科学人科普作者
靠努力能解决的问题都不是问题，有时候偏偏拼的是人品。对，人品不是概率，而是一种可以通过做好事而积攒的运气。我们为什么会相信“人品”的存在呢？
原文：Moon Landing Faked!!!—Why People Believe in Conspiracy Theories
美国宇航局伪造了登月事件？全球变暖是个彻底的骗局？上个月的波士顿爆炸案是美国政府“自导自演的悲剧”？
Timothy Melley在《阴谋帝国》一书中写到，阴谋...
总觉得自己的男朋友不懂自己？这确实是常事，连心理学家都不得不承认这一点。一些研究发现，男人在识别女人的心理状态和情绪时存在的问题比识别男人的时候多的多。并且，相对于愤怒的女性面孔，男性识别同性的愤怒面孔会更快一些。
一直以来，这种现象的原因都不甚清楚，近期，德国的研究人员通过实验和脑部扫描技术，给...
因为也许这个理论印证了其内心的立场和观点,证实性偏见和主观验证
婴儿具有一种功能，就是能够识别任何我们看起来没什么区别的动物、外国人照片的不同,从他们对呈现的照片的注视时间可以看出，他们能够分辨出来这条狗和那条狗不是一条狗，即使成人都分辨不出,并且，其实人类在人生的早期是具有识别其他物种的个体之间区别的能力的
原文：Moon Landing Faked!!!—Why People Believe in Conspiracy Theories
美国宇航局伪造了登月事件？全球变暖是个彻底的骗局？上个月的波士顿爆炸案是美国政府“自导自演的悲剧”？
Timothy Melley在《阴谋帝国》一书中写到，阴谋...
总觉得自己的男朋友不懂自己？这确实是常事，连心理学家都不得不承认这一点。一些研究发现，男人在识别女人的心理状态和情绪时存在的问题比识别男人的时候多的多。并且，相对于愤怒的女性面孔，男性识别同性的愤怒面孔会更快一些。
一直以来，这种现象的原因都不甚清楚，近期，德国的研究人员通过实验和脑部扫描技术，给...
老师上课提到过的一个研究，关于负面情绪随时间推移的消退和认知视角的关系，研究结果大概是说如果认知视角是向前的话负面情绪会随着时间的推移消退更多。但是一直查不到这个研究的文献啊……
有人之前看到过这个研究吗？能给下研究文献的名字或者链接吗……
谢谢谢谢……
(C)2016果壳网&&&&京ICP证100430号&&&&京网文[-239号&&&&新出发京零字东150005号NVIDIA Recreates "Impossible" Moon Photos
Computer graphics hardware manufacturer NVIDIA
demonstrates its new Maxwell GPU by
modeling the illumination in Apollo photographs that
conspiracy theorists say display anomalous lighting.
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&BIBLIOGRAPHY10 Reasons the Moon Landings Could Be a Hoax - Listverse
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10 Reasons the Moon Landings Could Be a Hoax
December 28, 2012
The theory that the moon landings were hoaxed by the US government to assert their victory in the space race over Russia, is something which has grown in popularity over time.
Recent polls indicate that approximately 20% of Americans believe that the U.S. has never landed on the moon. After the Apollo missions ended in the seventies, why haven’t we ever been back? Only during the term of Richard Nixon did humanity ever land on the moon, and after Watergate most people wouldn’t put it past Tricky Dick to fake them to put America in good standing in the Cold War.
In this list I have presented some of the proposed evidence to suggest that the moon landings were hoaxes. I tried to include NASA’s explanations to each entry to provide an objective perspective.

Conspiracy theorists have pointed out that when the first moon landing was shown on live television, viewers could clearly see the American flag waving and fluttering as Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin planted it. Photos of the landing also seem to show rippling in a breeze, such as the image above which clearly shows a fold in the flag. The obvious problem here is that there’s no air in the moon’s atmosphere, and therefore no wind to cause the flag to blow.
Countless explanations have been put forward to disprove this phenomenon as anything unusual: NASA claimed that the flag was stored in a thin tube and the rippled effect was caused by it being unfurled before being planted. Other explanations involve the ripples caused by the reaction force of the astronauts touching the aluminum pole, which is shown to shake in the video footage.
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The claim goes as follows: had NASA really landed us on the moon, there would be a blast crater underneath the lunar module to mark its landing. On any video footage or photograph of the landings, no crater is visible, almost as though the module was simply placed there. The surface of the moon is covered in fine lunar dust, and even this doesn’t seem to have been displaced in photographic evidence.
Much like the waving flag theory, however, the lack of an impact crater has a slew of potential explanations. NASA maintains that the module required significantly less thrust in the low-gravity conditions than it would have done on Earth. The surface of the moon itself is solid rock, so a blast crater probably wouldn’t be feasible anyway – in the same way that an aeroplane doesn’t leave a crater when it touches down on a concrete airstrip.
On the moon there is only one strong light source: the Sun. So it’s fair to suggest that all shadows should run parallel to one another. But this was not the case during the moon landing: videos and photographs clearly show that shadows fall in different directions. Conspiracy theorists suggest that this must mean multiple light sources are present -suggesting that the landing photos were taken on a film set.
NASA has attempted to blame uneven landscape on the strange shadows, with subtle bumps and hills on the moon’s surface causing the discrepancies. This explanation has been tossed out the wind how could hills cause such large angular differences? In the image above the lunar module’s shadow clearly contradicts that of the rocks in the foreground at almost a 45 degree angle.


In order to reach the moon, astronauts had to pass through what is known as the Van Allen radiation belt. The belt is held in place by Earth’s magnetic field and stays perpetually in the same place. The Apollo missions to the moon marked the first ever attempts to transport living humans through the belt. Conspiracy theorists contend that the sheer levels of radiation would have cooked the astronauts en route to the moon, despite the layers of aluminum coating the interior and exterior of the spaceship.
NASA have countered this argument by emphasizing the short amount of time it took the astronauts to traverse the belt – meaning they received only very small doses of radiation.
After photographs of the moon landings were released, theorists were quick to notice a mysterious object (shown above) in the reflection of an astronaut’s helmet from the Apollo 12 mission. The object appears to be hanging from a rope or wire and has no reason to be there at all, leading some to suggest it is an overhead spotlight typically found in film studios.
The resemblance is questionable, given the poor quality of the photograph, but the mystery remains as to why something is being suspended in mid-air (or rather lack of air) on the moon. The lunar module in other photos appears to have no extension from it that matches the photo, so the object still remains totally unexplained.



In order to support claims that the moon landings were shot in a studio, conspiracy theorists had to account for the apparent low-gravity conditions, which must have been mimicked by NASA. It has been suggested that if you take the moon landing footage and increase the speed of the film x2.5, the astronauts appear to be moving in Earth’s gravity. As for the astronaut’s impressive jump height, which would be impossible to perform in Earth’s gravity, hidden cables and wires have been suggested as giving the astronauts some extra height. In some screenshots outlines of alleged hidden cables can be seen (the photograph above supposedly shows a wire, though it is extremely vague).
One compelling argument for the moon landing hoax is the total lack of stars in any of the photographic/video evidence. There are no clouds on the moon, so stars are perpetually visible and significantly brighter than what we see through the filter of Earth’s atmosphere.
The argument here is that NASA would have found it impossible to map out the exact locations of all stars for the hoax without being rumbled, and therefore left them out – intentionally falling back on an excuse that the quality of the photographs washes them out (an excuse they did actually give).
Some photographs are high-quality, however, and yet still no stars are shown. Certainly eerie, considering you can take pictures of stars from Earth in much lower quality and still see them.


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One of the most famous photos from the moon landings shows a rock in the foreground, with what appears to be the letter “C” engraved into it. The letter appears to be almost perfectly symmetrical, meaning it is unlikely to be a natural occurrence. It has been suggested that the rock is simply a prop, with the “C” used as a marker by an alleged film crew. A set designer could have turned the rock the wrong way, accidentally exposing the marking to the camera.
NASA has given conflicting excuses for the letter, on the one hand blaming a photographic developer for adding the letter as a practical joke, while on the other hand saying that it may simply have been a stray hair which got tangled up somewhere in the developing process.
The cameras used by astronauts during the moon landings had a multitude of cross-hairs to aid with scaling and direction. These are imprinted over the top of all photographs. Some of the images, however, clearly show the cross-hairs behind objects in the scene, implying that photographs may have been edited or doctored after being taken. The photograph shown above is not an isolated occurrence. Many objects are shown to be in front of the cross-hairs, including the American flag in one picture and the lunar rover in another.
Conspiracy theorists have suggested NASA printed the man-made objects over a legitimate photograph of the moon to hoax the landings – although if they really planned on doing this, then why they used cross-hairs in the first place is a mystery.

The two photos from the Apollo 15 mission shown above clearly have identical backdrops, despite being officially listed by NASA as having been taken miles apart. One photo even shows the lunar module. When all photographs were taken the module had already landed, so how can it possibly be there for one photo and disappear in another? Well, if you’re a hardcore conspiracy theorist, it may seem viable that NASA simply used the same backdrop when filming different scenes of their moon landing videos.
NASA has suggested that since the moon is much smaller than Earth, horizons can appear significantly closer to the human eye. Despite this, to say that the two hills visible in the photographs are miles apart is incontrovertibly false.
This loose extension of the popular conspiracy theory states that acclaimed film director Stanley Kubrick was approached by the US government to hoax the first three moon landings. There are two main branches of this somewhat implausible theory: one group of believers maintain that Kubrick was approached after he released 2001: A Space Odyssey (released in 1968, one year before the first moon landing), after NASA came to appreciate the stunning realism of the film’s outer-space another group contends that Kubrick was groomed by the government to film the moon landing long before this, and that 2001: A Space Odyssey was a staged practice run for him.
So what evidence might support such claims? Well: apparently, if you watch The Shining (another Kubrick picture), you can pick up on some alleged messages hidden by Kubrick to subtly inform the world of his part in the conspiracy. The most obvious is the child’s Apollo 11 shirt worn in only one scene. Another supposed gem is the line written on Jack Nicholson’s character’s typewriter: “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy”, in which the word “all” can be interpreted as A11, or Apollo 11.
If you aren’t convinced yet, Kubrick made the mysterious hotel room in the film number 237. Guess how many miles it is from here to the moon: 238,000. So divide that by a thousand and minus one, and you’ve got one airtight theory right there.
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Does a video clip show a studio-produced 'outtake' of the first moon landing?
& A video clip shows a NASA studio-produced 'outtake' of the first moon landing.
the truth ...
maybe we didnt land on the moon...
& The fanciful notion that the six
lunar missions
launched by the USA between 1969 and 1972 which landed a total of twelve men who walked on the moon were elaborate
staged in top secret desert locations and movie studios here on Earth has been a familiar aspect of popular culture and conspiracy theory since the first moon landing in 1969.
Perhaps because Americans' confidence in their
government was at a low ebb due to the nation's controversial military involvement in Vietnam, perhaps because people felt threatened by the rapid onrush of technological progress the space program represented, or perhaps just because some people enjoy the furtive thrill of disseminating the "secret knowledge" encapsulated conspiracy theories, the moon landings have become a locus for cynical disbelief in America's tremendous achievements in space exploration.
(This cynicism was turned into popular entertainment in the 1978 film .)
A less elaborate video twist on the moon landing hoax was featured at , where web surfers could view a re-creation (or perhaps we should say "pre-creation") of the first moon landing, purportedly filmed in 1965; the footage is revealed to be studio fakery when a bank of arc lights breaks loose, intruding into the shot sending the film crew swarming onto the set to prepare for another "take."
Many people inquired of us whether the (fictional) backstory given
about the video clip was real.
(Presumably they didn't all believe the moon landings were faked and instead were questioning whether some "rehearsals" might have been filmed by NASA for whatever reasons, as implied in the site's disclaimer "There is no proof that because this was shot in a studio, the moon landing was necessarily faked.")
For them we note that at least two humorous aspects of the clip (inserted intentionally or otherwise) give it away as a post-Apollo fabrication:
The "astronaut" in the clip flubs the "One small step ..." line (by omitting the word "a" between the words "for" and "man") just as
did during the real Apollo 11 moon landing in July 1969.
In the closing moments of the clip, the "astronaut" can be heard apologizing to "," a reference to a Neil Armstrong-related joke-cum-urban legend from the mid-1990s.
If that isn't sufficient,
site eventually published a
noting that:
Yes, the clip is fake. It was shot in a studio in London in spring 2002. It was based on an idea by director Adam Stewart, who was a space exploration nut. He had read the conspiracy theory sites and decided he wanted to make a spoof based on the idea that the Apollo 11 moonlanding was faked.
& 19 July 2014
in 1994, and under his guidance the company has pioneered a number of revolutionary technologies, including the iPhone,
the light bulb, beer pong, and a vaccine for a disease that has not yet been discovered. He is currently seeking political asylum in the Duchy of Grand Fenwick.
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Why do some people believe the moon landings were a hoax?
Some people think the United States didn't really land on the moon. How come? See more pictures of the moon.
Space Frontiers/Hulton Archive/
Ever since
broadcast its visits to the
between 1969 and 1972 to millions of people around , conspiracy theorists have debated endlessly over ph-otographs and video of the journey. Judging by the dedication some have to the cause, the subject of whether or not the moon landings were a hoax rivals only the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and the presence of
in popularity. The Fox Network even aired a
special in 2001, nearly 30 years after the last Apollo mission, titled &Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon?&
Poring over every single detail for inconsistencies and potential government tampering, people who buy the moon landing
strive to prove NASA never went to the moon -- instead, they believe the organization filmed a series of fake moon landings in a studio, complete with props, astronaut costumes and intricate lighting setups.
But why would NASA and the U.S. government pull off such a strange stunt? The moon landings took place during the Cold War and a tense point in the , an era in which the two world superpowers, the
and the Soviet Union (or what is now ), competed for technological superiority. Some believe that because sending astronauts into outer space and onto the moon would be incredibly expensive, the U.S. didn't have enough money to complete the project. According to the conspiracy theorists, faking the moon landings would be much cheaper -- if it were convincing enough, it could still send a message to Russia that the United States had the better technology.
What are some of the claims by the moon landing conspiracy theorists? What have they pointed out, and do their arguments have any validity? And what do scientists have to say about these ? To get answers to these questions and more, put on your tin foil hats and read the next page.
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