From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's . . The
may contain suggestions. (April 2010)
A tutor is an
who gives private lessons. Shadow education is a name for private supplementary tutoring that is offered outside the mainstream education system.
Normally, a tutor will help a student who is struggling in a subject of some sort. Also, a tutor may be provided for a student who wants to learn at home.
In the United States, the term "tutor" is generally associated with one who gives
instruction (sometimes within a school setting but often independently) in a given topic or field.
, form tutors are given the responsibilities of a
in a particular year group (up to 30 students). They usually work in year teams headed by a year leader, year head, or guidance teacher.[]
Form tutors will provide parents with most of the information about their child's progress and any problems they might be experiencing. Ordinarily, the form tutor is the person who contacts a parent if there is however, the year leader or guidance teacher may contact the parents, since the form tutor has full-time responsibility as a specialist subject teacher.
A 2012 study by the
and the Comparative Education Research Centre at the
pointed out that private tutoring can dominate the lives of young people and their families, maintain and exacerbate social inequalities, divert needed household income into an unregulated industry, and create inefficiencies in education systems. It can also undermine official statements about fee-free education and create threats to social cohesion.
In South Korea, nearly 90% of elementary students receive some sort of shadow education. In Hong Kong, about 85% of senior secondary students do so. 60% of primary students in West Bengal, India, and 60% of secondary students in Kazakhstan receive private tutoring.
Demand for tutoring in A by comparison globally, shadow education is most extensive in Asia. This is partly due to the stratification of education systems, cultural factors, perceptions of shortcomings in regular school systems, and the combination of growing wealth and smaller family sizes. Therefore, the education sector has become a profitable industry which businesses have created different kinds of products and advertisement such us "the king/queen of tutorial", a usual advertisement tactic of Hong Kong tutorial centers that has spread to South Korea, Thailand, Sri Lanka and India where tutors achieve "celebrity-like status". In some cases, successful Southeast Asian tutors will even embrace the title of "tutor". Online private tutor matching platform and online learning platform offering online learning materials are other creations.
In Cambodia, most tutoring is provided by teachers, whereas in Hong Kong, it is provided by individuals, small companies or large companies. In Mongolia, most tutoring is labor-intensive, while entrepreneurs in South Korea make use of computers and other forms of technology.
Some studies have estimated costs associated with "shadow education". In , expenditures on tutoring per child averaged $3.40 a month in 2011. In , average spending was lower, but still equated to about $2 per month.
In Georgia, household expenditures for private tutoring at the secondary school level was $48 million in 2011. In Hong Kong, the business of providing private tutoring to secondary schools reached $255 million in 2011.
In India, a 2008 survey estimated the size of the private tutoring sector to be $6.4 billion. In , families spent a whopping $12 billion in 2010 on private tutoring.
In the Republic of Korea, where the government has attempted to cool down the private tutoring market, shadow education costs have continually grown, reaching a staggering $17.3 billion in 2010. Household expenditures on private tutoring are equivalent to about 80% of government expenditures on public education for primary and secondary students.
In the United States, the tutoring market is fragmented. Some online tutoring marketplaces, however, have managed to aggregate a large number of private tutors on their platform and also tutoring data. For example, one such site has over 34,000 registered tutors in California and made tutoring hourly rate data for California public.
In many countries, individuals can become tutors without training. In some countries, including Cambodia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Lao PDR, and Tajikistan, the pattern of classroom teachers supplementing their incomes by tutoring students after school hours is more a necessity than a choice, as many teachers’ salaries hover close to the poverty line.
In the Republic of Korea, the number of private tutors expanded roughly 7.1% annually on average from 2001 to 2006, and by 2009 the sector was the largest employer of graduates from the humanities and social sciences.
Private tutoring is not always effective in raising
and in some schools students commonly skip classes or sleep through lessons because they are tired after excessive external study. This means that the shadow system can make regular schooling less efficient.
Teachers who spend more time focusing on private lessons than regular classes can cause greater inefficiencies in the mainstream school system. Situations in which teachers provide extra private lessons for pupils for whom they are already responsible in the public system can lead to corruption, particularly when teachers deliberately teach less in their regular classes in order to promote the market for private lessons.
When private tutoring is provided by well trained tutor however the effects can be dramatic, with pupils improving performance by two standard deviations. See also .
A 2012 study by the
and the Comparative Education Research Centre at the University of Hong Kong recommended policymakers across the region take a closer look at how ‘shadow education’ affects family budgets, children’s time, and national education systems. It suggested that in order to reduce the need for private lessons, improvements in mainstream schools should be made. Regulations are also needed to protect consumers.
Computer based learning at a tuition centre
A private tutor is a private instructor who
a specific subject or skill to an individual
or small group of students. Such attention ideally allows the student to improve knowledge or skills more rapidly than in a
setting. Tutors are often privately hired and paid by the student, the student's family or an agency. Some are used for remedial students or others needi some provide more advanced material for exceptionally capable and highly motivated students, or in the context of . Tutoring can also occur when one adult helps another adult student to study a specific course or subject that he/she is taking to get a better result. The adult can also let the student work on his/her own, and can be there if the student has any questions. The ultimate goal of a private tutor is to foster independence. When a student no longer requires private tutoring, the tutor successfully puts him/herself out of a job. Ironic as it may seem, a tutor's professional reputation is often measured in terms of the degree of self-imposed obsolescence.
Academic coaching is an evolution of mentoring applied to academics. Coaching involves a collaborative approach. Coaches try to help students learn how they best learn and how to operate in an academic environment. Tutors help students learn the material in individual courses while coaches help students learn how to be successful in school. In college, that includes such topics as: , time management, stress management, effective reading, note-taking, test-taking, and understanding how to use a syllabus. Academic coaches meet with the student regularly throughout the semester. Coaches work with students in all kinds of situations, not just those who are struggling academically. Some highly motivated, high-achieving students will have a coach to improve their learning efficiency. Academic coaching also occurs to help students prepare for entrance exams to gain entry to schools or universities. Tutoring may even be used for the whole application process to university. Academic coaching is a huge industry in Asia. For example, in India, a majority of students, be it of any class or stream, visit a coaching center or a "study circle."
Sometimes, current students act as tutors to other students. Sometimes, a classroom setting is not enough for a student to learn all of the material that they need to know in order to pass the test or to go on to harder classes. Academic tutoring from students at a higher grade level or experience in an academic setting can help to encourage and strengthen a student so that they do not fall behind.
For students, helping other students will be beneficial because the students can check themselves while they teach the lesson(s).
is a new way for a student to receive help, either scheduled or on-demand. Sessions are done through an application where a student and tutor can communicate. Common tools include chat, whiteboard, web conferencing, teleconferencing and other specialized applets which make it easier to convey information back and forth. For example, there are specialized applets designed specifically for mathematics which allow the use of mathematical symbols. There is also an example-tracing tutor program that uses a behavior graph. The tutor is able to create an outline program that works a specific problem step by step. The process is activated once the student selects that problem. This is helpful for those who need help but are not able to meet face to face with someone.
Online tutoring has been gaining popularity over the past couple of years due to the ease of being able to connect to a tutor at moment's notice when help is required.[] This is especially effective when a student is studying for a test that is scheduled for the next day at school and is stumped on a particular problem. Not all online tutoring companies offer an on-demand tutoring service.
is a form of tutoring that occurs in the home. Most often the tutoring relates to an academic subject or test preparation. This is in contrast to tutoring centers or tutoring provided through after-school programs. The service most often involves one-on-one attention provided to the pupil.
Solution assistance is a growing trend in the field of mathematics tutoring. This method of checking the accuracy of answers is particularly helpful for students without a computer or those students that live in remote areas.
In Canada and the United States, writing tutor is the common term used for individuals working one-on-one with students in college and university writing centers. The terms tutor and consultant are often used interchangeably, and both terms are used with deliberation as they are seen to represent a specific relationship, role, or activity between tutor and tutee. For example, Griffin, Keller, Pandey, Pedersen, and Skinner in their
survey of North American writing centers describe a tutor as an expert providing a less expert learner with knowledge, implying a transmission approach. In contrast, the consultant, also expert, collaborates with the tutee in addressing the writing task, implying a
approach. The focus of the
paradigm is to get rid of the idea that tutors are an authoritarian figure instead of someone who the student can collaborate with. Social constructionism is the dominant approach used in writing centers today versus the
approach that was favored in the 1970s and 1980s. Others who use the term writing tutor describe the tutor as facilitating learning through active listening, responding, as well as using silence and wait time. Taking the cue from the student, these writing tutors function much like the consultants described by Griffin et al., offering suggestions and working together on a given writing task. Regardless of the title, the intent and actions of the tutor are important to writing center practitioners. A tutor may say he/she is acting collaboratively with the student and unknowingly be enforcing her or his own agenda.
, Shadow Education: Private Supplementary Tutoring and its Implications for Policy Makers in Asia.
Kim, Kyung-Keun. 2010. "Educational Equality", in Lee, Chong J Kim, Seong-yul & Adams, Don (eds.), Sixty Years of Korean Education. Seoul: Seoul National University Press, p.302.
, Caritas, Community & Higher Education Service. 2010. Private Supplementary Tutoring of Secondary Students: Investigation Report. Hong Kong: Caritas.
, Pratham. 2011. Annual Status of Education Report 2010.
Kalikova, Saule & Zhanar Rakhimzhanova. 2009. "Private Tutoring in Kazakhstan", in Silova, Iveta (Ed.), Private Supplementary Tutoring in Central Asia: New Opportunities and Burdens.
Sharma, Yojana (27 November 2012). .
Dawson, Walter. 2010. "Private Tutoring and Mass Schooling in East Asia: Reflections of Inequality in Japan, South Korea, and Cambodia." Asia Pacific Education Review 11(1):14-24.
, Kwo, Ora & Mark Bray. 2011. "Facing the Shadow Education System in Hong Kong." IIAS Newsletter (University of Leiden, International Institute for Asian Studies)
Dong, Alison, Batjargal Ayush, Bolormaa Tsetsgee, & Tumendelger Sengedorj. 2006. "Mongolia". In Iveta Silova, Virginija Būdien?, & Mark Bray (Eds.), Education in a Hidden Marketplace: Monitoring of Private Tutoring. New York: Open Society Institute, pp.257-277
Aslam, Monazza & Paul Atherton. 2011. "The "Shadow" Education Sector in India and Pakistan: The Determinants, Benefits and Equity Effects of Private Tutoring." Presentation at the UKFIET (United Kingdom Forum for International Education and Training) Conference, University of Oxford, 13–15 September.
EPPM (International Institute of Education Policy, Planning & Management). 2011. Study of Private Tutoring in Georgia. Tbilisi: EPPM, p.29. (In Georgian)
Synovate Limited. 2011. Marketing survey of tutoring businesses in Hong Kong, cited in Modern Education Group Limited (2011), Global Offering (for stock market launch), Hong Kong, p.96.
Vora, Nikhil & Shweta Dewan. 2009. Indian Education Sector: Long Way from Graduation!. Mumbai: IDFC-SSK Securities Ltd., p.60.
Kim, Sunwoong & Ju-Ho Lee. 2010. "Private Tutoring and Demand for Education in South Korea." Economic Development and Cultural Change 58(2), p.261.
Kim, Kyung-Min & Daekwon Park. 2012. "Impacts of Urban Economic Factors on Private Tutoring Industry." Asia Pacific Education Review 13 (20), p.273.
Dawson, Walter. 2009. "The Tricks of the Teacher: Shadow Education and Corruption in Cambodia", in Heyneman, Stephen P. (ed.), Buying Your Way into Heaven: Education and Corruption in International Perspective. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers, pp.51-74; Bray & Lykins (2012), p.43.
Bloom, B. (1984). , Educational Researcher, 13:6(4-16).
. The Times Of India.
(PDF) 2015.
Leber, B. . Cognitive Tutoring Authoring 2.0. CTAT Basics 2015.
. coldfusion.louisville.edu 2016.
Geller, A.E., Eodice, M., Condon, F., Carroll, M., & Boquet, E.H. (2007) The Everyday Writing Center: A Community of Practice. Logan, Utah: Utah State University Press.
. coldfusion.louisville.edu 2016.
Murphy, C Sherwood, Steve (2011). St. Martin's Sourcebook for Writing Tutors (4th ed.). Boston /New York: Bedford / St. Martin's. p. 4.
Ryan, L. (2002). The Bedford Guide for Writing Tutors. (3rd ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's.
Lunsford, A. (2008). Collaboration, Control, and the Idea of a Writing Center. In C. Murphy and S. Sherwood, Eds., The St. Martin's Sourcebook for Writing Tutors. (3rd ed.) Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's.
: Hidden categories: 上传我的文档
 下载
 收藏
该文档贡献者很忙，什么也没留下。
 下载此文档
正在努力加载中...
同伴互评对非英语专业学生写作效果的研究
下载积分：1998
内容提示：同伴互评对非英语专业学生写作效果的研究
文档格式：PDF|
浏览次数：3|
上传日期： 18:42:14|
文档星级：
全文阅读已结束，如果下载本文需要使用
 1998 积分
下载此文档
该用户还上传了这些文档
同伴互评对非英语专业学生写作效果的研究
官方公共微信阅读下面的短文, 然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。In 1882 a baby girl caught a fever that was so fierce that she nearly died. She survived but the fever left its mark ― she could no longer see or hear. Because she could not hear,
she also found it very difficult to speak. So how did this child, blinded and deafened at 19 months old, grow up to become a world-famous author and public speaker?The fever cut her off from the outside world, depriving her of sight and sound. It was as if she had been thrown into a dark prison cell from which there could be no release. Luckily Helen was not someone who gave up easily. Soon she began to explore the world by using her other senses.Just before her seventh birthday, the family hired a private tutor ― Anne Sullivan. Anne was careful to teach Helen especially those subjects in which she was interested.Helen proved to be a remarkable scholar, graduating with honours from Radcliffe College in 1904. She had phenomenal powers of concentration and memory, as well as a dogged determination to succeed. While she was still at college she wrote “The Story of My Life”. This was an immediate success and earned her enough money to buy her own house.She toured the country, giving lecture after lecture. Many books were written about her and several plays and films were made about her life. Eventually she became so famous that she was invited abroad and received many honours from foreign universities and monarchs. In 1932 she became a vice-president of the Royal National Institute for the Blind in the United Kingdom.【写作内容】1. 概括短文的内容要点, 该部分的字数大约30词;2. 就“残疾人需要我们的关心”这个主题发表你的看法, 至少包含以下的内容要点, 该部分的大约120词:a) 以你认识或了解的残疾人为例, 简述残疾人面临的困难及其取得的成就;b) 举例说明人们是怎样关心和帮助残疾人的, 还存在哪些不足之处;c) 呼吁大家都来关心和帮助残疾人。【写作要求】可以使用实例或其它论述方法支持你的论点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接引用原文中的句子。【评分标准】概括准确、语言规范、内容合适，篇章连贯。 - 跟谁学
跟谁学学生版:genshuixue_student精品好课等你领在线咨询下载客户端关注微信公众号
搜索你想学的科目、老师试试搜索无锡
跟谁学学生版:genshuixue_student精品好课等你领在线咨询下载客户端关注微信公众号&&&分类：阅读下面的短文, 然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。In 1882 a baby girl caught a fever that was so fierce that she nearly died. She survived but the fever left its mark ― she could no longer see or hear. Because she could not hear,
she also found it very difficult to speak. So how did this child, blinded and deafened at 19 months old, grow up to become a world-famous author and public speaker?The fever cut her off from the outside world, depriving her of sight and sound. It was as if she had been thrown into a dark prison cell from which there could be no release. Luckily Helen was not someone who gave up easily. Soon she began to explore the world by using her other senses.Just before her seventh birthday, the family hired a private tutor ― Anne Sullivan. Anne was careful to teach Helen especially those subjects in which she was interested.Helen proved to be a remarkable scholar, graduating with honours from Radcliffe College in 1904. She had phenomenal powers of concentration and memory, as well as a dogged determination to succeed. While she was still at college she wrote “The Story of My Life”. This was an immediate success and earned her enough money to buy her own house.She toured the country, giving lecture after lecture. Many books were written about her and several plays and films were made about her life. Eventually she became so famous that she was invited abroad and received many honours from foreign universities and monarchs. In 1932 she became a vice-president of the Royal National Institute for the Blind in the United Kingdom.【写作内容】1. 概括短文的内容要点, 该部分的字数大约30词;2. 就“残疾人需要我们的关心”这个主题发表你的看法, 至少包含以下的内容要点, 该部分的大约120词:a) 以你认识或了解的残疾人为例, 简述残疾人面临的困难及其取得的成就;b) 举例说明人们是怎样关心和帮助残疾人的, 还存在哪些不足之处;c) 呼吁大家都来关心和帮助残疾人。【写作要求】可以使用实例或其它论述方法支持你的论点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接引用原文中的句子。【评分标准】概括准确、语言规范、内容合适，篇章连贯。阅读下面的短文, 然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。In 1882 a baby girl caught a fever that was so fierce that she nearly died. She survived but the fever left its mark ― she could no longer see or hear. Because she could not hear,
she also found it very difficult to speak. So how did this child, blinded and deafened at 19 months old, grow up to become a world-famous author and public speaker?The fever cut her off from the outside world, depriving her of sight and sound. It was as if she had been thrown into a dark prison cell from which there could be no release. Luckily Helen was not someone who gave up easily. Soon she began to explore the world by using her other senses.Just before her seventh birthday, the family hired a private tutor ― Anne Sullivan. Anne was careful to teach Helen especially those subjects in which she was interested.Helen proved to be a remarkable scholar, graduating with honours from Radcliffe College in 1904. She had phenomenal powers of concentration and memory, as well as a dogged determination to succeed. While she was still at college she wrote “The Story of My Life”. This was an immediate success and earned her enough money to buy her own house.She toured the country, giving lecture after lecture. Many books were written about her and several plays and films were made about her life. Eventually she became so famous that she was invited abroad and received many honours from foreign universities and monarchs. In 1932 she became a vice-president of the Royal National Institute for the Blind in the United Kingdom.【写作内容】1. 概括短文的内容要点, 该部分的字数大约30词;2. 就“残疾人需要我们的关心”这个主题发表你的看法, 至少包含以下的内容要点, 该部分的大约120词:a) 以你认识或了解的残疾人为例, 简述残疾人面临的困难及其取得的成就;b) 举例说明人们是怎样关心和帮助残疾人的, 还存在哪些不足之处;c) 呼吁大家都来关心和帮助残疾人。【写作要求】可以使用实例或其它论述方法支持你的论点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接引用原文中的句子。【评分标准】概括准确、语言规范、内容合适，篇章连贯。科目:最佳答案One possible version：The passage tells us a story of a great disabled woman ,Hellen Keller , who overcame the difficulties that she faced with a strong will , and achieved fantastic achievements in her life .As is known , disabled people have to over come much more difficulties than non-disabled people .Take Zhang Haidi for example .Zhang who has been unable to walk since she was five , never went to school , but has studied politics , literature, medical science and several foreign languages ,She also talks to other disabled pople on the Internet , giving them encouragement to succeed in their own lives .Nowadays more and more people are concerned about the disabled by encouraging them to struggle for success , helping them with their study and work .But many disabled people are still looked down upon, who can’t get equal opportunities such as good jobs, just owing to their disabilities .If I had the chance to say one thing to the world , it would be like this:Just having a disability doesn’t mean your life is meant to be in the dark .Let’s accept the disabled as they are and give them encouragement to live as rich and full a life as we do ! 解析
知识点:&&基础试题拔高试题热门知识点最新试题
关注我们官方微信关于跟谁学服务支持帮助中心