Do what you love, love what you do: An omnipresent mantra that&s bad for work and workers.
Stop Saying “Do What You Love, Love What You Do.” It Devalues Actual Work.
Stop Saying “Do What You Love, Love What You Do.” It Devalues Actual Work.
The DWYL-inspired apartment of designer Jessica Walsh.
Photo courtesy Mario de Armas/
&Do what you love. Love what you do.&
The command is framed and perched in a living room that can only be described as &well-curated.& A
and has been pinned, tumbl&d, and liked thousands of times. Though it introduces exhortations to labor into a space of leisure, the &do what you love& living room is the place all those pinners and likers long to be.
There&s little doubt that &do what you love& (DWYL) is now the unofficial work mantra for our time. The problem with DWYL, however, is that it leads not to salvation but to the devaluation of actual work&and more importantly, the dehumanization of the vast majority of laborers.
Advertisement
Superficially, DWYL is an uplifting piece of advice, urging us to ponder what it is we most enjoy doing and then turn that activity into a wage-generating enterprise. But why should our pleasure be for profit? And who is the audience for this dictum?
Get Slate in your inbox.
DWYL is a secret handshake of the privileged and a worldview that disguises its elitism as noble self-betterment. According to this way of thinking, labor is not something one does for compensation but is an act of love. If profit doesn&t happen to follow, presumably it is because the worker&s passion and determination were insufficient. Its real achievement is making workers believe their labor serves the self and not the marketplace.
Aphorisms usually have numerous origins and reincarnations, but the nature of DWYL confounds precise attribution. Oxford Reference links the phrase and variants of it to Martina Navratilova and Fran&ois Rabelais, among others. The Internet frequently attributes it to Confucius, locating it in a misty, orientalized past. Oprah Winfrey and other peddlers of positivity have included the notion in their repertoires for decades. Even the world of finance has gotten in on DWYL: &If you love what you do, it&s not &work,&& as the co-CEO of the private equity firm Carlyle Group .
The most important recent evangelist of DWYL, however, was the late Apple CEO Steve Jobs. In his graduation speech to the Stanford University Class of 2005, Jobs recounted the creation of Apple and inserted this reflection:
You&ve got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do.
Advertisement
In these four sentences, the words &you& and &your& appear eight times. This focus on the individual isn&t surprising coming from Jobs, who cultivated a very specific image of himself as a worker: inspired, casual, passionate&all states agreeable with ideal romantic love. Jobs conflated his besotted worker-self with his company so effectively that his black turtleneck and jeans became metonyms for all of Apple and the labor that maintains it.
Do what you love. Wear what you love.
Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images
But by portraying Apple as a labor of his individual love, Jobs elided the labor of untold thousands in Apple&s factories, hidden from sight on the other side of the planet&the very labor that allowed Jobs to actualize his love.
This erasure needs to be exposed. While DWYL seems harmless and precious, it is self-focused to the point of narcissism. Jobs& formulation of DWYL is the depressing antithesis to Henry David Thoreau&s utopian vision of labor for all. In &Life Without Principle,& Thoreau wrote:
& it would be good economy for a town to pay its laborers so well that they would not feel that they were working for low ends, as for a livelihood merely, but for scientific, even moral ends. Do not hire a man who does your work for money, but him who does it for the love of it.&
Advertisement
Admittedly, Thoreau had little feel for the proletariat. (It&s hard to imagine someone washing diapers for &scientific, even moral ends,& no matter how well paid.) But he nonetheless maintains that society has a stake in making work well compensated and meaningful. By contrast, the 21st-century Jobsian view asks us to turn inward. It absolves us of any obligation to, or acknowledgment of, the wider world.
One consequence of this isolation is the division that DWYL creates among workers, largely along class lines. Work becomes divided into two opposing classes: that which is lovable (creative, intellectual, socially prestigious) and that which is not (repetitive, unintellectual, undistinguished). Those in the lovable-work camp are vastly more privileged in terms of wealth, social status, education, society&s racial biases, and political clout, while comprising a small minority of the workforce.
In ignoring most work and reclassifying the rest as love, DWYL may be the most elegant anti-worker ideology around.
Photo by Brendan Smialowski/Getty Images
For those forced into unlovable work, it&s a different story. Under the DWYL credo, labor that is done out of motives or needs other than love&which is, in fact, most labor&is erased. As in Jobs& Stanford speech, unlovable but socially necessary work is banished from our consciousness.
Think of the great variety of work that allowed Jobs to spend even one day as CEO. His food harvested from fields, then transported across great distances. His company&s goods assembled, packaged, shipped. Apple advertisements scripted, cast, filmed. Lawsuits processed. Office wastebaskets emptied and ink cartridges filled. Job creation goes both ways. Yet with the vast majority of workers effectively invisible to elites busy in their lovable occupations, how can it be surprising that the heavy strains faced by today&s workers&abysmal wages, massive child care costs, etc.&barely register as political issues even among the liberal faction of the ruling class?
Advertisement
In ignoring most work and reclassifying the rest as love, DWYL may be the most elegant anti-worker ideology around. Why should workers assemble and assert their class interests if there&s no such thing as work?
&Do what you love& disguises the fact that being able to choose a career primarily for personal reward is a privilege, a sign of socioeconomic class. Even if a self-employed graphic designer had parents who could pay for art school and co-sign a lease for a slick Brooklyn apartment, she can bestow DWYL as career advice upon those covetous of her success.
If we believe that working as a Silicon Valley entrepreneur or a museum publicist or a think-tank acolyte is essential to being true to ourselves, what do we believe about the inner lives and hopes of those who clean hotel rooms and stock shelves at big-box stores? The answer is: nothing.
Nowhere has the DWYL mantra been more devastating to its adherents than in academia.
Photo by iStockphoto/Thinkstock
Advertisement
Yet arduous, low-wage work is what ever more Americans do and will be doing. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the &projected until 2020 are &personal care aide& and &home care aide,& with average salaries in 2010 of $19,640 per year and $20,560 per year, respectively. Elevating certain types of professions to something worthy of love necessarily denigrates the labor of those who do unglamorous work that keeps society functioning, especially the crucial
of caregivers.
If DWYL denigrates or makes dangerously invisible vast swaths of labor that allow many of us to live in comfort and to do what we love, it has also caused great damage to the professions it portends to celebrate. Nowhere has the DWYL mantra been more devastating to its adherents than in academia. The average Ph.D. student of the mid-2000s forwent the easy money of finance and law (now slightly less easy) to live on a meager stipend in order to pursue his passion for Norse mythology or the history of Afro-Cuban music.
The reward for answering this higher calling is an academic employment marketplace in which about &contract instructors who usually receive low pay, no benefits, no office, no job security, and no long-term stake in the schools where they work.
There are many factors that keep Ph.D.s providing such high-skilled labor for such low wages, including , but one of the strongest is how pervasively the DWYL doctrine is embedded in academia. Few other professions fuse the personal identity of their workers so intimately with the work output. Because academic research should be done out of pure love, the actual conditions of and compensation for this labor become afterthoughts, if they are considered at all.
In &Academic Labor, the Aesthetics of Management, and the Promise of Autonomous Work,&
of academic faculty, &[O]ur faith that our work offers non-material rewards, and is more integral to our identity than a &regular& job would be, makes us ideal employees when the goal of management is to extract our labor&s maximum value at minimum cost.&
Many academics like to think they have avoided a corporate work environment and its attendant values, but Marc Bousquet
that academia may actually provide a model for corporate management:
How to emulate the academic workplace and get people to work at a high level of intellectual and emotional intensity for fifty or sixty hours a week for bartenders& wages or less? Is there any way we can get our employees to swoon over their desks, murmuring &I love what I do& in response to greater workloads and smaller paychecks? How can we get our workers to be like faculty and deny that they work at all? How can we adjust our corporate culture to resemble campus culture, so that our workforce will fall in love with their work too?
No one is arguing that enjoyable work should be less so. But emotionally satisfying work is still work, and acknowledging it as such doesn&t undermine it in any way. Refusing to acknowledge it, on the other hand, opens the door to exploitation and harms all workers.
Ironically, DWYL reinforces exploitation even within the so-called lovable professions, where off-the-clock, underpaid, or unpaid labor is the new norm: reporters required to do the work of their , publicists expected to pin and tweet on weekends,
expected to check their work email on sick days. Nothing makes exploitation go down easier than convincing workers that they are doing what they love.
Fashion, media, and the arts are industries with employees willing to work for social currency instead of actual wages, all in the name of love.
Photo by Vittorio Zunino Celotto/Getty Images
Instead of crafting a nation of self-fulfilled, happy workers, our DWYL era has seen the rise of the adjunct professor and the unpaid intern: people persuaded to work for cheap or free, or even for a net loss of wealth. This has certainly been the case for all those interns working for college credit or those who actually purchase ultra-desirable fashion-house internships at auction. (Valentino and Balenciaga are among a handful of houses that . For charity, of course.) As an &reveals, the unpaid intern is an ever-larger presence in the American workforce.
It should be no surprise that , including fashion, media, and the arts. These industries have long been accustomed to masses of employees willing to work for social currency instead of actual wages, all in the name of love. Excluded from these opportunities, of course, is the overwhelming majority of the population: those who need to work for wages. This exclusion not only calcifies economic and professional immobility, but it also insulates these industries from the full diversity of voices society has to offer.
And it&s no coincidence that the industries that rely heavily on interns&fashion, media, and the arts&just happen to be the feminized ones, . Yet another damaging consequence of DWYL is how ruthlessly it works to extract female labor for little or no compensation. Women comprise the majority of the low-wage as care workers, adjunct faculty, and unpaid interns, they outnumber men. What unites all of this work, whether performed by GEDs or Ph.D.s, is the belief that wages shouldn&t be the primary motivation for doing it. Women are supposed to do work because they are natural nurturers and after all, they&ve been doing uncompensated child care, elder care, and housework since time immemorial. And talking money is unladylike anyway.
Do what you love and you&ll never work a day in your life! Before succumbing to the intoxicating warmth of that promise, it&s critical to ask, &Who, exactly, benefits from making work feel like nonwork?& &Why should workers feel as if they aren&t working when they are?& In masking the very exploitative mechanisms of labor that it fuels, DWYL is, in fact, the most perfect ideological tool of capitalism. If we acknowledged all of our work as work, we could set appropriate limits for it, demanding fair compensation and humane schedules that allow for family and leisure time.
And if we did that, more of us could get around to doing what it is we really love.
This piece is adapted from an essay that .大学英语四级考试
1.选择试题2.注册/登陆3.开始答题4.提交试卷5.查看成绩6.答案解析
您的位置：&& && && && 确认进入考试
2016年大学英语四级考试试题及答案解析(三十一)
第&1&题：填空题:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Academic Plagiarism. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:
& &1．学术抄袭现象日趋严重；
& &2. 分析学术抄袭现象产生的原因；
& &3. 探讨学术抄袭现象带来的原因；
Academic Plagiarism
答案解析：第&2&题：Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning):
How to Make Peace with Your Workload
& &Swamped (忙碌的), under the gun, just struggling to stay above water&; whatever office clich& you employ to depict it, we've all been in that situation where we feel like we might be swallowed up by our workload. Nonetheless many a way may be used to manage your to-do list to prevent feeling overwhelmed. How to make peace with your workload once and for all goes as follows.
& &Get organized
& &&Clear the deadwood out of your desk and keep your office in shape, which enhances your capability to handle other tasks and raises the probability that you'll retrieve the items you do need in a faster and easier fashion,& says Jeff Davidson who works as a work/life expert and writer of more than50 books on workplace issues. &&When something can be disposed, let it go, given in reality most of what you retain is replaceable.&
& &Joel Rudy, vice president of operations for Photographic Solutions, with better than thirty years of business management experience, believes that keeping organized is a must. &&Messy work areas are nonproductive in some measure. Provided that you can't locate a document or report easily because it's lost in a pile of mess, then you have a problematic situation,& he says. &Thereby you are supposed to take the time to tidy up your work areas and keep your important files, manuals and reports in an accessible location, which will maximize your efficiencies.&
& &Make a to-do list, then cover it up
& &It may sound weird, but it works, says Jessica Carlson, an account executive at Bluefish Design Studio which is an advertising consulting firm.
& &Carlson urges her team to utilize to-do lists to stay on track and highlight items that are a priority. &Cover up the list, with the exception of one high-priority task at one time,& she suggests. &&This will allow you to focus better otherwise, it will be easy to get overwhelmed if you're reading through a to-do list that spans an entire page. Concentrating on a single item will make your tasks appear like they are more doable,& Carlson says.
& &Stop multitasking
& &Despite what you may consider multitasking, it's counterproductive. Unless you're drinking coffee while scanning your morning e-mails, you're not saving any time by attempting to do ten things at once.
& &&If you find yourself getting tangled in too many things, it may be of much necessity of you to re-evaluate your involvement,& Rudy says. &&Your mind will wander from one topic to another and you may end up never accomplishing a thing.& Rudy recommends the best way to stop multitasking is to create priority lists with deadlines. &When applicable, complete one project before you move further onto the next one,& he says. Set time limits
& &Deborah Chaddock-Brown, a work-at-home single parent, says she's frequently overwhelmed by the demands of maintaining order in her residence and running her own business. Still, she manages to &do it all& by setting a time limit for each task. &I have the type of personality that flits (轻轻的掠过)from thing to thing because I do have so much on my plate,& Brown says.
& &&As a consequence I assign time slots: For the next 15 minutes I will participate in social media for the purpose of marketing my business (not sending photos or playing Farmville) and that is the only thing I am about to do for the next 15 minutes. When the time is up, I move on to the next task. That way, at night I don't end up with a pile of tasks to accomplish even though I felt busy all day.&
& &Talk to your manager
& &&Quite often, people are working on things that are no longer a top priority, but someone forgot to tell them (that they're no longer important). There are usually clear priorities in the manager' he or she has just not done a great job communicating those with the employee,& says Holly Green, CEO of The Human Factor.
& &Green's suggestion unfolds in this manner: &If you find yourself confronted with too many responsibilities, sit down, note the significant things you are in charge of, and go to your manager to have a conversation to discuss priorities, trade-offs, time commitments and interdependencies required to do each thing well, and then ask what you should stop working on or work on less so you can get the right things done.& Green says managers should be willing to help sort out priorities, so long as employees have a can-do approach and aren't just complaining about their workload. Eliminate time wasters
& &&If interruptions are keeping you from your responsibilities, learn how to deal with them accordingly,& says Eileen Roth, author of Organizing for Dummies. Roth proposes the following suggestions to combat disruptions: &Use voice mail to cut down on telephone interruptions, turn off the alert that says 'You've got an e-mail' and give staff members a set time to visit with you.&
& &Justin Gramm, president of Globella Buyers Realty, exemplifies Roth's point. &E-mail had been a big time waster for me in the past because it was a constant inerruption, causing me to lose focus onthe task at hand,& he says. Since determined to check his e-mails only twice a day, Gramm says he has become much more efficient. &&If people want to get more work done, they need to stop checking e-mails and get down to business,& he says. Assess your workload before taking on new tasks
& &&The paradox of today's work environment is that the more you do, the more that's expected of you,& Davidson says. In order to better assess your workload, Davidson suggests asking yourself the following questions before agreeing to undertake new responsibilities: Is the task aligned (使一致) with your
Are you likely to be as prone to saying yes to such a request t What else could you do that wou What other pressing tasks and responsibilities ar Does the other party have op Will he or she be crushed if you say no?
& &Want to know more?
& &Most of our experts recommended books for additional tips on how to maximize efficiency, but one book was mentioned time and again. Check out The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People.
Jeff Davidson suggests______.
A&redecorating one's office when it gets untidy
B&getting rid of unnecessary materials at work
C&cutting down trees blocking one's office
D&improving one's ability of handling documents
答案解析： 2小题>
According to Joel Rudy, what causes one's low efficiency at work?
A&His lack of sufficient working experience under his belt.
B&His weak will-power which can be easily crushed by heavy workload.
C&His lack of instruction in handling time while working.
D&His incapability of managing materials necessary for his doing work well
答案解析： 3小题>
What is becoming essential in managing a to-do list?
A&Concentrating on one task at a time.
B&Grinning and bearing it.
C&Getting overwhelmed over a long list.
D&Increasing your speed of dealing with your tasks.
答案解析： 4小题>
What may multitasking lead to?
A&Saving time.
B&Peace of mind at work.
C&Low efficiency.
D&Approval from your boss.
答案解析： 5小题>
After a change of ways to handle her work, Deborah Chaddock-Brown realizes that______.
A&she is skillful at using social media
B&she can't accomplish anything
C&setting time limits helps
D&she has a tendency to delay
答案解析： 6小题>
What does Holly Green think of some managers?
A&They are sometimes willing to talk about responsibilities.
B&They are faced with many tasks.
C&They hate talking about priorities.
D&They do not communicate well with their staff.
答案解析： 7小题>
How did Eileen Roth consider interruptions at work?
A&One should avoid using emails during work.
B&Sometimes interruptions may make you relaxed.
C&Email is a big time waster.
D&Measures should be taken to eliminate them.
答案解析： 8小题>
Justin Gramm decided to______ when he had realized that e-mails caused a big problem.
答案解析： 9小题>
Before taking on new tasks, Davidson proposes that one ______ first.
答案解析： 10小题>
In order to manage your work more efficiently, one is supposed to turn to ______ for more suggestions, according to some experts.
答案解析：第&3&题：Listening Comprehension（Section A）:
1小题>A&The professor forgot to give the homework.B&Prof. Shoesmith is out for a lecture at a conference.C&The class will not be given until next Tuesday.D&Tracy may not be an honest friend.答案解析：2小题>A&She was easily affected by traffic conditions.B&The woman was an efficient colleague.C&He was considerate of her lateness.D&Her explanation was not an acceptable one.答案解析：3小题>A&Eric is an honest boy.B&Eric has too high an opinion of Tokyo.C&Eric once had a job in Japan.D&What Eric said about Tokyo is believable.答案解析：4小题>A&Officer and soldier.B&Manager and office worker.C&Doctor and patient.D&Travel agent and customer.答案解析：5小题>A&He has made only a few trips abroad.B&He dislikes traveling to foreign cities.C&He prefers domestic cities as destinations of business trips.D&He wishes to stay in domestic cities.答案解析：第&4&题：Listening Comprehension（Section A）: 1小题>A&Colleagues.B&Instructor and student.C&Neighbors.D&Anchor and guest.答案解析：2小题>A&Sensitive groups.B&Disadvantaged groups.C&Abundant groups.D&Complicated groups.答案解析：3小题>A&Kids are facing big issues in life.B&Life is moving fast recently.C&Kids can not earn the living.D&Kids are growing up quickly.答案解析：4小题>A&Baby-sitting the children.B&Documenting the children.C&Complaining about the difficulty of living.D&Laboring the love for teenagers.答案解析：第&5&题：Listening Comprehension（Section A）: 1小题>A&Shocked.B&Surprised.C&Regretful.D&Happy.答案解析：2小题>A&She appreciates them.B&She thinks they are very interesting.C&She expects to buy some.D&She finds they are high-priced.答案解析：3小题>A&Pursue of luxury.B&Pursue of fame.C&Possession of both luxury and fame.D&None of the above.答案解析：第&6&题：Listening Comprehension（Section B）: 1小题>A&It is the 100th day since the opening of the Expo Park.B&The lucky number &8& happens to be the month and the date at the same time.C&It has been exactly 2 years since the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing.D&It is Sunday.答案解析：2小题>A&Stand in queue to buy a reservation ticket.B&Stand in queue for entry.C&Join a race.D&Visit other popular pavilions.答案解析：3小题>A&The Shanghai Expo's unveiling.B&9:36 a.m., Aug. 8.C&9:00 a.m., Aug. 8.D&4:00 a.m., Aug. 8.答案解析：第&7&题：Listening Comprehension（Section B）: 1小题>A&Plants and animals.B&Plants and fungi.C&Plants and human beings.D&Plants and earth.答案解析：2小题>A&Plants cannot see.B&Plants are invisible.C&Human beings cannot recognize certain species of plants.D&Plants are damaged rather than protected by human beings.答案解析：3小题>A&Plant more crops in the countryside.B&Build more habitat regions for human beings.C&Work out more plant protection and regeneration methods.D&Ensure great advancement in technology and economy.答案解析：第&8&题：Listening Comprehension（Section B）: 1小题>A&Unconscious biases.B&Mentally difference.C&Intelligent difference.D&Physically difference.答案解析：2小题>A&162.B&116.C&126.D&26.答案解析：3小题>A&Female students have a slight preference on female lecturers.B&Male students have no preference on male lecturers.C&Each gender have different preferences.D&Male students have much preference on male lecturers.答案解析：4小题>A&Legal aspect.B&Economic aspect.C&Education aspect.D&Social security.答案解析：第&9&题：Listening Comprehension（Section C）:
& &In 1995, Ryan Schreiber was a 19-year-old Minneapolis record-store clerk who wanted to publish a rock-music fanzine (杂志) but lacked access to a photocopier. Instead, he started a (1) , called it Pitchfork and began posting his thoughts on bands like Sonic Youth, Fugazi and the Pixies--groups whose songs (2) appeared on the radio or MTV. It was the first golden age of &indie& artists, back when the word was (3) for music released on (4) record labels, & (5) the artistic freedom and cachet that came from operating on the fringes.
& &By 2000, Schreiber had moved the site to Chicago, acquired some freelance writers and codified the Pitchfork review into a signature & (6) --a long, rambling personal opinion of an album, (7) by a rating on a scale from 0.0 to 10.0. But the site's (8) was still, to use his word, &&negligible&. That changed in October of that year, when Pitchfork posted a fawning, grandiloquent (夸张的) 10.0 review of Radio head's experimental rock album Kid A. Critic Brent DiCrescenzo's paean included lines like &butterscotch lamps along the walls of the tight city square bled upward into the cobalt sky& and became an Internet sensation--for all the wrong reasons.
& & (9) _______________________________.Schreiber and his writers knew what the Kid A., which later debuted at No. 1 on Billboard, really was a10.0 album. (10)____________________________&--like xylophone-prone Icelandic band Sigur R&s and harmonizing rockers Modest Mouse--began to act as stepping-stones to mainstream coverage. In the year of 2000, Modest Mouse moved from independent label Up Records to Sony-owned E (11)___________________________________________&. Their songs are now used in car commercials.
1小题>答案解析： 2小题>答案解析： 3小题>答案解析： 4小题>答案解析： 5小题>答案解析： 6小题>答案解析： 7小题>答案解析： 8小题>答案解析： 9小题>答案解析： 10小题>答案解析： 11小题>答案解析：第&10&题：Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth): In June of 2008, I was laid off from my &(1) &as a chemist for a pharmaceutical (医药的)company after 17 years in the industry.
& &What should I do for the rest of my life? I knew that I wanted to go back to academe (学院)someday, but I had always envisioned (设想) that would happen when I reached &(2) &age. Yet here I was at age 44, with a decision to make. I knew from recent experience that I &(3) &passing on knowledge to others more than actually using that knowledge to do the same type of work over and over. All things being equal, I realized I would rather teach than find another job in industry.
& &At that point I talked at &(4) &with my graduate adviser and several friends who worked in academe. They, &(5) &me that I could make enough money by moving somewhere with a lower cost of living, working in the summers for &(6) & income, and that while the odds that I would find a job at a research university were low, if I applied to undergraduate colleges, I had a &(7) &chance. Of finding a position. The second point was fine with me, because I wanted to teach, and running a research program focused on teaching undergraduates how to do research sounded &(8) &
& &The first interview was with my university, and it was short, because I already had a good quality and preparation.
& &A week later I traveled to the college for my second campus interview. I had dinner that night with several &(9) & members, followed by a full day of interviewing. In the early afternoon, I taught an organic-chemistry class, filling in for the usual professor, who watched along with other faculty members.
& &Finally, in late March 2010, my university &(10) & me a tenure-track (终身职位的) job.
I) retirement
B) enjoyed
C) faculty
D) stressful
&L) convinced
E ) extra &
M) position
F) reasonable
N) colleagaes
G) disappointment
O ) offered
H) satisfying
1小题>答案解析：2小题>答案解析：3小题>答案解析：4小题>答案解析：5小题>答案解析：6小题>答案解析：7小题>答案解析：8小题>答案解析：9小题>答案解析：10小题>答案解析：第&11&题：Reading Comprehension:
& &English is what matters. It has displaced rivals to become the language of diplomacy, of business, of science, of the Interact and of world culture. Many more people speak Chinese--but even they, in vast numbers, are trying to learn English. So, how did it happen, and why?
& &Take the beginnings of bilingualism (两种语言) in India, for example, which has stoked (促进)the growth of the biggest English-speaking middle class in the new Anglo sphere. That stems from a proposal by an English historian, Thomas Macaulay, in 1835, to train a new class of English speakers: &A class of persons, Indian in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinion, in morals, and in intellect.& At a stroke, notes Mr. Mc Crum, English became the &language of government, education and advancement, at once a symbol of imperial rule as well as of self-improvement&. India's English-speaking middle class is now one of the engines of that country's development and a big asset in the race to catch up with China.
& &Bit by bit, English displaced French from diplomacy and German from science. The reason for this was America's rise and the lasting bonds created by the British Empire. But the elastic &(灵活的),forgiving nature of the language itself was another. English allows plenty of sub-variants, from Singlish. in Singapore to Estglish in Estonia: the main words are familiar, but plenty of new ones dot the lexicon, along with distinctive grammar and syntax.
& &English as spoken by non-natives, however, is different. Listen to a South Korean businessman negotiating with a Pole in English and you will hear the difference: the language is curt, emphatic, stripped-down. Yet within spoken &Globish&, as Mr. McCrum neatly names it, hierarchies (等级) are developing. Those who can make jokes in Globish score over (优于) those who can't.
& &The big shift is towards a universally useful written Globish. Spellchecking and translation software mean that anyone can communicate in comprehensible (可理解的) written English. The English of e-mail, Twitter (一个社交网络和微服务网站) and text messaging is becoming far more mutually comprehensible than spoken English, which is fractured (支离破碎的) by differences in pronunciation, politeness and emphasis. Mr. McCrum aptly names the new lingo (语言) &an avenue for all thoughts&.
According to the first paragraph, &English is what matters& suggests that ______.
A&English is spoken by most of the people in the world
B&more and more Chinese begin to learn English
C&English has become the universal language in many fields
D&English has won the triumph over other languages
答案解析：2小题>
Which one is TRUE with India's middle class according to Paragraph Two?
A&English should become India's middle class' only language.
B&India's middle class learned the English way of living and thinking.
C&Although India's middle class learnt English, they were still Indians,
D&India's middle class dominated the political world.
答案解析：3小题>
Why did English displace French in diplomatic field and German in scientific field?
A&English-speaking countries held greater power in the world.
B&English was a changeable language.
C&America and the British Empire held a strong bond.
D&English's tolerant towards its sub-variants.
答案解析：4小题>
What's the spoken Globish according to the passage?
A&It is the English spoken by people from different countries.
B&It is a new-invented language spoken all over the world.
C&It is a universal language different from English.
D&It is the English developing hierarchies.
答案解析：5小题>
What's the written Globish's advantage over the spoken one?
A&The written one is more convenient.
B&The written one is more fractured.
C&The written one belongs to the higher class.
D&The written one is better for mutual understanding.
答案解析：第&12&题：Reading Comprehension:
& &According to one definition, the word &supplement& means &something added to complete a thing, to extend or strengthen the whole.&
& &Supplements can be very beneficial but you must be careful because, like any drug, all supplements pose potential risks. Before you start taking any, check with your doctor first.
& &A supplement may be natural but that doesn't mean taking it is completely without risk. Many, if not all, supplements have the potential to interact with prescription or over-the-counter drugs, cause harmful side effects if taken inappropriately, or even make existing medical conditions worse. That's why it's critical that you tell your health care providers about any supplements you take. In a University of Michigan study one-third of the patients taking supplements were using ones that could interact with their heart medications. Be especially cautious if you're taking blood-thinning medication like aspirin, Coumadin (warfarin), or Plavix (clopidogrel); many supplements, such as ginkgo biloba (银杏),ginseng (人参), garlic, vitamin E, fish oil, and coenzyme (辅酶) Q 10, also have blood-thinning properties, and the combined effect could lead to dangerous bleeding.
& &Also, the label may say &&natural& but that doesn't mean the supplements are any safer than medicinal drugs. They still include chemicals that have an that's why they work. So don't exceed the recommended dose, and don't take any supplement longer than advised. If you are pregnant or nursing, be doubly sure to check with your doctor before taking any supplements.
& &In the next few years you're bound to hear more and more about natural alternatives for lowering cholesterol and protecting the heart. But before you jump on any bandwagons (花车), take heed: No supplement is a substitute for the lifestyle changes, particularly good eating habits. The fact is that scientists will probably never be able to duplicate (复制) the complex effects and myriad health benefits of foods like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains with a pill. And of course, lowering your cholesterol with supplements while eating steak and ice cream with abandon, or taking hawthorn (山楂) or CoQ10 to lower your blood pressure while doing nothing to relieve the stress caused by your nerve-racking job, won't do your heart or your arteries (动脉) much good in the end.
According to the passage, which one belongs to supplements?
C&Vitamins.
D&Tomatoes.
答案解析：2小题>
Why is it important to tell your doctor about the supplements you take?
A&Supplements are harmful to health.
B&It's difficult to buy supplements outside the hospital.
C&All the supplements may interact with medicines.
D&Some supplements may cause side effects.
答案解析：3小题>
Which one is TRUE with the natural supplements?
A&Natural supplements include the elements just like drugs causing effect on our bodies.
B&It's more dangerous to take drugs than natural supplements.
C&People can make their own decision about how much and how long to take them.
D&Garlic, CoQ10 and hawthorn are natural supplements.
答案解析：4小题>
By saying &before you jump on any bandwagons, take heed& (Line 2, Para. 5 ), the author means
A&when you want to catch up a ear with flowers, you should be careful
B&you should think carefully before you buy the new alternatives
C&you should never buy the new alternatives
D&you should consult the health care provider when you want to take supplements
答案解析：5小题>
Which of the following can best summarize the passage?
A&Supplements have benefits and risks.
B&Natural supplements are not always safe.
C&You should know what you are getting.
D&Natural supplements do not cure all.
答案解析：第&13&题：填空题:Because much effort has been wasted on PC games, Jeff found it is______(他很难跟上同学) in every course he took this term.
&答案解析：第&14&题：填空题:Not only ______(我刚买的手机太贵了) but it doesn't work very well either.
&答案解析：第&15&题：填空题:It is very demanding for her to ______ (习惯于连续工作好几个小时) after having stayed unemployed for two years.
&答案解析：第&16&题：填空题:While going on business trip, he takes one extra battery lest his computer______(没电不能使用).
&答案解析：第&17&题：填空题:Experts reported that the occurrence of natural disasters is______(与环境恶化有很密切的关系).
&答案解析：第&18&题：Cloze:
& &The company, Embanet, put &(1) &millions to start the online business program. Its developers helped build the online courses for universities. It even pays--and, in rare cases, refers for possible hiring--the &(2) &who help teach students.
& &In&&(3) &, Embanet gets what Northeastern University's business dean calls &a sizable piece &of the tuition revenue. He won't say how much. But Embanet's chief executive says its&&(4) &&can&&(5) &&to a whopping (巨大的) 85 percent.
& &As more colleges dip their toes into the booming &online-education&&(6) &, & they're increasingly taking &those &steps&&(7) &&with companies & like &Embanet.&&(8) &&nonprofit universities trying to&&(9) &&in an online market aggressively&&(10) &&by for-profit colleges, the partnerships can rapidly bring&&(11) &&many students and millions of dollars in new revenue. That's becoming irresistible to a (an)&&(12) &&prominent(杰出的) set of clients. George Washington University, Boston University, and the University of Southern California, to pick just three, all work with online-service companies.
& & But the new breed of online collaboration(合作) can tread into&&(13) &&academic territory, delicious blurring &(模糊) the&&(14) &&between college and corporation. Derek C. Bok, a former president of Harvard University and author of a book on the commercialization of colleges,&&(15) &&companies' encroachment (入侵) into teaching. He worries that bottom-line thinking will drive decisions about how colleges&&(16) &&courses. They might choose exam formats that are&&(17) &&to grade, for example, to keep costs down.
& &&You're creating a whole set of temptations to make the choices that will increase profits rather than&&(18) &&education,& Mr. Bok says. Embanet says its college partners &&&(19) &&academic control. And&&(20) &&Mr. Bok's worries, the practice of contracting out parts of online education seems likely to expand.
答案解析：2小题>
A&professors
B&assistants
C&directors
D&presidents
答案解析：3小题>
B&exchange
答案解析：4小题>
答案解析：5小题>
答案解析：6小题>
A&profession
C&business
答案解析：7小题>
A&hand-in-hand
B&side-by-side
C&shoulder-to-shoulder
D&face-to-face
答案解析：8小题>
D&Even though
答案解析：9小题>
答案解析：10小题>
A&occupied
B&targeted
C&controlled
答案解析：11小题>
答案解析：12小题>
A&significantly
B&increasingly
C&importantly
D&occasionally
答案解析：13小题>
A&deliberate
B&delicate
C&delightful
D&delicious
答案解析：14小题>
答案解析：15小题>
A&questions
B&comments
答案解析：16小题>
B&transfer
答案解析：17小题>
答案解析：18小题>
B&increase
D&advocate
答案解析：19小题>
A&restrain
答案解析：20小题>
A&in the view of
B&in spite of
C&in the way of
D&in terms of
答案解析：
做了该试卷的考友还做了
··········