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i请填写生词本名称!求关于大学生学法懂法守法用法的论文一篇
求关于大学生学法懂法守法用法的论文一篇
09-02-14 &
当代大学生的法律素养及法制教育改革探索 摘要：必备的法律素养，已成为现代市民特别是青年大学生立足社会的基本要件。然而，实践中源源不断的各类大学生犯罪现象，频频向我们告示：一年一度的“法制教育”课并未让学生们真正懂法，传统的法制教育模式走到了非改不可的尽头。鉴于此，本文拟将从教育学和法社会学视角对我国高校法制教育的合理性改革予以多维度探索。 一 从社会学角度讲，我国正在融入法治社会。对置身于未来社会的任何一个人，是无法摆脱法律而生存的。随着社会主义市场经济体制的构建和加入WTO，所有市场主体都得遵循统一的规则或制度，在这种高度规则化的社会里，“法制手段”将越来越广泛地运用于我们的现实社会关系中。这意味着，从个体人的日常生活行为到丰功伟业之创造，均离不开一定的法律知识或法律技能。当我们以审思发展和关切生活的态度来判断实践视域时，自然会发现，必备的法律素养，已成为现代市民特别是青年学生们立足社会的不可或缺的基本要件。 何为法律素养，简言之，是指认识和运用法律的能力或素质。一个人的法律素养如何，是通过其掌握、运用法律知识的技能及其法律意识表现出来的。法律知识主要由两部分组成，一是制定法中关于规则的知识，即所谓的法律条文体系；二是法律学问中关于原理的知识，即所谓的法律原理或法律理论。一般意义上的学法、懂法，就是要求既熟知一些基本的法律条文，同时又掌握一定的普遍适用的法律原理。而法律意识，它是社会意识的一种形式，“是人们的法律观点和法律情感的总和，其内容包括对法的本质、作用的看法，对现行法律的要求和态度，对法律的评价和解释，对自己权利和义务的认识，对某种行为是否合法的评价，关于法律现象的知识以及法制观念等。” [1] 良好的公民法律意识能驱动公民积极守法。公民只有具有了良好的法律意识，才能使守法由国家力量的外在强制转化为公民对法律的权威以及法律所内含的价值要素的认同，从而就会严格依照法律行使自己享有的权利和履行自己应尽的义务；就会充分尊重他人合法、合理的权利和自由；就会积极寻求法律途径解决纠纷和争议，自觉运用法律的武器维护自己的合法权利和利益；就会主动抵制破坏法律和秩序的行为。另外，良好的公民法律意识能驱动公民理性守法，实现法治目标。理性守法来自以法律理念为基础的理性法律情感和理性法律认知。法律意识，一般由法律心理、法律观念、法律理论、法律信仰等要素整合构建，其中，法律信仰是法律意识的最高层次，也是大学生法制教育的核心。 所谓法律信仰，就是人们对法律的无限信服与崇拜，并以之为行为的最高准则。“一个社会公众对法律的信仰生成相当重要，它是一个国家法治化的关键性要素。正因为如此，伯尔曼的至理名言‘法律必须被信仰，否则它将形同虚设’才会广为流传，成为所有崇尚法治的人们确信的一条真理性原则。[2]”法律信仰是人们对法律的一种认同和依归，其实质是追求法律至上和法律统治。只有信仰法律，才可能守法。法律作为公平、正义的象征，守法仅是法信仰的外在表现形式，守法精神才是法信仰的灵魂。守法精神要求的是主体不仅遵守法律，更重要的是把守法内化为道义上的一种责任和义务，变被迫守法为自愿守法，由强制守法到良心守法，由他律守法到自律守法。 综观人类社会发展史，越是民主化和秩序化的社会，该社会场景下的市民对法律的崇尚和需求就越强。这些市民之所以追求法律（规则）至上，首先是他们习惯于信赖法律规则；更重要的是他们有条件通过法律规则来保障自身权利实现的最大化和对政府权力控制的具体化。这是因为“法律规则是一种普遍、稳定、明确的社会规范，是一种公共权威，而非人格权威、特权威严及亲情，在调整社会向高层次发展中，能自动地排除或抵制偶然性、任意性及特权的侵害，使社会在严密的规范化、制度化的良性运动中，形成一种高度稳定有序的秩序和状态；其次，法律规则对人们的生活安排方面，它要求个人之间、个人与政府及组织之间有一种默契，一种自我调节的机制，这种‘默契’和‘调节机制’经法律的确定性配置后，能促成人类生活的高度和谐，予以人的自由与尊严最大化保障，让人有绝对的权力，不依赖于阶级或国家，设计的是一幅自由自在的充满人性关怀的生活模型。”[3]因此，要提升一个国家公民整体的法律素养，应从两方面着手，一是传授给公民法律知识和培育其法律意识乃至法律信仰；二是大力推进社会的民主化和法治化进程。 二 勿容置疑，作为造化育人的高等学府，主导性培育和快速提升青年学生的法律素养，是其参与社会现代化进程和塑造“现代型人才”不可推卸的职责。然而，近年来一升再升的大学生犯罪数据，频频向我们告示：校园并不平静，大学生们的法律素养还十分贫瘠。广州市司法局的吴云南等同志对广东全省49所普通高校进行了调查，结果念人震撼，年，这49所普通高校曾有违法和犯罪的学生626人，约占同期在校学生总数的干分之二。浙江嘉兴市秀洲区人事劳动保障局两名公务员日下午在办公室里遇刺。警方确认，犯罪嫌疑人周一超时年22岁，是浙江大学农业与生物技术学院农学系应届毕业生。原来，他在该区公开招考公务员中，已通过笔试、面试，但健康检查不合格，未被录用。因情绪悲观，产生报复念头，遂迁怒于人事部门的招考人员，最终导致行凶杀人。日，在南京市浦口区检察院挂牌成立了全国首家大学生犯罪预防中心，南京大学、东南大学等南京10所高校成为首批中心成员。之所以要建立这个“大学生犯罪预防中心”，是因为该院通过调查分析发现，2001年该区在校大学生的犯罪率比上年上升300％，2002年比2001年上升120％，并且还得出结论，大学生犯罪大多是因为不懂法。[4] 面对这些触目惊心的大学生犯罪数据，能够予之以较为恰当的解释是：现行的学校“法制教育”课，根本没有让学生真正懂法。正如“硫酸伤熊”案当事人刘海洋（清华大学学生）所言：“我们上大一就学了《法律基础》课，学了民法和刑法等，但我只知道猎杀野生动物违法，但用试剂烧伤动物园里的动物是不是违法就不清楚了……”[5]从这段心语中，也许会让我们得到比“事件”本身更富有检讨意义的启示，我国高校的法制教育模式到了非改不可的地步了。也正是基于诸类现实而重大问题的近忧和远虑，笔者将进一步谈谈几点近期形成的关于“法制教育”合理性改革的思想积淀。 第一、法制教育的认识定位要变革。 根据我国官方的有关文件精神及实践做法，学校的“法制教育”从属于“德育教育”，并没有自身独立的地位。“法制教育”次第于“道德教育”的认识及定位是不大合理的，把法制教育视同为道德教育，事实上按照道德教育的套路来开展法制教育课，不仅难以达到法制教育的教育性，由此还将至使“法制教育”遭受埋没。正是受这种不合理认识因素的影响，长期以来，大大小小的高等学府里，很难看到独立的法律教研室，取而代之的是千篇一律的德育教研室，其结果是法制教育工作很难得到切切实实的开展。 道德教育与法制教育均系属于社会价值教育范畴，它们既有区别也有联系，从联系上讲，两者的目的同一的，都是为了培养适宜社会需求的“合格公民”；从区别上讲，道德教育重在净化人的内心世界，法制教育重在规范人的外在行为。我们说提升人的品质，应从思想和行为两方面塑造，益于采用法制教育与道德教育的结合，但不存在法制教育从属于道德教育或道德教育从属于法制教育的问题。所以，法制教育的教育性发挥，需要建构一个属于法制教育本身的体系完整且地位独立的法制教育安排。 第二、法制教育的师资队伍要优化。 法制教育是一项政治性、理论性、知识性、实践性很强的综合性教育，不仅要有明确的目标、规范的内容和相对稳定的教育渠道，而且必须有受过正规培训、具有一定理论水平和实践经验的法律教师队伍。现行的所谓“法律教师”，不少为“半路出家”，甚至是从未接受过法律专业教育的政工干部，此番情景下“出炉”的“弟子”会有多少法律素养也就可想而知了。 高等学校的法律教师不仅要深谙学校教育规律和青年学生成长规律，而且要具备比较系统的法律学科知识和较高的法律素质。不同的学校应根据自身条件，通过专、兼、聘等多种形式，形成一支具有相当水平的精干的专职教师为主体，同时聘请部分长期从事司法实务或法学教育工作的兼职教师为补充，整合组建地道、高质的法制教育师资队伍。 第三、法制教育的内容设置要调整。 高等学校的“法制教育”是为了培养大学生的法律意识（法律信仰）和法律知识（法律技能），主要应包括法学基础理论、基本法律知识和法制观念教育。通过法学理论教育，让学生掌握马克思主义法学的基本观点，在思想上树立起法律权威；要通过讲解和介绍宪法，使学生了解宪法是民主制度的产物，帮助学生树立正确的权利义务观念，树立国家主人翁意识；结合不同专业，有选择地向学生介绍一些部门法，培养学生守法、护法、用法的知识技能和自觉意识。 目前，不同类别的所有高校，强行划一地以开设一门《法律基础》来应付“法制教育”，由于课时少，内容庞杂繁多，教授者，犹如蜻蜓点水，匆忙赶进度，只能是简单地进行一系列知识罗列和堆积；学习者，往往疲于应付，死记硬背，应付过关考试，师生都苦不堪言。这显然有悖于“法制教育”的真实目的。法制教育的内容选择上，比较合适的做法是在不同类别的学校开设不同层次的法制教育课。根据学生所在的学校类别、所学的专业及各校的侧重点需要，除进行宪法、刑法、民法等大法的一般性普及外，还开设一些与各校专业（行业）相关、与各类学生受体相通的法律课程，使“法制教育”贴近大学生的生活，融入大学生的内在性需要。 第四、法制教育的实施方式要要改进。 高校法制教育，首先要遵循法制教育的特有规律。法制教育是“认同”规范、“接受”规范和“消化”规范的教育，是培养自觉、自愿的守法精神和塑造体现民主、正义、效率、公平等现代法治理念的教育，依靠传统的枯燥无味的“课堂说教”事实上很难奏效，较适宜的是让学生在生动、直观的实践活动中感受为什么要遵守及如何遵守这些规范。法律是一门实践性极强的学科，没有经过法律实践是无法真正学好法律的，适当沿用英美法系国家的“实践性法律教育模式”也无不可。比如：运用启发式教学，让学生成为课程的主体，鼓励学生通过自己的思考和分析得出最佳的答案，老师不断提出问题，引出各种可能性，引导学生发现有关的法律规范、事实材料、及其各种因素之间的关系，引导学生自己开动脑筋思索，这样学生掌握的知识就会更为牢靠、更加深入；又比如运用角色扮演、模拟案件等多样化安排，对真实或模拟的案例进行课堂分析和讨论，让更多的同学通过观察、评论、角色转换和辩论等方式，从中学到有用的知识，其优点是能让更多的同学参与案件的分析，容易从群策群力的多种方案中，鉴别、筛选、产生最佳方案，这种方法不仅能够使课堂的案例分析深入、实用，而且使学生之间的关系以及学生和老师之间的关系更加融洽，老师不再是单纯教育者和大案提供者，而是平等的案件参与者和学生的帮助人；再如打破课上与课下的界限，书本与现实的分割，开辟第二课堂教学，经常性参观监狱，旁听有关刑事、民事、经济、行政案件的审判活动，让学生在面对面的亲临感受和事实分析中自觉获得价值判断，以此潜移默化地影响学生形成待人的态度和处理有关问题的方法……，等等。 另外，法律意识的自觉养成和法律技能的娴熟掌握，不是通过学一门《法律基础》课所能及的，也不是凭给某年级的某部分人上某门课程能做到的，对大学生的法制教育应贯穿于整个学习期间，不能断线，并且在不同年级要有不同的任务和重点。当然，这要遵循一般的学校教育规律，不可能大学几年都开法律课，而要充分利用校园这一特定的文化传递空间，发挥各有关专业课程在进行法制教育方面的作用和功能，使学生在学习文化知识的过程中受到比较系统的法制教育。事实上，专业教育与法制教育的有机结合，更有利于学生“内在性”地消化与专业知识密切关联的、在学生的学习及今后的工作中真正用得上的法律知识，进而增加学生学法的实效性
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当代大学生的法律素养及法制教育改革探索摘要：必备的法律素养，已成为现代市民特别是青年大学生立足社会的基本要件。然而，实践中源源不断的各类大学生犯罪现象，频频向我们告示：一年一度的“法制教育”课并未让学生们真正懂法，传统的法制教育模式走到了非改不可的尽头。鉴于此，本文拟将从教育学和法社会学视角对我国高校法制教育的合理性改革予以多维度探索。一从社会学角度讲，我国正在融入法治社会。对置身于未来社会的任何一个人，是无法摆脱法律而生存的。随着社会主义市场经济体制的构建和加入WTO，所有市场主体都得遵循统一的规则或制度，在这种高度规则化的社会里，“法制手段”将越来越广泛地运用于我们的现实社会关系中。这意味着，从个体人的日常生活行为到丰功伟业之创造，均离不开一定的法律知识或法律技能。当我们以审思发展和关切生活的态度来判断实践视域时，自然会发现，必备的法律素养，已成为现代市民特别是青年学生们立足社会的不可或缺的基本要件。 何为法律素养，简言之，是指认识和运用法律的能力或素质。一个人的法律素养如何，是通过其掌握、运用法律知识的技能及其法律意识表现出来的。法律知识主要由两部分组成，一是制定法中关于规则的知识，即所谓的法律条文体系；二是法律学问中关于原理的知识，即所谓的法律原理或法律理论。一般意义上的学法、懂法，就是要求既熟知一些基本的法律条文，同时又掌握一定的普遍适用的法律原理。而法律意识，它是社会意识的一种形式，“是人们的法律观点和法律情感的总和，其内容包括对法的本质、作用的看法，对现行法律的要求和态度，对法律的评价和解释，对自己权利和义务的认识，对某种行为是否合法的评价，关于法律现象的知识以及法制观念等。” [1] 良好的公民法律意识能驱动公民积极守法。公民只有具有了良好的法律意识，才能使守法由国家力量的外在强制转化为公民对法律的权威以及法律所内含的价值要素的认同，从而就会严格依照法律行使自己享有的权利和履行自己应尽的义务；就会充分尊重他人合法、合理的权利和自由；就会积极寻求法律途径解决纠纷和争议，自觉运用法律的武器维护自己的合法权利和利益；就会主动抵制破坏法律和秩序的行为。另外，良好的公民法律意识能驱动公民理性守法，实现法治目标。理性守法来自以法律理念为基础的理性法律情感和理性法律认知。法律意识，一般由法律心理、法律观念、法律理论、法律信仰等要素整合构建，其中，法律信仰是法律意识的最高层次，也是大学生法制教育的核心。所谓法律信仰，就是人们对法律的无限信服与崇拜，并以之为行为的最高准则。“一个社会公众对法律的信仰生成相当重要，它是一个国家法治化的关键性要素。正因为如此，伯尔曼的至理名言‘法律必须被信仰，否则它将形同虚设’才会广为流传，成为所有崇尚法治的人们确信的一条真理性原则。[2]”法律信仰是人们对法律的一种认同和依归，其实质是追求法律至上和法律统治。只有信仰法律，才可能守法。法律作为公平、正义的象征，守法仅是法信仰的外在表现形式，守法精神才是法信仰的灵魂。守法精神要求的是主体不仅遵守法律，更重要的是把守法内化为道义上的一种责任和义务，变被迫守法为自愿守法，由强制守法到良心守法，由他律守法到自律守法。综观人类社会发展史，越是民主化和秩序化的社会，该社会场景下的市民对法律的崇尚和需求就越强。这些市民之所以追求法律（规则）至上，首先是他们习惯于信赖法律规则；更重要的是他们有条件通过法律规则来保障自身权利实现的最大化和对政府权力控制的具体化。这是因为“法律规则是一种普遍、稳定、明确的社会规范，是一种公共权威，而非人格权威、特权威严及亲情，在调整社会向高层次发展中，能自动地排除或抵制偶然性、任意性及特权的侵害，使社会在严密的规范化、制度化的良性运动中，形成一种高度稳定有序的秩序和状态；其次，法律规则对人们的生活安排方面，它要求个人之间、个人与政府及组织之间有一种默契，一种自我调节的机制，这种‘默契’和‘调节机制’经法律的确定性配置后，能促成人类生活的高度和谐，予以人的自由与尊严最大化保障，让人有绝对的权力，不依赖于阶级或国家，设计的是一幅自由自在的充满人性关怀的生活模型。”[3]因此，要提升一个国家公民整体的法律素养，应从两方面着手，一是传授给公民法律知识和培育其法律意识乃至法律信仰；二是大力推进社会的民主化和法治化进程。二勿容置疑，作为造化育人的高等学府，主导性培育和快速提升青年学生的法律素养，是其参与社会现代化进程和塑造“现代型人才”不可推卸的职责。然而，近年来一升再升的大学生犯罪数据，频频向我们告示：校园并不平静，大学生们的法律素养还十分贫瘠。广州市司法局的吴云南等同志对广东全省49所普通高校进行了调查，结果念人震撼，年，这49所普通高校曾有违法和犯罪的学生626人，约占同期在校学生总数的干分之二。浙江嘉兴市秀洲区人事劳动保障局两名公务员日下午在办公室里遇刺。警方确认，犯罪嫌疑人周一超时年22岁，是浙江大学农业与生物技术学院农学系应届毕业生。原来，他在该区公开招考公务员中，已通过笔试、面试，但健康检查不合格，未被录用。因情绪悲观，产生报复念头，遂迁怒于人事部门的招考人员，最终导致行凶杀人。日，在南京市浦口区检察院挂牌成立了全国首家大学生犯罪预防中心，南京大学、东南大学等南京10所高校成为首批中心成员。之所以要建立这个“大学生犯罪预防中心”，是因为该院通过调查分析发现，2001年该区在校大学生的犯罪率比上年上升300％，2002年比2001年上升120％，并且还得出结论，大学生犯罪大多是因为不懂法。[4]面对这些触目惊心的大学生犯罪数据，能够予之以较为恰当的解释是：现行的学校“法制教育”课，根本没有让学生真正懂法。正如“硫酸伤熊”案当事人刘海洋（清华大学学生）所言：“我们上大一就学了《法律基础》课，学了民法和刑法等，但我只知道猎杀野生动物违法，但用试剂烧伤动物园里的动物是不是违法就不清楚了……”[5]从这段心语中，也许会让我们得到比“事件”本身更富有检讨意义的启示，我国高校的法制教育模式到了非改不可的地步了。也正是基于诸类现实而重大问题的近忧和远虑，笔者将进一步谈谈几点近期形成的关于“法制教育”合理性改革的思想积淀。第一、法制教育的认识定位要变革。根据我国官方的有关文件精神及实践做法，学校的“法制教育”从属于“德育教育”，并没有自身独立的地位。“法制教育”次第于“道德教育”的认识及定位是不大合理的，把法制教育视同为道德教育，事实上按照道德教育的套路来开展法制教育课，不仅难以达到法制教育的教育性，由此还将至使“法制教育”遭受埋没。正是受这种不合理认识因素的影响，长期以来，大大小小的高等学府里，很难看到独立的法律教研室，取而代之的是千篇一律的德育教研室，其结果是法制教育工作很难得到切切实实的开展。道德教育与法制教育均系属于社会价值教育范畴，它们既有区别也有联系，从联系上讲，两者的目的同一的，都是为了培养适宜社会需求的“合格公民”；从区别上讲，道德教育重在净化人的内心世界，法制教育重在规范人的外在行为。我们说提升人的品质，应从思想和行为两方面塑造，益于采用法制教育与道德教育的结合，但不存在法制教育从属于道德教育或道德教育从属于法制教育的问题。所以，法制教育的教育性发挥，需要建构一个属于法制教育本身的体系完整且地位独立的法制教育安排。第二、法制教育的师资队伍要优化。法制教育是一项政治性、理论性、知识性、实践性很强的综合性教育，不仅要有明确的目标、规范的内容和相对稳定的教育渠道，而且必须有受过正规培训、具有一定理论水平和实践经验的法律教师队伍。现行的所谓“法律教师”，不少为“半路出家”，甚至是从未接受过法律专业教育的政工干部，此番情景下“出炉”的“弟子”会有多少法律素养也就可想而知了。高等学校的法律教师不仅要深谙学校教育规律和青年学生成长规律，而且要具备比较系统的法律学科知识和较高的法律素质。不同的学校应根据自身条件，通过专、兼、聘等多种形式，形成一支具有相当水平的精干的专职教师为主体，同时聘请部分长期从事司法实务或法学教育工作的兼职教师为补充，整合组建地道、高质的法制教育师资队伍。第三、法制教育的内容设置要调整。高等学校的“法制教育”是为了培养大学生的法律意识（法律信仰）和法律知识（法律技能），主要应包括法学基础理论、基本法律知识和法制观念教育。通过法学理论教育，让学生掌握马克思主义法学的基本观点，在思想上树立起法律权威；要通过讲解和介绍宪法，使学生了解宪法是民主制度的产物，帮助学生树立正确的权利义务观念，树立国家主人翁意识；结合不同专业，有选择地向学生介绍一些部门法，培养学生守法、护法、用法的知识技能和自觉意识。目前，不同类别的所有高校，强行划一地以开设一门《法律基础》来应付“法制教育”，由于课时少，内容庞杂繁多，教授者，犹如蜻蜓点水，匆忙赶进度，只能是简单地进行一系列知识罗列和堆积；学习者，往往疲于应付，死记硬背，应付过关考试，师生都苦不堪言。这显然有悖于“法制教育”的真实目的。法制教育的内容选择上，比较合适的做法是在不同类别的学校开设不同层次的法制教育课。根据学生所在的学校类别、所学的专业及各校的侧重点需要，除进行宪法、刑法、民法等大法的一般性普及外，还开设一些与各校专业（行业）相关、与各类学生受体相通的法律课程，使“法制教育”贴近大学生的生活，融入大学生的内在性需要。第四、法制教育的实施方式要要改进。高校法制教育，首先要遵循法制教育的特有规律。法制教育是“认同”规范、“接受”规范和“消化”规范的教育，是培养自觉、自愿的守法精神和塑造体现民主、正义、效率、公平等现代法治理念的教育，依靠传统的枯燥无味的“课堂说教”事实上很难奏效，较适宜的是让学生在生动、直观的实践活动中感受为什么要遵守及如何遵守这些规范。法律是一门实践性极强的学科，没有经过法律实践是无法真正学好法律的，适当沿用英美法系国家的“实践性法律教育模式”也无不可。比如：运用启发式教学，让学生成为课程的主体，鼓励学生通过自己的思考和分析得出最佳的答案，老师不断提出问题，引出各种可能性，引导学生发现有关的法律规范、事实材料、及其各种因素之间的关系，引导学生自己开动脑筋思索，这样学生掌握的知识就会更为牢靠、更加深入；又比如运用角色扮演、模拟案件等多样化安排，对真实或模拟的案例进行课堂分析和讨论，让更多的同学通过观察、评论、角色转换和辩论等方式，从中学到有用的知识，其优点是能让更多的同学参与案件的分析，容易从群策群力的多种方案中，鉴别、筛选、产生最佳方案，这种方法不仅能够使课堂的案例分析深入、实用，而且使学生之间的关系以及学生和老师之间的关系更加融洽，老师不再是单纯教育者和大案提供者，而是平等的案件参与者和学生的帮助人；再如打破课上与课下的界限，书本与现实的分割，开辟第二课堂教学，经常性参观监狱，旁听有关刑事、民事、经济、行政案件的审判活动，让学生在面对面的亲临感受和事实分析中自觉获得价值判断，以此潜移默化地影响学生形成待人的态度和处理有关问题的方法……，等等。另外，法律意识的自觉养成和法律技能的娴熟掌握，不是通过学一门《法律基础》课所能及的，也不是凭给某年级的某部分人上某门课程能做到的，对大学生的法制教育应贯穿于整个学习期间，不能断线，并且在不同年级要有不同的任务和重点。当然，这要遵循一般的学校教育规律，不可能大学几年都开法律课，而要充分利用校园这一特定的文化传递空间，发挥各有关专业课程在进行法制教育方面的作用和功能，使学生在学习文化知识的过程中受到比较系统的法制教育。事实上，专业教育与法制教育的有机结合，更有利于学生“内在性”地消化与专业知识密切关联的、在学生的学习及今后的工作中真正用得上的法律知识，进而增加学生学法的实效性
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从社会学角度讲，我国正在融入法治社会。对置身于未来社会的任何一个人，是无法摆脱法律而生存的。随着社会主义市场经济体制的构建和加入WTO，所有市场主体都得遵循统一的规则或制度，在这种高度规则化的社会里，“法制手段”将越来越广泛地运用于我们的现实社会关系中。这意味着，从个体人的日常生活行为到丰功伟业之创造，均离不开一定的法律知识或法律技能。当我们以审思发展和关切生活的态度来判断实践视域时，自然会发现，必备的法律素养，已成为现代市民特别是青年学生们立足社会的不可或缺的基本要件。 何为法律素养，简言之，是指认识和运用法律的能力或素质。一个人的法律素养如何，是通过其掌握、运用法律知识的技能及其法律意识表现出来的。法律知识主要由两部分组成，一是制定法中关于规则的知识，即所谓的法律条文体系；二是法律学问中关于原理的知识，即所谓的法律原理或法律理论。一般意义上的学法、懂法，就是要求既熟知一些基本的法律条文，同时又掌握一定的普遍适用的法律原理。而法律意识，它是社会意识的一种形式，“是人们的法律观点和法律情感的总和，其内容包括对法的本质、作用的看法，对现行法律的要求和态度，对法律的评价和解释，对自己权利和义务的认识，对某种行为是否合法的评价，关于法律现象的知识以及法制观念等。” [1] 良好的公民法律意识能驱动公民积极守法。公民只有具有了良好的法律意识，才能使守法由国家力量的外在强制转化为公民对法律的权威以及法律所内含的价值要素的认同，从而就会严格依照法律行使自己享有的权利和履行自己应尽的义务；就会充分尊重他人合法、合理的权利和自由；就会积极寻求法律途径解决纠纷和争议，自觉运用法律的武器维护自己的合法权利和利益；就会主动抵制破坏法律和秩序的行为。另外，良好的公民法律意识能驱动公民理性守法，实现法治目标。理性守法来自以法律理念为基础的理性法律情感和理性法律认知。法律意识，一般由法律心理、法律观念、法律理论、法律信仰等要素整合构建，其中，法律信仰是法律意识的最高层次，也是大学生法制教育的核心。 所谓法律信仰，就是人们对法律的无限信服与崇拜，并以之为行为的最高准则。“一个社会公众对法律的信仰生成相当重要，它是一个国家法治化的关键性要素。正因为如此，伯尔曼的至理名言‘法律必须被信仰，否则它将形同虚设’才会广为流传，成为所有崇尚法治的人们确信的一条真理性原则。[2]”法律信仰是人们对法律的一种认同和依归，其实质是追求法律至上和法律统治。只有信仰法律，才可能守法。法律作为公平、正义的象征，守法仅是法信仰的外在表现形式，守法精神才是法信仰的灵魂。守法精神要求的是主体不仅遵守法律，更重要的是把守法内化为道义上的一种责任和义务，变被迫守法为自愿守法，由强制守法到良心守法，由他律守法到自律守法。 综观人类社会发展史，越是民主化和秩序化的社会，该社会场景下的市民对法律的崇尚和需求就越强。这些市民之所以追求法律（规则）至上，首先是他们习惯于信赖法律规则；更重要的是他们有条件通过法律规则来保障自身权利实现的最大化和对政府权力控制的具体化。这是因为“法律规则是一种普遍、稳定、明确的社会规范，是一种公共权威，而非人格权威、特权威严及亲情，在调整社会向高层次发展中，能自动地排除或抵制偶然性、任意性及特权的侵害，使社会在严密的规范化、制度化的良性运动中，形成一种高度稳定有序的秩序和状态；其次，法律规则对人们的生活安排方面，它要求个人之间、个人与政府及组织之间有一种默契，一种自我调节的机制，这种‘默契’和‘调节机制’经法律的确定性配置后，能促成人类生活的高度和谐，予以人的自由与尊严最大化保障，让人有绝对的权力，不依赖于阶级或国家，设计的是一幅自由自在的充满人性关怀的生活模型。”[3]因此，要提升一个国家公民整体的法律素养，应从两方面着手，一是传授给公民法律知识和培育其法律意识乃至法律信仰；二是大力推进社会的民主化和法治化进程。 二 勿容置疑，作为造化育人的高等学府，主导性培育和快速提升青年学生的法律素养，是其参与社会现代化进程和塑造“现代型人才”不可推卸的职责。然而，近年来一升再升的大学生犯罪数据，频频向我们告示：校园并不平静，大学生们的法律素养还十分贫瘠。广州市司法局的吴云南等同志对广东全省49所普通高校进行了调查，结果念人震撼，年，这49所普通高校曾有违法和犯罪的学生626人，约占同期在校学生总数的干分之二。浙江嘉兴市秀洲区人事劳动保障局两名公务员日下午在办公室里遇刺。警方确认，犯罪嫌疑人周一超时年22岁，是浙江大学农业与生物技术学院农学系应届毕业生。原来，他在该区公开招考公务员中，已通过笔试、面试，但健康检查不合格，未被录用。因情绪悲观，产生报复念头，遂迁怒于人事部门的招考人员，最终导致行凶杀人。日，在南京市浦口区检察院挂牌成立了全国首家大学生犯罪预防中心，南京大学、东南大学等南京10所高校成为首批中心成员。之所以要建立这个“大学生犯罪预防中心”，是因为该院通过调查分析发现，2001年该区在校大学生的犯罪率比上年上升300％，2002年比2001年上升120％，并且还得出结论，大学生犯罪大多是因为不懂法。[ 中华全国总工会近日就学习宣传贯彻《中华人民共和国劳动合同法》发出通知，要求各级工会组织通过多种形式，大力学习宣传《劳动合同法》，引导职工努力学法、懂法、守法、用法，依法规范自己的行为和运用法律保护自身的合法权益。
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March 15, 1999 the Ninth National People's Congress adopted the second meeting of March 15, 1999 Decree of the President People's Republic of China announced its 15th since October 1, 1999 will come into effect)
        Contents
        General
        Chapter I General provisions
        Chapter II of the contract entered into
        Chapter III of the effectiveness of contract
        Chapter IV of the performance of the contract
        Chapter V of the change and transfer of contracts
        Chapter VI of the rights and obligations of the contract termination
        Chapter VII Liability
        Other provisions of Chapter VIII
        Sub -
        Chapter IX Sale
        Chapter X for electricity, water, gas, heat the contract
        Chapter XI grant contract
        Chapter XII loan contract
        Chapter XIII lease contract
        Chapter XIV finance lease contracts
        Chapter XV of the contract Forwarders
        Chapter XVI construction contract
        Chapter XVII the contract of carriage
        Chapter XVIII of the technical contract
        Chapter XIX custody contract
        Chapter 20th warehousing contract
        Chapter twenty-first commissioned by the contract
        Twenty-second chapter行纪合同
        Chapter twenty-brokered contract
        Supplementary Provisions
        General
        Chapter I General provisions
        First in order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of parties to the contract, the maintenance of socio-economic order, promoting the socialist modernization, the development of this law.
        The second equality of this alleged contract is the subject of natural persons, legal persons and other organizations to establish, change, termination of the relationship between civil rights and obligations of the agreement.
        Marriage, adoption, guardianship status of the relationship, the application of other laws.
        Third parties to the contract of the legal status of equality, one should not impose its will to the other.
        Article IV of the parties voluntarily entered into the contract are legally entitled to the rights of any unit or individual may illegally interfered with.
        Article V should be guided by the principle of equity the parties to determine the rights and obligations of the parties.
        Article VI of the parties to exercise their rights, meet their obligations should be guided by the principle of good faith.
        Article VII of the parties to enter into, carry out the contract, should abide by laws and administrative regulations, respect social morality must not disturb the socio-economic order, impair the social and public interests.
        Article VIII of the contract set up in accordance with the law, legally binding on the parties. Should be in accordance with the agreement the parties to fulfill their obligations, may change or cancel the contract.
        The establishment of the contract in accordance with the law, protected by law.
        Chapter II of the contract entered into
        Article IX parties enter into the contract, should have the corresponding ability of civil rights and civil capacity.
        Representations to the parties to a contract in accordance with the law.
        Article X of the parties to enter into contracts, in writing, oral and other forms.
        Laws and administrative regulations in written form, it should be in writing. The parties have agreed in writing, should be in writing.
        Article XI refers to the contract in writing, books, letters and data message (including telegram, telex, fax, electronic data interchange and e-mail) can be tangible, such as contained in the form of performance.
        Article XII of the contents of the contract agreed upon by the parties generally include the following provisions:
        (A) the names of the parties or th
        (B)
        (C)
        (D)
        (E) p
        (F) To fulfill the period,
        (Vii) liability fo
        (Viii) methods of dispute resolution.
        The parties can refer to the text of the different types of contracts entered into the contract model.
        Article XIII of the parties to enter into contracts, to take the offer, a commitment.
        Article XIV and others to offer the hope that the conclusion of the contract meant that the meaning that should meet the following requirements:
        (A) determine
        (B) show that the commitment to withstand the offeror, the offeror that is bound by the meaning of that.
        Article XV of the offer is to invite others to offer their own meaning of that issue. Send the price list, auction notices, tenders, prospectus, commercial advertising, such as an invitation to submit offers.
        Commercial advertising in line with the provisions of the offer as an offer.
        Article XVI of an offer by the offeror arrived at the entry into force.
        Data message using the form of a contract, the recipient system to receive specific data message, the message data into the specific system time, do not specify a particular system, the data message enters the recipient's of any system the first time, as the arrival time.
        Article XVII of an offer may be withdrawn. Notice of the offer should be withdrawn in the offer by the offeror prior to arrival or with the offer by the offeror arrived at the same time.
        Article XVIII of an offer may be revoked. Notice of revocation of the offer by the offeror should be notified to issue an undertaking by the offeror prior to arrival.
        Article XIX of the following circumstances, an offer may not be revoked:
        (A) the offeror or identified commitment period in order to offer other forms of
        (B) the offeror has reason to believe that the offer is irrevocable and has made preparations to perform the contract.
        For the lucky bankers, and the offer lapsed:
        (A) notice of refusal of an offer
        (B) revocation of an offer to the offeror in acc
        (C) commitment to the expiration of the period by the offeror did n
        (D) the acceptance of an offer by the offeror to make substantive changes to the content.
        Article twenty-first commitment is subject to the consent of the offer means an offer that.
        Twenty-second article of the commitment should be made to inform, but in accordance with customary trade or offer to show that the acts committed by the exception.
        Commitment should be the twenty-third article of the period identified in the offer to reach the offeror.
        Offer no commitment period, commitments should be arrived at in accordance with the following provisions:
        (A) an offer made through dialogue, it should be committed immediately, but, except otherwise a
        (B) an offer made by a non-dialogue, and commitment should be to reach a reasonable period of time.
        The twenty-fourth of an offer to be made by letter or telegram, the commitment set out in the period from the date of the letter or telex issued to pay down. Did not contain the date of the letter, since the posting of the letter date of postmark. An offer by telephone, fax and other means of communication to quickly and commitment to the period since the arrival of an offer by the offeror at the beginning of the calculation.
        Article commitment to the establishment of the entry into force of the contract.
        Commitment to be the 26th man-hours notice of arrival of the entry into force of the offer. Commitment does not require notification, in accordance with customary trade or make a commitment to offer the requirements of the entry into force of the act.
        Data message using the form of a contract, and commitment to arrive at the time of this Law shall apply the provisions of Article XVI.
        Commitment can be withdrawn by the 27th article. Commitment to withdraw the notice should be notified in the commitment to reach the offeror before or at the same time and commitment to reach the offeror notice.
        Article twenty-eighth more than the commitment by the offeror issued the commitment period, in addition to promptly notify the offeror of the offeree are committed to the effective outside of the new offer.
        Twenty-ninth article in the commitment by the offeror issued the commitment period of time, usually the case in accordance with the timely arrival of the offeror, but due to other reasons, commitment to reach the offeror over the commitment period, in addition to promptly notify the offeror by the offeree is not a result of commitments over the period other than to accept the commitment, the commitment to effective.
        Commitment to the 30th article of the content should be consistent with the offer. The acceptance of an offer by the offeror to make substantive changes to the content of the new offer. The subject of the contract, the quantity, quality, price or remuneration, performance of the period, where and how the performance of, liability for breach of contract dispute resolution methods and the change is to offer the contents of the substantive changes.
       第三十一条commitment to the acceptance of an offer to make non-substantive changes in content, in addition to timely object to the offeror or an offer to show that the commitment not to offer any changes to the content of the outside, the commitment to effective, the contents of the contract to the content of the commitment, whichever is .
        Article thirty-second form of the contract the parties entered into the contract, since the signature or seal of both parties when the contract.
        Article thirty-third party use of the letter, data message, such as the contract form can be requested in the contract signed before the establishment of confirmation. When signing the contract confirmation.
        Commitment to the entry into force of the thirty-fourth article of the contract at the site.
        Data message using the form of a contract, and the recipient's principal place of business to set up the loca not the main place of business, its habitual residence to set up the location of the contract. Otherwise agreed by the parties and in accordance with their agreement.
        Article thirty-fifth book the form of the contract the parties entered into the contract, the parties to sign or seal the location of the sites set up for the contract.
        36th piece of legislation, administrative regulations or the parties have agreed that a contract be in writing, the parties have not adopted a written form but the main party has fulfilled its obligations, the other party to accept the contract.
        Article thirty-seventh form of the contract to enter into contracts, in the signature or seal, before the main party has fulfilled its obligations, the other party to accept the contract.
        Thirty-eighth state directive issued in accordance with the needs of the task or tasks of the national orders, the legal persons, other organizations should be in accordance with the relevant laws and administrative regulations of the rights and obligations of a contract.
        Format using the thirty-ninth article of the terms of a contract to provide the terms of the party format should follow the principle of equity between the parties to determine the rights and obligations, and to take reasonable way to draw attention from the other party or to limit its liability provisions, in accordance with the requirements of the other side, an explanation of the terms.
        Format is subject to the terms of re-use pre-prepared and not in the formation of contracts in consultation with the terms of each other.
        Terms shall have the format of the 52nd and 53rd of this Law stipulates that the case or the terms of the provision of one form from their responsibilities, adding to the other responsibilities, mainly the right to exclude each other, the null and void.
       第四十一条understanding of the terms of the format of the event of a dispute, should be interpreted in accordance with the generally understood. There are two provisions of the format explained above, should be made to provide the format is not conducive to the interpretation of the terms of the party. Non-format format of the terms and provisions of inconsistency, it should be a non-standard terms.
        Article forty parties entered into a contract in the course of one of the following situations result in the loss to the other side, shall bear the liability for damages:
        (A) under the guise of a contract, malicious c
        (B) enter into contracts with the deliberate concealment of important facts or provi
        (C) any other breach of the principle of good faith.
        Article forty-third in the conclusion of the contract the parties aware of the process of trade secrets, regardless of whether or not the establishment of the contract shall not disclose or improperly use. Improper use or disclosure of trade secrets of the damage caused to the other side, shall bear the liability for damages.
        Chapter III of the effectiveness of contract
        The establishment of the forty-fourth article of the contract in accordance with the law, since the entry into force of the establishment.
        Laws and administrative regulations should apply for approval, registration and other procedures which came into force, in accordance with its provisions.
        45th Article of the validity of the contract the parties may agree to the conditions attached. Conditions attached to the entry into force of the contract, since the conditions of entry into force of the achievements. Conditions attached to the lifting of the contract, since the conditions of the achievements of failure.
        Parties for their own interests to prevent the improper conditions of success, as the
improperly contributed to the conditions of success, as conditions are not achievements.
        46th Article of the validity of the contract the parties may agree the period is attached. Attached to the entry into force of the contract period, since the deadline to take effect session. Attached to the termination of the contract period, since the expiration of the period expired.
        Restricts the 47th person to enter into civil capacity of the contract, ratified by the legal representative, the contract effectively, but purely by the interests of the contract or their age, intelligence and mental health to adapt and make the contract, need not go through the statutory agent were ratified.
        Relative who can催告legal representative shall be ratified in a month. Legal representatives are not expressed as a refusal to ratify. Before the contract is ratified, the relative good people the right to withdraw. Notice of revocation should be made.
        Article forty-eighth did not act the right agent, beyond the right agent or proxy to be after the termination of the contract entered into on behalf of an agent, without ratification by the agent, the agent does not occur on the effectiveness of the responsibility by the perpetrator.
       催告relative who can be an agent shall be ratified in a month. Was not expressed by agents as a refusal to ratify. Before the contract is ratified, the relative good people the right to withdraw. Notice of revocation should be made.
        Not be acts of the 49th proxy, proxy, or beyond the termination of the Proxy to be an agent on behalf of the conclusion of the contract, the relative behavior of people who have reason to believe that there is the right agent, the agent acts effectively.
        50th Article of legal persons or other organizations, the legal representative, person in charge of ultra vires contract, with the exception of the relative who know or should have known outside of its ultra vires, the act effectively on behalf of.
       第五十一条no disciplinary powers of the person and property of others, or ratified by the people the right to free disposition of the person to enter into a contract after the disposition of, the contract effectively.
        Second article, one of the following circumstances, the contract null and void:
        (A) a party to fraud, coercion to enter into contracts, damage t
        (B) malicious collusion to harm the state, collectives or the intere
        (C) the legal form in order to cover up
        (D) damage
        (E) in violation of laws and administrative regulations of mandatory requirements.
        Fifty-third article of the contract null and void the following disclaimer:
        (A) personal injury cause
        (B) gross negligence or intentional damage to property caused by the other side of.
        Fourth article the following contracts, a party the right to request to change the people's court or arbitration body, or revocation of:
        (A) made a ma
        (B) in the formation of contracts of unconscionability.
        Party to fraud, or coercion on others' insecurity, so that the true meaning of the other party in breach of contract cases, the injured party the right to request to change the people's court or arbitration body or repealed.
        Request to change the parties, the people's court or arbitration body shall not be revoked.
        Article Fifty-one of the following cases, the elimination of avoidance:
        (A) the parties have withdrawn from the right to know or should know the date of revocation of the subject within one year does not exercise t
        (B) revoke the right to have the parties know that after the revocation of the subject made it clear that their actions or to give up the right to withdraw.
        56th article of the contract is invalid or revoked from the beginning of the contract are not legally binding. Part of the contract null and void, does not affect the effectiveness of other parts, other parts remain valid.
        Article 57th contract null and void, revoked or terminated, the contract does not affect the independent existence of the dispute resolution provisions of the effectiveness of methods.
        Fifty-eighth article or revoke the contract null and void after-acquired property of the contract an can not return or there is no need to return, compensation should be discounted. The party at fault shall compensate each other, therefore the losses incurred by both sides at fault and should bear their respective responsibilities.
        Collusion of malicious parties at its fifty-ninth article, damage the state, collectives or the interests of a third person, so get all of the property would revert to the State or the return of the collective, the third person.
        Chapter IV of the performance of the contract
        Parties shall be in accordance with the 60th overall agreement to meet their obligations.
        The parties should be guided by the principle of good faith, according to the nature of the contract, used to carry out the purpose and notice of the transaction, assistance, confidentiality and other obligations.
        After the entry into force第六十一条contract, the parties on the quality, price or remuneration, there is no place to fulfill an agreement or an agreement is not clear, can be the supplemental agreement is not reached, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the contract or transaction to identify habits.
        Sixty-second article of the contract the parties agreed on is not clear,第六十一条in accordance with the provisions of this Act can not be identified, the following provisions apply:
        (A) the quality requirements are not clear, according to national standards, fulfil no national standards, industry standards, in accordance with the normal standard in conformity with the contract or the purpose of fulfilling specific criteria.
        (B) price or remuneration is not clear, the conclusion of the contract in accordance with the performance to fulf the government pricing should be implemented in accordance with the law or government指导价and perform in accordance with the regulations.
        (C) the place of performance is not clear, payment currency, the monetary side in the l delivery of real estate, real estate is loca other subject, in one location to fulfill their obligations.
        (D) To fulfill the period of uncertainty, the debtor can discharge, the creditors can also request to fulfill, but should be given the necessary time to prepare the other side.
        (E) carry out a clear way, according to the achievement of the purpose of discharging the contract.
        (Vi) to fulfill the burden of the cost of uncertainty, the burden from one party to fulfill their obligations.
        The implementation of the Government of the 63rd Article指导价pricing or government in the delivery of contractual price adjustment period when the Government, in accordance with the delivery price at the time of pricing. Late delivery of the subject matter, and when prices increase, the price according to the ori prices fall, according to the implementation of the new price. Extraction of the subject matter of late payment or late, when prices, in accordance with the implementat prices fall, according to the implementation of the original price.
        The parties have agreed that the 64th article from the debtor to a third person to perform their obligations, the debtor has failed to fulfill obligations to third parties to perform their obligations or do not meet agreed by the parties, should bear the liability for breach of contract to the creditor.
        The parties have agreed that the 65th article from the third person to perform their obligations to creditors, non-performance of third party debt or performance of an obligation inconsistent with the agreement, the debtor should bear the liability for breach of contract to the creditor.
        66th inter-party liability rules, there is no fulfillment of the order of succession should be at the same time to fulfill. Before discharge in the other party the right to refuse to fulfill its requirements. Side in each other's performance of an obligation inconsistent with the agreement, the right to refuse to fulfill the corresponding requirements.
        67th inter-party liability rules, it has to fulfill the order, failing to carry out party, and after the performance of either party the right to refuse to fulfill its requirements. To fulfill the debt is not a party to perform in line with the agreement, after the performance of either party the right to refuse to fulfill the corresponding requirements.
        68th should be the first person to perform their obligations, there are definite evidence that the other side, one of the following situations, you can suspend the performance of:
        (A) serious deterioration of
        (B) the transfer of property, capital flight in
        (C) loss of
        (D) the loss or potential loss of ability to perform their obligations in other cases.
        No definite evidence of the parties to suspension of performance shall bear liability for breach of contract.
        Article 69th Article 68th party in accordance with the provisions of this Act to suspension of performance should be notified each other in a timely manner. When the other party to provide appropriate security, it should be the resumption of performance. After the suspension of performance, they are not in a reasonable period of time and did not resume the ability to provide appropriate security, to suspend the performance of the party can terminate the contract.
        Separation of the 70th Article of creditors, the merger or change without prior notice to the debtor's home, resulting in difficulties to fulfill the debt, the debtor may discharge or suspend the subject matter of movements.
       第七十一条creditors the debtor may refuse to perform their obligations in advance, but without prejudice to discharge in advance the interests of creditors other than the.
        The debtor to fulfill the debt to the creditor in advance to increase the cost burden from the debtor.
        Article seventy-second part of creditors, the debtor may refuse to discharge the debt, but some carry out without prejudice to the interests of creditors other than the.
        Partial fulfillment of the debtor's debt to the creditor to increase the cost burden from the debtor.
        Article seventy-debtor claims just an effect of the exercise of its maturity, to cause harm to creditors, creditors can request the People's Court on behalf of their subrogation claims of the debtor, the creditor's rights belong to the debtor other than their own.
        The exercise of the right of subrogation to the creditor's claim scope is limited. The subrogation right of creditors to exercise the necessary costs, the burden from the debtor.
        Article 74th due the debtor to give up their claims or free transfer of property, causing damage to creditors, creditors may request the People's Court revoked the acts of the debtor. The debtor is obviously unreasonable to low-cost transfer of property, damage to the creditors and the assignee knew of the situation, creditors may also ask the people's court revoke the debtor's acts.
        Revocation of the right to exercise the scope of the claims of creditors are limited. Creditors to exercise the right to withdraw the necessary costs, the burden from the debtor.
        The right to remove the 75th since the creditor knows or should know the subject revocation of one year from the date of exercise. Since the debtor's acts occurred within five years from the date it does not exercise the right to revoke, the revocation of the right to eradication.
        After the entry into force of Article 76th contract, the parties shall not name, name change or the legal representative, responsible person, the contractor's failure to perform contractual obligations change.
        Chapter V of the change and transfer of contracts
       第七十七条party consensus, can change the contract.
        Laws and administrative regulations should apply for approval to change the contract, registration and other formalities, in accordance with its provisions.
        78th article of the contract the parties agreed to change the contents of uncertainty, presumed to be unchanged.
        Article 79th creditors can contract the right to transfer all or part of a third person, but one of the following situations except:
        (A) the nature of the contract shall
        (B) The parties have agreed shall
        (C) in accordance with the law shall not be transferable.
        Transfer of the rights of creditors of the 80th article, it shall notify the debtor. Without notice, the transfer has no effect on the debtor.
        Notice of transfer of the rights of creditors shall not be revoked, but except for the consent of the assignee.
       第八十一条the transfer of the rights of creditors, the assignee and the claims made from the right, but the exclusive rights of creditors other than their own.
        82nd article claims the debtor received notification of the assignment, the debtor's defense of the grantor, you can claim against the assignee.
        Article 83rd claims received notification of the assignment, the debtor, the debtor claims to enjoy the grantor and the debtor's creditors before the transfer of the debt due or due at the same time, the debtor may claim set-off against the assignee.
        84th will be the debtor's obligations under the contract in whole or in part transferred to the third person, it should be agreed by the creditors.
       第八十五条obligations of the debtor transferred, the new debtor may claim the original creditor of the debtor's defenses.
        86th Article of the debtor's obligation to transfer, the new debtor should bear the main debt-related from the debt, but the debt from the debtor the exclusive preserve of the original except its own.
        87th piece of legislation and administrative regulations in the transfer of rights or obligations should apply for approval for the transfer, registration and other formalities, in accordance with its provisions.
        Article 88th party agreed to by the other party may be in the contract their rights and obligations be transferred to third parties.
        Article 89th together with the transfer of rights and obligations of this law are applicable to the 79th, the 83rd第八十一条to be第八十五条to the provisions of Article 87th.
        90th after the conclusion of the contract the parties be combined by the merger of legal persons and other organizations the right to exercise the contract, its obligations under the contract. Separation of the parties after the conclusion of the contract, except otherwise agreed by the creditors and debtors of the outside, by the separation of legal persons and other organizations on contractual rights and obligations of the enjoyment of several claims Gesamtschuld commitment.
        Chapter VI of the rights and obligations of the contract termination
        Article Ninety-one of the following cases, the termination of the rights and obligations of the contract:
        (A) the debt has to fulfill in accordanc
        (B) the lif
        (C) de
        (D) the debtor will be the subject of deposit in acc
        (E) credi
        (Vi) debt claims attr
        (Vii) the parties have agreed that the law or other circumstances of termination.
        Chosen to terminate the rights and obligations of the contract, the parties should be guided by the principle of good faith, used to carry out notification in accordance with the transaction, assistance, confidentiality and other obligations.
        Article party consensus, can terminate the contract.
        Side parties may agree to terminate the contract conditions. The achievements of the conditions to terminate the contract, can cancel the contract解除权.
        Article 94th of the following circumstances, the parties may terminate the contract:
        (A) the contract can not be achieved due to the result that the purp
        (B) in the performance of the expiration of the period before the party made it clear that his behavior or that it does not
        (C) a party to delay implementation of the main debt, after a reasonable period of time after催告hav
        (D) a party to delay implementation of the debt or any other violation of the contract can not be achieved the
        (E) other circumstances stipulated by law.
        Be the 95th or the parties have agreed that the law解除权exercise period, the expiration of the period of the parties not to exercise the right to eradication.
        The law does not require the parties have not agreed or解除权exercise period, after催告by the other party a reasonable period of time not to exercise, the elimination of the right.
        Article 96th party 93rd article in accordance with this law, the provisions of Article 94th to terminate the contract that should inform the other party. Since the arrival of the contract to inform each other when lifting. Is disputed by the other party may request the people's court or arbitration body to confirm the validity of rescission.
        Laws and administrative regulations should apply for approval to terminate the contract, registration and other formalities, in accordance with its provisions.
        After the lifting of Article contract has not been carried out to ter has been performed, according to the nature of the implementation of the contract, the parties may request restitution and take other remedial measures, and the right to ask for damages.
        98th Article of the rights and obligations of the termination of the contract, the contract does not affect the terms of settlement and the effectiveness of clean-up.
        Negative第九十九条debts among the parties, the subject matter of the types of debt, the quality of the same, any party can be its own debt and the debt offset each other, but in accordance with the law or the nature of the contract shall not be offset in accordance with the exception of.
        Offset by the parties that should inform the other party. Since the arrival of the other party when notice of the entry into force. Offset shall not be conditional or time limit attached.
        Article 100th liability among the parties, the subject matter of the type, quality is not the same, by mutual consensus, can also be offset.
        Article 1 of the following situations, it is difficult to perform their obligations, the debtor may be subject matter of movements:
        (A) unjustified refusal to take d
        (B)
        (C) undetermined heirs or creditors of the death of the loss of capacity for civil conduct u
        (D) other circumstances stipulated by law.
        Subject matter not suitable for holding or holding costs, and the debtor in accordance with the law can be the subject of the auction or sale, the proceeds of the price movements.
        The subject matter of Article 2 after the picture of the movements, with the exception of missing the creditor, the debtor shall promptly notify the creditor or the creditor's heirs, guardians.
        The subject matter of Article three movements, the destruction, the risk of loss borne by the creditors. Holding period, the yield to the subject matter of all creditors. Expense of the creditors holding the burden.
        Article 4 of creditors holding at any time to receive, but the creditor has a debt of the debtor and the creditor is not in debt or provide guarantees to fulfill before holding departments should be in accordance with the requirements of the debtor to refuse to receive material movements.
        Creditors holding the rights to receive, since the holding five years from the date of the exercise is not eliminated, the cost picture of the movements were deducted after the deposit to the state.
        Article 5 of creditors from the debtor of some or all of the debt, the rights and obligations of the contract some or all of the termination.
        Article 6 claims and liabilities attributable to a person with, the rights and obligations of the contract termination, but the interests of a third person involved, except.
        Chapter VII Liability
        Article 7 is not a party to fulfill its obligations under the contract or agreement do not meet contractual obligations, and should take to continue to carry out, or take remedial measures, such as liability for breach of contract damages.
        Article 8, or a party made it clear that their actions in order to show that its obligations under the contract, the other can be requested before the expiration of the period to fulfill its commitment to liability for breach of contract.
        Article 9 is not a party to pay the price or remuneration, the other party may require payment of the price or remuneration.
        Article is not a party or non-monetary obligations to fulfill the performance of non-monetary obligations inconsistent with the agreement, the other party may request to fulfill, but one of the following situations except:
        (A) the legal or de fac
        (B) the subject of debt unfit to fulfill the cost of per
        (C) a reasonable period of time the creditor is not required to perform.
        Quality in line with the 111th article of the agreement, the agreement should be in accordance with the parties to bear liability for breach of contract. There is no agreement on liability for breach of contract or agreement is not clear,第六十一条in accordance with the provisions of this Act can not be identified, the injured party in accordance with the nature of the subject, as well as the size of losses, it is reasonable to assume the other party the option of requesting repair, replace, redo, retired goods, reduce the price or remuneration, such as liability for breach of contract.
        Article 112th party to its obligations under the contract or not in conformity with its obligations under the contract agreement, or in fulfilling their obligations to take remedial measures, the other side there are other losses, damages should be.
        Article 113th party to its obligations under the contract or not in conformity with its obligations under the contract agreed by the parties, to the other losses, and damages for breach of contract should be equal to the losses caused by, including the performance of the contract after the