《高考英语陷阱题分类研究》(上)
《高考英语陷阱题分类研究》(上)
类型一
思维定势型
所谓思维定势，指的就是人们的一种思维倾向，它是人们在长期的思维过程中所形成的一种思维条件反射。
英语学习中的思维定势，对于英语学习者有利也有弊。其利在于：它可以帮助学习者利用以前所学知识迅速联系所接触的语言现象，从而解决具体的语言实际问题；其弊在于，有时它会误导学习者对于一些比较特殊的句子或语言现象,想当然地套用已形成的思维定势，从而得出错误的结论。
事实说明，各级各类考试的命题者常常利用考生思维定势这一特点, 有意编拟一些比较特殊的句子或结构来测试考生对某一知识点的灵活处理技巧和深层理解能力。比如：
同学们都知道，像can, may, must, could, might, should等情态动词，其后要接动词原形（即不带to的不定式），但是请看以下试题，这些情态动词是要用动词原形吗？
◇He ran as fast as he could _________ the bus.
A. catch B. to catch C. catching D. caught
【分析】此题答案选A吗？错了，不是的。正确答案为 B。你知道为什么吗？
◇He ran as fast as he could _________to catch the bus.
A. hope B. to hope C. hoping D. hoped
【分析】此题答案选A还是B？你若选A，错了；于是你就选B，也错了。此题最佳答案是C。你觉得奇怪吗？为什么前一句的 He ran as fast as he could 后接带 to 不定式 to catch，而后一句的 He ran as fast as he could 后要接现在分词 hoping 呢？
你想弄懂以上问题吗？你还想做做类似的一些陷阱题吗？请往下看。
1. Mr Smith is _________ a good teacher _________ we all respect.
A. such, that B. such, as C. so, that D. so, as
【分析】此题容易误选A，一方面是因为 such … that … 是同学们很熟悉的一个句式，一看就可能选中了；另一方面，将 such … that … 的意思“如此……以致……”代入句中，也完全通顺，即“史密斯先生是一位如此优秀的教师，以致我们大家都尊敬他”。从表面上看，以上分析很有道理，但其实错了。因为在such … that … (如此……以致……)结构中，that 引导的是结果状语从句，并且 that 在从句中不充当句子成分，若在上句填入 such … that …，句末的 respect 显然缺少宾语(注意：respect 是及物动词)。正确的答案应是B，as 用作关系代词，用以引导定语从句，修饰其前的名词 teacher，同时 as 在定语从句中用作动词 respect 的宾语，句意为“史密斯先生是我们大家都尊敬的一位好老师”。有的同学们可能还会问，能否选A答案，而将其后的 that 视为引导定语从句的关系代词呢？(事实上 that 经常用于引导定语从句!) 不能。因为当先行词受到 such 的修饰时，其后的定语从句应用关系代词 as 来引导，而不用that。
顺便说一句，假若在原句的 respect 后加上 him 一词，则应选A，即He is such a good
teacher that we all respect him (他是如此好的一位老师，我们大家都尊敬他)。
2. She can’t help _________ the house because she’s busy making a cake.
A. to clean B. cleaning C. cleaned D. being cleaned
【分析】此题容易误选B，简单地套用 can’t help doing sth 这一结构。其实此题应选A，注意以下两个结构均可用，只是含义不同：can’t help doing sth=禁不住做某事，情不自禁地做某事； can’t help to do sth=不能帮助做某事。前者为引申用法，一般辞书均作为固定搭配列出来，许多老师对此也比较强调，从而也就引起了同学们的足够重视，并因此形成了思维定势；而后者为 help 表示“帮助”时的本义用法，因同学们平时对此没引起注意，一看到上面的试题就马上联想到 can’t help doing sth 这一结构，从而误选了B。请看下面一例：
While shopping, people sometimes can’t help _________ into buying something they don’t really need.
A. to persuade B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded
【分析】此题应选C（注意根据句意要用被动形式）。
3. _________ with the right knowledge can give first aid.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever
【分析】此题容易误选B，主要受以下这类句子的影响而形成思维定势：
Whoever says that is lying. 谁那样说，谁就是在说谎。
Whoever breaks this law deserves a fine. 违反本法者应予以罚款。
Whoever comes first can get a ticket free. 谁先来谁就可以免费得到一张票。
以上各例中的 whoever 引导的均为主语从句，它们均可换成 anyone who，但不能换成 anyone。上面的试题从表面上看，与以上各例很相似，其实有本质的不同，即 _________ with the right knowledge 中没有谓语动词，所以我们不能选 whoever。此题的正确答案为C，anyone 为句子主语，with the right knowledge 为修饰 anyone 的定语。请做以下试题：
(1) _________ with a good education can apply for the job.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever
(2) _________ has a good education can apply for the job.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever
(3) _________ having a good education can apply for the job.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever
(4) _________ seen smoking here will be fined.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever
(5) _________ is seen smoking here will be fined.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever
(6) _________ smoking here will be fined.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever
(7) _________ smokes here will be fined.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever
第(1)题选C，介词短语with a good education 为修饰 anyone 的定语；第(2)题选B，whoever has a good education 为主语从句；第(3)题选C，现在分词短语having a good education 为修饰 anyone 的定语；第(4)题选C，过去分词短语seen smoking here 为修饰 anyone 的定语(可视为 anyone who is seen smoking here 之省略)；第(5)题选B，whoever is seen smoking here 为主语从句；第(6)题选C，现在分词短语smoking here 为修饰anyone 的定语；第(7)题B，whoever smokes here 为主语从句。
4. He made up his mind to devote his life _________ pollution _________ happily.
A. to prevent, to live B. to prevent, from living
C. to preventing, to live D. to preventing, from living
【分析】此题容易误选B，认为第一空应填 to prevent(即认为其中的 to 为不定式符号)，第二空应填 from living，因为 prevent … from doing sth 是一个常用句型。其实错了，正确的答案是C。第一空涉及的结构是 devote … to …(把……奉献给……)，其中的 to 是介词，而不是不定式符号；第二空从表面上看涉及的是prevent…from… 结构，但其实不是。因为在 prevent sb/sth from doing sth (阻止某人/某事做某事)这一句型中，prevent 后的宾语(sb/sth)应与其后动名词有逻辑上的主谓关系，如：We can't prevent him from leaving. (我们无法阻止他离开)，此句中“他”与“离开”有逻辑上的主谓关系(即“他离开”)。而上面误句中的“污染”与“生活愉快”没有逻辑上的主谓关系，所以不适宜用 prevent…from …结构。选项C中的不定式 to live happily 在句中用作目的状语。
5. Is there a shop around _________ we can buy some toilet articles?
A. that B. which C. where D. what
【分析】此题很容易误选 Ｂ，认为 around 是介词，选 which 用以代替前面的名词 shop,在此用作介词 around 的宾语。此分析语法上并不算错，但问题是，照此分析，此句的意思即为：有没有这样一个商店，在它的附近我们可以买到梳妆用品(你喜欢在商店的附近而不在商店里面买东西吗)？其实此题的最佳选项应是 C，其中的 around 是副词(意为“在附近”)，而不是介词，其后 where 引导的定语从句修饰其前的地点名词 shop，句意为：附近有没有我们可以买到梳妆用品的商店？
6. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _________ it more difficult.
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
许多学生一看到题干中的逗号，便断定此题应选C，属现在分词表结果的用法。其实此题应选B，句中的逗号相当于连词 and 或 but，not to make it more difficult 是对逗号前的不定式 to make life easier 的补充说明。全句句意为“新技术的目的是为了使生活变得更容易，不是使生活变得更困难”。两个不定式虽在句中用作表语，但它们是用以说明句子主语 purpose 的内容的。请看类例：
(1) The purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but ____B____ work for young people.
A. provide B. to provide C. providing D. provided
(2) The purpose of the scheme ____A____ the employers but to provide work for young people.
A. is not to help
B. does not help C. is not help D. is not helping
7. After _________ seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile.
A. which B. it C. what D. that
【分析】此题应选 C，其余三项都很容易误选。误选 A，认为介词后应接关系代词 which (注意没有先行词)；B 或 D 也不能选择，因为介词后可接 what 引导的宾语从句，但通常不能跟 that 引导的宾语从句或没有引导词的从句。另一方面，引导名词性从句的 that 也不能充当句子成分(句中的 seemed 缺主语)。
8. The judge paid no attention to _________ he had just lost his wife.
A. that B. which C. what D. the fact that
【分析】此题容易误选 A 或 B：选A，认为 to 后应接一个 that 引导的宾语从句；选B，认为其后是一个定语从句，介词后应用关系代词 which。其实此题应选 D。注意不能选A的原因是，在通常情况下，介词后不能直接跟 that 从句(极个别介词如except, but 等除外)，遇此情况，应在 that 从句前加上 the fact（此时 the fact 用作介词宾语，其后 that 从句用作 the fact 的同位语）。又如：
We all knew nothing about _________ he was a thief.
A. that B. which C. what D. the fact that (选D)
9. “When _________ get married?”
“When _________ get married hasn’t been made public.”
A. they will, will they B. will they, they will
C. they will, they will D. will they, will they
【分析】此题容易误选 D，认为 when 后应用疑问句词序。其实此题应选 B，第二个 when 是用以引导主语从句的连接副词，其后要用陈述句词序。
10. That day Mr Smith got up late, so he ran as fast as he could _________ the early bus.
A. catch B. to catch
C. catching
D. caught
【分析】此题容易误选A，认为情态动词后只能接动词原形。但是，错了，正确的答案是B。其实情态动词 could 后本来有动词原形 run，只是被省略了，即此句的完整形式应是 …so he ran as fast as he could run to catch the early bus，其中的不定式 to catch the early bus 为目的状语。又如：
(1) My parents did what they could _________ my aunt and uncle.
A. help B. to help C. helping D. helped
(2) He read what he could _________ his knowledge.
A. widen B. to widen C. widening D. widened
以上两题均选B，即选不定式，且此不定式为目的状语。但是，同学们若据此形成思维定势，也会麻烦。为此，请再看两题：
(1) He ran as fast as he could _________to catch the bus.
A. hope B. to hope C. hoping D. hoped
【分析】此题的最佳答案不是B，而是C，其中的现在分词短语 hoping to catch the bus 用作伴随状语，即一边跑一边在希望能赶上早班车。
(2) He spent every minute he could _________ foreign languages.
A. study B. to study C. studying D. studied
【分析】此题也应选C，但是，它与上题选现在分词 hoping 表伴随有所不同，此题的 studying 其实与其前的动词 spend 有关，即此句中的 studying 为动名词，其前省略了介词 in。注意spend 的句型：spend + 时间或金钱 + (in) doing sth。
11. _________ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
【分析】此题很容易误选 A，认为此处应填一个形式主语，况且 It is (well) known to…也是一个常用句型，读起来也很上口，其实选错了。同学们仔细想想看，假若选 A，空格处填一个形式主语(it)，那么其后就应有一个真正的主语，而事实上没有。但是若句中的逗号改成 that，则只能选 A，因为这样一来，that 便成为一个引导主语从句的引导词。此题的最佳答案是 B，as 引导的是一个非限制性定语从句，可置于主句前(常译为“正如”)或主句后(常译为“这一点”)，句意为“正如大家所知，月球每月绕地球转一周”。
12. He is always really rude, _________ is why people tend to avoid him.
A. that B. it C. this D. which
【分析】此题容易误选 A，因为 that’s why…是一个常用结构，同学们极易受此影响而选错，当然若此句的空格前有连词 and 或其前的逗号改为分号，则完全可选that（分别构成并列句或两个独立的简单句）。此题的最佳答案是 D，句子后半部为一个非限制性定语从句，which 指 He is always really rude. 另外请比较以下两题（注意连词的有无）：
(1) He had a lot of friends, none of _________ could lend him any money. （选A）
(2) He had a lot of friends, but none of _________ could lend him any money. （选B）
A. whom B. them C. which D. who
13. He wrote a lot of novels, none of _________ translated into a foreign language.
A. them B. which C. it D. what
同学们看了上面一题的分析后，也许会毫不犹豫地认为此题应选 B，理由是none前没有并列连词 and 或 but，其实这次又错了。此题的最佳选项应是A，注意此句与上面一句有着本质的不同，即此句的 translated 不是谓语，而是一个非谓语动词（过去分词），所以逗号后面其实不是一个完整的句子，而是一个独立结构。假若在 translated 前加一个助动词 was，则此题应选 B(which)，构成一个非限制性定语从句。所以做这类题要特别小心，千万不要想当然，更不要受定势思维的影响。又如：
(1) I met several people there, two of _________ were foreigners. （选A）
(2) I met several people there, two of _________ being foreigners. （选B）
A. whom B. them C. who D. which
14. He said he would never forget the day _________ he spent with his girlfriend in the country.
A. that B. when C. how D. where
【分析】此题容易误选 B，有不少学生总是机械地认为：时间名词后用关系副词when，地点名词后用关系副词 where。其实时间名词和地点名词后既可能用关系副词也可能用关系代词，主要看它们在定语从句中充当什么句子成分，原则上说：作主语或宾语，用关系代词；作状语，用关系副词。此题从句中的 spent 缺宾语，故应用关系代词(that)，而不能用关系副词，即此题应选 A。比较：
(1) This is the factory _________ I worked 10 years ago. （选A）
(2) This is the factory _________ I worked in 10 years ago. （选B）
A. where B. that C. what D. why
15. She may have missed the train, in _________ case she won’t arrive for another hour.
A. whose B. that C. which D. what
【分析】此题容易误选 A，因为不少学生认为在定语从句中能用作定语的关系代词只有 whose。其实除 whose 可用作定语外，which 也可用作定语，只是含义上有差别：在此情况下，whose 的意思相当于 one’s，而 which 的意思则相当于 that 或 this。比较：
(1) This is Mary, whose [= and her] father we met last week.
(2) Call again at 11, by which time [= and by that time] the meeting should be over.
注：若上面一题中的逗号前有连词 and，也可选 B(that)。
16. Sophia was dressed like an actress, _________ she was not.
A. that B. which C. who D. it
【分析】此题很容易误选 C，因为许多学生认为指人时总是用 who，不能用 which，选项 A(that)虽然也能指人，但这是非限制性定语从句，也不能用。其实此题应选 B(which)，因为这里的 which 指的其实不是具体的某个人，而是指一个人的特征或属性，此时不能用 who。
17. According to the rules, students must not _________ their books during examinations.
A. read B. watch C. notice D. look at
【分析】此题容易误选A，因为许多学生牢牢地记住了：看书看报用 read，看电视用watch，看电影用see，看比赛用watch，看黑板用look at，等等。以上说法并没有错，但问题是，以上句子有其特殊性。一般说来，汉语的“看书”至少有两层意思，一是指阅读性地看书，即看书＝读书，此时通常用动词read；另一种看书则不是指阅读性地看书，而只是大概地翻一翻或看一看，比如看看书的封面、定价、内容提要等，或者回答问题时看看书的某些章节或字句以及考试时偷看书本等等，此时通常都不宜用动词read，而应根据情况选用其他动词(如 look at)。又如：Let me have a look at the book (让我看看或翻翻这本书)，Please answer my questions without looking at your books (请不看书回答我的问题)。
18. Every boy and girl _________ the book and they each _________ to buy one.
A. like, want B. likes, wants C. likes, want D. like, wants
【分析】此题容易误选D，认为前面一空要用复数动词，因为它的主语是 boy and girl，是复数；而第二空则应用单数动词，因为其前有 each 表示“每一个”。而事实上，恰恰相反，此题应选C。因为按英语习惯，every 后接两个单数名词作主语时，谓语要用单数，即第一空应填 likes；而第二空要填复数动词 want，因为其前的主语是 they 而不是 each（each 为主语同位语）。
19. _________ is his favorite subject, but he doesn’t know _________ for “gongzhuo”.
A. English, English B. The English, the English
C. English, the English D. The English, English
【分析】此题容易误选A，认为表示语言的名词前是不用冠词的。的确，英语中表示语言或表示学科的语言名词前习惯上不加冠词，但是它若表示语言中的对应词语时，则其前习惯上要用定冠词，又如：What’s the Chinese for “work”(work 用汉语怎么说)？另外，在 the English language, the French language 这类带有 language 的表达中也通常要用冠词。顺便说一句，语言名词前习惯上不用物主代词，所以“谁教你们的英语”不能译为 Who teaches your English? 而应译为 Who teaches you English?(此句 teach 后接的 you 和 English 为双宾语) 但是，当表示语言的名词表示某人使用语言的能力和水平时，则可用物主代词，如可说 My English is very poor。因此，最佳答案选C。
20. Canada is larger than _________ country in Asia.
A. any B. any other C. other D. another
同学们大都比较熟悉下列句型 (其中的 other 不可省略)：
He is clever than any other student in his class. 他比班上其他学生要聪明。
Shanghai is larger than any other city in China. 上海比中国其他城市要大。
于是许多同学便将than any other 作为一个短语记了下来。但是上面一题有所不同。这类句型到底该不该加 other，主要应看所谈论的对象是否在比较的范围之内：若在范围之内，则用 other (以排除自己与自己比较)；若不在范围之内，则不用 other。比较下面一题：
China is larger than _________ country in Asia.
A. any B. any other C. other D. another
【分析】此题应选B，因为 China 在 Asia 的范围之内。假若选A，则表示“中国比亚洲的任何国家都大”，而中国本身也是亚洲国家，由此则得出“中国比中国大”的荒谬结论。而选B，则表示“中国比亚洲任何其他国家要大”，这才合乎事实。
21. Remind him _________ the window when he leaves.
A. of closing B. closing C. to close D. close
【分析】此题容易误选A，受 remind sb of (doing) sth 这结构的影响。比较以下三个结构：
remind sb of sth = 使某人想起某事
remind sb of doing sth = 提醒某人做过某事（暗示动作已发生）
remind sb to do sth = 提醒某人去做某事（暗示动作尚未发生）
请看两个例句：
I’m too busy these days. Please remind me to attend the meeting on Friday. 这几天我很忙，请提醒我星期五去开会。
I was going to see the film, but he reminded me of seeing it before. 我本来打来打算去看这部电影的，但是他提醒我说我以前看过。（此句也可说成 …but he reminded me that I had seen it before）
结合句意和以上分析，此题最佳答案为C。
22．You are right, we are not interested _________ to stories, but now we’d be interested _________ your story.
A. in listening, in hearing B. to listen, to hear
C. in listening, to hear D. to listen, in hearing
【分析】此题容易误选A，因为 be interested in 是大家很熟悉的结构，in 是介词，其后接动词自然应用动名词。但是，从句意来看，此题的最佳答案应是C。为此请注意以下区别：
be interested in doing sth = 对做某事感兴趣（指一般性的动作）
be interested to do sth = 很有兴趣做某事，很想做某事（指尚未发生的动作）
如：He is interested in listening to stories. 他对听故事很感兴趣。
We’d be interested to hear your story. 我们很想听听你的故事。
请看一个类似的例子：
be keen on doing sth = 热衷于做某事（指一般性的动作）
be keen to do sth = 喝望做某事（指尚未发生的动作）
He is keen on playing tennis. 他很喜欢打网球。
I can’t drive yet, but I’m keen to learn. 我还不会开车，但我很想学。
但是，以上用法是不可以随便推而广之的，因为并不是所有的“be + 形容词”都可同时接不定式或“介词 + 动名词”的。如：
(1) 要表示“喜欢做某事”，英语可用 be fond of doing sth，但不用 be fond to do sth。
(2) 要表示“忙于做某事”，英语可用 be busy in doing sth，但不用 be busy to do sth。
(3) 要表示“厌烦做某事”，英语可用 be tired of doing sth，但不用 be tired to do sth。
(4) 要表示“做某事做迟了”，英语可用 be late in doing sth，但不用 be late to do sth。
(5)
要表示“做某事有经验”，英语可用 be experienced at / in doing sth，但不用 be experienced to do sth。
另外，对于可用于两个结构者，也不见得含义都有以上区别的。如：be fortunate in doing sth 与 be fortunate in doing sth 大致同义。
语境忽略型
现在英语语法考题有个趋势就是不单是考查语言规则，更不是考查语言规则的死记硬背，而是注重考查语言知识的具体运用，即将语言知识置于一定的语境中，要求考生在实际语言环境中选择一个最佳的、最得体的、当然也是最地道的选项。面对这类考题，同学们首先就要认真读懂题干，仔细分析题干所提供的语境，注意挖掘其中的隐藏信息，从而找到解题的突破口。下面请看几个实例分析：
◇Thank you very much indeed. If it had not been for your advice I really _________ what I should have done.
A. don’t know B. didn’t know C. hadn’t known D. wouldn’t have known
【分析】此题的空格前后均用了虚拟语气，空格处是否应该要用虚拟语气呢？有的同学会说要用虚拟语气，也有的同学可能会说不用虚拟语气。到底用还是不用，实话告诉你吧，不宜用虚拟语气，这是句子上下文的语境决定的。那么这个语境是什么？怎样分析？请看本节后面有关例题。
◇How beautifully she sings! I have never heard _________ voice.
A. a better B. a best C. the better D. the best
【分析】此题的最佳答案是不是 D? 因为按语法常识，最高级前应用定冠词；或者选C？因为比较级前用定冠词（如 the better one）也是可能的；或者选A或B？告诉你吧，最佳答案为A，这也与上文的语境有关（同时还涉及省略），你想知道详细分析吗？请往后面看。
◇“I don’t like him, _________?” “No, I don’t at all.”
A. do I B. do you C. don’t I D. does she
【分析】此题是考查反意疑问句吗？最佳答案是A吗？不是，完全不是。答案选B，理由见后。
本节专门搜集中学英语中一些典型的因忽略语境而出错的试题，供同学们参考。
1. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _________ whether they will enjoy it.
A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen
【分析】此题容易误选A，简单地认为动词 remain 后接动词要用不定式，而忽略了句子的语境，进而忽略了 to see 的语态。句中的 it 不是指示代词，而是形式主语，真正的主语是空格后的 whether they will enjoy it，也就是说此句的实际结构是 … but whether they will enjoy it remains _________. 由此可见，whether they will enjoy it 与动词 see 的关系应是被动的，而不是主动的，答案应选B。
2. “I don’t like him, _________?” “No, I don’t at all.”
A. do I B. do you C. don’t I D. does she
【分析】此题容易误选A，认为这是一个普通的反意疑问句：陈述部分主语为I，疑问部分主语也应是I；陈述部分为否定式，所以疑问部分要用肯定式。做此题的关键是要看下文的语境，下文说“No, I don’t at all.”（不，我一点也不喜欢），这表明前一句是在询问对方的看法，所以此题的最佳答案应是B，它是 do you like him? 的省略形式，全句意为“我不喜欢他，你呢(你喜欢他吗)?”
3. “Alice, you feed the bird today, _________?” “But I fed it yesterday.”
A. do you B. will you C. didn’t you D. don’t you
【分析】此题容易误选D，与上题一样，认为这是一个普通的反意疑问句。此题的下文语境“But I fed it yesterday”(但是我昨天才喂过鸟)很重要，它表明上文是在要求对方喂鸟。另外，前一句中的称呼语 Alice 也是一个重要的信息，联系此信息和下文语境，我们可断定 you feed the bird today 是一个带有主语的祈使句，所以此题的最佳答案应是B。
4. “I’ve never found a better job.” “_________.”
A. I don’t think so B. Too bad
C. Congratulations D. Don’t worry
【分析】此题容易误选B或D，主要是将上文的意思理解错了，即将其理解为“我从来没找到一份好工作”。其实，I’ve never found a better job 的实际意思是“这是我所找到的最好的一份工作”，此句可视为 I’ve never found a better job than this job (我从来没有找到比这份工作更好的工作，即这是我所找到的最好的工作)之省略，面对此话，对方最佳的回答当然应是C，即表示祝贺。请看下面一道，最佳答案是C，你明白是什么原因吗？
“What do you think of the service here?” “Oh, _________. We couldn’t have found a better place.”
A. too bad B. sorry C. wonderful D. impossible
5. How beautifully she sings! I have never heard _________ voice.
A. a better B. a best C. the better D. the best
【分析】此题容易误选D，认为最高级前用定冠词才是最佳的。其实此题最佳答案为A，该句可视为是下面这句的省略形式：…I have never heard a better voice than her voice. 全句句意为“她唱得多好啊！我从未听过她这么好的声音”。请再看以下类似的实例：
He is fine, never better. 他很好，比以往任何时候都好。
I've never seen a finer bird. 我从未见过比这更美的鸟(即这是我见过的最美的鸟)。
I’ve never found a better job. 这是我找到的最好的工作。
比较以下试题，情形也大致相同：
(1) Boris has brains. In fact, I doubt whether anyone in the class has _________IQ.
A. a high B. a higher C. the higher D. the highest
答案选B，句意为“……我怀疑班上有没有哪个人比他智商更高”，即“我认为他可能是班上智商最高的”。
(2) “Are you satisfied with his answer?” “Not at all. It couldn’t have been _________.”
A. better B. worse C. more D. less
【分析】此题最佳答案为B，关键是要理解 Not at all 的意思。根据上文语境，Not at all 为 I am not satisfied at all with his answer. 之省略，即表示“我对他的回答一点也不满意”，既然如此，他的回答当然会是 couldn’t have been worse（不可能更糟）。
6. “I _________ his telephone number.” “I have his number, but I _________ to bring my phone book.”
A. forget, forget B. forgot, forgot
C. forget, forgot D. forgot, forget
【分析】此题容易误选A，认为“忘记”是现在的事。仔细体会一下对话的语境：第一个人说“我忘记他的电话号码了”，这个“忘记”应该是现在的事，即现在忘记了，要不然就没有必要同对方说此话了，故第一空应填 forget；第二个人说“我有他的号码，但我忘记带电话本了”，这个“忘记”应该是过去的事，即过去忘记带电话本，所以现在电话本不在身上(注意句中的转折连词 but)，故第二空应填 forgot。请再看一例：
— Oh, I _________ where he lives.
— Don’t you carry you address book?
No, I _________ to bring it.
A. forget, forget B. forgot, forgot
C. forget, forgot D. forgot, forget
答案选C，理由同上。
7. Thank you very much indeed. If it had not been for your advice I really _________ what I should have done.
A. don’t know B. didn’t know C. hadn’t known D. wouldn’t have known
【分析】此题容易误选C或D，认为此句既然为虚拟语气语境，当然应选择与虚拟语气有关的答案。此句的句意是“真的是太感谢你了。要不是因为你给我提的建议，我真不知道自己做出了什么蠢事来”，句中 if it had not been for your advice 和 what I should have done 用了虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反的假设，但是句中的“我不知道”也要用虚拟语气吗？换句话说，“我不知道”是与事实相反的假设吗？显然不是。所以它不能用虚拟语气，应用陈述语气(I don’t know)，表明这是事实（表达自己对对方的感谢之意）。请再看几个类似的例子：
(1) “It’s a long time since we last heard from her.” “Yes, how I wish I knew how she is getting along.” “我们很久没收到她的来信了。”“是啊，我多希望知道她现在过得怎么样。”
按照英语语法，I wish 后接宾语从句时，从句谓语要用虚拟语气，所以其后的 I knew 也的确用的是虚拟语气，但是I knew 后的宾语从句用不用虚拟语气呢？不用。句中说“我多么希望知道”，说明现在并不知道，即现在“知道”并不是事实，只是一种想法，故用了虚拟语气；但是“她现在过得怎么样呢？”则是她现在的实际情况，是事实，故用陈述语气。
(2) I wish I knew what is happening. 但愿我知道现在正在发生什么事。
此句I knew 用虚拟语气，说明现在想知道，但实际并不知道；其后的 what is happening 没用虚拟语气，是因说话者想知道现在实实在在发生的情况，即想知道“现在正在发生什么情况”这一事实。比较下例：
(3) I wish I knew what was happening. 要是我当时知道正在发生什么事就好了。
此句用 what was happening 也非虚拟语气，而是陈述语气的过去进行时态，指过去正在发生的事情。
8. I had no idea _________ is better, so I took _________ of them.
A. what, both B. what, none C. which, both C. which, none
【分析】此题的关键语境是句中的 better 一词，better 用的是比较级，说明比较的对象应是两者，由此可知第二空应填both 为好；由于谈的是两者，说明选择范围很明确，所以第一空应填 which。即答案应选C。
9. “Would you like a cup of coffee or a glass of beer?” “_________ will do, but milk is _________ popular with me.”
A. Neither, not B. Both, more C. Either, the most D. All, the most
【分析】此题容易误选B，认为前文提到 coffee 和 beer 为两者，故其后应选 both 和 more 与之对应(more 为比较级，指两者比较)。但是，这样想的同学忽略了下文的语境已发生变化——后者谈的既不是 coffee 也不是 beer，而是 milk，即第二空涉及的不是两者，而是三者，故第二空应填 the most，即此题最佳答案为C。
10. “It looks as if he were drunk.” “So it does. _________.”
A. He’d better give up drinking B. He shouldn’t have drunk so much
C. Health is more important than drink D. I wonder why he is always doing so
【分析】此题最佳答案为D，但A、B、C均有可能误选，主要是受题中 drunk 一词的影响。做此题的关键是要抓住It looks as if he were drunk 中的关键词were，因为它表明此句的谓语为虚拟语气，也就是说，“他喝醉了”不是事实，只是他的言行好像是喝醉了，所以此题的最佳答案是D。另外注意，句中的 so it does 表示强调，意为“他看上去的确像是喝醉了”。类似用法：“The building looks beautiful.” “Yes, so it does.” “这房子看上去很美。”“是的，看上去的确很美。”此句中的 so it does 也表强调。
11. I had hoped to see her off at the station, but I _________ too busy.
A. was B. had been C. would be D. would have been
【分析】此题容易误选B或D，认为前句用了had hoped，所以此句谓语要用B或D与之呼应。正确答案为A：前一句谓语用had hoped，表示的是过去未曾实现的想法或打算，可以译为“本想”，而后一句说“我太忙”，这是陈述过去的一个事实，所以要用一般过去时。请看类例(答案均为A)：
(1) We had hoped to catch the 10:20 train, but _________ it was gone.
A. found B. had found C. would find D. would have found
(2) We had hoped that you would be able to visit us, but you _________.
A. didn't B. hadn't C. would not D. would not been
(3) We had wanted to come to see him, but we _________ no time.
A. had B. had had C. would have D. would have had
(4) I had expected to come over to see you last night, but someone _________ and I couldn't get away.
A. called B. had called C. would call D. would have called
12. “_________ is her husband?” “The man standing by the window, wearing a blue jacket.”
A. Where B. How C. Which D. What
【分析】此题容易误选A，受答句中 by the window 的影响。最佳答案选C，主要由下文的语境而定：“哪个(which)是她的丈夫?”“站在窗子边，穿蓝色夹克衣的那个(人是她的丈夫)。”事实上只要改变上文，其他几个选项是完全可能的：
(1) “_________ is her husband?” “In Room 305, which has a red door.”
A. Where B. How C. Which D. What
答案选A，句意为：“她丈夫在哪？”“在305房间，房间门是红色的。”
(2) “_________ is her husband today?” “Much better now. Thank you for coming to see him.”
A. Where B. How C. Which D. What
答案选B，句意为：“她丈夫今天怎么样？”“好多了，谢谢你来看他。”
(3) “_________ is her husband?” “A teacher, an excellent teacher respected by students.”
A. Where B. How C. Which D. What
答案选D，句意为：“她丈夫是干什么的？”“当老师的，是一位备受学生尊重的好老师。”
13. Dear me! Just _________ at the time! I _________ no idea it was so late.
A. look, have B. looking, had C. look, had D. looking, have
【分析】此题容易误选D，认为第一空用现在分词表伴随，第二空填 have 的一般现在时，以保持与前面时态的一致性。其实，此题应选C，第一空应填 look, 因为这是祈使句的谓语；第二空应填 had，因为前一句说“看看时间吧”，这一看当然知道了现在很迟的情形，“不知道这么迟了”显然应是“过去”的事，故应用一般过去时态，许多同学由于忽略这一隐含的语境而误选。正确答案选C。
14. “The light in the office is still on.” “Oh, I forgot _________.”
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned if off
动词 forget 后接动词时，可用不定式，也可用动名词，但含义不同：接不定式，表示动作尚未发生；接动名词，表示动作已发生。此题从上文语境看，“办公室的灯还是亮着的”，说明“关灯”的动作尚未发生，故应选C答案。有的同学由于没有真正弄清上文的语境而误选了A或D。
15. “Please don’t make a noise.” “_________. I’ll be as quiet as a mouse.”
A. Yes, I do B. No, I don’t C. Yes, I will D. No, I won’t
有的同学由于受前一句don’t 的影响，认为下文的答句应选A或B，这些同学主要是忽略了上文的真实语境：上文是一个祈使句，而祈使句表示的时间应是“将来”，这从空格后的 I’ll be … 这个将来时态也可看出。另外，从 I’ll be as quiet as a mouse 这一语境来看，此题的最佳答案应选D而不选C。No, I won’t. 为 No, I won’t make any noise 之省略。请再看几例（答案均选B）：
(1) “Don’t forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.” “_________.”
A. I don’t B. I won’t C. I can’t D. I haven’t
(2) “Write to me when you get there.” “_________.”
A. I must B. I will C. I can D. I should
(3) “Never tell him about it.” “ _________.”
A. Yes, I don’t B. No, I won’t C. Yes, I won’t D. No, I haven’t
顺便说一句，由于祈使句表示的时间属“将来”，所以当祈使句后接一个反意疑问句时，可用 will you 之类的：
Be quiet, will you? 请安静，好吗？
Please come over, will [won’t] you? 请过来，好吗？
Don’t forget to phone me, will you? 别忘了给我打电话，好吗？
肯定的祈使句后，可用 will you 或 won’t you 等，但否定的祈使句后，要用 will you，而不能用 won’t you。
16. “How long has this bookshop been in business?” “_________ 1982.”
A. After B. In C. From D. Since
【分析】此题若仅从答句来看，似乎四个答案均可以。但根据上文语境两个关键性的信息how long 和 has been，可知答句应是一个表示一段时间的短语，且应可以连用现在完成时态。所以答案应选D。比较以下各题 (答案均为D)：
(1) “When did the bookstore start?” “_________ 1982.”
A. With B. Since C. From D. In
(2) “How long did you work in the bookstore?” “_________1982 to 1988.”
A. After B. In C. Since D. From
17. “Your phone number again? I _________ quite catch it.” “It’s 4331577”
A. didn’t B. couldn’t C. don’t D. can’t
【分析】此题容易误选C，认为此处要用一般现在时态，表示现在“没听清对方的话”。其实，答案应选A，根据上文的语境“请把你的电话号码再说一遍好吗？”，可知“没听清对方的电话号码”应是在说此话以前，故应用一般过去时态。请看类例：
(1) “Mr Smith isn’t coming tonight.” “ But he _________.”
A. promises B. promised C. will promise D. had promised
答案选B，“他答应(要来)”应发生在过去。
(2) “Hey, look where you are going!” “Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _________.”
A. I’m not noticing B. I wasn’t noticing
C. I haven’t noticed D. I don’t notice
答案选B，“我没注意”是对方提醒之前的事，现经对方一提醒，当然注意到了。
比较：
“What’s his name?” “I _________.”
A. forget B. forgot C. had forgotten D. am forgetting
【分析】此题应选A，从语境看，“忘记”的时间应是现在，即指现在不记得了。
18. “You haven’t been to Beijing, have you?” “_________. How I wish to go there!”
A. Yes, I have B. Yes, I haven’t C. No, I have D. No, I haven’t
【分析】此题不宜选B或C，因为这两个答案本身就有问题，即 Yes 后用了否定式，而No 后用了肯定式。至于A和D，则有许多同学拿不准该选哪一个，因为单独看问句和A、D两个选项，两个选项都没错。此题的关键是要看下文的语境，即 How I wish to go there! (我多么希望能去那儿啊)，这说明说此话的人还没去那儿（即没去过北京），所以答案应选D。同学们想想看，假若此题按下题这样改动一下，情形又如何呢？
“You haven’t been to Beijing, have you?” “_________. And how I wish to go there again!”
A. Yes, I have B. Yes, I haven’t C. No, I have D. No, I haven’t
【分析】此题的最佳答案就不再是D了，而应是A。因为题中说 and how I wish to go there again，(注意句中 again 一词)，这说明说话人曾去过那儿（即去过北京），所以要选A。
19. Professor White has written some short stories, but he is _________ known for his plays.
A. the best B. more C. better D. the most
【分析】此题首先不宜选B或D，因为 well known 的比较级和最高级通常是 better known和best known，有时也可以是 more well known 和 most well known，但通常不能是 more known 和 most known。至于是选A还是C？这就要看语境。由于A和C的区别是比较级和最高级的区别，所以区分这两个答案的关键就是要分清句中涉及的是两者比较，还是三者或三者以上的比较。细读全句，我们发现句中涉及的只有 stories 和 plays 这两者，所以应选C为最佳。
20. Mr Smith _________ a book about China last year but I don’t know whether he has finished it.
A. has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing
【分析】此题应选D，这是由 but I don’t know whether he has finished it 这一句话的语境决定的，全句意为“史密斯先生去年在写一本书，但我不知道他现在是否写完了”。有的同学可能由于受 last year的影响而误选B。但若选B，则句子前半部分的意思则为“史密斯先生去年写了一本书”，既然是“写了”，那么这与下文的“但我不知道他现在是否写完了”相矛盾。
21. Robert is said _________ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in.
A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying
【分析】此题4个选项都容易误选，其实最佳答案应是A，主要是因为下文but I don’t know what country he studied in 这一语境，注意此句中的过去时谓语动词 studied，这说明“他”在国外学习是过去的事，进而可以推知填空处应用不定式的完成式。请看类例：
(1) He was _________ the new ambassador, but he fell ill.
A. to be B. being C. to have been D. having been
最佳答案选C，注意下文的 but he fell ill，指的是过去。
(2) I wish I’d been there — I would like _________ her face when his husband came in.
A. to see B. to have seen C. seeing D. having seen
最佳答案选B，注意上文的 I wish I’d been there，涉及的是过去的情况。
22. “Why haven’t you bought any butter?” “I _________ to but I forgot about it.”
A. liked B. wished C. meant D. expected
【分析】此题似乎4个选项都对，但根据上下文的语境，只有C为最佳，I meant to 为 I meant to buy some butter 之省略。甲问乙为什么没买黄油，乙回答说“本来打算买的，但忘记了”。在所提供的4个选项中，各个动词均可后接不定式，但要表示“本来打算做某事而没有做”这一意思时，以用 meant to do sth 为最佳。
23. I read about it in some book or other, does it matter _________ it was?
A. where B. what C. how D. which
【分析】此题答案选D，主要与上文的some book or other (某一本书)这一语境有关，全句句意为：“我在某一本书上读到过它，是哪一本书这很重要吗？”请看类例：
(1) “Who told you?” “Oh, somebody or other, I’ve forgotten _________.”
A. what B. when C. which D. who
答案选D。句意为：“谁告诉你的？”“噢，有个人，我忘记是哪一个了。”
(2) Some of the students were late for the meeting, but I can’t remember _________.
A. what B. when C. which D. whom
最佳答案为C。句意为“有些学生开会迟到了，但我不记得是哪些学生了”。
24. “Is John coming by train?” “He should, but he _________ not. He likes driving his car.”
A. must B. can C. need D. may
【分析】此题最佳答案为D，这是由上下文的语境决定的。句中的 He should 为 He should come by train 之省略，但紧接着跟了一个转折连词 but，说明语意有变化，再结合下文的 He likes driving his car，便可决定此题选D，may not 意为“可能不(会坐火车来)”。
25. “I heard they went skiing in the mountains last winter.” “It _________ true because there was little snow there.”
A. may not be B. won’t be C. couldn’t be D. mustn’t be
【分析】此题最佳答案为C，主要由下文的 because there was little snow there 这一语境所决定，既然“没下什么雪”，那么“滑雪”就应是“不可能”，所以选 couldn’t be，即选C。
26. You can get there by plane or by boat, but in _________ case it’s very expensive.
A. which B. this C. any D. either
【分析】此题应选D，其余三项均有可能误选。首先不能选A，因为句中有并列连词 but，况且前面一句有 by plane 和 by boat 两种选择，这与 which 所表示的确定含义也不相符；B也不能选择，因为 this 也是表示“确定”含义的，它与前面的 by plane or by boat 这种不确定性也不相符；选项C也不行，因为 any 是表示三者或三者以上的情形的，而 by plane or by boat 只有两种选择。答案选D，either 表示“两者中任意之一”。
27．These trousers are wet — I’ll change into my _________.
A. another B. trousers C. others D. other
【分析】此题容易误选A或B。有的同学认为，既然这条裤子湿了，那么我就换另外一条，所以用 another，但是这些同学忽略了 another 后通常接单数名词，而 trousers 是个复数名词，所以不行；选 trousers 也不行，同学们只要把它填入空格处翻译一下就知道，填 trousers 句子意思不通。正确答案应选C，others 等于 other trousers，其中的 other 是与前面的 these 相对照的，即“这条”裤子湿了，我就换“其他”的裤子。
28. Her lecture was hard to follow because she kept jumping from one subject to _________.
A. other B. the other C. the others D. another
【分析】此题容易死套搭配 one … the other…而误选B，其实最佳答案为D。使用one…the other … 时，我们通常是针对两者而言的，即指“两者中的一个……，另一个……”；如果所谈论的情况不是针对两者而言的，而是针对多者而言的，那么我们就不宜在 one 后使用 the other，而考虑用 another。又如(答案均选D，即选 another)：
(1) Those cakes are wonderful. Could I have _________ one?
A. other B. the other C. the others D. another
(2) I have many such novels. I’ll bring _________ tomorrow.
A. other B. the other C. the others D. another
(3) Saying is one thing and doing is _________.
A. other B. the other C. the others D. another
比较以下各例：
(1) Shut _________ eye, Jim.
A. another B. some other C. other D. the other
答案选D，因为人的眼睛只有两只，故用 one…the other 结构。
(2) It’s sometimes hard to tell one twin from _________.
A. another B. some other C. other D. the other
答案选D，twin 意为“孪生子之一”、“双胞胎之一”，即指两者之一，故用 one…the other 这一结构。
29. You are _________ careful than your brother. You two can’t do the work that needs care and skill.
A. not more B. no more C. not less D. no less
选对此题，至少要弄清两点：一是下文的语境，二是 not more than, no more than 等结构的含义。下文说 You two can’t do the work that needs care and skill(你们两个都不适合做这需要细心和技巧的工作)，这就表明这两个人都不是很仔细的人。再看选项中所涉及的几个结构的意思：
not more … than = 不如……
no more … than = 和……一样不(否定两者)
not less … than = 不如……不（即指不如 less 后形容词的反面）
no less … than = 和……一样(肯定两者)
比较以下各句的意思：
You are more careful than he is. 你比他仔细。
You are not more careful than he is. 你不如他仔细。
You are no more careful than he is. 你和他一样不仔细。
You are less careful than he is. 你不如他仔细（你比他粗心）。
You are not less careful than he is. 你比他仔细（你不如他粗心）。
You are no less careful than he is. 你和他一样仔细。
综合以上分析，上面一题的最佳答案应是B。
30. I want very much to buy a colour TV set, but I can’t afford _________.
A. it B. one C. this D. that
答案选B，但容易误选A。it 和 one 的区别可简单地概括为：it = the + 名词，one = a + 名词。如：
I haven’t any dictionaries, and I want to borrow one. 我没有词典，我想借一本。(one = a dictionary)
I have two dictionaries, and I can lend one to you. 我有两本词典，我可以借一本给你。(one = a dictionary)
I have a dictionary, and I can lend it to you. 我有一本词典，我可以把它借给你。(it = the dictionary)
根据上面一题的语境，句子后半截显然应该是 … but I can’t afford a colour TV set，而不是 but I can’t afford the colour TV set，所以答案选B。
31. I have no idea _________ is better, so I took both of them.
A. what B. which C. how D. why
【分析】此题应选 B。C或D 不能选，是因为它们是副词，不能用作主语。A和 B 均为代词，均可用作主语，其区别是：which 通常指有明确范围的选择，而 what 则通常指没有明确范围的选择，那么到底本句所体现的选择范围是明确还是不明确呢？请注意句中的隐藏信息 better 和 both of them，这说明选择范围是明确的(即只有两者)，故选 B 为佳。
32．“Mary looks hot and dry” “So _________ you if you had a high fever.”
A. do B. are C. will D. would
【分析】此题容易误选A或C。选A者，认为前后两句的动词性质应一致；选C者，认为其后带有if 条件状语从句，从语气上看，主句应用将来时态。以上两种分析都有一定道理，但是不完全对。用“so+助动词+主语”表示“……也一样”时，在多数情况下，其中的助动词会与前一句的动词性质一致。如：
He is ill, and so am I. 他病了，我也病了。
He can do it and so can I. 他会做，我也会。
He likes it and so do I. 他喜欢它，我也喜欢。
但是，有时也不一定如此。如：
If you go, so shall I. 如果你去，我也去。
When animals and plants disappear, so will man. 当动植物消失的时候，人类也会随之消失。
至于为什么不能选C，那是因为其后的 if 条件状语从句的谓语用的是虚拟语气（许多同学会忽略此信息），所以主句要用 would 而不用 will，即答案应选D。
33. _________ big fish! Where did you get them?
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
假若单独就 _________ big fish! 这一句而言，选A 或B都是可以的，但因为 fish 用作可数名词时，它的单数与复数同形。但问题是，下文中有个 them，这说明前面的 fish 是复数而不是单数，所以此题的正确答案应是A。
34. Once your business becomes international, _________ constantly will be part of your life.
A. you fly B. your flight C. flight D. flying
【分析】此题最佳答案为D，其余几项均有可能误选。最容易为同学们忽略的隐含信息是句中的副词 constantly，由于它的出现，这就注定了不能选B或C，因为B、C均为名词，不能受副词 constantly 的修饰。A和D均是可能的，因为其中有动词 fly。但若选A，you fly 是一个主谓结构，与其后的谓语 will be 相冲突，所以只能选D —— flying 是动名词，在此用作主语。
35. There are four bedrooms, _________ with its own bathroom.
A. all B. each C. every D. either
【分析】此题容易误选A，认为前面有 four，属多者，故用 all。其实，正确答案应为B，注意空格后的隐藏信息 its，它表示空格处应填一个单数代词 (注意：不能选C，因为 every 不能单独作主语)。
36. “Would you like coffee or tea?” “We’d like three black _________.”
A. coffee B. coffees C. cups of coffee D. cup of coffees
【分析】此题容易误选C，因为“三杯茶”、“三杯咖啡”等的通常表示法便是 three cups of tea, three cups of coffee。但是，选C的同学忽略了一个重要信息，即空格前的 black。在英美国家，有的人喜欢在咖啡里添加牛奶，并且把加了牛奶的咖啡叫做 white coffee，而把没有加牛奶的咖啡叫做 black coffee。由此可见，上题中的 black 应是修饰 coffee 的，而不是修饰 cup的。另外有个问题，即有的同学认为 coffee 是物质名词，不可数，不能用 three coffees 这样的表达，其实，coffee既可用作不可数名词，表示“咖啡”这种物质，也可用作可数名词，表示“一杯咖啡”，即在口语中 three coffees 就等于 three cups of coffee。类似地，“三杯茶”既可说成 three cups of tea，也可说成 three teas；“三杯啤酒”既可说成 three glasses of beer，也可说成 three beers。请再做下面一题：
“Would you like coffee or tea?” “We’d like three black _________.”
A. tea B. teas C. cups of tea D. cup of teas
答案选B，理由同上题。注：black tea 指“红茶”(英语习惯上不说 red tea)。
37. He has changed a lot. He _________ not what he _________.
A. is, is B. was, was C. is, was D. was, is
答案选C，上文说“他”变化很大，即“他”现在不是过去的那个样子了，故第一空填is，第二空填 was（其实第二空也可用 used to be）。请看类例：
“Look! That may be the same tree that we happened to see two hours ago.” “My God. We _________ back where we _________.
A. are, are B. were, were C. are, were D. were, are
答案选C，We are back where we were 的意思是“我们现在又回到刚才来过的地方”。
38. “Do you think he is lazy?” “I _________ once, but I don’t now.”
A. may have thought B. can have thought
C. may think D. might think
答案选A。从答话人的语境可知，空格处的意思“曾经这样想过”，即对过去情况作推测，故应用“情态动词+动词完成式”，又因为 can 表推测不用于肯定句，故选A。请看类例：
Their answers are exactly the same — one of them _________ from the other.
A. must copy B. must have copied C. should copy D. should have copied
答案选B，既然两人的答案完全一样，说明“抄袭”已经发生，故用“情态动词+动词完成式”，根据句意，应选B而不能选D。
所谓想当然，即凭主观推测认为事情大概如此或应该如此。既然是凭主观作出的推测，自然就难免有出错的时候。有趣的是，犯想当然错误的不仅仅是我们的同学们，有时也可能是教师甚至专家们。
我们首先来看一例专家犯的想当然错误：国内不少词典曾把 eat one’s words 译为“食言”，但是我们查《现代汉语词典》,“食言”指不履行诺言或失信，而英语中eat one's words是什么意思呢? 我们查《朗文当代英语词典》，eat one's words的意思 to admit to having said something wrong (承认说过错误的话)；再查《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》(第四版)，eat one's words 的意思是 to admit that what one said was wrong（承认自己说错话）。很显然，将 eat one’s words 译为汉语的“食言”是不对的，是想当然译出来的。
笔者曾在一本杂志读过这样一个笑话，说的是一位英国著名的翻译家在翻译我国的古典名著《水浒传》时，遇上了这样一句“放你妈的狗屁”，他竟想当地将其译为Your mother passes wind like a dog (你妈妈放屁像狗一样)，真是天大的笑话。
下面我们再来看看同学经常犯的想当然错误吧：
◇Every minute should be made full use of _________ the lessons.
A. to study B. study C. studying D. studied
一看题干，许多同学会想当然地认为此题肯定选C，因为空格前有介词 of，其后的动词 study 用作介词 of 的宾语，当然要用动名词。你真的这样认为吗？那你就错了。
◇_________ is hard is to do good all one’s life and never do anything bad.
A. He B. It C. That D. What
【分析】此题的最佳答案是B吗？句首应填一个形式主语 it 吗？如果你这样想，又错了。为什么？
本节为同学们搜集了不少想当然错误的典型例题，快快往下读吧。
1. If a book is in English, _________ means slow progress for you.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
【分析】此题容易误选 A或B，想当然地根据空格前的逗号认为这是非限制性定语从句。这样分析的同学，主要是忽略了前一句句首的 if。其实此题应选D，逗号前是一个条件状语从句，逗号后是该状语从句的主句，that 在此代表前文所述的意思，用作主句的主语。同样地，下面几题也应选 that，而不选 which：
(1) If he’s only interested in your looks, _________ just shows how shallow he is.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
(2) If you want to go, _________is quite all right with me.
A. that B. which C. and it D. so
(3) When I say two hours, _________ includes time for eating.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
(4) If you want a double room , _________ will cost another ￡15.
A. as B. which C.
what D. that
(5) If you have the money, _________ will be OK.
A. as B. which C. and it D. that
下例也选 that 而不选 which，其中 that 表示“那”：
Unless I’m very much mistaken, _________ is my watch you’re wearing!
A. as B. which C. what D. that
2. _________ is hard is to do good all one’s life and never do anything bad.
A. He B. It C. That D. What
【分析】此题容易误选B，认为这是考查形式主语。其实，此题的正确答案是D，句首的 What is hard 是主语从句，注意 what is hard 后的谓语动词 is。假若没有此 is，则应选B，即说成 It is hard to do good all one's life and never do anything bad. 请做以下类似试题(答案均为C)：
(1)
a. _________ is difficult to persuade her to stay.
b. _________ is difficult is to persuade her to stay.
A. It, It B. What, What C. It, What D. What, It
(2)
a. _________ is interesting to watch children play games.
b. _________ is interesting is to watch children play games.
A. It, It B. What, What C. It, What D. What, It
(3)
a. _________ is dangerous to play with fire.
b. _________ is dangerous is to play with fire.
A. It, It B. What, What C. It, What D. What, It
3. The chemistry teacher required the students _________ more attention _________ the lab clean.
A. to pay, to keep B. to paying, to keeping
C. to pay, to keeping D. paying, keeping
【分析】此题容易误选A，认为空白处应填两个不定式。其实正确答案是C，第一空填不定式，即套用 require sb to do sth (要求某人做某事)句型，而第二空则应填 to keeping，因为 pay attention to(注意)中的to 是介词，不是不定式符号，所以其后接动词时要用动名词。类似地，以下各结构中的 to 也是介词，不是不定式符号，后接动词时应用动名词，而不是动词原形：
devote one’s time to doing sth 把某人的时间用于(奉献于)做某事
be [get] used to doing sth习惯于做某事
be equal to doing sth 等于做某事，能胜任做某事
What do you say to doing sth 你认为做某事怎么样
be accustomed to doing sth 习惯于做某事
look forward to doing sth 盼望做某事
be opposed to doing sth 反对做某事
object to doing sth反对做某事
stick to doing sth 坚持做某事
get down to doing sth 开始做某事
take to doing sth 喜欢上做某事
admit to doing 承认做了某事
pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事
4. _________ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.
A. Walk B. Walking C. The walk D. To walk
用作名词的 walk表示“散步”，是可数名词，指的是一次一次的具体的散步，而不表示抽象意义或泛指意义的“散步”，要表示此义，须用动名词 walking。比较：
Let's go out for a walk. 我们出去散散步吧。
Walking does good to your health. 散步对你的健康有益。
类似地， dance 和 dancing 以及 swim 和 swimming 的区别也是一样：
(1) 名词的 dance表示“跳舞”，是可数名词，指的是一次一次的具体的跳舞，而不表示抽象意义或泛指意义的“跳舞”，要表示后者的意思，要用动名词转化来的名词 dancing。比较：
Let's have one more dance before we go home. 我们回家前再跳一曲舞吧。
Now most of the young people are fond of dancing. 现在大多数年轻人都喜欢跳舞。
(2) 名词的 swim表示“游泳”，是可数名词，指的是一次一次的具体的游泳，而不表示抽象意义或泛指意义的“游泳”，要表示后者的意思，要用动名词转化来的名词 dancing。比较：
I’ll take you for a swim. 我将带你去游泳。
Do you think swimming is allowed in this pool? 你认为这个水池允许游泳吗？
5. “Is your car equal _________ hers in speed?” “No, mine is faster. But my old one equals _________ hers in speed.”
A. to, to B. 不填，不填 C. to, 不填 D. 不填，to
【分析】此题容易误选A 或B，其实应选C。第一空前的equal 是形容词，用于be equal to 时，表示“等于”；第二空前的 equal 是动词，且为及物动词，意为“等于……”或“与……相等”，注意不要受形容词用法的影响，在用作动词的 equal 后误加介词 to。
6. I was excited at his idea _________ rid of the habit _________.
A. to get, to smoke B. of getting, of smoking
C. to get, of smoking D. of getting, to smoke
【分析】此题容易误选A，许多同学认为 one’s idea to do sth, the habit to do sth 等结构读起来很顺口的，感觉也是对的。其实正确答案应是B。英语中有些名词(如time 时间，wish 想法， courage 勇气，decision 决定，ambition 雄心，等)后习惯上接不定式作定语，有些名词(如 idea 想法，habit 习惯，hope 希望, danger 危险，possibility 可能性，等)后习惯上接“of+动名词”作定语，而有些名词(如 way 方法，chance 机会，opportunity 机会，等)则两类结构均可接。如：
I have no wish to go. 我不想去。
I have no hope of going. 我没有去的希望。
This is the best way to do [of doing] it. 这是做此事最好的方法。
7. They insisted _________ a car over to fetch us.
A. to send B. sending C. on sending D. in sending
很多同学想当然地认为 insist 后接动词时要用动名词，从而误选B。其实动词 insist 后既不能接不定式也不能接动名词，因为insist 通常用作不及物动词；若语义上需接宾语，要借助介词 on或upon，即用于 insist on [upon] (doing) sth；有时它也用作及物动词，但其宾语通常只能是 that 从句，而不能是普通的名词、代词或动名词。有的同学可能是根据 insist on doing sth 这一结构，想当然的认为 insist 后要接动名词，忽略了其间的介词 on。正确答案应选C。
8. When I entered she was reading _________ newspaper, with _________ in her eyes.
A. a, tear B. a piece of, tears C. a, tears D. a piece of, tear
【分析】此题容易误选D，想当然地认为news (消息)和 paper(纸)均为不可数名词，所以newspaper(报纸)也应是不可数名词；同时认为“眼泪”即“泪水”，“水”不可数，“泪水”和“眼泪”也应该不可数。但非常有趣，newspaper(报纸)和 tear(眼泪)却是两个可数名词，如可说 a newspaper, two newspapers, a tear, two tears 等。注：若不是将 newspaper 当作是供阅读或传递信息的一种东西，而只是把它当成一种“纸”来看待，也可用作不可数名词，如：Wrap it in (a sheet of) newspaper. 把它用张报纸包起来。
9. He _________ a visit to the factory and was warmly _________ by the workers there.
A. took, welcome
B. took, welcomed
C. paid, welcome D. paid, welcomed
【分析】此题第一空应填动词 paid，因为 pay a visit to(拜访)是惯用搭配，其中的 pay 不能换成take。至于第二空，许多同学会模仿 come → came → come 的变化形式，想当然地认为 welcome的变化形式是 welcome → welcame → welcome，从而误选C。其实，此题应选D，welcome 用作动词时，其过去式和过去分词均为 welcomed，即它是规则动词。有的同学也许会问，我们不是常说 You are welcome. 吗? 为什么其中的 welcome 未用 welcomed 呢？那是因为此处的 welcome 为形容词，而不是动词。
10. “Was it under the tree _________ you were away talking to a friend?” “Sure. But when I got back there, the bike was gone.
A. that B. where C. which D. while
【分析】此题很容易误选A，认为这是强调句型。其实此题的最佳答案是D。做好此题的关键是正确理解句中 it 的用法和意思。从上下文的语境来看，句中的 it 应是代词，指代 the bike，句意为：“当你离开去同朋友谈话的时候，你的自行车是在这树下吗?”“肯定是的，但当我回来时，自行车就不见了。”
11. “What made her struggle _________ an artist so hard?” “_________ she was a woman.”
A. became, 不填 B. to become, 不填
C. become, That D. to become, That
【分析】此题容易误选C，想当然地认为第一空应填 become (不带to)，是因为其前有使役动词 made。其实，此题应选D，在 What made her struggle to become an artist so hard? 一句中，what 是句子主语，made 是谓语，her struggle to become an artist 是宾语 (其中的不定式 to become an artist 是修饰her struggle 的定语)，so hard 是宾语补足语。许多同学误选C是将 her struggle 看作宾语，而将 become an artist 看作是宾语补足语，照此分析，so hard 又是什么成分呢？第二空填 That，用以引导主语从句 (此 that 不可省略)，其后的谓语和宾语等被省略，若补充完整，即为 That she was a woman made her struggle to become an artist so hard.
12. _________ doesn’t seem to have been much difficulty in solving the problem.
A. It B. That C. There D. He
许多同学一看选项便想当然地认为，这是考查形式主语 it 的用法，所以便毫不犹豫地选了A。同学们仔细想想看，假若此题选形式主语 it，那么真正的主语在哪儿呢？没有。其实，此题应选C，属 there be 句型一种比较复杂的表现形式，请看下面几个句子，它们均属there be 句型，但结构一个比一个复杂：
There is much difficulty in solving the problem.
There seems to be much difficulty in solving the problem.
There seems to have been much difficulty in solving the problem.
There doesn’t seem to have been much difficulty in solving the problem.
以下各句用的是否是 there be句型，你看得出来吗?（答案均选B）
(1) There is going to _________ a class meeting tonight
A. have B. be C. do D. attend
(2) _________ used to be a big tree in front of the old house.
A. It B. There C. They D. That
(3) _________ happened to be a foreign teacher there.
A. It B. There C. They D. That
(4) There seems to _________ a storm soon.
A. have B. be C. fall D. blow
(5) _________ have been many such accidents here recently.
A. It B. There C. They D. We
(6) There must have _________ something wrong with the machine.
A. gone B. been C. had D. done
(7) _________ is said to be no life on the moon.
A. It B. There C. That D. He
13. Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.
A. its B. whose C. which D. that
【分析】此题很容易误选B，许多同学会认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的定语从句，whose 在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词 owner。此分析从表面上看，似乎天衣无缝，但实质上是错的，原因是空格后根本不是一个句子，因为没有谓语。尽管句中有两个动词，但它们都是非谓语动词。也许有的同学认为，其中的 seated 可视为谓语动词，但是注意，seat 用作动词时，它总是及物的，其后要么接宾语，要么它就用于被动语态，所以若在 seated 前加上助动词 is，则可以选择B（当然若将 seated 改为 sitting，也应选择B）。所以此题最佳答案选A。请再看一个类似的例子：
(1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
(2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
第(1)应选B，而不能选C，是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选C，则该从句无谓语；第(2)应选C，因为句中有谓语 were translated。再请看下面一例：
(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
【分析】此题与上面的第(2)题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故应选B，则不能选C。
请做做以下三题(答案均为B)：
(1) There I met several people, two of _________ being foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
(2) There I met several people, two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
(3) There I met several people, and two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
14. “Do you have anything _________, Professor Smith?” “No, thanks.”
A. to type B. typing C. to be typed D. being typed
根据 I have something to type. I have a letter to write. He has some clothes to wash. 等相关句式类推，许多同学毫不犹豫地选择了A答案，但是错了，最佳答案应是C。确实，在“have+宾语+不定式”结构中，用作定语的不定式通常用主动式表示被动含义，如 I have a letter to write 之类的，按理说其中的 a letter 与其后的不定式 to write 具有被动关系，即“信”应该是“被写”，但这里却习惯上用主动式表示这个被动意义。不过同学们还要注意一点，就是这类句型的主语与其后的不定式具有主动关系，如 I have a letter to write. 中的 to write 就是由该句主语 I 来完成的。而上面一题的情形则稍有不同，即其中的 to type 这一动作不是由句子主语 you (在此指 Professor Smith)来完成的，而是由说话者“我”来完成的，句意为“史密斯教授，你有什么文件要我打字吗？”请再看一例：
I’m going to Beijing next week. Do you have anything to be taken to your son? 我下个星期要去北京，你有什么东西要带给你儿子的吗？
句中的 to be taken 用了被动式而没用主动式，原因就是“带”这个动作不是句子主语you 去完成的，而是由说话者“我”来完成的。比较下面的句子：
Are you going to Beijing? Do you have anything to take to your son? 你要去北京吗？你有什么东西要带给你儿子吗？
I’m going to Beijing next week. I have a lot of things to take with me. 下个星期我要去北京，我随身要带很多东西去。
15. It’s more than half a century _________ the People’s Republic of China was liberated.
A. when B. that C. since D. after
有的考生一见到句首的 it’s，再一看选项中的that，就马上联想到It is...that... 这样的强调句型，并认为被强调的成分是时间状语 more than half a century，从而毫不犹豫地选择了B。按照以上分析，假若这是强调句，那么若将此句还原为非强调句就应该是The People's Republic of China was liberated (for) more than half a century. 很显然, 句中的 more than half a century 是一段时间，然而它修饰的谓语动词 (was) liberated 却是一个终止性动词，按此意思则是说“解放中华人民共和国”这一动作一直持续了半个多世纪，这显然是荒唐的。其实，此题应选C，属于“It is＋一段时间＋since 从句”句型，句意为“自中华人民共和国解放以来, 时间已过去半个多世纪”。此句的主句谓语也可以用现在完成时态(has been)，但在口语中一般多用一般现在时代替。请再看一例：
It was ten o’clock _________ he came back home.
A. when B. that C. since D. after
对于此题许多同学也误认为是强调句型，从而误选B。假若这是强调句，那么若将此句还原为非强调句就应该是 He came back home ten o’clock. 此句显然不成立，但是若在 ten o’clock 前加上一介词 at，则完全可以，即可说 He came back home at ten o’clock.，也可说 It was at ten o’clock that he came back home. 上面一题的正解答案应是A，即选 when，表示“当……的时候”，句首的 it 表示时间，全句意为“当他回到家时，时间是10点钟。”
16. The soldiers tried their best and did what they could _________ against the flood.
A. fight B. to fight C. fighting D. fought
有的同学一看到空格前的情态动词 could 就断定此处应填动词原形 fight，即断定选A答案。其实选错了，正确答案应是B。这是一个省略句，即在 could 后省略了动词 do，若把句子补完整应为The soldiers tried their best and did what they could do to fight against the flood (士兵们竭尽全力抗洪)。即句中的不定式短语 (to fight against the flood) 用作目的状语的，而不是与情态动词(could)一起构成谓语。请再看类似例句：
(1) He did what he could to help us. 他尽力帮助我们。
(2) He saved what he could to buy a car. 他尽量节约每一分钱以便买车。
(3) He ran as fast as he could to catch the early bus. 他拼命地跑以便赶上早班车。
至此，有的同学可能又会想当然地认为，今后只要遇到类似结构的题选带to不定式就万事大吉了，但也不一定，例外还是有的，还得具体问题具体分析。请看下例：
(4) He ran as fast as he could _________ to catch the early bus.
A. to hope B. hope C. hoping D. hoped
若根据以上“经验”认为此题要选A答案，那就又错了。此题应选 C，其中的现在分词短语 hoping to catch the early bus 用作伴随状语。
(5) He spent every minute he could _________ spoken English.
A. practise B. to practise C. practising D. practised
【分析】此题应选 C，它与以上各题的情形均有所不同，虽然与上面的第(4)题的答案一样，均为动词的 –ing 形式，但也不完全一样：第(4)的 hoping 为现在分词，在句中用作伴随状语；而此题的 practising 是动名词，之所以用它与前面动词 spent 的搭配有关，即 spend … (in) doing sth。若将此句补充完整，即为 He spent every minute he could spend in practising spoken English.
(6) Mr Smith made up his mind to devote all he could _________ his oral English before going abroad.
A. improve B. to improve C. improving D. to improving
【分析】此题答案选D，注意两点：一是 devote … to … 是固定搭配，意为“把……贡献给……”；二是其中的 to 是介词，不是不定式符号，后接动词时要用动名词。
17. Every minute should be made full use of _________ the lessons.
A. to study B. study C. studying D. studied
【分析】此题容易误选C，认为介词后接动词时要用动名词。其实此题的正确答案是A，注意此句谓语为被动语态，假若将此句转换成主动语态，则是 We should make full use of every minute to study the lessons. 用的是 make use of … to do sth (利用……做某事)这一结构。另外，还有 make the most of (尽量利用)，make the best of (尽量利用)也可能用于此类试题。请看类例：
The only way that she thought of _________ enough money was to sell her hair.
A. get B. to get C. got D. getting
答案应选B，而不是选D。句子主语是 the only way，that she thought of 是修饰主语的定语从句，不定式 to get enough money 也是修饰主语的定语，也就是说，句子主语带有两个定语修饰语。全句意为“她想到的弄到足够钱的惟一办法就是把自己的头发卖掉。”
18. The letter they were looking forward to _________ at last.
A. arrived B. arriving
C. had arrived D. arrive
对于此题，基础稍差的同学可能选D，认为空格前的 to 是不定式符号，所以后接动词原形；基础稍好的同学可能会选B，知道 look forward to 是短语，意为“盼望”，其中的 to 是介词，而不是不定式符号，所以后接动名词；只有基础扎实、语感好、而且细心的同学才会选A，诚如上面所说，look forward to 中的 to 是介词，而不是不定式符号，所以后接动词作宾语时，要用动名词，而不用动词原形。但问题是此句中的动词 arrive 不是介词 to 的宾语，而是句子的谓语。句子的正解分析是：the letter 为句子主语，they were looking forward to 是修饰主语的定语从句(介词 to 的宾语是引导该定语从句的关系代词 that，被省略)，arrived 是句子谓语。请看以下试题：
(1) The professor you referred to _________ just now.
A. comes B. come C. coming D. came
答案选D，句子主语为 the professor，you referred to 为修饰 the professor 的定语从句，空白处填 came，为句子谓语。
(2) The theory he sticks to _________ to be of no use in our studies.
A. proves B. prove C. proving D. be proved
答案选A，he sticks to 是修饰主语 the theory 的定语从句，句子的基本结构为 The theory proves to be of no use in our studies.
(3) The work he devoted his time to _________ worth praising.
A. was B. be C. being D. been
答案选A，he devoted his time to 是修饰主语 the work 的定语从句。句子的基本结构为 The work was worth praising.
19. This is the very work that I must finish _________ her.
A. to help B. help C. helping
D. helped
有的同学一看到动词 finish，便断定其后空格肯定填动名词，即断定此题答案选C。其实错了，正确答案应是 A。不错，finish 后接动词作宾语时，该动词要用动名词，而不用不定式，但是本句空格处填的动词help 并不是 finish 的宾语，正确的句子分析是：that I must finish 是修饰名词 the very work 的定语从句，finish 的宾语是引导该定语从句的关系代词 that，其后的不定式 to help her 是目的状语。全句意为“为了帮助她，这就是我们必须要完成的工作。”请再看类似例题：
(1) What the children enjoy _________ to play outside.
A. being B. to be C. is D. are
答案选C，而不选A。what the children enjoy 是主语从句，空格处填的 is 为谓语动词。
(3) What else would you mind _________ money?
A. make B. making C. to make D. made
答案选C，而不选B。动词mind 的宾语是句首的疑问词 what，而不是其后的动词 make；不定式 to make money 用作目的状语。
(3) Nothing that he suggested _________ useful.
A. prove B. proved C. proving D. to prove
答案选B，而不选C。句子主语是 nothing；that he suggested 是修饰主语的定语从句，suggested 的宾语是引导该定语从句的关系代词 that，而不是其后的动词；句子谓语是 proved。全句意为“他建议的情况没有一条是有用的。”
20. I don’t know if he _________ or not tomorrow.
A. come B. comes C. will come D. is coming
【分析】此题容易误选B。认为 if 引导的是条件状语从句，从句谓语要用一般现在时表示将来意义。其实，此题应选C，句中if引导的不是条件状语从句(即if≠如果)，而是宾语从句(即if＝是否)，句意为“我不知道明天他是否会来。”请看以下类似试题：
(1) I don't know if she _________, but if she _________ I will let you know.
A. comes, comes B. will come, will come
C. comes, will come D. will come, comes
答案选 D，第一个 if 引导的是宾语从句，第二个 if 引导的是条件状语从句。
(2) “When _________ he come?” “I don’t know, but when he _________, I’ll tell you.”
A. does, comes B. will, will come
C. does, will co