新概念英语第四册笔记41-60课
L41 The Origin of Things
Education is one of the key words of our time. A
man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate
victim of adverse circumstances deprived of one of the greatest
twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of
education, modern states 'invest' in institutions of learning to
get back 'interest' in the form of a large group of enlightened
young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its
cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by
text-books--those purchasable wells of wisdom--what would
civilization be like without its benefits ?
So much is certain: that we would have doctors and
preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births--but our
spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on
'facts and figures' and more on a good memory, on applied
psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his
fellow citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its
bookless past we would have the most democratic form of 'college'
imaginable. Among the people whom we like to call savages all
knowledge inherited by tradit it is taught to
every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is,
equally equipped for life.
It is the ideal condition of the 'equal start'
which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to
regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive
the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no
'illiterates '--if the term can be applied to peoples without a
script--while our own compulsory school attendance became law in
Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is
still non-existent in a number of 'civilized' nations. This shows
how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all
our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the 'happy
few' during the past centuries.
Education in the wilderness is not a matter of
monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none
of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full
development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under
the ever-present attention of his parents, therefore the jungles
and the savannahs know of no 'juvenile delinquency.' No necessity
of making a living away from home results in neglect of children,
and no father is confronted with his inability to 'buy' an
education for his child.
New words and expressions
inherit vt.继承 disinherit v.剥夺继承权
illiterate n. 文盲& literary a.
文学的& literature n.文学
circum=surrounding 周围的
circus 马戏团，马戏场
circumspect a. 慎重的，周到的，小心谨慎的
environment n. (用单数)& circumstance
n. (用复数)
deprive sb. of sth. 剥夺某人机会 rob: 抢 rob sb. of
e.g. He deprived me of the opportunity of
education. / He deprived me of freedom. / I'm
deprived./downfallen.
possess: 拥有 dispossess sb. of sth.
invest: 投资 devest: 拿走
denude v. 使身无分文
convince sb. of
e.g. He convinced me of his honesty.& (强调结果)
persuade sb. to do
sth.&& e.g. She persuade me to go
shopping with her. （强调过程）
His speech is very convincing. (具有说服力)
enlightened: 受到启迪
Listen to both sides, you will be enlightened.
(兼听则明)
the enlightenment 启蒙运动 We should base on
understanding on reason. 理性认识世界
1. ancient philosopher (Aristotle)
2. Renaissance (文艺复兴)
3. scientific revolution
Religion always regarded human as vicious.
(well-natured: 人性本善)
Famous figures: Bacon, Locke, Rousseau《The
Confessions》
instruct: 指导 instructor 辅导员 cycle of instruction
punctuate vt.加强，介入，加标点&
acupuncture 针灸术
underline: 加强 fortify: 加强（工事） intensify: 强化
&sermon&&&&
missionary: 带着任务到国外传教
defendant n. 被告 (plaintiff: 原告 prosecutor:
原告（尤指刑事）
MA=master of arts: 硕士& PHD：博士
defendant: 论文的答辩者& defend my thesis
mental outlook: 精神面貌 world outlook: 世界观
vision/view/sight
capacity n. 能力& breath capacity:
capability/caliber: high caliber
in the capacity of: 以什么身份
e.g. In the capacity of a chairman, I extend a warm
welcome to all the delegates. 我以主席身份，热烈欢迎各位代表。
inherit vt.& inheritor: 继承人
people/folk: 民族 （highly civilized）
tribe: backward& Mongolian tribe
clan: 氏族 maternal: 母系& paternal:
illiterate n.
文盲&& literate:
有文化的& antiilliteracy 扫盲
compulsory service system 义务服役制
compulsory course 必修科目
optional/selective course: 选修科目
deem=regard/think& I deem him
He hampers my progress.
block / thwart&&
shackle: 枷锁 impede: 阻止
jungle law: 丛林法则& the survival of
the fittest 适者生存
savannah: 大草原（比较潮湿的湿地） in South America
delinquency& juvenile
delinquency
crime/sin/guilt
crime 非常严重 commit
sin: 可以饶恕的罪行 Amitabha
guilt: (抽象)犯罪 I am guilty.
confront vt. 面对 （face的书面用语）
confront difficulty / be confronted with
There's a confrontation between the two
convinced of: 被说服，相信=believing
As an apple is not an apple in any things until it
is ripe, so a man without education is not a man in any things.
as…so…结构
states=nations=governments
'invest': 投资
institutions of learning 学术机构&
institutions of higher learning: 高等教育
'interest': 利息
in the form of / in the shape of
enlightened: 有知识的 potential: 潜在=possible
elite: 精英
work out=design 设计
punctuate: 加强
wells: 源泉 wells of wisdom: 知识源泉
What would…(虚拟语气)
benefits: 裨益
without (虚拟语气的成分居多)=but for: 若不是，若没有if there were
not its benefits…
The ideas that come to him so thick and fast, where
are they now?名词+疑问句=感叹句
Women, who can live with them? who can live without
that we would have 虚拟
spiritual outlook: 精神面貌/世界
bare foot doctor: 赤脚医生
lay stress on: 强调，重视
'facts and figures': 数字和事实 （think, judge,
more on a good memory
woman's wit 没有任何的解释
applied psychology: 应用心理学
capacity of a man to get along with his fellow
citizens (nepotism: 裙带关系) / criterion: 标准
fashioned=designed=tailored
bookless: 没有书本 homeless / childless / treeless (a
treeless mountain) 名词+less构成反义词
democratic: 民主的 / imaginable: 可以想象的
most+imaginable/possible (后置定语)
The most relax form possible is to go
picnicking.
equality: 平等 / same footing: 同起点
inherited by tradition is shared by all
(equality)
in this respect / regard / area: 在这一角度而言
equip (with knowledge) for life
ideal 不具有比较最高级
progressive: 进步的
regain: 重新获得
Education can be spread to every man
possible.& (9 year compulsory educational system:
九年义务制)
primitive cultures=in ancient times
cultures: 国家, different cultures: 不同的国家
obligation: 义务
binding: 绑, bound (As one of the social members,
you had to take responsibility to receive education. )
'illiterate' 文盲
script=word: 文字
compulsory: 强制的，义务的 attendance: 注册或到校报到=education
(compulsory / forced / binding)
before we deemed it necessary
I went out before it rained. (before: (1)直译，之前
（2）之后 )
share in: 分享其中一份
"happy few": (Greece, Rome, China: private
wilderness: 荒野
be equal to+名词或动名词=be qualified for
none of the hurry （拔苗助长）: to spoil a child by
excessive enthusiasm
full development: 全面发展 / growing personality:
正在生长的人性（人格）
there指wilderness
ever-present: 无处不在
Mother's employment prevents her from being home to
greet their children when they return from school.
jungle: 丛林
know of: 了解，听说=hear of
'juvenile delinquency' 少年犯
No necessity of making a living away from home
results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with
his inability to 'buy' an education for his child.
e.g. No man will marry her. (对整句man will marry
her的否定)
be confronted with=face =confront
本文特点：radical: 激进的
L42 Journey through Adolescence
Parents&are&often&upset&when&their&children&praise&the&homes&of&their&friends&and®ard&it&as&a&slur&on&their&own&cooking,&or&cleaning,&or&furniture,&and&often&are&foolish&enough&to&let&the&adolescents&see&that&they&are&annoyed.&They&may&even&accuse&them&of&disloyalty,&or&make&some&spiteful&remark&about&the&friends'&parents.&Such&a&loss&of&dignity&and&descent&into&childish&behaviour&on&the&part&of&the&adults&deeply&shocks&the&adolescents,&and&makes&them&resolve&that&in&future&they&will¬&talk&to&their&parents&about&the&places&or&people&they&visit.&Before&very&long&the&parents&will&be&complaining&that&the&child&is&so&secretive&and&never&tells&them&anything,&but&they&seldom&realize&that&they&have&brought&this&on&themselves.
Disillusionment&with&the&parents,&however&good&and&adequate&they&may&be&both&as&parents&and&as&individuals,&is&to&some°ree&inevitable.&Most&children&have&such&a&high&ideal&of&their&parents,&unless&the&parents&themselves&have&been&unsatisfactory,&that&it&ca&hardly&hope&to&stand&up&to&a&realistic&evaluation.&Parents&would&be&greatly&surprised&and&deeply&touched&if&they&realize&how&much&belief&their&children&usually&have&in&their&character&and&infallibility,&and&how&much&this&faith&means&to&a&child.&If&parents&were&prepared&for&this&adolescent&reaction,&and&realized&that&it&was&a&sign&that&the&child&was&growing&up&and&developing&valuable&powers&of&observation&and&independent&judgment,&they&would¬&be&so&hurt,&and&therefore&would¬&drive&the&child&into&opposition&by&resenting&and&resisting&it.
The&adolescent,&with&his&passion&for&sincerity,
always&respects&a&parent&who
admits&that&he&is&wrong,&or&ignorant,&or&even&that&he&has&been&unfair&or&unjust.
What&the&child&cannot&forgive&is&the&parents'&refusal&to&admit&these&charges&if&the
child&knows&them&to&be&true.
Victorian&parents&believed&that&they&kept&their&dignity&by&retreating&behind&an&unreasoning&authoritarian&&in&fact&hey&did¬hing&of&the&kind,&but&children&were&then&too&cowed&to&let&them&know&how&they&really&felt.&Today&we&tend&to&go&to&the&other&extreme,&but&on&the&whole&this&is&a&healthier&attitude&both&for&the&child&and&the&parent.&It&is&always&wiser&and&safer&to&face&up&to&reality,&however&painful&it&may&be&at&the&moment.
New&words&and&expressions
Slurn. 诋毁
Annoy vt.使生气
Spiteful 恶意的，怀恨的&Dignity n.尊严
Resolve vt.决心
Disillusionment n.幻灭感
Stand&up&to
Infallibility n.一贯正确
Resent vt.怨恨
Sincerity n.诚挚
Charge n.指责
Retreat vi.后退
Unreasoning a.不凭理智的
Authoritarian a.专制的
Cow vt.吓唬
slur&put&/cast&a&slur&on&sb.&给&….以诋毁
slander&诽谤&（lesson31）&backbite
He&backbites&me.Smear&涂污，诽谤Fame&名声Defame&诽谤Defamation&诽谤
put/cast a slur on…给…以诋毁
Annoy&程度not&so&strong
按程度分&irritate(烦了) anger
fury（大发雷霆）
程度annoy=bother=displease=disturb
男女朋友吵架,令人心烦用&that&really&annoys&me.
如用&that&really&angers&me.&就分手了
adj.&You're&reading&a&book,&a&mosquito&hovers.&You
can&say&"it's&annoying'
Vicious&恶毒的&Ill-natured&心眼怀的&Bitchy&恶毒的Venom&毒液&Venomous&邪恶的
Indignity&侮辱
Keep&dignity&守住面子Lose&dignity&丢面子To&lie&is&to&lose&one's&dignity.
Illusion&幻想&幻觉&（没有实际的幻想）
I'm&under&illusion&that&I&will&be&a&billionaire.
Fantasy&幻想Fancy&幻想&Mirage&幻想&海市蜃楼&幻景
Massage&按摩
Message&信息
Stand&up&to&(severe&test&/严峻考验&rumor/流言&charge/指责&criticism/批评&)
It's&raining&hard（heavily）,&I&brave&to&school.&不顾风雨&冒着雨
Fallible&有问题的Flaw&瑕疵&flawless&无暇的Fault&错误&faultless&无误的Impeccable&完美无缺的Every&man&is&fallible.&=&No&one&is&infallible.&人无完人
按程度分&dislike&resent&hate&loathe（very&strong）
因妒嫉而恨&~&one's&success
scold&criticize&批评&(find&faults&with&sb.)&blame&指责（neglect&of&duty&）I'm&to&blame&(for&……)&是我的责任&Condemn&denounce&谴责
I&retreat&to&an&armchair.&我一屁股坐到椅子上I&~&to&bed&early.&我早早睡觉A&summer&retreat&避暑胜地
Unreasoning&不靠理智推理&Unreasonable&不合逻辑的
Dictator&专制Dictatorial&专制的Tyrannical&残暴的，专横的Domineering&霸道的&厉害的Authoritative&权威的
Coward&胆小鬼
Cower&颤抖Scare&惊吓Scare&to&death
Bully&欺凌弱小者&Browbeat&恫吓My&boss&always&browbeats&me.
Upset&使心烦（unhappy）&Slip&into&溜进去
Ungrateful&child&不孝子孙&People/parents&are&often&upset&…
Dine&with&sb.&和&…&吃饭&Furniture&家具&(un.)A&piece&/article&/set&of&furniture
Adolescent&(13~16)
Spoil&himself&放肆&撒野
Accuse&指责&accuse&sb.&of&sth.
Loyal&忠诚的&忠心的
~&to&sth.&
Disloyalty 不忠
Make&remark&=&say
On&the&part&of&=on&their&part
就他们而言
Before&very&long&很快&马上Long&before&很久以前
Before&very&long&the&parents&will&be&complaining
that&the&child&is&…将来进行时&表示预见性极强
tight&lipped&沉默的
they&have&brought&this&on&themselves&=&as&you&sow,so
raise.&=&fry&oneself&in&one's&own&juice
however&good&and&adequate&they&may&be&both=&they&may&be&both&good&and&adequate
however&用倒装
adequate&称职的=qualified
Most&children&have&such&a&high&ideal&of&their&parents,&unless&the&…….&,&that&it(ideal)&can&hardly
hope&to&stand&up&to&a&……
Developing&养成
Power&=ability&能力
Opposition&对立面
Resisting&拒绝 resenting 怨恨，敌视
keep their dignity 保全面子
Tend&to&不由自主的
表态度&loose&lax&extreme&lenient
L43 Our Developing World
Faith&in&controlled&nuclear&fission&is&now&being&shown&by&the&construction&of&atomic&power&stations.&In&Britain,&Calder&Hall&on&the&coast&of&Cumberland&first&made&its&contribution&to&the&National&Electricity&grid&in&1957.&Subsequently&a&chain&of&nuclear&power&stations&was&planned.&Of&necessity&they&are&sited&near&the&coasts&or&tidal&water&because&of&the&need&of&much&water&for&cooling&and&a&certain&discharge&of&possible&radioactive&effluent.&Atomic&power&is&associated&in&the&public&mind&with&the&destructive&force&of&atom&bombs&and&partly&for&this&reason,&though&it&is&claimed&that&there&is&no&danger&to&be&associated&with&atomic&power&stations,&they&are&being&sited&away&from&populous¢res.
The&present&position&is&that&the&three&main&sources&of&power&are&coal,&oil&and
water&power.&We&sometimes&refer&to&electricity&,gas&or&petrol&as&if&they&were&the&actual&source&of&power&,&forgetting&that&electricity&must&be&generated&by&the&consumption&of&coal&or&oil&or&by&the&utilization&of&water&power,&whilst&coke,gas&and&petrol&are&examples&of&secondary&fuels&by&which&coal&and&oil&may&be&more&effectively&used.
Where&alternative&sources&of&power&are&available&there&are&some&marked&contrasts&in&handling.&The&bulk&and&weight&of&coal&required&in&the&majority&of&manufacturing&industries&is&large&in&comparison&with&the&bulk&and&weight&of&other&raw&materials.&This&is¬&always&true--was&with&the&manufacture&of&pig&iron&and&steel&from&low-grade&iron&ores--&but&it&did&lead&to&the&concentration&of&industrial&developments&on&the&coal-fields,&a&phenomenon&well&seen&in&such&countries&as&Britain&where&the&Industrial&Revolution&came&before&the&days&of&oil&or&electricity.&Coal&being&a&solid&must&be&distributed&mainly&by&rail&or&water.
By&way&of&contrast&oil&can&be&transported&large&distances&by&pipeline&but&overseas&movement&has&involved&building&of&large&numbers&of&tankers,&including&now&some&of&the&largest&vessels&afloat.&Unless&suitable&on&other&grounds&oilfields&have¬&become&industrial&&on&the&contrary&the&oil&industry&is&marked&by&a&certain&amount&of&smell&and&an&element&of&danger,&hence&the&siting&of&refineries&at&a&distance&from&population¢res.&It&is¬&always&realized&that&the&owners&of&pipelines&can&handle&the&oil&of&different&customers,&sending&it&through&at&different,&periods.&Natural&gas&can&also&be&transported&large&distances&by&pipe.&Early&in&1959&Britain&received&the&first&ship&cargo&of&natural&gas----liquefied&for&the&purpose&of&transport.
L44 The Backward Society
If&a&nation&is&essentially&disunited,&it&is&left&to&the&government&to&hold&it&together.&This&increases&the&expense&of&government,&and&reduces&correspondingly&the&amount&of&economic&resources&that&could&be&used&for&developing&the&country,&And&it&should¬&be&forgotten&how&small&those&resources&are&in&a&poor&and&backward&country.&Where&the&cost&of&government&is&high,&resources&for&development&are&correspondingly&low.
This&may&be&illustrated&by&comparing&the&position&of&a&nation&with&that&of&a&private&business&enterprise.&An&enterprise&has&to&incur&certain&costs&and&expenses&in&order&to&stay&in&business.&For&our&purposes,&we&are&concerned&only&with&one&kind&of&cost--the&cost&of&managing&and&administering&the&business.&Such&administrative&overhead&in&a&business&is&analogous&to&the&cost&of&government&in&a&nation.&The&administrative&overhead&of&a&business&is&low&to&the&extent&that&everyone&working&in&the&business&can,&be&trusted&to&behave&in&a&way&that&best&promotes&the&interests&of&the&firm.&If&they&can&each&be&trusted&to&take&such&responsibilities,&and&to&exercise&such&initiative&as&falls&within&their&sphere,&then&administrative&overhead&will&be&low.&It&will&be&low&because&it&will&be&necessary&to&have&only&one&man&looking&after&each&job,&without&having&another&man&to&check&upon&what&he&is&doing,&keep&him&in&line,&and&report&on&him&to&someone&else.&But&if&no&one&can&be&trusted&to&act&in&a&loyal&and&responsible&manner&towards&his&job,&then&the&business&will&require&armies&of&administrators,&checkers,&and&foremen,&and&administrative&overhead&will&rise&correspondingly.&As&administrative&overhead&rises,&so&the&earnings&of&the&business,&after&meeting&the&expense&of&administration,&will&&and&the&business&will&have&less&money&to&distribute&as÷nds&or&invest&directly&in&its&future&progress&and&development.
It&is&precisely&the&same&with&a&nation.&To&the&extent&that&the&people&can&be&relied&upon&to&behave&in&a&loyal&and&responsible&manner,&the&government&does¬&require&armies&of&police&and&civil&servants&to&keep&them&in&order.&But&if&a&nation&is&disunited,&the&government&cannot&be&sure&that&the&actions&of&the&people&will&be&in&the&interests&of&the&&and&it&will&have&to&watch,&check,&and&control&the&people&accordingly.&A&disunited&nation&therefore&has&to&incur&unduly&high&costs&of&government.
New&words&and&expressions
Disunited a.分裂的
Economic&resource经济实力
Incur vt.承担
Backward a.落后的
Administrative a.行政管理的&Overhead
a.一般费用
Analogous a.类似的
Behave vi.行动
Sphere n.范围
Keep&sb.&in&line
使某人协调
Checker n.检查人员&Foreman n.监工
Dividend n.红利
Civil&servant 文职人员
Notes&on&the&text
~all&the&people&团结所有的人民
Unify&（思想）统一 Union
Unification&Reunion团聚
In&China,&spring&festival/mid&autumn&day&is&a&good&time&for&reunion.在中国，中秋节/春节是团聚的好时间
Chinese&people&are&hoping/expecting&the&reunion&between&the&mainland&and&Taiwan&Island.中国人希望大陆两岸统一。
In&199x,&the&two&Germanies&reunifaction.&在199X年东西德统一
承担&后面跟抽象名词&（费用，成本）I&have&a&family&to&support/feed/bear.
招致，导致&（不好的恶果）&Pride&incur&failure.=invite,lead
Forward&先进的&Backward&nation
Forward&country
Under&developed&欠发达
Developing&发展中
Organ&机构&Administrator 管理者
Administration
Bush&administration
bush当局（西方用人名，中国用地名）
Beijing&administration&MBA
master&of&business&and&administration
Sphere Hemisphere 半球
Eastern&hemisphere
西半球Western&hemisphere 东半球
Semi-colony 半殖民Feudal&society
封建社会Semi-feudal 半封建Semifinal&半决赛
Domain 域&Field&
scope 眼界province
领域He&is&very&provincial&他没有远见
Dividend （入股的）红利&Allowance 津贴Bonus
Civil&marriage 不在教堂举行的婚礼
She&keeps&the&family&in&line.她把家打理得井井有条。
State&有政治概念State&law&
State&visit&政事访问
C&therefore&so
He&wrote&me&5&letters,&correspondingly&I&answered&5.
Where&the&cost&of&government&is&high,&resources&for&development&are&correspondingly&now.Where&可当作if&翻译Where&there&is&life,&there&is&hope
Compare&with&与…..&比较
Contrast&比较，侧重异&compare&侧重&相同&Compare&to&比作
Private&(business)&enterprise&/individual&enterprise&/one&man&enterprise&私企
Out&of&business&破产
Concern&with&:talk&about
Concern&for/about&关心
I&concern&for&your&health.
Is&low&to&the&extent/degree&that&……..=&is&so&low&that
Exercise&initiative&发挥能动性&Initiative&stage&初级阶段
Within&their&sphere/&to&their&utmost&尽其最大力量
Report&sth&报道&Report&on&汇报
I'm&reading&carefully.&I'm&reading&with&care.&I'm&reading&in&a&careful&manner.
An&army&(group)&of
Meet&expense&收支相抵
On&one's&behalf
For&one's&benefit&代表某人的利益
It's&in&your&interest&to&tell&truth&(be&honest).
L45 The Process of Ageing
At&the&age&of&twelve&years,&the&human&body&is&at&its&most&vigorous.&It&has&yet&to&reach&its&full&size&and&strength,&and&its&owner&his&or&her&full&&but&at&this&age&the&likelihood&of&death&is&least.&Earlier&we&were&infants&and&young&children,&and&consequently&more&&later,&we&shall&undergo&a&progressive&loss&of&our&vigour&and&resistance&which,&though&imperceptible&at&first,&will&finally&become&so&steep&that&we&can&live&no&longer,&however&well&we&look&after&ourselves,&and&however&well&society,&and&our&doctors,&look&after&us.&This&decline&in&vigour&with&the&passing&of&time&is&called&ageing.&It&is&one&of&the&most&unpleasant&discoveries&which&we&all&make&that&we&must&decline&in&this&way,&that&if&we&escape&wars,&accidents&and&diseases&we&shall&eventually&die&of&old&age,&and&that&this&happens&at&a&rate&which&differs&little&from&person&to&person,&so&that&there&are&heavy&odds&in&favour&of&our&dying&between&the&ages&of&sixty-five&and&eighty.&Some&of&us&will&die&sooner,&a&few&will&live&longer--&on&into&a&ninth&or&tenth&decade.&But&the&chances&are&against&it,&and&there&is&a&virtual&limit&on&how&long&we&can&hope&to&remain&alive,&however&lucky&and&robust&we&are.
Normal&people&tend&to&forget&this&process&unless&and&until&they&are&reminded&of&it.&We&are&so&familiar&with&the&fact&that&man&ages,&that&people&have&for&years&assumed&that&the&process&of&losing&vigour&with&time,&of&becoming&more&likely&to&die&the&older&we&get,&was&something&self-evident,&like&the&cooling&of&a&hot&kettle&or&the&wearing-out&of&a&pair&of&shoes.&They&have&also&assumed&that&all&animals,&and&probably&other&organisms&such&as&trees,&or&even&the&universe&itself,&must&in&the&nature&of&things&'wear&out'.&Most&animals&we&commonly&observe&do&in&fact&age&as&we&do&if&given&the&chance&to&live&long&&and&mechanical&systems&like&a&wound&watch&or&the&sun,&do&in&fact&run&out&of&energy&in&accordance&with&the&second&law&of&thermodynamics&(whether&the&whole&universe&does&so&is&a&moot&point&at&present).&But&these&are¬&analogous&to&what&happens&when&man&ages&A&run-down&watch&is&still&a&watch&and&can&be&rewound.&An&old&watch,&by&contrast,&becomes&so&worn&and&unreliable&that&it&eventually&is¬&worth&mending&But&a&watch&could&never&repair&itself&it&does¬&consist&of&living&parts,&only&of&metal,&which&wears&away&by&friction.&We&could,at&one&time,&repair&ourselves&well&enough,&at&least,&to&overcome&all&but&the&most&instantly&fatal&illnesses&an&accidents.&Between&twelve&and&eighty&years&we&gradually&lose&this&&an&illness&which&at&twelve&would&knock&us&over,&at&eighty&can&knock&us&out,&and&into&our&grave.&If&we&could&stay&as&vigorous&as&we&are&at&twelve,&it&would&take&about&700&years&for&half&of&us&to&die,&and&another&700&for&the&survivors&to&be&reduce&by&half&again.
New&words&and&expressions
infant 婴儿(会说点话) baby婴儿(不会说话)
the&infant&industry新兴产业in&its&infancy在初始阶段
vulnerable脆弱的be&vulnerable&to受不了
fragile脆弱 (health/body)
barefaced厚颜无耻的 defenceless脆弱的(不设防的,无保护的)
imperceptible感觉不到的(大多数p开头的形容词，反义词加im)
invisible看不到的indiscernible观察不到的minute微小的
subtle细微的
steep急转直下的（陡峭的）steep poor health
身体状况急转直下steep&demand苛刻的要求
ageing老化
aged wine陈酿
odds可能性 There are/is odds that he will turn up.=The
odds are that he will turn up
likelihood可能性
It's&odds&that…
/The&odds&are…
/There&are&odds… 都是 ……有可能
virtual实际的
robust强健的&（乐百氏）muscular强壮的athletic壮的
thickset结实的
kettle水壶
wearing-ou&t穿破
thermodynamics热力学
moot&point有争议的
run-down破旧的
decrepit衰老dilapidated破旧的shabby破旧的（房子）
Notes&on&the&text
1.vigorous&后省略stage
同义词:lively/robust/dynamic
2.yet=however&yet&可在句中,不用标点
however用在句中要用逗号
3.stealthy&slide&out&of&room溜出房间&play&truant逃学
4.injection
cry&one's&eyes&out嚎啕大哭
5.undergo经历&up&and&down/&lows&and&highs沉浮
6.the&passing&of&time时光流逝
7.heavy&odds极大可能
8.virtual:physical
9.寿命life-span life&expectancy
10.tend&to&倾向，不由自主
Unless and until 连词的连用
11.spoil&oneself糟蹋自己
12.the&…the&…并列比较
13.organism有机体
In the nature of things 插入语
14.wind上发条
wound上了发条的
run-down发条不紧的
15.but=except
16.fatul=deadly&致命的
L46 The Menace of Urban Explosion from The
After&millennia&of&growth&so&slow&that&each&generation&hardly¬iced&it,&the&cities&are&suddenly&racing&off&in&every&direction.&The&world&population&goes&up&by&two&per¢&a&year,&city&population&goes&up&by&four&per¢&a&year,&but&in&big&cities&the&rate&may&be&as&much&as&five&and&six&per¢&a&year.&To&give&only&one&example&of&almost&visible&acceleration,&Athens&today&grows&by&three&dwellings&And&100&square&metres&of&road&every&hour.&There&is&no&reason&to&believe&that&this&pace&will&slacken.&As&technology&gradually&swallows&up&all&forms&of&work,&industrial&and&agricultural,&the&rural&areas&are&going&to&shrink,&just&as&they&have&shrunk&in&Britain,&and&the&vast&majority&of&their&people&will&move&into&the&city.&In&fact,&in&Britain&now&only&about&four&or&five&per¢&of&people&live&in&rural&areas&and&depend&upon&&all&through&the&developing&world&the&vanguard&of&the&rural&exodus&has&reached&the&urban&fringes&already,&and&there&they&huddle,&migrants&in&the&favellas&and&barrios&of&Latin&America,&in&shanty&towns&in&Africa,&in&those&horrifying&encampments&one&sees&on&the&outskirts&of&Calcutta&and&Bombay.&We&are&heading&towards&an&urban&world.
This&enormous&increase&will&go&ahead&whatever&we&do,&and&we&have&to&remember&that&the&new&cities&devour&space.&People&now&acquire&far&more&goods&and&things.&There&is&a&greater&density&of&household&&they&demand&more&services&such&as&sewage&and&drainage.&Above&all&the&car&changes&everything:&rising&incomes&and&rising&populations&can&make&urban&car&density&increase&by&something&like&four&and&five&per¢&in&a&&traffic&flows&rise&to&fill&whatever&scale&of&highways&are&provided&for&them.&The&car&also&has&a&curious&ambivalence:&it&creates&and&then&it&destroys&mobility.&The&car&tempts&people&further&out&and&then&gives&them&the&appalling&problem&of&getting&back.&It&makes&them&believe&they&can&spend&Sunday&in&Brighton,&but&makes&it&impossible&for&them&to&return&before,&say,&two&in&the&morning.&People&go&further&and&further&away&to&reach&open&air&and&countryside&which&continuously&recedes&from&them,&and&just&as&their&working&weeks&decline&and&they&begin&to&have&more&time&for&leisure,&they&find&they&cannot&get&to&the&open&spaces&or&the&recreation&or&the&beaches&which&they&now&have&the&time&to&enjoy.
Recently&some&studies&were&made&in&the&behavior&of&mice&when&exposed&to&more&than&a&certain°ree&of&density,&frustration,&and&noise,&and&the&mice&just&became&deranged.&I&think&some&sociologists&wonder&whether&it&might¬&be&the&same&for&men.&This&combination&of&very&high&density&of&population,&goods&and&services,&and&machines,&all&increasing&with&almost&bruta1&speed,&does&account&for&some&really&antisocial&tendencies&in&modern&urban&growth.
L47 Plato Today
&The&modern&Plato,&like&his&ancient&counterpart,&has&an&unbounded&contempt&for&oliticians&and&statesmen&and&party&leaders&who&are¬&university&men.&He&finds&politics&a&dirty&game,&and&only&enters&them&reluctantly&because&he&knows&that&at&the&very&least&he&and&his&friends&are&better&than&the&present&gang.&Brought&up&in&the&traditions&of&the&ruling&classes,&he&has&a&natural&pity&for&the&common&people&whom&he&has&learnt&to&know&as&servants,&and&observed&from&a&distance&at&their&work&in&the&factory,&at&their&play&in&the&parks&and&holiday&resorts.&He&has&never&mixed&with&them&or&spoken&to&them&on&equal&terms,&but&has&demanded&and&generally&received&a&respect&due&to&his&position&and&superior&intelligence.&He&knows&that&if&they&trust&him,&he&can&give&them&the&happiness&which&they&crave.&A&man&of&culture,&he&genuinely&despises&the&self-made&industrialist&and&newspaper-king:&with&a&modest&professional&salary&and&a&little&private&income&of&his&own,&he®ards&money-making&as&vulgar&and&avoids&all&ostentation.&Industry&and&finance&seem&to&him&to&be&activities&unworthy&of&gentlemen,&although,&alas,&many&are&forced&by&exigencies&of&circumstance&to&take&some&part&in&them.&intellectual,&he&gently&laughs&at&the&superstitions&of&most&Christians,&but&attends&church®ularly&because&he&sees&the&importance&of&organized&religion&for&the&maintenance&of&sound&morality&among&the&lower&orders,&and&because&he&dislikes&the&scepticism&and&materialism&of&radical&teachers.&His&genuine&passions&are&for&literature&and&the&philosophy&of&science&and&he&would&gladly&spend&all&his&time&in&studying&them.&But&the&plight&of&the&world&compels&his&unwilling&attention,&and&when&he&sees&that&human&stupidity&and&greed&are&about&to&plunge&Europe&into&chaos&and&destroy&the&most&glorious&civilization&which&the&world&has&known,&he&feels&that&it&is&high&time&for&men&of&good&sense&and&good&will&to&intervene&and&to&take&politics&out&of&the&hands&of&the&plutocrats&of&the&Right&and&the&woolly-minded&idealists&of&the&Left.&Since&he&and&his&kind&are&the&only&representatives&of&decency&combined&with&intelligence,&they&must&step&down&into&the&arena&and&save&the&masses&for&themselves.
New&words&and&expressions
1．Plato柏拉图Platonic&love:&friendship&between&woman&and&man&of&mind&and&spirit
西方文明由1、christianity 2、苏格拉底，亚里士多德，柏拉图构成
2．counterpart相对立的人
度假胜地&retreat&胜地summer&resort&避暑山health&resort&疗养胜地spot&胜地
4．mix&相混合&He&mixes&well./&He&is&a&good&mixer.他左右逢源。
5．Crave&混合&crave&for&fresh&air渴望新鲜空气&craving贪婪
6．Genuinely真正的
genuine=pure&纯正的&real=true真的
authentic&正宗的，真品Sincere真诚
7.vulgar粗陋的
8.ostentation卖弄、炫耀&ostentatious
adj&pretentious adj&showy
adj&flashy adj
9.alas&哎呀&10.exigency&紧迫&emergency紧迫，急诊
11．Christian基督教徒Christianity基督教&Christ基督&Islam/Moslem伊斯兰教Buddhism佛教Buddha如来佛
12.religion宗教&religious宗教的 enter
into religion 出家
13.morality道德&moral道德
14．Scepticism怀疑论
15.materialism唯物主义&materialist务实者，唯物主义者&idealist理想主义者，唯心者dialectical&materialism辩证唯物主义&historical&materialism历史唯物主义
16.radical激进的
17.plight困境trap/plunge/sink&into&plight陷入困境&dilemma左右为难的
18.greed贪婪avaricious贪婪的&insatiable不知足的
19.plunge使陷入&I&plunge&myself&into&poverty&我陷入贫困
Gambling&plunged&him&into&failure&in&business.赌博使他陷入商业失败的境地。
20.chaos混乱chaotic混乱的anarchy无政府状态&lawlessness无法无天&bedlam疯人院
21.plutocrat富豪&Pluto&冥王星
22.the&Right&右翼&the&Left左翼&rightist右派&leftist左派
23.decency体面&decent体面的
for&the&seek&of&decency为了面子
Notes&on&the&text
1.the&modern&Plato&:the&person&who&is&like&Plato&in&our&modern&society.
2.stateman&政治家&plitician政客
3.A&university&is&a&place&where&those&who&hate&ignorance&may&strive&to&know,&where&those&who&pursue&truth&who&strike&to&make&others&see.大学是憎恶无知的人求知之所,是寻求真理的人诲人之处.
4.them&:political&activities.
5.at&the&very&least说句公道话
6.gang&:group&of&people&在英文中,一般无褒义.
7.bring&up:
bring&sb.&up
8.on&equal&terms平等的地位
on&speaking&terms
They&keep&good&terms&with&each&other.
The&two&neighbors&are¬&on&borrowing&term.这两个邻居从不来往
9.newspaper-king&报业巨子
10.modest适当的
11.sound:good,healthy
12.teacher=advocator说教者
13.genuine&passions一种热切的激情plight
14.compet=win
15be&about&to&do:&do&sth&very&soon
16.high&time&=good&time早就该
17.intervene干涉 woolly-minded 糊涂脑袋的
18.mob乌合之众
19.arena舞台
20.课文短语
unbound&contempt&for
a&natural&pity
on&equal&terms
superior&intelligence
a&man&of&culture
self-made&industrialist
newspaper-king
unworthy&of&gentlemen
plunge&into
man&of&good&sense
L48 What Every Writer Wants from
I&have&known&very&few&writers,&but&those&I&have&known,&and&whom&I&respected,&confess&at&once&that&they&have&little&idea&where&they&arc&going&when&they&first&set&pen&to&paper.&They&have&a&character,&perhaps&two,&they&are&in&that&condition&of&eager&discomfort&which&passes&for&inspiration,&all&admit&radical&changes&of&destination&once&the&journey&has&&one,&to&my&certain&knowledge,&spent&nine&months&on&a&novel&about&Kashmir,&then&reset&the&whole&thing&in&the&Scottish&Highlands.&I&never&heard&of&anyone&making&a&'skeleton',&as&we&were&taught&at&school.&In&the&breaking&and&remaking,&in&the&timing,&interweaving,&beginning&afresh,&the&writer&comes&to&discern&things&in&his&material&which&were¬&consciously&in&his&mind&when&he&began.&This&organic&process,&often&leading&to&moments&of&extraordinary&self-discovery,&is&of&an&indescribable&fascination.&A&blurred&image&appears,&he&adds&a&brushstroke&and&another,&and&it&is&&but&something&was&there,&and&he&will¬&rest&till&he&has&captured&it.&Sometimes&the&yeast&within&a&writer&outlives&a&book&he&has&written.&I&have&heard&of&writers&who&read¬hing&but&their&own&books,&like&adolescents&they&stand&before&the&mirror,&and&still&cannot&fathom&the&exact&outline&of&the&vision&before&them.&For&the&same&reason,&writers&talk&interminably&about&their&own&books,&winkling&out&hidden&meanings,&super-imposing&new&ones,begging&response&from&those&around&them.&Of&course&a&writer&doing&this&is&misunderstood:&he&might&as&well&try&to&explain&a
crime&or&a&love&affair.&He&is&also,&incidentally,&an&unforgivable&bore.
This&temptation&to&cover&the&distance&between&himself&and&the&reader,&to&study&his&image&in&the&sight&of&those&who&do¬&know&him,&can&be&his&undoing:&he&has&begun&to&write&to&please.
A&young&English&writer&made&the&pertinent&observation&a&year&or&two&back&that&the&talent&goes&into&the&first&draft,&and&the&art&into&the&drafts&that&follow.&For&this&reason&also&the&writer,&like&any&other&artist,&has&no&resting&place,&no&crowd&or&movement&in&which&he&may&take&comfort,&no&judgment&from&outside&which&can&replace&the&judgment&from&within.&A&writer&makes&order&out&of&the&anarchy&of&his&&he&submits&himself&to&a&more&ruthless&discipline&than&any&critic&dreamed&of,&and&when&he&flirsts&with&fame,&he&is&taking&time&off&from&living&with&himself,&from&the&search&for&what&his&world&contains&at&its&inmost&point.
最难的课文 L55 L58 L58 L60
New&words&and&expressions
confess&承认
confess&one's&guilt&承认罪行
confess&that&I&am&guilty&(也可跟从句)
表示"承认"的词还有：admit,&acknowledge,&confined
confess与它们的区别在于：confess是宗教词汇（忏悔）
inspiration灵感 inspire激发
brain&wave灵机一动，脑波
sunden&inspiration灵机一动
radical&根本的 也有"激进"之意
（同）primary根本，fundamental基本，essential根本
interweave&交织 inter相互
weave&a&story&编故事
Weaving&Maid&织女
He&weaves&a&lie.撒谎
afresh&重新 =again
&fresh&student&新生
fresh&water淡水资源
I&am&fresh&here.
discern辩明，领悟 ——长期的考证，敏锐的目光（强调result）
&(同)observe——（科学上）长期、敏锐考证（强调process）
detect——侦察，侦探
spot——猛然发现（suddenly）&I&spotted&an&old&friend&of&mine.
indescribable无法描述的
beyond&description
&utter表述 unutterable非言语所能表达的
&express表达 expressible能表达的
inexpressible难以形容的
blur使……模糊不清
Tears&blur&my&eyes.泪水模糊了双眼。
blur&with由于……而看不清
befog——由于雾看不清 blot——墨水弄污 stain——由于污渍而弄得不美观
yeast激动 来源：酵母，发酵粉
I&am&yeasty.我有点激动。
yeasty&talk空洞的，一派胡言
fathom领悟，彻底了解 fathomless无法计量，无法了解的
fathomable能够了解的
原意：测量（水）深的手段
go&to&the&bottom&of&sth.研究
with&plumb研究
comprehend理解 penetrate深入，探索
interminably没完没了地 terminable可终止的，有期限的（有完有了：）
a&terminal（汽车）终点
（同）unbounded无边的，limitless无限的，无界限的，never&ending无限的cease停止
ceaselessly
winkle挖掘（向外挖） dig（向下）挖
易混：wrinkle皱纹
super&impose添上，加上 impose强加
He&is&very&imposing.他很威严。
Imposing&building宏伟的楼
love&affairs&恋爱
incidentally顺便说一下
（同）by&the&&in&passing
in&the&sight&of以某人观点
=in&the&eye&of
&He&is&in&sight.他出现了。
Out&of&sight
&Out&of&sight,out&of&mind.眼不见，心不烦。
undoing祸根 undo解开 ruin毁坏
&The&scandal&undoes&his&fame.丑闻把他的名声坏了。=The&scandal&is&the&undoing&of&his&bad
smoking&undoes&my&health.
pertinent中肯的
pertinent&suggestion/proposition合理建议
&（同）apposite适当的，suitable合适的，applicable可用的
&be&pertinent&to&sth.和……有关&=be&relative&to
flirt&with&sb.不认真对待某人。
flirtatious玩世不恭的，轻浮的
inmost内心深处的
=at&the&bottom&of&one's&heart
at&the&inmost&point
Notes&on&the&text
…those&I&have&known,&and&(whom)I&respect…这里whom可省略，但加上表示强调（为数少）
set&pen&to&paper诉诸笔端，也可以用apply&pen&to&paper&=&write
pass&for&(=&be®arded&as)被当作，被认为
a&train/line&of&thought思路
pick&me&up提神
destination目的地
journey旅途（跋山涉水地）（创作的历程）；
而trip游山玩水地
to&my&(certain)&knowledge&=&as&I&know
set设置 reset重新设置
heard&of听说
skeleton骷髅；提纲&=outline
breaking打破&=drop
remaking重新构想 rethinking
timing时间的转换
interweaving交织
come&to逐步的
organic有机的（flexible）
self-discovery自我发现（对自己人性的解刨）
reflection思索
psychology心理学
be&of结构，表示一种状态
It&is&interesting.&=&It&is&of&interest.
revise修改（谈到写作）
a&blurred&image&appears突然出现了一个模糊
image&=&figure
brushstroke绘画的技巧
not&until直到……才
condensed&thinking浓缩的思想
(&=&live&longer&than)超出……，活得比……长
outnumber数目超过，比……多；&outwit比……聪明
total&immersion完全沉浸其间（作家最高境界）
narcissist自我陶醉者，自恋狂
narcissus水仙花
winkling&out发掘出
might&as&well&(&=&have&reason,&is&reasonable)
He&might&as&well&be&proud&of&son.
bore令人讨厌的人
black&look遭人白眼
cover&the&distance弥补之间的距离（=&cater
pertinent中肯的
a&year&or&two&back&=&a&year&or&two&years&ago
talent智慧
like&any&other表示单数"任何一个"
make&order调理程序
submit&to屈服、容忍&=bear
discipline纪律
critic批评家
when&he&flirts&with&fame当他不太考虑名誉问题的时候
错误，应为：追求名誉
take&time&off休息
from&living&with&himself不再探索内心的感受
at&its&inmost&point在内心深处
L49 Balloon Astronomy
Rockets&and&artificial&satellites&can&go&far&above&the&ionosphere,&and&even&escape&from&the&Earth.&Yet&they&are&complex&and&expensive,&and&in&their&present&stage&of&development&they&cannot&lift&massive&telescopes,&keep&them&steady&while&the&observations&are&being&carried&out,&and&then&return&them&safely.&Balloons&are&much&easier&to&handle,&and&are&also&vastly&cheaper.&Their&main&limitation&is&that&they&are&incapable&of&rising&to&the&ionosphere.&A&height&of&between&80,000&and&90,000&feet&is&as&much&as&can&reasonably&be&expected,&and&so&balloon-borne&instruments&can&contribute&little&to&either&ultra-violet&astronomy&or&X-ray&astronomy.&All&the&same,&the&balloon&has&much&to&be&said&in&its&favour,&since&it&can&at&least&carry&heavy&equipment&above&most&of&the&atmospheric&mass--thus&eliminating&blurring&and&unsteadiness&of&the&images.&Moreover,&water-vapour&and&carbon&dioxide&in&the&lower&air&absorb&most&of&the&infra-red&radiations&sent&to&us&from&the&planets.&Balloon&ascents&overcome&this&hazard&with&ease.
Hot-air&balloons&date&back&to&the&year&1783,&and&within&a&few&months&of&the&first&flight&a&French&scientist,&Charles,&went&up&two&miles&in&a&free&balloon.&Yet&there&is&little&resemblance&between&these&crude&vehicles&and&a&modern&scientific&balloon,&which&has&by&now&become&an&important&research&tool.
The&main&development&has&been&carried&out&by&M.&Schwarlschild&and&his&team&at&Princeton&University&in&the&United&States,&in&collaboration&with&the&United&States&Navy,&the&National&Science&Foundation,&and&the&National&Aeronautics&and&Space&Administration.&The&'Stratoscope'&flights&of&1959,&concerned&mainly&with&studies&of&the&Sun,&were&remarkably&successful,&and&the&project&has&now&been&extended.&With&Stratoscope&II,&the&overall&height&from&the&telescope&to&the&top&of&the&launch&balloon&is&666&feet,&the&balloons&together&weigh&over&two&tons,&and&another&two&tons&of&ballast&are&carried&for&later&release&if&height&has&be&maintained&during&the&night.&The&telescope,&plus&its&controls&weighs&three&and-a-half&tons.&Two&large¶chutes&arc&also&&in&case&of&emergency,&the&instruments&and&their&records&can&be&separated&from&the&main&balloon&system,&and&brought&down&gently.&Many&of&the&radio&and&electronic&devices&used&are&similar&to&those&of&artificial&satellites.
L50 British Canals
In&mediaeval×&rivers&were&the&veins&of&the&body&politic&as&well&as&economic.&Boundaries&between&states&or&shires,&they&were&crossed&by&fords&which&became&the&sites&of&towns,&or&by&bridges&which&were&often&points&of&battle.&Upon&rivers&the&people&of&that&time&depended&for&food,&power&and&transport.
In&our&day&fish&are&caught&in&the&sea&and&brought&to&us&by&rail&and&&only&the&angler&still&thinks&fresh-water&fish&important,&and&pollution&of&rivers&drives&him&into&smaller&and&smaller&reaches&in&which&to&practise&his&sport.&But&in&earlier×,&when&sea&fish&were&eaten&only&by&those&who&lived&on&the&sea&coast,&when&meat&was&obtainable&only&for&part&of&the&year,&and&when&fasts&were&frequent&and&universally&practised,&river&fish&played&an&important&part&in&the&national&life.&Every&abbey&and&great&man's&house&had&its&fish&pond,&and&across&the&rivers&great&and&small&stretched&the&fish&weirs,&usually&made&of&stakes&and&nets&or&basketwork.&Between&the&owners&of&the&fisheries&and&the&bargemaster&who&needed&an&unimpeded&passage&continuous&war&was&fought,&till&the&importance&of&fresh&water&fish&lessened&as&the&practice&of&fasting&ceased&to&be&universal,&as&meat&became&available&all&the&year&round,&and&as&the&transport&of&sea&fish&inland&became&practicable.
Rivers&were&also&the&most&important&source&of&power.&Every&stream&had&its&mills,¬&only&for&grinding&corn,&but&for&all&the&other&industrial&processes&of&the&time,&such&as&fulling*&cloth&or&driving&the&hammers&of&ironworks.&Placed&down&the&bank&wherever&a&head&of&water&could&be&got,&these&mills&were&to&be&found&on&the&tiny&stream&that&ran&through&a&village,&or&on&the&bigger&river&that&was&also&used&for&navigation.&An&artificial&cut&was&made&from&the&river&to&bring&the&water&at&proper&height&to&the&water-wheel,&and,&in&order&to&make&sure&of&a&supply&of&water&at&all&seasons,&the&mill-owner&usually&built&a&weir&across&the&river&to&hold&back&the&water&and&so&form&an&artificial&reservoir.&If&the&river&were&navigable,&the¢re&of&such&a&weir&was&made&of&planks&held&vertically&by&cross&beams&so&that&they&could&be&removed&when&it&was&necessary&to&pass&a&barge,&or&was&fitted&with&a&single&pair&of&gates.&Such&weirs&were&called&staunches&or&flash-&they&did¬&disappear&from&the&bigger&rivers&till&present×,&and&may&still&be&seen&in&the&Fens.
L51 Elephants
Two&main&techniques&have&been&used&for&training&elephants,&which&we&may&call&respectively&the&tough&and&the&gentle.&The&former&method&simply&consists&of&setting&an&elephant&to&work&and&beating&him&until&he&does&what&is&expected&of&him.&Apart&from&any&moral&considerations&this&is&a&stupid&method&of&training,&for&it&produces&a&resentful&animal&who&at&a&later&stage&may&well&turn&man-killer.&The&gentle&method&requires&more&patience&in&the&early&stages,&but&produces&a&cheerful,&good-tempered&elephant&who&will&give&many&years&of&loyal&service.
The&first&essential&in&elephant&training&is&to&assign&to&the&animal&a&single&mahout&who&will&be&entirely&responsible&for&the&job.&Elephants&like&to&have&one&master&just&as&dogs&do,&and&are&capable&of&a&considerable°ree&of&personal&affection.&There&are&even&stories&of&half-trained&elephant&calves&who&have&refused&to&feed&and&pined&to&death&when&by&some&unavoidable&circumstance&they&have&been&deprived&of&their&own&trainer.&Such&extreme&cases&must&probably&be&taken&with&a&grain&of&salt,&but&they&do&underline&the&general&principle&that&the&relationship&between&elephant&and&mahout&is&the&key&to&successful&training.
The&most&economical&age&to&capture&an&elephant&for&training&is&between&fifteen&and&twenty&years,&for&it&is&then&almost&ready&to&undertake&heavy&work&and&can&begin&to&earn&its&keep&straight&away.&But&animals&of&this&age&do¬&easily&become&subservient&to&man,&and&a&very&firm&hand&must&be&employed&in&the&early&stages.&The&captive&elephant,&still&roped&to&a&tree,plunges&and&screams&every&time&a&man&approaches,&and&for&several&days&will&probably&refuse&all&food&through&anger&and&fear.&Sometimes&a&tame&elephant&is&tethered&nearby&to&give&the&wild&one&confidence,&and&in&most&cases&the&captive&gradually&quietens&down&and&begins&to&accept&its&food.&The&next&stage&is&to&get&the&elephant&to&the&training&establishment,&a&ticklish&business&which&is&achieved&with&the&aid&of&two&tame&elephants&roped&to&the&captive&on&either&side.
When&several&elephants&are&being&trained&at&one&time&it&is&customary&for&the&new&arrival&to&beplaced&between&the&stalls&of&two&captives&whose&training&is&already&well&advanced.&It&is&then&leftcompletely&undisturbed&with&plenty&of&food&and&water&so&that&it&can&absorb&the&atmosphere&of&itsnew&home&and&see&that¬hing&particularly&alarming&is&happening&to&its&companions.&When&it&iseating&normally&its&own&training&begins.&The&trainer&stands&in&front&of&the&elephant&holding&a&longstick&with&a&sharp&metal&point.&Two&assistants,&mounted&or&tame&elephants,&control&the&captivefrom&either&side,&while&others&rub&their&hands&over&his&skin&to&the&accompaniment&of&amonotonous&and&soothing&chant.&This&if&supposed&to&induce&pleasurable&sensations&in&theelephant,&and&its&effects&are&reinforced&by&the&use&of&endearing&epithets,&such&as&'ho&!&my&son',&or'ho&!&my&father',&or&'my&mother',&according&to&the&age&and&sex&of&the&captive.&The&elephant&is¬immediately&susceptible&to&such&blandishments,&however,&and&usually&lashes&fiercely&with&itstrunk&in&all&directions.&These&movements&are&controlled&by&the&trainer&with&the&metal-pointedstick,&and&the&trunk&eventually&becomes&so&sore&that&the&elephant&curls&it&up&and&seldomafterwards&uses&it&for&offensive&purposes.
L52 The Earth Beneath
An&earthquake&comes&like&a&thief&in&the&night,&without&warning.&It&was&necessary,&therefore,&to&inventinstruments&that&neither&slumbered&nor&slept.&Some&devices&were&quite&simple.&one,&for&instance,consisted&of&rods&of&various&lengths&and&thicknesses&which&would&stand&up&on&end&like&ninepins.when&a&shock&came&it&shook&the&rigid&table&upon&which&these&stood.&If&it&were&gentle,&only&the&moreunstable&rods&fell.&If&it&were&severe,&they&all&fell.&Thus&the&rods&by&falling,&and&by&the&direction&inwhich&they&fell,&recorded&for&the&slumbering&scientist&the&strength&of&a&shock&that&was&too&weak&towaken&him&and&the&direction&from&which&it&came.
But&instruments&far&more&delicate&than&that&were&needed&if&any&really&serious&advance&was&to&bemade.&The&ideal&to&be&aimed&at&was&to&devise&an&instrument&that&could&record&with&a&pen&on&paper&themovements,&of&the&ground&or&of&the&table,&as&the&quake&passed&by.&While&I&write&my&pen&moves,&butthe&paper&keeps&still.&With&practice,&no&doubt,&I&could&in&time&learn&to&write&by&holding&the&still&whilethe&paper&moved.&That&sounds&a&silly&suggestion,&but&that&was&precisely&the&idea&adopted&in&some&ofthe&early&instruments&(seismometers)&for&recording&earthquake&waves.&But&when&table,&penholderand&paper&are&all&moving&how&is&it&possible&to&write&legibly?&The&key&to&a&solution&of&that&problemlay&in&an&everyday&observation.&Why&does&a&person&standing&in&a&bus&or&train&tend&to&fall&when&asudden&start&is&made?&It&is&because&his&feet&move&on,&but&his&head&stays&still.&A&simple&experimentwill&help&us&a&little&further.&Tie&a&heavy&weight&at&the&end&of&a&long&piece&of&string.&With&the&hand&heldhigh&in&the&air&hold&the&strings&so&that&the&weight&nearly&touches&the&ground.&Now&move&the&hand&toand&fro&and&around&but¬&up&and&down.&It&will&be&found&that&the&weight&moves&but&slightly&or¬&atall.&Imagine&a&pen&attached&to&the&weight&in&such&a&way&that&its&point&rests&upon&a&piece&of&paper&onthe&floor.&Imagine&an&earthquake&shock&shaking&the&floor,&the&paper,&you&and&your&hand.&In&the&midstof&all&this&movement&the&weight&and&the&pen&would&be&still.&But&as&the&paper&moved&from&side&to&sideunder&the&pen&point&its&movement&would&be&recorded&in&ink&upon&its&surface.&It&was&upon&thisprinciple&that&the&first&instruments&were&made,&but&the&paper&was&wrapped&round&a&drum&whichrotated&slowly.&As&long&as&all&was&still&the&pen&drew&a&straight&line,&but&while&the&drum&was&beingshaken&the&line&that&the&pen&was&drawing&wriggled&from&side&to&side.&The&apparatus&thus&described,however,&records&only&the&horizontal&component&of&the&wave&movement,&which&is,&in&fact,&muchmore&complicated.&If&we&could&actually&see&the&path&described&by&a&particle,&such&as&a&sand&grain&inthe&rock,&it&would&be&more&like&that&of&a&bluebottle&buzzing&round&the&&it&would&be&up&and&down,to&and&fro&and&from&side&to&side.&Instruments&have&been&devised&and&can&he&so&placed&that&all&threeelements&can&be&recorded&in&different&graphs.
When&the&instrument&is&situated&at&more&than&700&miles&from&the&earthquake¢re,&the&graphicrecord&shows&three&waves&arriving&one&after&the&other&at&short&intervals.&The&first&records&the&arrivalof&longitudinal&vibrations.&The&second&marks&the&arrival&of&transverse&vibrations&which&travel&moreslowly&and&arrive&several&minutes&after&the&first.&These&two&have&travelled&through&the&earth.&It&wasfrom&the&study&of&these&that&so&much&was&learnt&about&the&interior&of&the&earth.&The&third,&or&mainwave,&is&the&slowest&and&has&travelled&round&the&earth&through&the&surface&rocks.
L53 The Story of the French Foreign Legion
The&French&Foreign&Legion&was&founded&by&a&Royal&Ordinance,&written&on&a&small&piece&of&officialFrench&War&Office¬epaper&dated&March&9th,&1831,&and&signed&by&the&then&reigning&monarch&ofFrance,&Louis-Philippe.&He&had&been&on&the&throne&for&barely&eight&months&when&he&authorized&thismeasure,&which&was&as&much&a&product&of&necessity&as&of&careful&planning,&although&there&may&bedivided&views&on&this.
The&reasons&for&forming&the&French&Foreign&Legion&were&probably&twofold.&In&the&first&place&themen&of&the&disbanded&royal&bodyguard&and&the&Regiment&of&Hohenlohe,&suddenly&turned&loose&onto&the&street&of&a&capital&seething&with&unrest,&unemployed&and&perhaps&disgruntled&at&their&abruptdismissal,&were&a&potentially&dangerous&element.&They&were&trained&to&the&use&of&arms,&and&shouldthey&become&tools&of&the&politically&ambitious&or&discontented&they&would&present&a&distinctmenace&to&the&new®ime,¬&yet&too&firmly&established&and&sure&of&itself.
For&some&time&Paris&had&been&swarming&with&countless&other&discharged&foreign&soldiers&who&hadserved&in&the&French&army&at&various×&under&the&Empire&and&the&Republic,&many&of&whomwere&in&needy&circumstances&and&open&to&suggestion,&whilst&others&were&openly&looking&for&troubleand&always&ready&to&take&part&in&any&disturbance.&It&was&clearly&both&expedient&and&desirable&toremove&these&dangers&as&far&away&from&the&capital&as&possible.
Next,&the&Algerian&adventure&had&begun,&and&it&appeared&that&this&might&prove&expensive&in&lives.The&more&Frenchmen&killed&in&North&Africa,&the&less&popular&the&government&at&home&would&be,&soif&foreign&cannon&fodder&was&available&so&much&the&better.&The&Algerian&landing&had&been&viewedwith&mixed&feelings&in&a&politically÷d&France,&but&there&does¬&seem&to&have&been,&anymarked&indication&on&the&part&of&the&politicians&that&they&were&unanimous&that&the&occupationshould&be&abruptly&&most&were&wary&and&many&apprehensive&as&to&how&the&Algerianbusiness&would&turn&out.
The&formation&of&a&foreign&legion&seemed&therefore&to&be&an&ideal&method&of&killing&these&two&birdswith&one&stone.&Once&the&conditions&were&made&clear&there&does¬&seem&o&have&been&any&seriousopposition.
Marshal Soult was reputed to be the man behind the
scheme both for removing and using the unemployed foreign
ex-soldiers. He could not have failed to recognize, once they were
formed into disciplined units, how useful they would be, both for
garrison duty and for active operations in Algeria, nor the fact
that if their casualties were heavy or their conditions not of the
best, there would be no embarrassing reaction for agitation in
France on their behalf.
The Royal Ordinance decreed that there should be a
legion formed foreigners for service outside France, which was to
be called the 'Foreign Legion' and it was to be part of the French
army and under the control of the War Minister. It laid down that
as far as possible companies should be composed of men of the same
nationality or who spoke a common language. Algeria was
nonspecifically mentioned but as it was the only scrap of foreign
territory of any size possessed by France at that moment, there was
no doubt as to the meaning of the phrase 'outside France'.
In the anxiety to get dubious, restless characters
out of the country no questions were asked as to nationality,
previous record or history, and no proof of identity was required.
The name and particulars given by the recruit were accepted at face
value and many gave noms de guerre, for understandable reasons.
Thus the practice began, and the tradition started of 'asking no
questions’. This tradition of guaranteeing anonymity began to
develop quickly, although it was not until later that it was
carried to the extreme of denying all knowledge of any individuals
who were in its ranks and of refusing point blank to answer
questions or to allow any outside contact with the
legionnaires.
L54 Are There Strangers in Space?
We must conclude from the work of those who have
studied the origin of life, that given a planet&
only approximately like our own, life is almost certain to start.
Of all the planets in our own solar& system we arc
now pretty certain the Earth is the only one on which life can
survive. Mars is too dry and poor in oxygen, Venus far too hot, and
so is Mercury, and the outer planets have temperatures near
absolute zero and hydrogen-dominated atmospheres. But other suns,
stars as the astronomers call them, are bound to have planets like
our own, and as the number of stars in the universe is so vast,
this possibility becomes virtual certainty. There are one hundred
thousand million stars in our own Milky Way alone, and then there
are three thousand million other Milky Ways, or Galaxies, in the
universe. So the number of stars that we know exist is estimated at
about 300 million million million.
Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that
has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and
intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that
intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.
If then we are so certain that other intelligent
life exists in the universe, why have we had no visitors from outer
space yet ? First of all, they may have come to this planet of ours
thousands or millions of years ago, and found our then prevailing
primitive state completely uninteresting to their own advanced
knowledge. Professor Ronald Brace well, a leading American
radio-astronomer, argued inNature that such a superior
civilization, on a visit to our own solar system, may have left an
automatic messenger behind to await the possible awakening of an
advanced civilization. Such a messenger, receiving our radio and
television signals, might well re-transmit them back to its
home-planet, although what impression any other civilization would
thus get from us is best left unsaid.
But here we come up against the most difficult of
all obstacles to contact with people on other planets--the
astronomical distances which separate us. As a reasonable guess,
they might, on an average, be 100 light years away. (A light year
is the distance which light travels at 186,000 miles per second in
one year, namely 6 million million miles.) Radio waves also travel
at the speed of light, and assuming such an automatic messenger
picked up our first broadcasts of the 1920's, the message to its
home planet is barely halfway there. Similarly, our own Present
primitive chemical rockets, though good enough to orbit men, have
no chance of transporting us to the nearest other star, four light
years away, let alone distances of tens or hundreds of light
Fortunately, there is a 'uniquely rational way' for
us to communicate with other intelligent beings, as Walter Sullivan
has put it in his excellent recent book, We are not alone. This
depends on the precise radio-frequency of the 21-cm wavelength, or
1420 megacycles per second. It is the natural frequency of emission
of the hydrogen atoms in space and was discovered by us in 1951; it
must be known to any kind of radio-astronomer in the universe.
Once the existence of this wave-length had been
discovered, it was not long before its use as the uniquely
recognizable broadcasting frequency for interstellar communication
was suggested. Without something of this kind, searching for
intelligences on other planets would be like trying to meet a
friend in London without a Pre-arranged rendezvous and absurdly
wandering the streets in the hope of a chance encounter.
L55 Patterns of Culture
Custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject
of any great moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel
to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom have a way of
thinking, is behaviour at its most commonplace. As a matter of
fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the
world over, is a mass of detailed behaviour more astonishing than
what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no
matter how aberrant. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the
matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role
that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great
varieties it may manifest.
No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes.
He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and
ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probings he cannot go
behi his very concepts of the true and the
false will still have reference to his particular traditional
customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part
played by custom in shaping the behaviour of the individual as over
against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as
the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue over
against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the
vernacular of his family. When one seriously studies the social
orders that have had the opportunity to develop autonomously, the
figure becomes no more than an exact and matter-off-fact
observation. The life history of the individual is first and
foremost an accommodation to the patterns and standards
traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his
birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and
behaviour. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of
his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in
its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs,
its impossibilities his impossibilities. Every child that is born
into his group will share them with him, and no child born into one
on the opposite side of the globe can ever achieve the thousandth
part. There is no social problem it is more incumbent upon us to
understand than this of the role of custom. Until we are
intelligent as to its laws and varieties, the main complicating
facts of human life must remain unintelligible.
The study of custom can be profitable only after
certain preliminary propositions have been accepted, and some of
these propositions have been violently opposed. In the first place
any scientific study requires that there be no preferential
weighting of one or another of the items in the series it selects
for its consideration. In all the less controversial fields like
the study of cacti or termites or the nature of nebulae, the
necessary method of study is to group the relevant material and to
take note of all possible variant forms and conditions. In this way
we have learned all that we know of the laws of astronomy, or of
the habits of the social insects, let us say. It is only in the
study of man himself that the major social sciences have
substituted the study of one local variation, that of Western
civilization.
Anthropology was by definition impossible as long
as these distinctions between ourselves and the primitive,
ourselves and the barbarian, ourselves and the pagan, held sway
over people's minds. It was necessary first to arrive at that
degree, of sophistication where we no longer set our own belief
over against our neighbour's superstition. It was necessary to
recognize that these institutions which are based on the same
premises, let us say the supernatural, must be considered together,
our own among the rest. &
New&words&and&expressions
a&way&of&thinking&一种想法
commonplace a.平凡的 口头语common
the&other&way&around相反
aberrant a.脱离常轨的，异常的；（医）变异，失常
ab-表示"偏离，脱离或离开"&=&irregular
normal正常——abnormal不正常；use用——abuse滥用；
（近）eccentric怪异的；straying偏离的：a&stray&dog野狗；go&astray步入歧途
trivial a.微不足道的，琐碎的triviality细节，琐事（见lesson12）
frist&rate第一流
A-one第一等的，第一流的；topflight最棒的；
second&to&none首屈一指；second&to&次于
predominant a.占优势的，起支配作用的 predominace n.
dominate统治地位
pre-前面的&=&superior,preponderate
paramount绝对重要； principal主要的；校长
manifest vt.清楚地表现 illustrate
vi.举例说明；图解；加插图于；阐明vi.举例
&portray绘画
pristine a.原始的（太古年代）(lesson27)
（近）primitive原始的（一般）；ancient古代的；prehistoric史前的
stereotype
n.陈规(lesson5)break&through打破
over&against和……相比&=&be&compared&with
vernacular n.方言
（和外语相比较）母语，mother&tongue的变体&
（近）dialect方言（在一国内）
accent口音
vary&from&person&to&person因人而异
accommodation n.适应
v.&accommodate容纳
He&accommodates&himself&to&sth.
&accommodation&to对……适应&=&adapt&to,&adjustment&to
区别adoption采取，收养
incumbent a.义不容辞的，有责任的
结构：It&is&incumbent&on&sb.to&do…
responsible有责任的
responsible&for为……负责
proposition n.主张 来源：propose向……提议
Man&proposes,God&disposes.谋事在人，成事在天。
（近）tender投标，建议
unintelligible a.难理解的 intelligible可理解的
&区别：intellectual&知识分子；intelligent聪明的
read—readable—
comprehension—comprehensible—
discern—discernable—undiscernable
preferential a.优先的 来源：prefer&
favorable有利的
prefer&green&tea&to&black&tea./I&prefer&to&green&tea&rather&than&black&tea.
black&coffee&=&sugar&free&coffee现在国外最流行的：decaf&coffee
controversial a.引起争论的 controversy
n.论争（lesson39）
cactus n.仙人掌 复数形式：cacti拉丁变形
&abacus算盘—abaci(pl.);
alumnus校友—alumni(pl.)
termite n.白蚁
group vt.把……分类
variant a.不同的&variation
n.变化；变奏曲
&易混：various各种各样的；variety多样性
n.野蛮人&=&savage,vandal
pagan n.异教徒&相信不只有一个神的人或非基督教徒者
&区别heretic异教徒 信邪教的人
hold&sway&over支配，掌握
Superstition&holds&sway&over&my&brain/mind.
wield挥，统治，支配（lesson40）
sway（左右）摇；shake（上下）摇；swing（绕圈）摇
premise n.前提
大/小前提：major/minor&premise
&Only&on&the&premise&of&equality,can&we&further&negotiate.
institution n.惯例，风俗 长期的习惯，不一定要遵守（社会风俗）
&custom不同部落，种族
When&in&Rome,do&as&the&Romans&do.
&tradition有历史遗传（可指家庭习俗）
supernatural a.超自然的
Notes&on&the&text
The&basic&background&about&this&author:
Ruth&Benedict&(female)
She&is&a&famous&anthropologist.
"Cultural&relativism"文化相关论
subject&(&=&topic,theme)
great&moment&=&significance重要性
The&inner&workings&of&our&own&brains…倒装句式
正常：we&feel&the…workings&to&be…
宾语前置，强调宾语
workings运作（可数名词）
uniquely独特的&=&only
worthy&of值得
commonplace a.后省略名词level
We&have&a&way&of&thinking.&=&as&we&view/see&it
As&a&matter&of&fact作为一个事实而言（&=&in&fact）
Traditional custom,taken the world over, is a mass
of detailed behaviour more astonishing than what any one person can
ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how aberrant.非常难句型
主语：Traditional&custom
谓语：is&a&mass
mass大量&=&collection
is&a&mass&=&is&a&whole/total
taken被动语态，"采样"，"取样"
take&the&world&over&=&throughout&the&world
detailed细致的
astonishing&=&surprising
evolve进化（develop）
the&predominant&role一个主导作用
experience实践
in&belief信仰，思维活动
it&may&manifest体现
variety多样性
第二段第一句话点出主题
pristine&eye原始的眼光&=&pure纯洁的
definite一定形式的，有限的
custom习俗
institution惯例
ways&of&thinking思维方式
probing&=&research,&studies研究
stereotype陈规，定式
very修饰名词表示强调
have&reference&to和……有关&=&be&connected&with
John&Dewey(1859-…)"哲学思想"：learning&by&doing
in&all&seriousness&=&seriously
the&part&=&the&role
在某一方面，用介词in
as…as比较 第一个as后面，风俗对人的影响——人对风俗的影响
&第二个as后面，母语总体的词汇比例——被吸收到家庭语言中的儿语
over&against对比，与……比较
orders&=&different&levels不同层面，不同阶层
have&had虚拟
autonomously auto自动 autonomous自治的
figure省略用法=figure&of&speech
no&more&than正好，恰好&=&just
observation观察，证明
life&history&生平
first&and&foremost&=&above&all最重要，首先
accommodation适应
pattern行为模式
standard规范，标准
hand&down&=&pass&on流传下来
group种族&=&race
born&into出生于
globe&=&earth
no——整体否定
cultural&transmission文化传递
it&is&more&incumbent&upon&us&to&understand…插入语
as&to&+名词&=&about&关于
complicating&=&difficult复杂
unintelligible难以理解的
not&until直到……才
until直到……为止
profitable有利可图的&=&be
