您所在位置： &
&nbsp&&nbsp&nbsp&&nbsp
胃瘫的诊断与治疗.doc7页
本文档一共被下载：
次 ,您可免费全文在线阅读后下载本文档
文档加载中...广告还剩秒
需要金币：100 &&
胃瘫的诊断与治疗.doc
你可能关注的文档：
··········
··········
　胃瘫（gastroparesis）是腹部手术，尤其是胃癌根治术和胰十二指肠切除术后常见并发症之一，是指腹部手术后继发的非机械性梗阻因素引起的以胃排空障碍为主要征象的胃动力紊乱综合征，胃瘫一旦发生，常持续数周甚至更长时间，目前尚缺乏有效治疗方法。术后残胃和远端空肠正常的运动功能破坏是发生功能性排空障碍的主要原因。消化道造影和胃镜检查是诊断本病及与机械性梗阻鉴别的重要方法。采取非手术治疗一般均可治愈，针对胃排空动力学机制的改变采用促胃肠动力药物可能收到较好的疗效。胃瘫的临床重要性在于有时会被误诊为吻合口或输出袢的机械性梗阻而采取再手术治疗，因此，正确地诊断和治疗胃瘫，对避免盲目再手术，减轻病人痛苦具有重要意义。编辑本段1 临床特征：
　　病人多于术后数日内停止胃肠减压、进食流质或由流质饮食改为半流质饮食后出现上腹饱胀不适、恶心、呕吐及顽固性呃逆等症状，一般疼痛不明显，食后吐出大量胃内容物，可含有或不含有胆汁，吐后症状暂时缓解，胃肠减压抽出大量液体，每日ml。胃瘫发生时，小肠及结肠动力功能一般不受影响，故患者可正常肛门排气、排便，体检发现胃振水音。胃镜检查及胃肠道碘油造影可排除流出道机械性梗阻，核素标记液体胃排空试验提示胃排空延迟。发病率：国内报道0.47-3.6% ， 国外报道5%-24% 。编辑本段2 发病机制：
　　胃的正常运动功能包括容纳食物，调节胃内压，推进、搅拌、研磨食物等，其动力是由胃壁肌肉的收缩和括约肌的协调启闭完成。其功能除与进食等情况有关外，主要受神经及体液的调整。 　　本病发病机制尚未完全明确，可能的原因有多种，如术中麻醉药物的直接抑制作用，
正在加载中，请稍后...Brazilian accelerator mass spectrometry program - ScienceDirect
Export JavaScript is disabled on your browser. Please enable JavaScript to use all the features on this page., 2 March 1997, Pages 34-38Show moreAbstractThe present status of the Brazilian AMS program, based on the University of S?o Paulo 8UD tandem accelerator, is described. Results of tests and developments on voltage stability, focusing, automatic system for changing beams and detection system are presented. 36Cl and 26Al beams have already been successfully accelerated and detected.Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution.ororRecommended articlesCiting articles (0)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Coordinates: :
Government
 o 
Manuel Machado ()
 o Total
319.40 km2 (123.32 sq mi)
Highest elevation
499 m (1,637 ft)
Lowest elevation
9 m (30 ft)
Population (2011)
 o Total
 o Density
450/km2 (1,200/sq mi)
/ (UTC+0/+1)
Postal code
Coimbra (Portuguese pronunciation: ) is a city and a
in Portugal. The population at the 2011 census was 143,397, in an area of 319.40 square kilometres (123.3 sq mi). The third-largest urban centre in Portugal (after
and ), it is the largest city of the , the
region and the
subregion. About 460,000 people live in the , comprising 19 municipalities and extending into an area 4,336 square kilometres (1,674 sq mi).
Among the many archaeological structures dating back to the , when Coimbra was the settlement of , are its well-preserved
and . Similarly, buildings from the period when Coimbra was the capital of Portugal (from 1131 to 1255) still remain. During the Late , with its decline as the political centre of the , Coimbra began to evolve into a major cultural centre. This was in large part helped by the establishment the
in 1290, the oldest academic institution in the
world. Apart from attracting many European and , the university is visited by many tourists for its monuments and history. Its historical buildings were classified as a
in 2013: "Coimbra offers an outstanding example of an integrated university city with a specific urban typology as well as its own ceremonial and cultural traditions that have been kept alive through the ages."
Arcos do Jardim
The city, located on a hill by the , was called
in . It fell under the influence, administratively, of the larger Roman villa of
(in ), until the latter was sacked by the
between 569 and 589 and abandoned. It became the seat of a , replacing Conímbriga. Although Conimbriga had been administratively important, Aeminium affirmed its position by being situated at the confluence of the north-south traffic that connected the Roman
(later ) and Olisipo (later ) with its waterway, which enabled connections with the interior and coast. The limestone table on which the settlement grew has a dominant position overlooking the Mondego, circled by fertile lands irrigated by its waters. Vestiges of this early history include the
of the former Roman forum (now part of the Museu Nacional de Machado de Castro). The move of the settlement and bishopric of Conimbriga to Aeminium resulted in the name change to Conimbriga, evolving later to Colimbria.
Museu Nacional de Machado de Castro
During the Visigothic era (around the 8th century), the
was instituted by K a sub-county of his dominion, it was established as a fief for his son Prince Ardabast (or Sisebuto), with its seat in Emínio (the Visigothic name for Coimbra), which persisted until the Muslim invasion from the south.
The first Muslim campaigns that occupied the Iberian peninsula occurred between 711 and 715, with Coimbra capitulating to
in 714. Although it was not a large settlement, Qulumriyah (: ?????????????), in the context of , was the largest agglomerated centre along the northern Tagus valley, and its principal city boasted a walled enclosure of 10 hectares, supporting between 3000 and 5000 inhabitants. Remnants of this period include the beginnings of the ,
and the fortified palace used by the city's governor (which was later converted into the Royal Palace by the early Portuguese monarchs). The Christian
forced Muslim forces to abandon the region temporarily. Successively the Moors retook the castle in 987–1064 and again in 1116, capturing two castles constructed to protect the territory: in Miranda da Beira (where the garrison was slaughtered) and in Santa Eulália (where the governor rendered his forces rather than facing a similar massacre).
Medieval houses "sobrado" in Coimbra
The reconquest of the territory was attained in 1064 by King , who appointed
to reorganize the economy and administer the lands encircling the city. The
were later integrated into one dominion under the stewardship of
in 1096, when Henry married Alfonso's illegitimate daughter . Henry expanded the frontiers of the County, confronting the
forces, and upon his death (in 1112), Theresa, Countess of Portucale and Coimbra, unified her possessions. Their son, , who would take up residence in the ancient seat of the Christian County of Coimbra, sent expeditions to the south and west, consolidating a network of castles that included , , Raba?al,
fa?ade of the , final resting-place of the first Portuguese monarch ().
During the 12th century, Afonso Henriques administered an area of fertile lands with river access and protected by a fortified city, whose population exceeded 6000 inhabitants, including , knights and high clergy. The young
encouraged the construction of his seat, funding the
(the most important Portuguese
institution at the time, founded in 1131 by ), promoted the construction of the , reconstructed the original Roman bridge in 1132, recuperated fountains, kilns, roads and stone pavements, as well as renovating the walls of the old city. In order to confirm and reinforce the power of the
(municipality) he conceded a formal
(charter) in 1179.
Already in the , Coimbra was divided into an upper city (Cidade Alta or ), where the
and the clergy lived, and the merchant, artisan and labour centres in the lower city (Arrabalde or Cidade Baixa) by the , in addition to the old and new Jewish quarters. The city was encircled by a , of which some remnants are still visible like the Almedina Gate (Porta da Almedina).
, refounded in 1314 by Queen
as a convent of
in the parish of
Meanwhile, on the periphery, the municipality began to grow in various agglomerations, notably around the monasteries and convents that developed in Celas, , . The most important work in
style in the city is the , founded on the left side of the river Mondego by Queen
in the first half of the 14th century. It stood too close to the river, and frequent floods forced the nuns to abandon it in the 17th century, when the
was built uphill. The Queen's magnificent Gothic tomb was also transferred to the new convent. The ruins of the old convent were excavated in the 2000s, and can be seen today in the left bank of the river.
In the 15th and 16th centuries, during the , Coimbra was again one of the main artistic centres of Portugal thanks to both local and royal . Coimbra ,
supported artists like
(father and son), Marcos Pires, , Diogo de Castilho and the Frenchmen, Jo?o de Ru?o and Nicholas of Chanterene, among others, who left important
works in the town. Dating from this period are the remodelling (in manueline style) of the , including the tombs of Kings
and , the Renaissance Manga Fountain, the altarpieces and triumphal portal of the , among other works.
The interior stacks of the , one of the oldest collections in Portugal
The , was founded as a
in Lisbon in 1290 by . The University was relocated to Coimbra in 1308, but in 1338 the King
returned the University to Lisbon. The University was definitively transferred to the premises of Coimbra Royal Palace in 1537 by , and expanded by 1544 to occupy the Coimbra Royal Palace. Since then, city life has revolved around the state-run university. For many decades, several colleges (colégios) established by the religious orders provided an alternative to the official institution, but were gradually discontinued with the secularization of education in Portugal. Built in the 18th century, the
(Biblioteca Joanina), a
library, is other notable landmark of the ancient university. The
University Tower (Torre da Universidade), from the school of the German architect
and built between 1728 and 1733, is the city's library.
In 1772, the , prime minister of King , undertook a profound reform of the university, where the study of the sciences assumed vast importance. The collections of scientific instruments and material acquired then are nowadays gathered in the , and constitute one of the most important historical science collections in Europe.
Rural life in the periphery and parishes of Coimbra around 1839, seen from the fields of S?o Martinho do Bispo
The first half of the 19th century was a difficult period for Coimbra, being invaded by
under the command of
during the . A force of 4,000 Portuguese
a heavy blow when it recaptured the city on 6 October 1810. In March 1811, the militia successfully held the place against the retreating . The city recovered in the second half of the 19th century with infrastructure improvements like the , gas light, the railway system, a railway bridge over the Mondego River and the renovation of the Portela bridge, in addition to the broadening of roads and expansion of the city into the Quinta de Santa Cruz.
The Church of Santo António dos Olivais, in the .
By 1854, with the expulsion of the religious orders and municipal reforms, the need to reorganize the municipality of Coimbra forced some changes in the existing structure of the administrative divisions. Consequently, documents were sent (on 20 January 1854) to the Ministries of Ecclesiastical Affairs (: Ministério dos Negócios Eclesiásticos) and Justice (: Ministério de Justi?a) urging the identification by the Civil Governor and Archbishop of Coimbra (Manuel Bento Rodrigues) of the number of civil parishes to preserve, their limits, the political organs to be retained, a local census and other statistics to justify the demarcation of the territory. A commission of five members, that included Jo?o Maria Baptista Callixto, António dos Santos Pereira Jardim, Roque Joaquim Fernandes Thomás, Jo?o Correia Ayres de Campos and António Egypcio Quaresma Lopes de Carvalho e Vasconcelos, were appointed to produce a plan to reduce, suppress, demarcate and establish civil parishes in the city of Coimbra and its suburbs.
On 1 January 1911, electric tramways were inaugurated to connect the old quarter with its expanding periphery, that included the residential areas of Celas, Olivais, Penedo da Saudade and Calhabé, all of these located in the civil parish of . This was only the initiation of the municipality growth. Civil construction projects throughout the region marked the economic activity of the territory, with new areas such as Montes Claros, Arrega?a, Cumeada and Calhabé growing in the shadow of the city. Even projects that had been planned at the end of the 19th century gained new initiative, including the expansion of the Santa Cruz neighbourhood (bairro), the demolition of the residential area of the Alta de Coimbra (1940–50) to expand the University, and construction or expansion of the bairros of Celas, Sete Fontes and Marechal Carmona (now the bairro of Norton de Matos).
Mondego River and Coimbra
One of the nation's important crossroads, Coimbra was historically at a junction between Braga and Lisbon, and its river access (the
flows through the municipality) provided a route between the interior communities and the coastal towns (including the seaside city of , 40 km (25 mi) west of Coimbra). The historic city of Coimbra is located in centrally within the municipality, connected to Lisbon (197 km (122 mi)) and Porto (116 km (72 mi)) by the IC2, IP3 and
motorways.
The municipality is circled by several of its neighbouring municipalities in the
region, which include
(in the northeast),
(to the east),
(to the southeast),
(to the south and southwest),
(to the west),
(to the northwest) and
(in the north and northeast). Just outside the municipality, there are also several picturesque mountain towns such as
and , while spa towns and villages, such as ,
are commonplace.
Although it ceased in the 13th century to serve as the capital of , Coimbra retains considerable importance as the centre of the former
province, now designated the
region. It is considered alongside
one of the two most important regional centres in Portugal outside the
, the centre for the whole middle region of the country. With a dense urban grid, the municipality is known primarily for the city of Coimbra, itself famous for its monuments, churches, libraries, museums, parks, nightlife, healthcare and shopping facilities. Above all, its cultural life, oriented around the , has historically attracted the nation's
writers, ,
and , securing its reputation as the Lusa-Atenas (Lusitanian ).
The western edge of Coimbra is covered by the
(Arzila Swamp Natural Reserve), which is designated both as a Special Protection Zone (: Zona de Protec??o Especial) and Special Conservation Zone (: Zona Especial de Conserva??o), coincident with the civil parish of Arzila (sometimes referred to as the Paul de Arzila or marsh of Arzila). It is a
that has sheltered migratory birds, and supports other anim this has included predominantly avian species, such as the:
(Acrocephalus scirpaceus),
(Acrocephalus schoenobaenus),
(Hippolais polyglotta),
(Phylloscopus trochilus),
(Ixobrychus minutus),
(Acrocephalus arundinaceus), and the
(Locustella luscinioides). The 482 hectare area, under threat from industrial, residential and agricultural pollution, expansion of aquatic plants and , has forced the governmental reorganization of land use in order to promote models of sustainability, and rural use that does not affect the migratory and aquatic bird populations.
Aspect of the
The municipal government has also promoted the installation and maintenance of various , ,
and forests, including the development of the
(considered the fifth oldest in the world), the , the Mata Nacional de Vale de Canas, Jardim da Sereia (also known as Santa Cruz Garden), , Parque Manuel Braga, Parque Verde do Mondego, Choupalinho, and the 19th century
estate and gardens.
Complementing these natural spaces are the riverside parks and bathing areas that line the Mondego, including the river beaches of Palheiros do Zorro, in the parish of Torres do Mondego.
Coimbra has a mild
(Csb) according to the . In winter, temperatures range between 15 °C (59 °F) at day and 5 °C (41 °F) at night in the coldest month and some times could drop below 0 °C (32 °F), while summer temperatures range between 29 °C (84 °F) at day and 16 °C (61 °F) at night and can reach 40 °C (104 °F) or more. The highest and lowest temperatures recorded in Coimbra are -7.8 °C (18.0 °F) and 42.5 °C (108.5 °F) in 1941 and 1943. The average of days in a year with minimum temperature less than 0 °C (32 °F) is 10.5 and with maximum temperature above 30 °C (86 °F) is 32.2. Source: Portuguese Institute of Meteorology
Climate data for Coimbra
Record high °C (°F)
Average high °C (°F)
Daily mean °C (°F)
Average low °C (°F)
Record low °C (°F)
mm (inches)
Mean monthly
Source #1: Instituto de Meteorologia ( climatology)
Source #2: NOAA (sun, )
The orientation of the 31
of the municipality of Coimbra before 2013.
Administratively, the municipality is divided into 18 civil parishes ():
Almalaguês
Antuzede e Vil de Matos
Eiras e S?o Paulo de Frades
S?o Jo?o do Campo
S?o Martinho da ?rvore e Lamarosa
S?o Martinho do Bispo e Ribeira de Frades
S?o Silvestre
Souselas e Bot?o
Taveiro, Ameal e Arzila
Torres do Mondego
Trouxemil e Torre de Vilela
—    
As of 2001, the municipality of Coimbra had a population of 148,443 inhabitants (covering an area of 319.4 km2), reflecting a 6.8% increase relative to 2 residents), while the number of families increased 17.1% in the same period. This was mainly concentrated in the parish of , while the remaining administrative divisions accounted for a range of 78.54 to 5069.2 inhabitants per kilometre square. Seniors and youth (age 0 to 14 years) represent a minority of the population (16.5% and 31.1%); the 25 to 64 cohort accounts for 55% of the active population. While per 100 inhabitants, seniors actually comprise 21.6% of this population, the birth rate (9.3%) is superior the mortality rate in the communities of Coimbra, which is actually greater than other municipalities in the
subregion.
The municipality of Coimbra has a resident population of 157,510 inhabitants, and seasonal population of approximately 200,000 residents. Between 1864 and 2001, the municipal population tripled (following the trend in the rest of the country when the nation's population doubled), while between 1991 and 2001 its population increased 6.75% (Portugal's population increased 4.08% in the same period). On average, over 43,000 people flow to Coimbra every day to study and work. About 460,000 inhabitants live in the , consisting of 19 municipalities comprising a territory of 4,336 square kilometres (1,674 sq mi).
Internally, the network and location of public service/sector institutions (such as police stations, fire stations, public finance and notary services) have been located within 5.2 to 6.6 km (3.2 to 4.1 miles) of the resident population, while most tertiary shops and retail capture between 43.4% and 100% of the market. Mini-markets and corner shops cover 100% generally, the longest distance travelled between shops is 8.7 km (5.4 mi) (for pastry shops). Restaurants are usually within 74.2% of the population, and refreshment shops (such as bars and snack bars) routinely cover 100% of the market. Commerce and vestuary shops range from coverage of 43.4% (for glasses) to 91.4% (of clothing); the largest distance that resident population requires to travel is 10.2 km (6.3 mi) for electro-domestics and auto-mobile purchases. Repair services, which cover the largest part of the civil parishes, and specifically auto repair shops, cover 97.1% of the market. Public transport covers 90.3% of the parishes, with 93.5% 61.3% have taxi services (capturing 78.8% of the population); public buses serve 67.7% of the parishes (or 85% of the population); while rail services affect 35.5% of the parishes (serving 29.7% of the market); while unequipped parishes, on average, lie within 4.8 km (3.0 mi) of such services. Postal services are provided in 15 parishes (48.4%), corresponding to 77.9% of the population, while 98.6% receive home distribution. Similarly, public telephones have a 94.6% coverage of the population.
The wealth of the city rests mostly on the
with about 20,000 students – the city has a total of 35,000 higher education students considering the other higher education institutions based there – but also in shopping, technology and
industry, administrative offices, financial services, law firms and specialized medical care. The city has many private clinics, medical offices and two large independent state hospital centres: the , which is a , and the , which includes a . Coimbra has also the regional branch of the national cancer hospital – the , as well as a . The , the state-run forensic science institute of Portugal, is headquartered in Coimbra.
Notable companies based in the municipality of Coimbra include
which have their global headquarters in the city, mechanical and electronics engineering company ,
company ISA, 's cement factory in Souselas (CIMPOR Souselas), the pan-European service facility of , the
and , the iron
and several ,
( produces cold meat products and Dan Cake produces
and ), , wine, civil and engineering construction, architecture, public works and housing construction firms.
industry is well represented by traditional
manufacture, and the surroundings of the city have besides , dynamic horticulture production,
and livestock raising. The
(Pedro Nunes Institute), a , dynamically hosts several
which are usually dedicated to technology-related businesses and became independent
companies headquartered across the whole region. There is a move by municipal authorities to bring in more innovation and high-technology businesses, through initiatives such as the
(construction concluded in 2010), with the objective of promoting innovation and companies that promote research and development (such as
company Innovnano, a subsidiary of ).
The familiar urban landscape of the Baixa (Downtown), showing the distinctive hill of the
that became University Hill, seen from the
Coimbra has a fresh produce open-air market on every 7th and 23rd days of the month at Feira dos 7 e dos 23, and a large fresh produce market in downtown at Mercado D. Pedro V. The Baixa (downtown) of Coimbra has many
and bakeries, and features several specialty shops selling all kind of products in typical old-fashioned architectural surroundings. Large commercial facilities with car park, include a medium-sized shopping center (CoimbraShopping); two larger shopping centers with , restaurants, movie theaters and several shops with a selection of some of Portugal's and the world's most famous and stylish international brands include "Dolce Vita Coimbra" designed by the American planning and design firm, Suttle Mindlin and Forum Coimbra; and two
found on the fringes of the city, offering an alternative to the busy city centre (Retail Park Mondego in Taveiro, and Coimbra Retail Park in Eiras). Dolce Vita Coimbra was the recipient of the 2006 MIPIM International Design A the 2006 ICSC International Design A and the 2006 ICSC European Design Award proving that Portugal and Coimbra offer both historical and thoroughly modern shopping experiences.
The two banks of Mondego river at Coimbra, are linked by three main bridges: the Ponte do A?ude; the Ponte de Santa Clara (Santa Clara bridge), which is the oldest, and the Ponte Rainha Santa also known as Ponte Europa, finished in 2004. The Ponte Pedonal de Pedro e Inês is the most recently constructed bridge and is the only footbridge in the city.
Mondego Metro in Coimbra District
The city is internally connected by an extensive bus network, the SMTUC (Servi?os Municipalizados de Transportes Urbanos de Coimbra, Coimbra Municipality Urban Transport Services) and the
(the only such system in Portugal). In the past, the city also had a tram network (some are now parked inside a transportation museum).
are also available, and are recognizable as cream or black and green (black car with green rooftop) taxis. The city is a hub for interregional bus services for all the country and abroad. A light-rail metro system, , was proposed however the project was abandoned at the height of Portuguese financial crisis.
Coimbra-A railway station.
Coimbra has several rail stations. The principal station Coimbra-B is on the main line between
and . From this, a small spur runs to Coimbra-A, the main station in the city centre. A small regional rail line (Linha da Lous?) also ran from Coimbra Parque at the south edge of the city centre. From Coimbra-Parque was possible to travel to ,
and Serpins, among others. This line was closed for upgrading as part of the Metro Mondego project and was never re-opened when the Metro Mondego project was abandoned, however there is local agitation for this line to be reopened. Also it is possible to travel by train between Coimbra and
(Ramal de Alfarelos), and Coimbra,
(Linha da Beira Alta [international]). Coimbra is served by motorway
which connects
A regional aerodrome is located in Cernache () (CBP) [PCO], 7.5 kilometres (4.7 miles) SW of the city downtown. With a 920 metres (3,018 feet) runway and
until the sunset, this regional airport has all the fundamental facilities for private flights.
The main square and buildings of the historic block of the
Coimbra has been called A cidade dos estudantes (The city of the students) or Lusa-Atenas (Lusitan-Athens), mainly because it is the site of the oldest and one of the largest universities in Portugal – the , a
whose origins can be traced back to the 13th century. Nowadays, it has students from 70 dif almost 10% of its students are foreigners, making it Portugal's most international university.
Coimbra is also the place where the oldest and biggest university
of Portugal was founded – the
(Academic Association of Coimbra), established in 1887.
Besides that, there are also some other schools and institutes of higher education in the city: the , the , and some private higher education institutions such as the Instituto Superior Miguel Torga; the Instituto Superior Bissaya Barreto; the Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama and finally, the Escola Universitária das Artes de Coimbra, an .
A large number of higher education students from all of Portugal chose Coimbra's higher learning institutions to study, due to the wide availability of degrees offered in different fields, the student-friendly environment of the city, and the prestige of many of its learning institutions allied to the ancient tradition of Coimbra as the historical capital of higher studies in Portugal.
Rainha Santa Isabel Bridge, Coimbra
The city has also a large number of public and private basic and secondary schools, among these some of the best-ranked in the country, like Escola Secundária Infanta D. Maria (public), Escola Secundária José Falc?o (public), "Escola EB2/3 Martim de Freitas" (public) and Colégio Rainha Santa Isabel (private), as well as several kindergartens and nurseries. There is also the Coimbra Hotel and Tourism School.
Forest/Moorish City of Antanhol (: Cidade Da Mata do Antanhol), Antanhol
Palace of Sub-Ripas (Sé Nova, Coimbra)
Palace of Sub-Ripas (: Pa?o de Sub-Ripas),
S?o Sebasti?o Aqueduct/Garden Arches (: Aqueducto de S?o Sebasti?o),
(: Pa?os da Universidade de Coimbra),
Arch and Tower of the Almedina (: Arco e Torre da Almedina),
(: Sé Nova de Coimbra),
The west fa?ade of Coimbra's , one of the best-preserved
buildings in Portugal
(: Sé Velha de Coimbra),
Chapel of the Treasurer (: Capela do Tesoureiro),
Church and Convent of S?o Marcos (: Igreja e Convento de S?o Marcos), S?o Silvestres
Church of Nossa Senhora da Gra?a (: Igreja da Nossa Senhora da Gra?a),
Church of S?o Domingos (: Igreja de S?o Domingos),
Church of S?o Salvador (: Igreja de S?o Salvador),
The Church of S?o Tiago within the Pra?a 8 de Maio, in the civil parish of .
Church of S?o Tiago (: Igreja de S?o Tiago), S?o Bartolomeu
College of S?o Agostinho (: Misericórdia de Coimbra/Colégio de S?o Agostinho),
College of S?o Jerónimo (: Colégio de S?o Jerónimo),
College of S?o Tomas (: Portas do Colégio de S?o Tomas),
Cross of S?o Marcos (: Cruzeiro de S?o Marcos), S?o Silvestres
(: Pa?o Episcopal de Coimbra),
Manga Cloister (: Claustro de Manga),
The Monastery of Santa Clara-a-Nova across the Mondego River, in the civil parish of .
(: Mosteiro de Santa Clara-a-Nova),
(: Mosteiro de Santa Clara-a-Velha),
Monastery of Santa Cruz (Portuguese: Mosteiro de Santa Cruz), Santa Cruz
Monastery of Santa Cruz (: Mosteiro de Santa Cruz),
Monastery of Santa Maria de Celas (: Mosteiro de Santa Maria de Celas), Santo António de Olivais
Monastery of S?o Jo?o das Donas (: Mosteiro de S?o Jo?o das Donas),
(Former) Church of Carmo (: Igreja do Carmo),
(Former) Portico of the Church of Santa Ana (: Portais da Extinta Igreja de Santa Ana),
Coimbra celebrates its municipal holiday on 4 July, in honour of Queen
(spouse of the King ); a religious and civic celebration that celebrated the life of the former Queen, that includes a fireworks display following the night-time march of the penitents.
Coimbra houses the following cultural institutions:
, the second most important one in Portugal, housed in the former Episcopal Palace
, Portugal's second biggest library, after the National Library in Lisbon
the 18th-century
is a highly stylized genre of
music originated in Coimbra. Among its most notable and historical adherents are guitarist
and singer , while the
(the oldest and most famous academic
in Portugal) and the
are important organizations that promote the culture and stylings of this subgenre of music. In addition, Coimbra has a contemporary music, boasting several live music venues, and some of the most popular clubs and music festivals in Portugal. Moreover, theConservatório de Música de Coimbra, musical departments of the
and the music programmes of the Faculty of Letters are noted by many of top music schools in the country.
, the oldest and most famous academic
in Portugal, an autonomous organization of the students' union Associa??o Académica de Coimbra, established in 1880 by a law student of the University of Coimbra (UC), and the fado section of UC's Associa??o Académica de Coimbra itself, are important organizations in Coimbra fado promotion and preservation.
According to tradition, to applaud fado in Lisbon one would clap his hands, while in Coimbra cough as if clearing the throat is the typical way.
Coimbra is also known for its university students' festivals. Two are held every year. The first one, Latada or
("The Tin Can Parade") is a
parade that occurs at the beginning of the academic year, and is a welcome to the new university students (Caloiros).
The Festa das Latas goes back to the 19th century when the Coimbra students felt the need to express their joy at finishing the school year in as loud a way as possible, using everything at their disposal that would make noise, namely tin cans. The highlight of this festival, which now takes place at the beginning of the academic year (November) is the special parade known as the Latada. After marching through the streets of the city the new students are "baptized" in the Mondego River thus entering into the Coimbra academic fraternity. The students from the penultimate year, normally the 3rd year's students, are awarded their Grelos (a small ribbon). The Grelo is a small, woollen ribbon with the color(s) of the student's faculty that is attached to a student's briefcase. Previous to this, at the morning the students must have visited the Dom Pedro V market where they must get a
to sustain the Caloiros during the day's festivities. Besides the tin cans they have tied to their legs, the new students wear all kinds of costumes made up according to the creativity and imagination of their godmothers or godfathers who are older students. They also carry placards with ironic criticisms alluding to certain teachers, the educational system, national events and leaders.
Undergraduate Medicine students participating in Coimbra's
The second one,
("The Burning of the Ribbons"), takes place at the end of the second semester (usually in the beginning of May) and it is one of the biggest student parties in all Europe. It lasts for 8 days, one for each University of Coimbra's Faculty: Letras (Humanities), Direito (Law), Medicina (Medicine), Ciências e Tecnologia (Sciences and Technology), Farmácia (Pharmacy), Economia (Economics), Psicologia e Ciências da Educa??o (Psychology and Education Sciences) and Ciências do Desporto e Educa??o Física (Sports Sciences and Physical Education).
Although being University of Coimbra's festivals, other higher education students of Coimbra such as the polytechnic's students or private institution's students, are invited every year by the University of Coimbra students who manage and organise this events, to participate in the Tin Can Parade and also in the Burning of the Ribbons. The academic festivities are opened to the entire city community and attract a large number of national and international tourists as well.
Coimbra has a lively music scene that caters for most tastes with lots of festivals and events beyond the academic festivals and the traditional
genre. It boasts several live music venues, and some of the most popular club nights and music festivals in Portugal. Moreover, the Conservatório de Música de Coimbra, the music-related departments of the
and the music programmes of the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Coimbra are regularly cited among the top music schools in the country. Modern bands and artists with some degree of recognition in the Portuguese music scene include , ,
is the third-largest regional media market in Portugal. The Portuguese public radio and television broadcaster
has regional offices and studios in Coimbra. The
are the two major newspapers based in Coimbra. The students' union of the University of Coimbra has also notable media like the
radio station and A Cabra newspaper.
There is a wide variety of accommodation available, ranging from the -park or one of the many inexpensive
to the charming downtown
and international chain hotels.
Coimbra has many attractive and pleasant green spaces such as , ,
and forests. The most famous park in the city is probably the , the fifth oldest in the world. The
park is an educational
built during the . Its buildings are scale copies of Portuguese architectural landmarks and were completed in the 1950s.
The city's green areas also include the , the Mata Nacional de Vale de Canas, Jardim da Sereia (also known as Jardim de Santa Cruz), , Parque Manuel Braga, Parque Verde do Mondego and Choupalinho. , a 19th-century palace and estate, which was transformed into a hotel and golf resort, contains also a large park. Also noteworthy is the , a
occupying an area in Coimbra municipality (in Arzila), and in the neighbouring municipalities of
Not far away from the urban center, close to the city itself, and fully set in the municipality of Coimbra, there are plenty of mountain and river landscapes. These include the river beach of Palheiros do Zorro in the parish of Torres do Mondego.
Coimbra is
, France ()
, US (1983–84)
(2003–04)
, Germany (1975–76)
(1994–95)
, Italy ()
, France (1979)
, Spain (1980–81)
, US (1971–72)
, Spain (1994)
, Russia (1984)
, Spain (2004–05)
Coimbra is home to
(known simply as Académica), a professional
autonomous organism of the University of Coimbra students' union , founded in 1872 and having its current statute of autonomous football organization since the 1980s. Académica football team plays in the
at the . , another sports club with tradition in the city, owner of a football team which plays in the , is other important club of Coimbra. Coimbra also has one of the largest
in Portugal: the University of Coimbra's students' union , includes sections dedicated to a wide array of sports such as rugby, volleyball, handball, rink hockey, basketball, baseball, tennis, swimming, rowing, among many others.
The 30,210-seater
(Coimbra City Stadium).
(30,000 seats), which was a site of
and includes olympic swimming pools (Piscinas Municipais), as well as a multiuse sports facility (), located b the ; and the , an extensive sports complex of the university on Mondego's left bank, are the main athletics and sports venues in Coimbra. The Pavilh?o Jorge Anjinho sports arena (headquarters of ), Pavilh?o dos Olivais, and Pavilh?o do C.F. Uni?o de Coimbra, are other places where some of the most important indoor sports clashes involving teams of Coimbra are played.
Major sports teams based in Coimbra include:
Basketball
Volleyball
Campo da Escola Agrária
The following people were born or died within the municipality of Coimbra:
Portugal's first king, , is buried in the
(c. 1109; / – 6 December 1185; ), first Portuguese monarch, whose established his residence in the seat of , h
(11 November 1154; – 26 March 1212; ), second king of , oldest son of Afonso Henriques, responsible for ending
border disputes, and shifting the kingdom's growth to the south, capturing Moorish lands and enlarging P
(23 April 1185; – 25 March 1223; ), third Portuguese monarch, was able to maintain the peace created by the military gains of his father, and grandfather, enhancing his relationship with the Catholic C
(8 September 1209; - 4 January 1248; ), the Pious was forced off the thrown by an alliance of nobles who, although grateful for their monarch's
of Moorish lands, did not appreciate his poor administration of the country. His brother
marched into Portugal, with the support of the ,
(5 May 1210;
– 16 February 1279), unlike his brother, Afonso paid particular attention to the administration of his Kingdom (stylized Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves), holding the first Portuguese
that reunited the administration, nobility, merchants and landowners, but his taxing of the Church resulted in his ex-communication, likely bringing on his early death, and the as
(Holy Queen Isabel), wife of . She was buried at the .
(19 April 1320;
– 18 January 1367; ), the Just was creditted with a peaceful reign, following the supposed death of his lover
at the hands of his father'
( c. 1465;
– c.1541; Rome), a missionary, explorer and diplomat who traveled to , joining , before returning to Lisbon in , writing the Verdadeira Informa??o das Terras do Preste Jo?o das Indias ("A True Relation of the Lands of Prester John of the Indies");
(28 August 1481;
– 17 May 1558; ), a
poet, who studied Greek, Latin and Philosophy at the University (when it was in Lisbon), but who travelled abroad meeting classical writers in Spain and Italy, before being received in the court of
– 11 August 1578; ), a 16th-century mathematician and
responsible for contributions to na
– 2 March 1572; ,
), third Governor-General of Brazil, responsible for the pacification of the indigenous population, and the expulsion of the French from Rio de Janeiro, by convincing the
, Spanish ,
and writer.
(19 June 1731 – 17 November 1822; ), an 18th-century sculptor, notable for his equestrian statue of , with detailed analysis and diagrams, now occupyin
one of Portugal's notable sons: born and raised in Coimbra
(11 June 1704 – 25 August 1742; ), prominent composer,
(24 August 1818 – 24 March 1885),
(5 February 1847 – 13 July 1920), a politician,
and , responsible for assembling one of Portugal's largest and most important pri
(2 July 1903 – 8 July 1974; , ), a violinist,
and lecturer, who co-founded the Academia de CoimbraandInstituto de Música, before hosting a classical music program on the national radio, and later in M
(28 March 1907;
– 13 February 2005; ), one of the three visionary children of , who came to live at the
Convent of Santa T
(pseudonym of Adolfo Correia da Rocha, 12 August 1907;
– 17 January 1995), a medical doctor, later poet, short story essayist, theatre writer and composer of a 16-volume diary, receiving along his career the Montaigne Prize (in 1981), the first Prémio Cam?es (in 1989) and nominations for the Nobel prize for L
(10 November 1913;
— 13 June 2005; ), politician and pro-Soviet leader of the
(16 February 1925 – 23 July 2004), a virtuoso guitar player and composer, known as the "man of a thousand fingers";
(25 July 1936;
– 7 May 1985), a professor and politician, interim Prime Minister of Portugal between 1978 and 1979, Vice-President in 1983 and President ();
(13 April 1947 – ), a jou
Alberto Raposo Pidwell Tavares, known as
(11 January 1948 – 13 June 1997; ),
(25 May 1949;
– ), a former high-profile member of the , who renounced and criticized communist ideology, before the fall of Berlin Wall,
(24 July 1964 – ), a politician, leader of the , and Prime Minister of P
(15 November 1974 – ), an international , who played for 10 different teams, representing P
(13 January 1983 – ), an international footballer, playing for
, Portuguese musician.
, Portuguese footballer, captain of the Associa??o Académica de Coimbra O.A.F. football team.
, Portuguese magician.
, the leading vocalist of the band .
, singer and musician.
, Portuguese singer and musician.
, Portuguese race car driver.
, Portuguese judo champion.
, Portuguese international footballer
, Portuguese singer and songwriter
of universities
Wells, John C. (21 July 2010). .
. unesco.org. .
David J.J. Evans, Cadogan Guides Portugal (2004),
Silva, José Manuel Azevedo (2011), C?mara Municipal, ed.,
(PDF) (in Portuguese), Santo António dos Olivias (Coimbra), Portugal: C?mara Municipal de Santo António dos Olivais, archived from
(PDF) on 20 December , p. 2-3
Santos, Luísa (December 2004),
(PDF) (in Portuguese), Coimbra, Portugal: Direc??o Geral do Ordenamento do Território e Desenvolvimento Urbano/Direc??o de Servi?os de Estudos e Planeamento Estratégico/Divis?o de Estudos e Planeamento p. 5-13
(PDF) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: ICNB Instituto de Conserva??o da Natureza e da Biodiversidade, archived from
(PDF) on 27 March 2012
(pdf) (in Portuguese) 2014.
(in Portuguese)
(in Portuguese),
. cm-coimbra.pt (in Portuguese). Coimbra, Portugual: C?mara Municipal de Coimbra. 2014.
(in Portuguese). Associa??o Nacional de Municípios Portugueses.
13 January 2009 at the .
15 February 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
Richard Thompson. Boston Globe, 12 October 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
(in Portuguese). Coimbra, Portugual: C?mara Municipal de Coimbra. 2014.
[Research Municipal Legislation – No 14471]. Prefeitura da Cidade de S?o Paulo [Municipality of the City of S?o Paulo] (in Portuguese). Archived from
on 18 October .
WikiSource (in Portuguese)
24 December 2008 at the .
13 October 2007 at the .
Deloitte, ed. (22 December 2006),
(PDF) (in Portuguese), 2, Lisbon, Portugal: C?mara Municipal de Coimbra
C?mara Municipal, ed. (2005),
(PDF) (in Portuguese), Coimbra, Portugal: C?mara Municipal de Coimbra
Wikimedia Commons has media related to .
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for .
Municipalities of
: Hidden categories: