.g. esterification C2-10 branched chain fatty acids with neopentyl glycol, trimethylol propane, alkyl, pentaerythritol or dipentaerythritol product.
无氯氢氟烃制冷剂的范例有，但不限于，二氟甲烷(HFC32或R32)，五氟乙烷(HFC125)，1，1，2，2-四氟乙烷(HFC134)，1，1，1，2-四氟乙烷(HFC134a)，1，1，2-三氟乙烷(HFC143)，1，1，1-三氟乙烷(HFC143a)，1，1-二氟乙烷(HFC152a)，单氟乙烷(HFC161)等。 Chlorine-free hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants are some examples of, but not limited to difluoromethane (HFC32 or R32), pentafluoroethane (HFC125), 1,1,2,2- tetrafluoroethane (HFC134), 1, 1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC134a), 1,1,2- trifluoroethane (HFC143), 1,1,1- trifluoroethane (HFC143a), 1,1- difluoroethane (HFC152a), single-fluoroethane (HFC161) and the like. 制冷剂可单独或混合使用。 The refrigerant may be used alone or as a mixture. 其中，优选使用HFC134a。 Among them, preferably used HFC134a.
对于按照本发明的组合物，对于酯油以外的其它组分的用量没有特别的限制并且它可由本领域普通技术人员决定。 For the composition according to the present invention, the amount of other components other than the ester oil is not particularly limited and it may be made by those of ordinary skill in the decision. 例如，可选择的数量范围为1ppm到5000ppm。 For example, the number of selectable range 1ppm to 5000ppm.
所述组合物可进一步含有添加剂例如发泡剂，抗水解剂，抗氧化剂，耐特压添加剂，等等。 The composition may further contain additives such as foaming agent, anti-hydrolysis agents, antioxidants, extreme pressure additives, and the like. 这些添加剂的种类和数量没有特别限制并且可由本领域普通技术人员很容易地决定。 No kind and amount of these additives is not particularly limited and may be those of ordinary skill readily determined. 抗水解剂可为环氧化合物并且可使用的量为1至5000ppm。 Amount of anti-hydrolysis agent for the epoxy compound may be used and may be from 1 to 5000ppm. 抗氧化剂可为二叔丁基对甲苯酚并且可使用的量为1至5000ppm。 Amount of the antioxidant may be a di-t-butyl-p-cresol, and can be used from 1 to 5000ppm.
发泡剂是硅油，特别地可为通式(I)代表的二甲基聚硅氧烷并且其用量为0.001至0.01％重量。 Foaming agent is a silicone oil, in particular for formula (I) represented by dimethylpolysiloxane and an amount of 0.001 to 0.01% by weight.
通过下面非限定性的实施例对本发明进行了更详细的描述。 By the following non-limiting embodiments of the present invention has been described in more detail. 实施例1-2及对比实施例1C8支链脂肪酸的多羟基酯(新戊二醇和季戊四醇50∶50的混合物)可用作基润滑酯油。 Polyol esters (neopentyl glycol and pentaerythritol 50:50 mixture) and Comparative Example 1-2 Example 1C8 branched fatty acid ester is useful as a base lubricating oil. 该酯油在40℃的粘度为14.5-16.5cSt而在100℃的粘度为3.2-3.5cSt。 The viscosity of the ester oil at 40 ℃ for 14.5-16.5cSt and a viscosity of 100 ℃ 3.2-3.5cSt. 作为添加剂的是1000ppm的环氧抗水解剂，2500ppm的抗氧化剂(二叔丁基对甲苯酚)。 As additives is 1000ppm epoxy anti-hydrolysis agent, 2500ppm antioxidant (di-t-butyl-p-cresol).
将含有以上组分以及0.003％重量(实施例1)，0.01％重量(实施例2)，或0％(对比实施例1)的二甲基聚硅氧烷用于三组压缩机，每组含有三个压缩机。 Containing the above components and 0.003% by weight (Example 1), 0.01% by weight (Example 2), or 0% (Comparative Example 1) Dimethylpolysiloxane compressor for three groups, each group containing three compressors. 在24℃或93.5℃按照ASTMD892方法测定泡沫生成。 At 24 ℃ or 93.5 ℃ ASTMD892 determined in accordance with the method of foam generation.
图1(A)和1(B)是显示按照本发明含有0.003％重量的发泡剂在压缩机内分别于24℃和93.5℃所生成泡沫的照片(实施例1)；图2(A)和2(B)是显示按照本发明含有0.01％重量的发泡剂在压缩机内分别于24℃和93.5℃所生成泡沫的照片(实施例2)；图3(A)和3(B)是显示不含发泡剂在压缩机内分别于24℃和93.5℃所生成泡沫的照片(对比实施例1)。 Figure 1 (A) and 1 (B) is displayed in accordance with the present invention comprises 0.003% by weight of blowing agent were 24 ℃ and 93.5 ℃ foam generated in the compressor photograph (Example 1); Fig. 2 (A) and 2 (B) is displayed in accordance with the present invention containing 0.01% by weight of blowing agent were 24 ℃ and 93.5 ℃ foam generated pictures in the compressor (Example 2); Fig. 3 (A) and 3 (B) is displayed without blowing agents were 93.5 ℃ and 24 ℃ foam generated photos in the compressor (Comparative Example 1).
如图1(A)到2(B)所示的，按照本发明的润滑油产生均一和细小的泡沫。 FIG 1 (A) to 2 (B) as shown, to produce a uniform and fine foams in accordance with the present invention the lubricating oil. 对于实施例1和2中的润滑油，24℃的泡沫水平是10ml和300ml之间，93.5℃的泡沫水平在10ml和100ml之间。 For oil and 2 in Example 1, the bubble level is between 24 ℃ 10ml and 300ml, 10ml and 100ml foam between the level of 93.5 ℃. 泡沫的平均直径是0.5mm和1mm之间，这表明泡沫的大小是均一的。 The average diameter of the foam is between 0.5mm and 1mm, indicating that the size of the foam is uniform. 实施例3-4和对比实施例2使用实施例1-2和对比实施例1中的润滑油，对压缩机内的声级进行了测定，每种油都对3台压缩机进行了测试。 Examples 3-4 and Comparative Example 2 Examples 1-2 and Comparative Example 1 in lubricating embodiment, the sound level of the compressor was measured, each of the three compressors are oil were tested. A.测试条件用Calorimeter标准方法测定声级。 A. Determination of sound level test conditions using standard methods Calorimeter.
Teva：-23.3℃Tcond：54.4℃Tliq：32.2℃Tsuc：32.2℃Tamb：32.2℃这些温度下的饱和压力示于表1中。 Teva: -23.3 ℃ Tcond: 54.4 ℃ Tliq: 32.2 ℃ Tsuc: 32.2 ℃ Tamb: 32.2 ℃ saturation pressure at these temperatures are shown in Table 1. 在压缩机高度的一半处距离压缩机15cm的四个位点测定声级。 Sound level measured at half the height of the compressor compressor 15cm distance four sites.
通过使用声音压力水平表(Sound Pressure Level Meter)(Rion)测试声级并在Calorimeter条件下进行压缩机的操作。 By using the sound pressure level meter (Sound Pressure Level Meter) (Rion) test the sound level and compressor operating at Calorimeter conditions. 在结果中，显示在图上的周期性噪音为周期性的2分贝峰或更高的频率。 In the results, the periodic noise is displayed on the graph is periodically 2 db peak or higher frequency.
表1 Table 1
在表1的条件下测定的声级在低于1KHz的频率带上不应超过35分贝。 Under the conditions of Table 1 in the sound level measured frequencies below 1KHz belt should not exceed 35 dB. B.结果结果示于图1(C)至3(C)中。 B. Results The results are shown in Figure 1 (C) to 3 (C) in. 图1(C)，2(C)和3(C)描绘了分别使用0.003％重量(实施例3)，0.01％重量(实施例4)，或0％(对比实施例2)的二甲基聚硅氧烷的压缩机内的声级。 Figure 1 (C), 2 (C) and 3 (C) depicts the use of 0.003% by weight, respectively (Example 3), 0.01% by weight (Example 4), or 0% (Comparative Example 2) of dimethyl sound level of silicone within the compressor.
如图1(C)到3(C)中的结果所表明的，对于使用本发明含有硅氧烷发泡剂的润滑油的压缩机(图1(C)和2(C))，降低了声级并且消除了周期性的噪声。 FIG 1 (C) to 3 (C) indicated by the results in, the present invention using a blowing agent containing a silicone lubricant of the compressor (Fig. 1 (C) and 2 (C)), reduced sound level and eliminates the periodic noise. 相反，对于使用不含硅氧烷发泡剂的润滑油的压缩机(图3(C))，声级较高并可观察到周期性的噪声。 In contrast, using a blowing agent containing no silicone lubricant compressor (Fig 3 (C)), and a higher sound level observed periodic noise.
特别地，含有约0.003％重量的硅氧烷发泡剂的润滑油显著降低了声级和周期性的噪声(图1(C))。 Silicone lubricant particular blowing agent, containing about 0.003% by weight of significantly reducing the sound level and the periodic noise (FIG. 1 (C)). 实施例5和对比实施例3用实施例3的方法测定使用含有0.003％重量(实施例5)或0％(对比实施例3)的发泡剂的润滑油的压缩机的声级。 Blowing agent Example 5 and Comparative Example 3 using the procedure of Example 3 was measured by using 0.003 wt% or 0% (Comparative Example 3) (Example 5) of the sound level of the lubricating oil of the compressor. 对于每个实施例，都使用了三台压缩机。 For each example, are used in the three compressors.
结果示于表2至4中。 The results are shown in Tables 2 to 4.
而且，对于每台压缩机，对由实施例5或对比实施例3的润滑油所产生的声级进行了比较。 Also, for each compressor, the lubricating oil of Example 3 for the sound level generated by 5 or Comparative Example were compared. 结果示于图4到6中。 The results are shown in Figures 4 to 6. 在图4到6中，-◇-指的是实施例5中的润滑油，而-■-指的是对比实施例3中的润滑油。 In Figures 4 to 6, - ◇ - refers Example 5 Lubricant embodiment, and - ■ - refers to a lubricating oil in Comparative Example 3 embodiment.
表21号压缩机 Table 21 compressor
&p&表32号压缩机& &P& Table No. 32 compressor &
&p&表43号压缩机 &P& Table No. 43 compressor
从表2-4和图4-6中的结果，已被证明，使用含有二甲基聚硅氧烷发泡剂的润滑油的压缩机产生降低的噪声和周期声，而使用无发泡剂润滑油的压缩机则产生高水平的噪声和周期声。 From the table in Figure 4-6 and 2-4 results, has been shown, compressor lubricants containing dimethylpolysiloxane blowing agent to produce a reduced noise and sound period, and use of non-foaming agent compressor lubricant is a high level of noise and periodic sound.
虽然本发明的优选实施方案已在上文中进行了详细描述，应该清楚理解为对于本领域的技术人员，本文所述的基本发明概念的变化和/或修改仍然应在所附权利要求所定义的精神和范围之内。 Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail hereinabove, it should be clearly understood that still defined in the appended claims to change the basic concept of the present invention, skilled in the art, as described herein and / or modified within the spirit and scope.
*Idemitsu Kosan Company LimitedLubricating oil composition for flon atmosphere comprising a polysiloxane having epoxy structureInternational Classification, , , , , C10Entry into substantive examinationC06PublicationC53Correction of patent for invention or patent applicationCORChange of bibliographic dataFree format text: CORRECT: APPLICANT; FROM: SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD TO: SAMSUNG GWANGJU ELECTRONICS CO.C14Grant of patent or utility modelCF01 Rotate