英国的《大宪章》
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英国的《大宪章》
费迪南·芒特谈《大宪章》八百年
1864年的木刻版画描绘了英王约翰签署《大宪章》的场景
今年是英国的《大宪章》（Magna Carta）签订八百年，这份被视作为英国君主立宪制奠定法律基石的文献，最初是屡战屡败的英王约翰在大贵族胁迫下签订的。据当时在场的人说，约翰“咬牙切齿，怒容满面，从树上折断树枝，先是放在嘴里咬，然后再拗断，用各种行为表示其悲愤”。在经历了多番修订后，旨在限制王权的《大宪章》不但在君主制内存活了下来，十七世纪还在美国殖民地被奉为圭臬，焕发了第二春，近年更是在诞生地英国完成了几次逆袭。
费迪南·芒特（Ferdinand Mount）是英国政坛、文坛双栖人物，他在上世纪八十年代当过撒切尔政府的政策部主任，保守党智囊，还是现任英相卡梅隆的表舅。年他曾担任《泰晤士报文学增刊》主编，之后为《每日电讯报》撰写政治评论专栏。《上海书评》通过邮件采访的形式请他谈了《大宪章》的历史背景及其今日关联。
通常的看法是，《大宪章》是为了限制一个糟糕透顶、不得人心的坏君主的权力而设计的。英王约翰在一群贵族胁迫下签署《大宪章》时心怀怨怒，之后只要一有机会就想废除《大宪章》。如果不是因为约翰在第二年的内战中病死，如果不是他的九岁小儿亨利三世登基（因此需要贵族的辅佐和指导），原先旨在为保护贵族利益的《大宪章》是否有可能根本无法存活下来？
芒特：他的妻子布兰奇是亨利二世的孙女，理论上说他可通过姻亲关系继承英国王位
您认为《大宪章》最初代表了极端且贪婪的大贵族的种种要求，约翰说服教皇作废《大宪章》后，立刻引发了内战，“它在当时是一种失败”。可以给我们举几个贵族极端要求的例子吗？后来《大宪章》是如何被修订、更新以便使各方都能接纳的？
<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14 FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB年亨利被迫签署的《牛津条例》（Provisions of Oxford）在限制王权上比《大宪章》走得更远，提出由十五位贵族委员会“辅佐国王”商讨国事。但《牛津条例》从来没有过《大宪章》那样持久的影响力和关注度，是为什么呢？
《大宪章》是用拉丁语写的，当时的国王和贵族说法语，没文化的老百姓说英语。《大宪章》第一次被译成英文要等到1534年，那么它在现实中尤其是基层社会里到底有没有法律约束力呢？
芒特：《大宪章》签署地
与此相关的问题是，平民百姓对《大宪章》怎么看？它在贵族和教会之外有何影响力？它增加还是减少了赋税？从政治理论的角度看，如果一位专制君主要对付有野心的大贵族，联合人民会更符合君主的利益，这样人民就有可能从君主那里得到比贪婪的贵族更好的条件。这是《大宪章》签订前后的情况吗？
《大宪章》中只有三条半的条款至今仍在英国法律中，如果说它早就没有时效性和当下的关联性，为什么今天人们要如此热情地颂扬它？八百年来它是被怎样误读并浪漫化的？
为什么美国人会对《大宪章》如此热情，把它变成了国家象征和现代神话？
八百年过去了，我们今天应该如何看待《大宪章》？是把它放回历史背景中去，还是用今天的眼光去分析它？
芒特：当然现在把男人变女人也难不倒他们了
甚至可以扩大到威尔士《伦敦书评》对此访谈亦有贡献
《大宪章》：强迫出来的自由基石
《大宪章》一直被视为英国民主政治的基础，概而言之，它的要旨很简单，一是“在法律面前人人平等”，二是“我们交税，你给我们自由”。
在位期1199～1216
也有人说他是中毒而死
英国《大宪章》三问
我们必须清醒认识到，《大宪章》并不是涵盖了民主、自由、法治等所谓英国核心价值观的宪法性文件，更不是挽救西方政治文明衰落的救命稻草。
第一问：《大宪章》是具有重大历史突破的革命性文件吗？
第二问：《大宪章》是经过民众参与、反映民意的民主性文件吗？
第三问：《大宪章》是为英国宪政传统奠定基础的宪法性文件吗？
作者单位：复旦大学国际关系与公共事务学院<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12 FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB年03月29日中国社会科学报
英国为何没有《宪法》
从大宪章到《人权法案》
英国法治国家建构的两个关键时刻
英国古典和当代的法治观念
英国法治的特征与模式
英国纪念《大宪章》颁布800周年
<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12 FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB年03月14日新华网
英政府文件：丘吉尔曾想把《大宪章》抄本送美国
<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12 FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB年03月12日 中国新闻网
英国《大宪章》颁布800周年
民众用多种方式进行纪念
《大宪章》800周年被周边产品“玩坏了”，请感受下
拉丁文Magna Carta，英文Great Charter
文具和零食&
英国传统手工小食，打出的广告语是：“这就是历史的滋味”
大宪章奶嘴&&
“培养宝宝的秘诀不是古典音乐，而是大宪章奶嘴”
给孩子们的故事书&
《国王约翰与大宪章》
《大宪章》飞镖
对《大宪章》深恶痛绝或不屑一顾的人或许会喜欢这款印上大宪章的飞镖盘。镖盘配有六只飞镖：三只是美国国旗，三只是英国国旗。
贴纸之“我爱大宪章”
英国皇家造币厂的铸币
<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12 FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB年03月16日澎湃新闻网
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&【法规名称】英国公司法(节录) Company Act
&【颁布部门】英国
【实施日期】
&【发布日期】
【是否有效】
英国公司法(节录) Company Act
　　　　ChapterIIIssuesbyCompaniesIncorporated,ortobeIncorporated,OutsideGreatBritain　　SEC.72Prospectusofoverseacompany　　72(1)[Requirementforcompliancewithsec.72(2),(3)]Itisunlawfulforapersontoissue,circulateordistributeinGreatBritainanyprospectusofferingforsubscriptionsharesinordebenturesofacompanyincorporatedortobeincorporatedoutsideGreatBritain(whetherthecompanyhasorhasnotestablished,orwhenformedwillorwillnotestablish,aplaceofbusinessinGreatBritain)unlesstheprospectuscomplieswiththerequirementofthenexttwosubsections.　　72(2)[Particularsinprospectus]Theprospectusmustbedatedandcontainparticularswithrespecttothefollowingmatters-　　(a)theinstrumentconstitutingordefiningthecons　　(b)theenactments,orprovisionshavingtheforceofanenactment,byorunderwhichtheincorporation　　(c)anaddressinGreatBritainwherethatinstrument,andthoseecactmentsorprovisions,orcopiesofthem(and,iftheyareinaforeignlanguage,atranslationofthemcertifiedintheprescribedmanner),　　(d)thedateonwhich,andthecountryinwhich,thecoand　　(e)whetherthecompanyhasestablishedaplaceofbusinessinGreatBritainand,ifso,theaddressofitsprincipalofficeinGreatBritain.　　72(3)[CompliancewithSch.3]Subjecttothefollowingprovisions,theprospectusmustcomply---　　(a)withPartIofSchedule3,asrespectsthematterstobestatedintheprospectus,and　　(b)withPartIIofthatSchedule,asrespectsthereportstobesetout.　　72(4)[Non-applicationofsec.72(2)(a)to(c)]Paragraphs(a)to(c)ofsubsection(2)donotapplyinthecaseofaprospectusissuedmorethan2yearsafterthecompanyisentitledtocommencebusiness.　　72(5)[Prospectusmustaccompanyformofapplication]ItisunlawfulforapersontoissuetoanypersoninGreatBritainaformofapplicationforsharesinordebenturesofsuchacompanyorintendedcompanyasismentionedinsubsection(1)unlesstheformisissuedwithaprospectuswhichcomplieswiththisChapterandtheissueofwhichinGreatBritaindoesnotcontravenesection74or75below.　　72(6)[Exceptions]Thissection---　　(a)doesnotapplytotheissuetoacompany‘sexistingmembersordebentureorformofapplicationrelatingtosharesinordebenturesofthecompany,whetheranapplicantforsharesordebentureswillorwillnothavetherighttorenounceinand　　(b)exceptinsofarasitrequiresaprospectustobedated,doesnotapplytotheissueofaprospectusrelatingtosharesordebentureswhichareoraretobeinallrespectsuniformwithsharesordebenturespreviouslyissuedandforthetimebeinglistedonaprescribedstockorsubsequently.　　butsubjecttothis,itappliestoaprospectusorformofapplicationwhetherissuedoronwithreferencetotheformationofacompanyorsubsequently.　　SEC.73Attemptedevasionofsec.72tobevoid　　73Aconditionrequiringorbindinganapplicantforsharesordebenturestowaivecompliancewithanyrequirementimposed--　　(a)bysubsection(2)ofsection72,asregardstheparticularstobecontainedintheprospectus,or　　(b)bysubsection(3)ofthatsection,asregardscompliancewithSchedule3,　　orpurportingtoaffectanapplicantwithnoticeofanycontract,documentormatternospecificallyreferredtointheprospectus,isvoid.　　SEC.74Prospectuscontainingstatementbyexpert.　　74(1)[Application]ThissectionappliesinthecaseofaprospectusofferingforsubscriptionsharesinordebenturesofacompanyincorporatedortobeincorporatedoutsideGreatBritain(whetherithasorhasnotestablished,orwhenformedwillorwillnotestablish,aplaceofbusinessinGreatBritain),iftheprospectusincludesastatementpurportingtobemadebyanexpert.　　74(2)[Requirementsforsuchprospectus]Ttisunlawfulforanypersontoissue,circulateordistributeinGreatBritainsuchaprospectusif-　　(a)theexperthasnotgiven,orhasbeforedeliveryoftheprospectusforregistrationwithdrawn,hiswrittenconsenttotheissueoftheprospectuswiththestatementincludedintheformandcontextinwhichitisincluded,or　　(b)theredoesnotappearintheprospectusastatementthathehasgivenandhasnotwithdrawnhisconsentasabovementioned.　　74(3)[Interpretation]Forpurposesofthissection,astatementisdeemedtobeincludeinaprospectusifitiscontainedinit,orinanyreportormemorandumappearingonitsface,orbyreferenceincorporatedin,orissuedwith,theprospectus.　　SEC.75Restrictionsonallotmenttobesecuredinprospectus　　75(1)[Application]Itisunlawfulforapersontoissue,circulateordistributeinGreatBritainaprospectusofferingforsubscriptionsharesinordebenturesofacompanyincorporatedortobeincorporatedoutsideGreatBritain(whetherthecompanyhasorhasnotestablished,orwhenformedwillorwillnotestablish,aplaceofbusinessinGreatBritain),unlesstheprospectuscomplieswiththefollowingcondition.　　75(2)[Prospectusmustmakeallpersonsboundbysec.82,86,87]Theprospectusmusthavetheeffect,whereanapplicationismadeinpursuanceofit,ofrenderingallpersonsconcernedboundbyalltheprovisions(otherthanpenalprovisions)ofsections82,86and87(restrictionsonallotment),sofarasapplicable.　　SEC.76StockexchangecertificateexemptingfromcompliancewithSch.3　　76(1)[Application]Thefollowingapplieswhere---　　(a)itisproposedtooffertothepublicbyaprospectusissuedgenerallyanysharesinordebenturesofacompanyincorporatedortobeincorporatedoutsideGreatBritain(whetherthecompanyhasorhasnotestablished,orwhenformedwillorwillnotestablish,aplaceofbusinessinGreatBritain),and　　(b)applicationismadetoaprescribedstockexchangeforpermissionforthosesharesordebenturestobelistedonthatstockexchange.　　"Issuedgenerally"meansissuedtopersonswhoarenotexistingmembersordebentureholdersofthecompany.　　76(2)[Issueofcertificate]Theremayontheapplicant‘srequestbegivenbyoronbehalfofthatstockexchangeacertificatethat,havingregardtotheproposals(asstatedintherequest)astothesizeandothercircumstancesoftheissueofsharesordebenturesandastoanylimitationonthenumberandclassofpersonstowhomtheofferistobemade,compliancewithSchedule3wouldbeundulyburdensome.　　76(3)[Wherecertificategiven]Ifacertificateisgivenundersubsection(2),andiftheproposalsabovementionedareadheredtoandtheparticularsandinformationrequiredtobepublishedinconnectionwiththeapplicationforpermissiontothestockexchangearesopublished,then-　　(a)aprospectusgivingtheparticularsandinformationintheforminwhichtheyaresorequiredtobepublishedisdeemedtocomplywithSchedule3.and　　(b)exceptasrespectstherequirementfortheprospectustobedated,section72doesnotapplytoanyissue,afterthepermissionappliedforisgiven,ofaprospectusorformofapplicationrelatingtothesharesordebentures.　　SEC.77Registrationofoverseaprospectusbeforeissue　　77(1)[Requirementofregistration]Itisunlawfulforapersontoissue,circulateordistributeinGreatBritainaprospectusofferingforsubscriptionsharesinordebenturesofacompanyincorporatedortobeincorporatedoutsideGreatBritain(whetherthecompanyhasorhasnotestablished,orwhenformedwillorwillnotestablish,aplaceofbusinessinGreatBritain),unlessbeforetheissue,circulationordistributiontherequirementsofthissectionhavebeencompliedwith.　　77(2)[Certifiedcopyofprospectustoregistrar]Acopyoftheprospectus,certifiedbythechairmanandtwootherdirectorsofthecompanyashavingbeenapprovedbyresolutionofthemanagingbody,musthavebeendeliveredforregistrationtotheregistrarofcompanies.　　77(3)[Endorsementsorattachmentstoprospectus]Theprospectusmuststateonthefaceofitthatacopyhasbeensodeliveredtotheandthefollowingmustbeendorsedonorattachedtothatcopyoftheprospectus-　　(a)anyconsenttotheissueoftheprospectuswhichisrequiredbysection74;　　(b)acopyofanycontractrequiredbyparagraph11ofSchedule3tobestatedintheprospectusor,inthecaseofacontractnotreducedintowriting,amemorandumgivinand　　(c)wherethepersonsmakinganyreportrequiredbyPartIIofSchedule3havemadeinitorhave,withoutgivingthereasons,indicatedinitanysuchadjustmentsasarementionedinparagraph21oftheSchedule,awrittenstatementsignedbythosepersonssettingouttheadjustmentsandgivingthereasonsforthem.　　77(4)[Requirementsforprospectuscertifiedundersec.76]Ifinthecaseofaprospectusdeemedbyvirtueofacertificateundersection76tocomplywithSchedule3,acontractoracopyofit,oramemorandumofacontract,isrequiredtobeavailableforinspectioninconnectionwithapplicationunderthatsectiontothestockexchange,acopyor(asthecasemaybe)amemorandumofthecontractmustbeendorsedonorattachedtothecopyoftheprospectusdeliveredtotheregistrarforregistration.　　77(5)[Referencetocopyofacontractinsec.77(3)(b),(4)]Referencesinsubsections(3)(b)and(4)tothecopyofacontractare,inthecaseofacontractwhollyorpartlyinaforeignlanguage,toacopyofatranslationofthecontractintoEnglish,oracopyembodyingatranslationintoEnglishofthepartsinaforeignlanguage(asthecasemaybe);and-　　(a)thetranslationmustineithercasebecertifiedintheprescribedmannertobeacorrecttranslation,and　　(b)thereferenceinsubsection(4)toacopyofacontractrequiredtobeavailableforinspectionincludesacopyofatranslationofitoracopyembodyingatranslationofpartsofit.　　SEC.78Consequences(criminalandcivil)ofnon-compliancewithsec.72-77　　78(1)[Penaltyfornon-compliance]Apersonwhoisknowinglyresponsiblefortheissue,circulationordistributionofaprospectus,orfortheissueofaformofapplicationforsharesordebentures,incontraventionofanysections72to77isliabletoafine.　　78(2)[Extensionofsec.67,68,69]Sections67,68and69extendtoeveryprospectusofferingforsubscriptionsharesinordebenturesofacompanyincorporatedortobeincorporatedoutsideGreatBritain(whetherthecompanyhasorhasnotestablished,orwhenformedwillorwillnotestablish,aplaceofbusinessinGreatBritain),substitutingforanyreferencetosection61areferencetosection74.　　78(3)[Exceptiontoliabilityrenon-complianceofsec.72(2),(3)]Intheeventofnon-compliancewithorcontraventionofanyoftherequirementsofsection72(2)asregardstheparticularstobecontainedintheprospectus,orsection72(3)asregardscompliancewithSchedule3,adirectororotherpersonresponsiblefortheprospectusincursnoliabilitybyreasonofthenon-complianceorcontraventionif-　　(a)asregardsanymatternotdisclosed,beprovesthathewasnotcognisantofit,or　　(b)heprovesthatthenon-complianceorcontraventionarosefromanhonestmistakeoffactonhispart,or　　(c)thenon-complianceorcontraventionwasinrespectofmatterswhich,intheopinionofthecourtdealingwiththecase,wereimmaterialorwereotherwisesuchasought,inthecourt‘sopinion,havingregardtoallthecircumstancesofthecase,reasonablytobeexcused.　　78(4)[ExceptiontoliabilityfornotincludingSch.3para.13statement]IntheeventoffailuretoincludeinaprospectustowhichthisChapterappliesastatementwithrespecttothematterscontainedinparagraph13ofSchedule3,nodirectororotherpersonincursanyliabilityinrespectofthefailureunlessitisprovedthathehadknowledgeofthemattersnotdisclosed.　　SEC.79Supplementary　　79(1)[Deemingofforeignprospectus]WhereadocumentbywhichthesharesordebenturesofacompanyincorporatedoutsideGreatBritainareofferedforsaletothepublicwould,ifthecompanyhadbeenacompanyincorporatedunderthisAct,havebeendeemedbyvirtueofsection58tobeaprospectusissuedbythecompany,thatdocumentisdeemed,forthepurposeofthisChapter,aprospectussoissued.　　79(2)[Ordinarybuyerorsellerofshares]Anofferofsharesordebenturesforsubscriptionorsaletoapersonwhoseordinarybusinessitistobuyorsellsharesordebentures(whetherasprincipalagent)isnotdeemedanoffertothepublicforthosepurpose.　　79(3)["Shares","debentures"]InthisChapter"shares"and"debentures"havethesamemeaningaswhenthoseexpressionsareused,elsewhereinthisAct,inrelationtoacompanyincorporatedunderthisAct.　　PARTXIV-INVESTIGATIONOFCOMPANIESANDTHEIRAFFAIRS;REQUISITIONOFDOCUMENTS　　APPOINTMENTANDFUNCTIONSOFINSPECTORS　　SEC.432Othercompanyinvestigations　　432(1)[Appointmentofinspectors]TheSecretaryofStateshallappointoneormorecompetentinspectorstoinvestigatetheaffairesofacompanyandreportontheminsuchmannerashedirects,ifthecourtbyorderdeclaresthatitsaffairsoughttobesoinvestigated.　　432(2)[Circumstanceswhenappointmentmaybemade]TheSecretaryofStatemaymakesuchanappointmentifitappearstohimthattherearecircumstancessuggesting---　　(a)thatthecompany‘saffairsarebeingorhavebeenconductedwithintenttodefrauditscreditorsorthecreditorsofanyotherperson,orotherwiseforafraudulentorunlawfulpurpose,orinamannerwhichisunfairlyprejudicialtosomepartofitsmembers,or　　(b)thatanyactualorproposedactoromissionofthecompany(includinganactoromissiononitsbehalf)isorwouldbesoprejudicial,orthatthecompanywasformedforanyfraudulentorunlawfulpurpose,or　　(c)thatpersonsconcernedwiththecompany‘sformationorthemanagementofitsaffairshaveinconnectiontherewithbeenguiltyoffraud,misfeasanceorothermisconducttowardsitortowardsitsmembers,or　　(d)thatthecompany‘smembershavenotbeengivenalltheinformationwithrespecttoitsaffairswhichtheymightreasonablyexpect.　　432(3)[Extentofpowersundersec.432(1),(2)]Subsections(1)and(2)arewithoutprejudicetothepowersoftheSecretaryofStateundersection431;andthepowerconferredbysubsection(2)isexercisablewithrespecttoabodycorporatenotwithstandingthatitisincourseofbeingvoluntarilywoundup.　　432(4)[Interpretationofsec.432(2)(a)]Thereferenceinsubsection(2)(a)toacompany‘smembersincludesanypersonwhoisnotamemberbuttowhomsharesinthecompanyhavebeentransferredortransmittedbyoperationoflaw.　　SEC.437Inspectors‘reports　　437(1)[Interimandfinalreports]Theinspectorsmay,andifsodirectedbytheSecretaryofStateshall,makeinterimreportstotheSecretaryofState,andontheconclusionoftheirinvestigationshallmakeafinalreporttohim　　Anysuchreportshallbewrittenorprinted,astheSecretaryofStatedirects.　　437(2)[Copyofreporttocourt]Iftheinspectorswereappointedundersection432inpursuanceofanorderofthecourt,theSecretaryofStateshallfurnishacopyofanyreportoftheirstothecourt.　　437(3)[PowersofSecretaryofStaterereports]InanycasetheSecretaryofStatemay,ifhethinksfit---　　(a)forwardacopyofanyreportmadebytheinspectorstothecompany‘sregisteredoffice.　　(b)furnishacopyonrequestandonpaymentoftheprescribedfeeto---　　i.anymemberofthecompanyorotherbodycorporatewhichisthesubjectofthereport,　　ii.anypersonwhoseconductisreferredtointhereport,　　iii.theauditorsofthecompanyorbodycorporate,　　iv.theapplicantsfortheinvestigation,　　v.anyotherpersonwhosefinancialinterestsappeartotheSecretaryofStatetobeaffectedbythemattersdealtwithinthereport,whetherasacreditorofthecompanyorbodycorporate,orotherwise,and　　(c)causeanysuchreporttobeprintedandpublished.　　SEC.439Expensesofinvestigatingacompany‘saffairs　　439(1)[ExpensesbySecretaryofStateandother]TheexpensesofandincidentaltoaninvestigationbyinspectorsappointedbytheSecretaryofStateshallbedefrayedintbutthepersonsmentionedinthefollowing4subsectionsare,totheextenttherespecified,liabletomakerepaymenttotheSecretaryofState.　　439(2)[Personconvictedonprosecutionreinvestigation]Apersonwhoisconvictedonaprosecutioninstitutedasaresultoftheinvestigation,orisorderedtopaythewholeoranypartofthecostsofproceedingsbroughtundersection438,mayinthesameproceedingsbeorderedtopaythoseexpensestosuchextentasmaybespecifiedintheorder.　　439(3)[Bodycorporateinwhosenameproceedingsbrought]Abodycorporateinwhosenameproceedingsarebroughtunderthatsectionisliabletotheamountorvalueofanysumsorpropertyrecoveredbyitasaresuandanyamountforwhichabodycorporateisliableunderthissubsectionisafirstchargeonthesumsorpropertyrecovered.　　439(4)[Otherbodiescorporate]Abodycorporatedealtwithbytheinspectors‘report,wheretheinspectorswereappointedotherwisethanoftheSecretaryofState‘sownmotions,isliableexceptwhereitwastheapplicantfortheinvestigation,andexceptsofarastheSecretaryofStateotherwisedirects.　　439(5)[Applicantsforinvestigationresec.431appointment]Theapplicantorapplicantsfortheinvestigation,wheretheinspectorswereappointedundersection431,isorareliabletosuchextent(ifany)astheSecretaryofStatemaydirect.　　439(6)[Recommendationinreportresec.439(4),(5)directors]ThereportofinspectorsappointedotherwisethanoftheSecretaryofState‘sownmotionmay,iftheythinkfit,andshalliftheSecretaryofStatesodirects,includearecommendationastothedirections(ifany)whichtheythinkappropriate,inthelightoftheirinvestigation,tobegivenundersubsection(4)or(5)ofthissection.　　439(7)[Costsreproceedingsundersec.438]Forpurposesofthissection,anycostsorexpensesincurredbytheSecretaryofStateinorinconnectionwithproceedingsbroughtundersection438(includingexpensesincurredundersubsection(2)ofit)aretobetreatedasexpensesoftheinvestigationgivingrisetotheproceedings.　　439(8)[Indemnities]AnyliabilitytorepaytheSecretaryofStateimposedbysubsection(2)and(3)aboveis(subjecttosatisfactionofhisrighttorepayment)aliabilityalsotoindemnifyallpersonsagainstliabilityundersubsections(4)and(5);andanysuchliabilityimposedbysubsection(2)is(subjectasmentionedabove)aliabilityalsotoindemnifyallpersonsagainstliabilityundersubsection(3).　　439(9)[Contributionbetweenpersonliable]Apersonliableunderanyoneofthosesubsectionsisentitledtocontributionfromanyotherpersonliableunderthesamesubsection,accordingtotheamountoftheirrespectiveliabilitiesunderit.　　439(10)[ExpensesdefrayedbySecretaryofState]ExpensestobedefrayedbytheSecretaryofStateunderthissectionshall,sofarasnotrecoveredunderit,bepaidoutofmoneyprovidedbyParliament.　　SEC.441Inspectors‘reporttobeevidence　　441(1)[Evidenceofinspectors‘opinion]Acopyofanyreportofinspectorsappointedundersection431or432certifiedbytheSecretaryofStatetobeatruecopy,isadmissibleinanylegalproceedingsasevidenceoftheopinionoftheinspectorsinrelationtoanymattercontainedinthereport.　　441(2)[Admissibilityofcertificate]Adocumentpurportingtobesuchacertificateasismentionedaboveshallbereceivedinevidenceandbedeemedtobesuchacertificate,unlessthecontraryisproved.　　SEC453Investigationofoverseacompanies　　453(1)[Applicationofsec.432to437,439,441,452(1)]Sections432to437,439,441and452(1)applytoallbodiescorporateincorporatedoutsideGreatBritainwhicharecarryingonbusinessinGreatBritainorhaveatanytimecarriedonbusinessthereasiftheywerecompaniesunderthisAct,butsubjecttosuch(ifany)adaptationsandmodificationsasmaybespecifiedbyregulationsmadebytheSecretaryofState.　　453(2)[Regulations]RegulationsunderthissectionshallbemadebystatutoryinstrumentsubjecttoannulmentinpursuanceofaresolutionofeitherHouseofParliament.　　PARTXXIII---OVERSEACOMPANIES　　ChapterI---Registration,etc.　　SEC.691Documentstobedeliveredtoregistrar　　691(1)[Documentstoregistrar]WhenacompanyincorporatedoutsideGreatBritainestablishesaplaceofbusinessinGreatBritain,itshallwithinonemonthofdoingdelivertotheregistrarofcompaniesforregistration-　　(a)acertifiedcopyofthecharter,statutesormemorandumandarticlesofthecompanyorotherinstrumentconstitutingordefiningthecompany‘sconstitution,and,iftheinstrumentsisnotwrittenintheEnglishlanguage,acertand　　(b)areturnintheprescribedformcontaining-　　(i)alistofthecompany‘sdirectorsandsecretary,containingtheparticularsspecifiedinthenextsubsection,　　(ii)alistofthenamesandaddressesofsomeoneormorepersonsresidentinGreatBritainauthorisedtoacceptonthecompany‘sbehalfserviceofprocessandanynoticesrequiredtobeservedonit,　　(iii)alistofthedocumentsdeliveredincompliancewithparagraph(a)ofthissubsection,and　　(iv)astatutorydeclaration(madebyadirectororsecretaryofthecompanyorbyanypersonwhosenameandaddressaregiveninthelistrequiredbysub-paragraph(ii)),statingthedateonwhichthecompany‘splaceofbusinessinGreatBritainwasestablished.　　691(2)[Particularsinlistinsec.691(1)(b)(i)]Thelistreferredtoinsubsection(1)(b)(i)shallcontainthefollowingparticulars-　　(a)withrespecttoeachdirector-　　(i)inthecaseofanindividual,hispresentChristiannameandsurnameandanyformerChristiannameorsurname,hisusualresidentialaddress,hisnationalityandhisbusinessoccupation(ifany),or,ifhehasnobusinessoccupationbutholdsotherdirectorships,particularsofanyofthem.　　(ii)Inthecaseofacorporation,itscorporatenameandregiste　　(b)Withrespecttothesecretary(or,wheretherearejointsecretaries,withrespecttoeachofthem)-　　(i)Inthecaseofanindividual,hispresentChristiannameandsurname,anyformerChristiannameandsurnameandhisusualresidentialaddress,　　(ii)InthecaseofacorporationoraScottishfirm,itscorporatefirmnameandregisteredorprincipaloffice.　　Whereallthepartnersinafirmarejointsecretariesofthecompany,thenameandprincipalofficeofthefirmmaybestatedinsteadoftheparticularsmentionedinparagraph(b).　　Section289(2)appliesforthepurposesoftheconstructionofreferencesabovetopresentandformerChristiannamesandsurnames.　　SEC.692Registrationofalteredparticulars　　692(1)[Returnrealterations]Ifanyalterationmadein-　　(a)thecharter,statutes,ormemorandumandarticlesofanoverseacompanyoranysuchinstrumentasismentionedabove,or　　(b)thedirectorsorsecretaryofanoverseacompanyortheparticularscontainedinthelistofthedirectorsandsecretary,or　　(c)thenamesoraddressesofthepersonsauthorizedtoacceptserviceonbehalfofanoverseacompany,　　thecompanyshall,withinthetimespecifiedbelow,delivertotheregistrarofcompaniesforregistrationareturncontainingtheprescribedparticularsofthealteration.　　692(2)[Returnrechangeofname]Ifanychangesismadeinthecorporatenameofanoverseacompany,thecompanyshall,withinthetimespecifiedbelow,delivertotheregistrarofcompaniesforregistrationareturncontainingtheprescribedparticularsofthechange.　　692(3)[Timefordeliveryofreturns]Thetimefordeliveryofthereturnsrequiredbysubsections(1)and(2)is-　　(a)inthecaseofanalterationtowhichsubsection(1)(c)applies,21daysafterthemakingofthealteration,and　　(b)otherwise,21daysafterthedateonwhichnoticeofthealterationorchangeinquestioncouldhavebeenreceivedinGreatBritaininduecourseofpost(ifdispatchedwithduediligence)　　SEC.693Obligationtostatenameandparticulars　　693Everyoverseacompanyshall-　　(a)ineveryprospectusinvitingsubscriptionsforitssharesordebenturesinGreatBritain,statethecountryinwhichthecompanyisincorporated,　　(b)conspicuouslyexhibitoneveryplacewhereitcarriesonbusinessinGreatBritainthecompany‘snameandthecountryinwhichitisincorporated,　　(c)causethecompany‘snameandthecountryinwhichitisincorporatedtobestatedinlegiblecharactersinalbill-headsandletterpaper,andinallnoticesandotherofficialpublicationsofthecompany,and　　(d)iftheliabilityofthemembersofthecompanyislimited,causenoticeofthatfacttobestatedinlegiblecharactersineverysuchprospectusasabovementionedandinallbill-heads,letterpaper,noticesandotherofficialpublicationsofthecompanyinGreatBritain,andtobeaffixedoneveryplacewhereitcarriesonitsbusiness.　　SEC.694Regulationofoverseacompaniesinrespectoftheirnames　　694(1)[Noticerenon-registrationofname]IfitappearstotheSecretaryofStatethatthecorporatenameofanoverseacompanyisanamebywhichthecompany,haditbeenformedunderthisAct,wouldontherelevantdate(definedbelowinsubsection(3))havebeenprecludedfrombeingregisteredbysection26either-　　(a)becauseitfallswithinsubsection(1)ofthatsection,or　　(b)ifitfallswithinsubsection(2)ofthatsection,becausetheSecretaryofStatewouldnotapprovethecompany‘sbeingregisteredwiththatname,　　theSecretaryofStatemayserveanoticeonthecompany,statingwhythenamewouldnothavebeenregistered.　　694(2)[Nametoosimilar]IfthecorporatenameofanoverseacompanyisintheSecretaryofState‘sopiniontoolikeanameappearingontherelevantdateintheindexofnameskeptbytheregistrarofcompaniesundersection714orwhichshouldhaveappearedinthatindexonthatdate,oristhesameasanamewhichshouldhavesoappeared,theSecretaryofStatemayseveranoticeonthecompanyspecifyingthenameintheindexwhichthecompany‘snameistoolikeorwhichisthesameasthecompany‘sname.　　694(3)[Timefornoticeundersec.694(1),(2)]Nonoticeshallbeservedonacompanyundersubsection(1)or(2)laterthan12monthsaftertherelevantdate.Beingthedateonwhichthecompanyhascompliedwith-　　(a)section691inthisPart,or　　(b)iftherehasbeenachangeinthecompany‘scorporatename,section692(2).　　694(4)[Statementbyoverseacompanyrealternativename]Anoverseacompanyonwhichanoticeisservedundersubsection(1)or(2)-　　(a)maydelivertotheregistrarofcompaniesforregistrationastatementintheprescribedformspecifyinganameapprovedbytheSecretaryofStateotherthanitscorporatenameunderwhichitproposestocarryonbusinessinGreatBritain,and　　(b)may,afterthatnamehasbeenregistered,atanytimedelivertotheregistrarforregistrationastatementintheprescribedformspecifyinganamesubstitutionforthenamepreviouslyregistered.　　694(5)[Nameundersec.694(4)]Thenamebywhichanoverseacompanyisforthetimebeingregisteredundersubsection(4)is,forallpurposesofthelawapplyinginGreatBritain(includingthisActandtheBusinessNameAct1985),deemedtobethecompany‘but-　　(a)thisdoesnotaffectreferencestothecorporatenameinthissection,oranyrightsorobligationsofthecompany,orrenderdefectiveanylegalproceedingsbyoragainstthecompany,and　　(b)anylegalproceedingsthatmighthavebeencontinuedorcommencedagainstthecompanybyitscorporatenameoritsnamepreviouslyregisteredunderthissectionmaybecontinuedorcommencedagainstitbyitsnameforthetimebeingsoregistered.　　694(6)[Prohibitionofcarryingonbusiness]Anoverseacompanyonwhichanoticeisservedundersubsection(1)or(2)shallnotatanytimeaftertheexpirationof2monthsfromtheserviceofthatnotice(orsuchlongerperiodasmaybespecifiedinthatnotice)carryonbusinessinGreatBritainunderitscorporatename.　　Nothinginthissubsection,orinsection697(2)(whichimposespenaltiesforitscontravention)invalidatesanytransactionenteredintobythecompany.　　694(7)[Withdrawalofsec.694(1),(2)notice]TheSecretaryofStatemaywithdrawanoticeservedundersubsection(1)or(2)atanytimebeforetheendoftheperiodmentionedinsubsection(6);andthatsubsectiondoesnotapplytoacompanyservedwithanoticewhichhasbeenwithdrawn.　　SEC.695Serviceofdocumentsonoverseacompany　　695(1)[Usualservice]AnyprocessornoticerequiredtobeservedonanoverseacompanyissufficientlyservedifaddressedtoanypersonwhosenamehasbeendeliveredtotheregistrarunderprecedingsectionsinthisPartandleftatorsentbyposttotheaddresswhichhasbeensodelivered.　　695(2)[Otherservice]However-　　(a)wheresuchacompanymakesdefaultindeliveringtotheregistrarthenameandaddressofapersonresidentinGreatBritainwhoisauthorizedtoacceptonbehalfofthecompanyserviceofprocessornotice,or　　(b)ifatanytimeallthepersonswhosenamesandaddressedhavebeensodeliveredaredeadorhaveceasedsotoreside,orrefusetoacceptserviceonthecompany‘sbehalf,orforanyreasoncannotbeserved,　　adocumentmaybeservedonthecompanybyleavingitat,orsendingitbypostto,anyplaceofbusinessestablishedbythecompanyinGreatBritain.　　SEC.696Officewheredocumentstobefiled　　696(1)[Deliverytoregistrar]AnydocumentwhichanoverseacompanyisrequiredtodelivertotheregistrarofcompaniesshallbedeliveredtotheregistrarattheregistrationofficeinEnglandandWalesorScotland,accordingtowherethecompanyhasestablishedaplaceofbusiness.　　696(2)[IfplacesofbusinessinEnglandandWalesandinScotland]IfthecompanyhasestablishedaplaceofbusinessbothinEnglandandWalesandinScotland,thedocumentshallbedeliveredattheregistrationofficebothinEnglandandWalesandinScotland.　　696(3)[Interpretation]ReferencesinthisParttotheregistrarofcompaniesaretobeconstruedinaccordancewiththeabovesubsections.　　696(4)[NoticerecessationofplaceofbusinessinGreatBritain]IfanoverseacompanyceasestohaveaplaceofbusinessineitherpartofGreatBritain,itshallforthwithgivenoticeofthatfacttotheregistrarofandasfromthedateonwhichnoticeissogiventheobligationofthecompanytodeliveranydocumenttotheregistrarceases.　　SEC.697Penaltiesfornon-compliance　　697(1)[Non-compliancewithsec.691to693,696]Ifanoverseacompanyfailstocomplywithanyofsections691to693and696,thecompany,andeveryofficeroragentofthecompanywhoknowinglyandwillfullyanthorisesorpermitsthedefault,isliabletoafineand,inthecaseofacontinuingoffence,toadailydefaultfineforcontinuedcontravention.　　697(2)[Contraventionofsec.694(6)]Ifanoverseacompanycontravenessection694(6),thecompanyandeveryofficeroragentofitwhoknowinglyandwillfullyauthorizesorpermitsthecontraventionisguiltyofanoffenceandliabletoafineand,forcontinuedcontravention,toadailydefaultfine.　　SEC.698DefinitionsforthisChapter　　698ForpurposesofthisChapter-　　"certified"meanscertifiedintheprescribedmannertobeatruecopyo　　"director",inrelationtoanoverseacompany,includesshadowdirector,and　　"secretary"includesanypersonoccupyingthepositionofsecretarybywhatevernamecalled.　　SEC.699ChannelIslandsandIsleofMancompanies　　699(1)[Applicationofotherprovisions]Withtheexceptionsspecifiedinsubsection(3)below,theprovisionsofthisActrequiringdocumentstobeforwardedordeliveredtoorfiledwiththeregistrarofcompaniesandapplyingtocompaniesformedandregisteredunderPartIapplyalso(iftheywouldnototherwise)toanoverseacompanyincorporatedintheChannelIslandsortheIsleofMan.　　699(2)[Wheresuchprovisionsapply]Thoseprovisionsapplytosuchacompany-　　(a)ifithasestablishedaplaceofbusinessinEnglandandWales,asifitwereregisteredinEnglandandWales,　　(b)ifithasestablishedaplaceofbusinessinScotland,asifitwereregisteredinScotland,and　　(c)ifithasestablishedaplaceofbusinessbothinEnglandandWalesandinScotland,asifitwereregisteredinEnglandandWalesandinScotland,　　withsuchmodificationsasmaybenecessaryand,inparticular,applyinasimilarwaytodocumentsrelatingtothingsdoneoutsideGreatBritainasiftheyhadbeendoneinGreatBritain.　　699(3)[Exceptions]Theexceptionsare-　　section6(1)(resolutionalteringcompany‘sobjects),　　section18(alternationofmemorandumorarticlesbystatuteorstatutoryinstrument).　　section241(3)(director‘sdutytofileaccounts)　　section288(2)(noticetoregistrarofchangeofdirectorsorsecretary),and　　section380(copiesofcertainresolutionsandagreementstobesenttoregistrarwithin15days),sofarasapplicabletoaresolutionalteringacompany‘smemorandumorarticles.　　ChapterII-DeliveryofAccounts.　　SEC.700Preparationanddeliveryofaccountsbyoverseacompanies　　700(1)[Sameobligationsasothercompanies]Everyoverseacompanyshallinrespectofeachaccountingreferenceperiodofthecompanypreparesuchaccounts,　　madeupbyreferencetosuchdateordates,andinsuchform,containingsuchparticularsandhavingannexedtothemsuchdocuments,aswouldhavebeenrequiredifitwereacompanyformedandregisteredunderthisAct.　　700(2)[Copyofaccountstoregistrar,andtranslation]Anoverseacompanyshall,inrespectofeachaccountingreferenceperiodofthecompany,delivertotheregistrarand,ifsuchanaccountorotherdocumentisinalanguageotherthanEnglish,thereshallbeannexedtothecopysodeliveredatranslationofitintoEnglishcertifiedintheprescribedmannertobeacorrecttranslation.　　700(3)[Exemptionresec.241]Ifinrelationtoanaccountingreferenceperiodthecompany‘sdirectorswouldbeexemptundersection241(4)fromcompliancewithsubsection(3)ofthatsection(independentcompanywithunlimitedliability),ifthecompanywereotherwisesubjecttothatsection,compliancewiththissectionisnotrequiredinrespectofthataccountingreferenceperiod.　　700(4)[ModificationbySecretaryofState]TheSecretaryofStatemaybyordersinastatutoryinstrument-　　(a)modifytherequirementsreferredtoinsubsection(1)forthepurposeoftheirapplicationtooverseacompanies.　　(b)Exemptanoverseacompanyfromthoserequirementsorfromsuchofthemasmaybespecifiedintheorder.　　700(5)[Scopeofsec.700(4)order,annulmentoforder]Anorderundersubsection(4)maymakedifferentprovisioninrelationtodifferentcasesorclassesofcaseandmaycontainsuchincidentalandsupplementaryprovisionsastheSecretaryofSandastatutoryinstrumentcontaininganordersomadeissubjecttoannulmentinpursuanceofaresolutionofeitherHouseofParliament.　　Note　　Res.700(4),(5).SeeTheOverseaCompanies(Accounts)(ModificationsandExemptions)Order1982(S.I1982No.676)　　Sec.701Overseacompany‘saccountingreferenceperiodanddate　　701(1)[Determinationofaccountingreferenceperiod]Anoverseacompany‘saccountingreferenceperiodsaredeterminedaccordingtoitsaccountingreferencedate.　　701(2)[Noticereaccountingreferencedate]Thecompanymaygivenoticeintheprescribedformtotheregistrarofcompaniesspecifyingadateinthecalendaryearasbeingthedateonwhichineachsuccessivecalendaryearanaccountingreferenceperiodofthecompanyistobetrandthedatespecifiedinthenoticeisthenthecompany‘saccountingreferencedate.　　701(3)[Timeforsec.701(2)notice]Nosuchnoticehaseffectunlessitisgivenbeforetheendof6monthsbeginningwiththedateonwhichaplaceofbusinessinGreatBritainisorwasestand,failingsuchanotice,thecompany‘saccountingreferencedateis31stMarch.　　701(4)[Firstaccountingreferenceperiod]Thecompany‘sfirstaccountingreferenceperiodissuchperiodendingwithitsaccountingreferencedateas-　　(a)beginsorbeganonadatedeterminedbythecompany,butnotlaterthanthatonwhichaplaceofbusinessisorwasestablishedinGreatBritain,and　　(b)isaperiodexceeding6monthsandnotexceeding18months.　　701(5)[Subsequentaccountingreferenceperiods]Eachsuccessiveperiodof12monthsbeginningaftertheendofthefirstaccountingreferenceperiodandendingwiththecompany‘saccountingreferencedateisalsoanaccountingreferenceperiodofthecompany.　　701(6)[Sec.701(2)to(5)subjecttosec.225]Subsections(2)to(5)aresubjecttosection225ofthisAct,underwhichincertaincircumstancesacompany‘saccountingreferenceperiodmaybealtered,andwhichappliestooverseacompaniesaswellastocompaniessubjecttoPartVII,butomittingsubsections(6)and(7).　　Sec.702Periodallowedfordeliveringaccounts　　702(1)[Usualperiod]Inthecaseofanoverseacompany,theperiodallowedfordeliveringaccountsinrelationtoanaccountingreferenceperiodis13monthsaftertheendoftheperiod.　　702(2)[Reducedperiod]Wherethecompany‘sfirstaccountingreferenceperiod-　　(a)beginsorbeganonthedatedeterminedbythecompanyforthepurposesofsection701(4)(a)and　　(b)isorwasaperiodofmorethan12months.　　Theperiodwhichwouldotherwisebeallowedfordeliveringaccountsinrelationtotheperiodwhichwouldotherwisebeallowedistreatedasreducedbythenumberofdaysbywhichtheaccountingreferenceperiodisorwaslongerthan12months.　　702(3)[Firstaccountingreferenceperiod]Buttheperiodallowedinrelationtoacompany‘sfirstaccountingreferenceperiodisnotbysubsection(2)reducedtolessthan3monthsaftertheendofthataccountingreferenceperiod.　　702(4)[Shortenedperiodwheresec.225noticegiven]Inrelationtoanaccountingreferenceperiodofanoverseacompanyasrespectswhichnoticeisgivenbythecompanyundersection225(asapplied)andwhichbyvirtueofthatsectionistreatedasshortenedinaccordancewiththenotice,theperiodallowedfordeliveringaccountsis-　　(a)theperiodallowedinrelationtothataccountingreferenceperiodinaccordancewiththeprecedingsubsections,or　　(b)theperiodof3monthsbeginningwiththedateofthenotice,whicheverofthoseperiodslastexpires.　　702(5)[ExtensionofperiodbySecretaryofState]IfforanyspecialreasontheSecretaryofStatethinksfittodoso,hemaybynoticeinwritingtoanoverseacompanyextend,bysuchfurtherperiodasmaybespecifiedinthenotice,theperiodwhichinaccordancewiththeprecedingsubsectionsistheperiodallowedfordeliveringaccountsinrelationtoanyaccountingreferenceperiodofthecompany.　　Sec.703Penaltyfornon-compliance　　703(1)[Penaltyresec.700(2)requirements]Ifinrespectofanaccountingreferenceperiodofanoverseacompanyanyoftherequirementsofsection700(2)isnotcompliedwithbeforetheendoftheperiodallowedfordeliveringaccounts,thecompanyandeveryofficeroragentofitwhoknowinglyandwilfullyauthorisesorpermitsthedefaultis,inrespectofcompany‘sfailuretocomplywiththerequirementinquestion,guiltyofanoffenceandliabletoafineandforcontinuedcontravention,toadailydefaultfine.　　703(2)[Nodefencerepreparationofdocument]Forpurposesofanyproceedingsunderthissectionwithrespecttoarequirementtodeliveracopyofadocumenttotheregistrarofcompanies,itisnotadefencetoprovethatdocumentinquestionwasnotinfactpreparedasrequiredbysection700.　　
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