> 【答案带解析】根据句子意思完成单词(共10空，每题1分；计10分) 1.You can’t i...
根据句子意思完成单词(共10空，每题1分；计10分)
1.You can’t i_________ what life will be like in 50
years’ time?
2.--The old man is so wise and he must read many
different kinds of books.
&& ---Yes, He knows everything and I think
he is k_________.
3.The young man was full of energy. And after having a
short rest, he c_________ working.
4.Parents must pay more a_________ to children. Also
children should learn to thank their parents.
5.Two years ago, Mr Green p_________food and clothes
for his big family.
6.When the ice is h_________，it turns into water.
7.Sending m_________to your friends instead of writing
to them helps save a lot of your time.
8.Without my p________ , don’t touch my things.
9.His parents were satisfied with him because he
s_________ in passing the difficult exam.
10.Both
of the businessmen felt sorry as their talk b_________off without an agreement.
2.knowledgeable
3.continued
4.attention
5.provided
7.messages
8.permission
9.succeeded
试题分析：
1.句意：你不能想象50年后的生活将是怎样的？情态动词后应该用动词原形，故用...
考点分析：
考点1：动词和动词短语
就是表示动作和状态的词。根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。
动词分类及用法
一、实义动词
& & & & 实义动词又叫行为动词，分成及物动词和不及物动词 。
1、及物动词是必须带宾语的动词，可分为如下两类。 1) 及物动词＋宾语例：I love my home. 我爱我家。 He bought an English dictionary. &他买了一本英语词典。 2) 及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语例：She taught us maths. 她教我们数学。 My mother gave me a new pen. &母亲给了我一支新钢笔。提示：常用的能接双宾语的及物动词有：give, teach, buy, lend, find, hand, leave, sell, show, read, pay, make, offer, build, pass, bring, cook等。
2、 不及物动词不及物动词不需要跟宾语，本身意义完整。例：She came last week. 她上周来的。 It is raining hard. &正下着大雨。 Class began at half past seven. &7点半开始上课。 What happened yesterday? 昨天发生了什么事？
3、同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如：She can dance and sing. 　　她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物动词。） 　　She can sing many English songs. 　　她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词。）
二、系动词
& & & & 系动词不能单独作谓语，后面必须跟表语构成合成式谓语。表语通常由名词、形容词,或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当,说明主语是什么或怎么样。连系动词有 be, seem, look, become, get, grow, feel, appear, remain, turn。
& & & & 例如: 　　The story sounds true. 　　Those oranges taste good.
三、助动词
& & & & 协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词。 助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，只能在实义动词和系动词前构成谓语的时态、语态以及否定式和疑问式。它没有对应的汉译，例如： He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。 （doesn't是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义) He is singing. 他在唱歌。（is是助动词，无词义，构成现在进行时）
四、情态动词
& & & & 情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等，不能单独作谓语，情态动词后面加动词原形。情态动词无人称和数的变化, 情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 "not"。常用的情态动词有 ：
Can(could) （能，会） 如：I can swim. 我会游泳。 　　
May(might) （可以） 如： You may go now. 你现在可以走了。 　
Must （必须） 如：You must do your homework. 你必须写作业。 　　
Need （需要） 如：He needs our help. 他需要我们的帮助。
注意：1、情态动词表推测在肯定句中一般用must (一定)，can, could（可能），might /may（也许，或许）。否定句中用can’t / couldn’t(不可能)。例如：
It can’t be the headmaster. He has gone to America. 　这不可能是校长，他去美国了。
2、can和could表示允许的用法：表示现在的允许时，若是请求别人允许自己做某事，两者均可用，但用could 语气更委婉；若是自己允许别人做某事，一般只用 can，而不用 could。如： 　　Can [Could] I come in? 我可以进来吗?
3、must和have to的用法　　 表示必须、必要。（must表示主观多一些而have to则表示客观多一些）如： 　　You must come in time. 　　你必须及时过来。 　　
回答must引出的问句时，如果是否定的回答，不能用mustn't，而要用needn't或don't have to。 　　— Must we hand in our exercise books today? 　　— Yes, you must. (No, you don’t have to.) 　　—我们今天必须交上练习册吗？ 　　—是的。（不，不必。）
4、need表示“需要”或“必须”，作情态动词时，仅用于否定句或疑问句中，后跟动词原形。Need还常用作实义动词，有时态、人称和数的变化，后面通常接名词、代词和带to的不定式，
Do you need a dictionary? 　　你需要词典吗?
You &needn't give it back before Friday. 你不必在星期五前还我。
& & & & 对于动词的考查，通常会在单选，词语运用和完形填空中出现。除了考查时态和语态外，只要考查实义动词的固定短语，系动词和情态动词的灵活运用。
典型例题：--Must I return the magazine to you right &now,Sandy/
& & & & & --No,you & & & &.you may keep it until next Wednesday.
& & & & A. &needn't & B. &can't & &C. must & &D. may
解析：本题考查情态动词must构成的疑问句的回答方式。否定回答应该用 needn't 。
& & & & 汉语和英语的动词有较大差异，而学习者在学习是往往容易套用汉语，从而混淆意思相近而用法不同的词或词组，也容易混淆词形相近而意思不同的词或词组，例如look for和find, listen和 hear。所以我们在学习中要认真分析不同的词或词组。
典型例题：They had to ___the 800--meter race because of the bad weather.
& & & & & A &put on & B put off & &C &get on & D &get up
解析：本题考查四个动词短语的区别。put on “穿上，戴上”； put off“推迟”； get on “上车”； get up“起床”。根据语境，应选put off。
考点2：名词
名词 (Nouns）是词性的一种，也是实词的一种，是指待人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物的词。名词可以独立成句。在短语或句子中通常可以用代词来替代。名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等.
名词复数的规则变化
情况 构成方法 读音 例词
一般情况 加 -s 清辅音后读/s/ map-maps
浊辅音和元音后读 /z/ bag-bags /car-cars
以s, sh, ch, x等结尾 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watches
以ce, se, ze,等结尾 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾 变y 为i再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies
名词在英语词汇中占有较大的比例，历年中考试题都要涉及，分值在2-3分，考点常分布在单项选择、完形填空和完成句子中。近几年的中考在淡化语法的同时，突出了语言的交际性和实用性，中考热点主要集中在：
1、正确识别可数名词和不可数名词；
2、掌握可数名词复数形式的构成；
3、正确判断某些常用名词在特定语境中的可数和不可数性；
4、掌握名词所有格的基本形式及一般用法。
攻克方法：要全面掌握中学阶段所学的英语知识，系统地做好语法归纳并有意识地多记一些名词惯用语，尤其是与汉语不同的一些特殊用法。
考点3：动词时态
时态是一种语法范畴，是用表示各种时间和动作方面的动词形式。
时间有四个主要部分，即现在、过去、将来和过去将来。动作方面也有四种，即一般、完成、进行和完成进行。将这些时间与动作方面组合在一起，即构成16种时态。
（一） 动词是谓语动所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词有16种时态，但是常用的只有9种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时、现在完成进行时。下面分别介绍。&
1、 一般现在时的用法&
1） 表示经常性、习惯性的动作；表示现在的状态、特征和真理。句中常用 often, usually, every day 等时间状语。
2) 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。
3) 有时这个时态表示按计划、规定要发生的动作（句中都带有时间状语），但限于少数动词，如：begin, come, leave, go ,arrive, start , stop, return, open, close等。
4) 表示状态和感觉的动词(be, like, hate, think, remember, find, sound 等)常用一般现在进行时。
5) 书报的标题、小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。&
2.一般现在时的用法 &
1） 表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过反复发生的动作
2)表示过去经常发生的动作 ，也可用 “used to “ 和“would + 动词原形”。
3.一般将来时的用法&
1）一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态。其表达形式除了 “ will 或 shall + 动词原形 ”表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。
2）“be to + 动词原形” 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见。
3) “be about to &+ 动词原形” 表示即将发生的动作，意为 be ready to do sth. 后面一般不跟时间状语。
4) go , come , start, move, sail, leave, arrive ,stay 等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作。
5) 某些动词(如come, go ,leave, arrive, start, get , stay 等)的一般现在时也可表示将来。
4.现在进行时的用法 &
1） 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，由“to be + 现在分词” 构成。另外， “系动词 + 介词或副词” 也表示进行时的意义。
2） 表示感觉、愿望和状态的某些动词（如have, be , here, se, like 等 ） 一般不用进行。
5.过去进行时的用法 &
1） 过去进行时过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作，由 “ was (were) + 现在分词”构成。
6.现在完成时的用法现在完成时由 “have + 过去分词其使用有两种情况： &
1） 现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成，但对现在有影响。句中没有具体时间状语。
2) 现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去常用 for 和since表示一段时间的状语或so far , now, today, this wek (month, year ) 等表示包括现在内的状语。
3）现在完成进行时还可用时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作。
7．过去完成时的用法 &
1） 过去完成时由“had + 过去分词”构成。过去完成时的动作表示过去某一时刻或某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态。
2)过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去。
8．过去将来时的用法 &过去将来时表示从过去的某个时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
9.现在完成进行时的用法现在完成进行时由 “ have (has)+ been + 现在分词”构成，表示现在以前一直进行的动作。
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A Nobel Prize(诺贝尔奖) is
considered by most people one of the highest international honors a person can
receive. As you know, the prizes were started by a Swede(瑞典人) called Alfred Nobel. He was born in Stockholm, the
capital of Sweden. Alfred Nobel was a great scientist. He made two important
inventions, and so he became very rich. Although he was rich, Nobel was not a
happy man. He never married or had children. Also, he was a sick man during his
large part of life. When he died at the age of 63, he left a fund(资金) of $9,000,000. The money was to be used in giving
prizes to those who made great achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine and
literature(文学), and for world peace.
&&&& The first Nobel Prizes were
given on December 10, 1901, five years after Nobel’s death. Since then many
famous people from all over the world have been given Nobel Prizes for their
achievements.
&&&&& Each prize has three
parts. The first part is a gold medal. Second, a winner of a Nobel Prize is
given a diploma saying that he has been given the prize. The third part
of the prize is a large amount of money-about $40,000.
&&& Often a prize is given to just one
person, but not always. Sometimes a prize is shared. It may be given to two or
more people who have worked together. It is also sometimes true that a prize is
not given at all if there is no great achievement. In 1972, for example, no
Nobel Peace Prize was given.
1.When was Alfred Nobel born?
A. In 1938.&&&&&&& & &&&&&&& B.
In 1833.&&&&&&&& C. In
1896.&&&&&&& D. In 1906.
2.What kind of person would you say Alfred Nobel was?
A. He was a rich, happy and lucky man.
B. He was a poor, unhappy and unlucky man.
C. He was a rich, but unhappy and unlucky man.
D. He was a poor, but happy and lucky man.
3.When he died, Nobel left a large amount of money ________.
A. to his
wife&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
& B. to his children
C. for helping the poor people in Sweden&& &&& D.
for setting five prizes
4.The underlined word “diploma” in the passage most
probably means_________ .
A. certificate(证书)&&&&&&
B. letter&&& &&&&&&&C.
ticket&&&&&&&&& D.
card&&&&&&&&&&&
5.How many persons is a Nobel Prize given to?
A. Not always one
person.&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&& B. Two persons.&
C. Only one
person.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
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For the first time in Singapore, it’s snowing.
Visitors to Singapore will be amazed by the technology that brings winter to
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&&&&&&&& All
visitors can have cool winter fun in Snow City, Singapore’s first indoor snow
center. Visitors can see and touch snow falling. Of course, it’s more than just
touching and feeling snow. You can enjoy exciting snow rides or skiing on
snowboard. You can also build your own real snowman and have snowball fights
filled with fun and learn about life in cold climates.
&&&&&&&& Snow
City is about family-based fun and is suitable for all ages. Join us and step
into Snow City today.
How to get there:
& 21Jurong Town Hall Road, Snow City Building,
Singapore 609433
& Bus services: No. 66, No. 178, No.198
Price: Adults: $18; Children: $12
Opening Hours: Tuesday—Sunday: 10:30 am—6:30 pm
No phone booking.
For updated information, please visit our website www.snowcity.com.sg.
1. Snow City is _________.
A. just a small city in
Singapore&&&&&& &&&& B. a
place where people can go surfing
C. Singapore’s first indoor snow center&& &&&&&&&& D.
a place where the weather is cold
2.You can do the following in Snow City EXCEPT
________.
A. seeing and touching snow falling&&& &&& B.
skiing on snowboard
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fights&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&& D.
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Monday&&&&&&&& && B. take a
No. 66 bus to Snow City
C. book their tickets by phone& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.
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A.
$30&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&& B.
$18&&&&&&&&& &&&&& C.
$12&&&&&&&&& D. 24
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_______.
A. on the phone&&&&& &&&&& B.
by fax&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&& C.
online&&&&&&& D. in a newspaper
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cars. We have been helping people to buy American cars for fifteen years and
have made a lot of mistakes and learnt from them all.
It can be complicated(复杂的) to
buy a car from a foreign country. The large amount of paperwork, the time spent
on the phone to the USA, and all the forms to fill in may make you worried.
But, with our help, this process(过程) will not
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We will help you look for a car in which you are
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help you buy a car and save money.
What we are doing is giving people what we had wished
for before we started the company.
Now go to the “How It’s Done” page and read the
process very carefully.
If you have any questions, call us at
or
email info@americancarclassics.co.uk.
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has fifteen years of history.
2.If you want to buy a car from a foreign country, you
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In 1608 an Englishman named Thomas Coryate traveled in
Italy. He liked the country and &&&&down everything
interesting. But he found one thing&&&& interesting
than the others. In his diary Thomas wrote: “ &&&&the
Italians eat meat, they use small forks. They do not eat with their hands
because, as they say, people do not always have &&&&&hands.”
Before he went back to England, Thomas Coryate bought
a few&&& . At home Thomas had a dinner party to show the
forks to his friends. When the steak (牛排) was
brought out, he took out a fork and wanted to &&&&&&the
steak as the Italians did in Italy. His friends were &&&&when
they saw this, He told them what the fork was. They all said that Italians were
very strange people because the fork was not easy to use at all. Thomas Coryate
tried to prove(证明) that his friends were &&&&&,
so he began to show that it was easy to use the fork. But the first &&&&of
meat he took with the fork fell to the floor. His friends began to &&&&&&&at
him and he had to take the fork away.
People in England began to use forks only fifty years
later.
1.A.broke&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.wrote&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.went&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.calmed
2.A.less&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.much&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.even&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.more
3.A.Why&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.When&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.Which&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.Where
4.A.clean&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.big&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.dirty&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.safe
5.A.knives&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.dishes&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.forks&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.plates
6.A.use &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.eat&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.make&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.cut
7.A.worried&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.bored&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.tired&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.surprised
8.A.honest&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.correct&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.wrong&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.clever
9.A.piece&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.kilo&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.pound&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.packet
10.A.scream&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.look&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.shout
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.laugh
Jose grew up in a poor Puerto Rican neighborhood in
New York City. He was not only poor but also blind.
When Jose was still very young, a friend &&&&a
$10 guitar for him and Jose taught himself to
&&& &songs with it. At the age of ten, he took his &&&&to
a theatre and played &&&&&the audience. Jose
played very well. People stood up and &&&&&for
the &&&&boy. Jose said that day was the start of his
&&&&. By the time he was twenty, he became
well-known. Then he made a(an) &&&&&&record
called “Light My Fire”. It was his first record. Then, Jose became one of the
famous stars in &&&&&.
Now Jose& writes his own songs and &&&&&all
over the world. Jose thinks it all started with the $10 guitar!
1.A. gave&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.
sent&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.
bought&&&&&&&&&& D. lent
2.A. play&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&
B. write&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.
sing&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.
make
3.A. parents&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.
friend&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.
record&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.
guitar
4.A. for&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.
with&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.
at&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.
in
5.A. shouted&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.
clapped&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.
laughed&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.
jumped
6.A. clever&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.
bright&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.
blind&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.
quiet&
7.A. interest& &&&&&&&&&& &&&&B.
project&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.
success&&&&&&&&& D. life
8.A. useful&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.
excellent&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.
creative&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.
important
9.A. sports&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.
theatre&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.
culture&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.
music
10.A. succeeds&&&&&&&&& B.
interviews&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.
performs&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.
explores
题型：单词拼写
难度：困难
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＞＞＞按要求改写句子，每空一词。1. Could you tell me how I can ge..
按要求改写句子，每空一词。
1. Could you tell me how I can get to the furniture store? (改为同义句)&&&&Could you tell me _____ _____ _____ to the furniture store?&&&&Could you tell me which is _____ _____ _____ the furniture store?2. "Is there a drugstore between the bookstore and the restaurant?" the man asks me. &&& (改含有宾语从句的复合句)&&&&The man asks me_____ _____ _____ a drugstore between the bookstore and the restaurant.3. The girl borrowed this library book three days ago. (用for three days改写)&&& The girl _____ _____ this library book for three days. 4. They think the computer is very useful. (改为反意疑问句)&&&&They think the computer is very useful, _____ _____?5. Jane sat right beside Lucy in the cinema. (改为同义句)&&& Jane sat _____ _____ Lucy in the cinema.
题型：句型转换难度：中档来源：同步题
1. the way to&&2. whether there is&&3.has kept&&4. don't they&&5. next to
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据魔方格专家权威分析，试题“按要求改写句子，每空一词。1. Could you tell me how I can ge..”主要考查你对&&宾语从句，现在完成时，介词短语，反意疑问句&&等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下：
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宾语从句现在完成时介词短语反意疑问句
宾语从句：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句，介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。宾语从句连接代词主要有：who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever 等。 宾语从句的特点:1.宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语。2.宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序。3.连接词that引导宾语从句在句中无词义，不充当句子成份，多数情况下可以省略。4.whether 和 if 都可引导宾语从句，但 whether后可紧跟or not；whether从句可作介词的宾语。5.如果从句太长，可以用形式宾语it.
宾语从句的时态:1.主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。例句：The headmaster hopes everything goes well.2.主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。例句：She was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time.3.当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。例句：The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.4.&如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。&宾语从句的语序:A. 宾语从句必须用陈述语序。 　　 False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job. 　　 Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job. B. 有时候可以用it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。 　　　 Bad: I thought that he could finish this　job in just two hours impossible. 　　 Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two&hours.　&C. 带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。 Bad: I think he doesn’t like the English teacher. 　　 Good: I don’t think he likes the English teacher.&D.&&主句一般过去时态，从句也要用过去时态。 False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner. 　　 Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner
宾语从句的否定转移: 主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等。并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时，从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致。I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he won’t come to my party. 我认为他不会来我的舞会. I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he? 我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是? 如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式。We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he? 我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课，是不是? 宾语从句中引导词的用法比较在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导词有：连词：that (that 常可省略),whether, if代词：who, whose, what ,which副词：when ,where, how, why 等。（一）that引导的宾语从句（在非正式场合that可以省略）1.可跟that从句做宾语的动词有：say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。例句：The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.注意事项：当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。例句：I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that.2.在以下情况中that不能省略a.当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省，但后面的that不可省。例句：He said (that) you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you.b.当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可省。例句：Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.c.当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省。例句：I can’t tell him that his mother died.d.注:许多带复合宾语的句子，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it作形式宾语。例句：I find it necessary that we should do the homework on time.（二）由whether,if 引导的宾语从句1.由whether(if)引导的宾语从句，实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的。意思是“是否”。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。一般说来，在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换使用，但在特殊情况下if与whether是不能互换的。例句：I wonder whether(if) they will come to our party.2.只能用whether，不能用if引导的宾语从句a.在带to的不定式前例句：We decided whether to walk there.b.在介词的后面例句：I’m thinking of whether we should go to see the film.c.在动词后面的宾语从句时例句：We discussed whether we had a sports meeting next weekd.直接与or not连用时例句：I can’t say whether or not thet can come on time.3.只能用if不能用whether引导的宾语从句a.if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”例句：The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny.b.if引导否定概念的宾语从句时例句：He asked if I didn’t come to school yesterday.c.引导状语从句even if（即使）和as if（好象）时例句：He talks as if he has known all about it.
if,whether在宾语从句中的区别 a.if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介词后一般不用if b.少数动词,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether.&c. whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以. d.在不定式前只能用whether. （如：I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。） e.避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if.（三）连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的，宾语从句要用陈述句语序。用于这种结构的动词常常是：see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。1.英语中的连接代词有：who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语。例句：Can you tell me whom you are waiting for?2.英语中的连接副词有：when,where,why,how，在句中担任状语的成分。例句：None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.简化宾语从句常用六法：方法一：当主句谓语动词是hope， decide， wish， choose， agree， promise等，且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。例如：Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon.→Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.We decided that we would help him. →We decided to help him.方法二：当主句谓语动词是know， learn， remember， forget， tell等动词，且主句主语与从句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：She has forgotten how she can open the window.→She has forgotten how to open the window.注：当主句谓语动词是tell， ask， show， teach等动词，且后带双宾语，从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：Could you tell me how I can get to the station？ →Could you tell me how to get to the station？方法三：当主句的谓语动词是order（命令），require（需要）等时，如果主句和从句的主语不一致，宾语从句可简化为“名词（代词）+不定式”结构。例如：The headmaster ordered that we should start at once. → The headmaster ordered us to start at once.方法四：某些动词后的宾语从句，可以用介词加动名词（短语）等其他形式简化。例如：He insisted that he should go with us.→He insisted on going with us.The poor boy doesn’t know when and where he was born.→The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of his birth.方法五：某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式（作宾语补足语）”结构。例如：Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground.→ Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.方法六：动词seem后的宾语从句，也可以用不定式（短语）来简化，但句型需要进行适当的变化。例如：It seemed that the boys were going to win. →The boys seemed to win.除上述方法外，还有一些特殊句式的转化。例如：I found that it was difficult to learn English well. →I found it difficult to learn English well.Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow. →Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.They found that the box was very heavy. →They found the box very heavy&现在完成时:过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果，过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。基本结构：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词句式：1. 否定句式：现在完成时的否定句式是“haven't （hasn't）＋过去分词...”。如：I have not seen the movie yet. 我还没看这部电影。2. 一般疑问句：Have（Has）+主语+过去分词...？ 如：—Have you finished the work？你已经做完这项工作了吗？—Yes, I have. 是的，我已经做完了。（No, I haven't. 不，我还没有做完。）3. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+have（has）+主语+过去分词...？如：How many times have you been to the Great Wall？你去过长城几次？提示：肯定句中有some, already时，改为否定句或疑问句时通常要分别改为any, yet。如：I have already finished my homework. 我已经完成了我的作业。→ I haven't finished my homework yet. （否定句）→ Have you finished your homework yet? （一般疑问句)现在完成时常见两种句型： ①for短语 ②It is＋一段时间＋ since从句 现在完成时特点：1. 非持续性动词的完成时的肯定式不能与时间段连用，若要用时间段状语，则应换成相应的持续性动词或状态动词。 例如：He has left. He has been away for an hour. 2. have/has been to 表示曾经去过某地，但现在不在那；have/has gone to表示现在已去某地，现在不在这。 例如：He has been to Canada, but now he is working in our company. Mr. Li in not at home. He has gone to Shanghai. 3. 完成时的肯定式常用already,而否定式和疑问式常用yet，但若already用于疑问句时，表示一种出乎意外的惊讶。 例如：Have you read it already? 现在完成时和一般过去时区别:现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作。但现在完成时强调的是这一动作与现在的关系。如对现在产生的结果或影响等，而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生，不表示和现在的关系。比较:I have lost my new book.& 我把新书丢了。（现在还未找到） I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新书丢了。（昨天丢的，现在找到与否没说明）have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别：have been(to)表示“去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，可用于各人称；have gone(to)表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）”，常用于第三人称，前者可与once ,never,several times等连用，后者则不能。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。 He has gone to Beijing .& 他去北京了。现在完成时注意事项:1.如单纯表示一段时间，或强调一段时间，虽有since一词，也不必用完成时。如：It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有三年了。2.终止性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来，我一直没有离开过这儿。3..现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，（如表示过去的时间状语）如:yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon）等，除非与for,since连用.4.不能与when连用. 现在完成时的用法：1.表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如： -Have you had lunch yet?&&&& -Yes,I have. I've just had it.2.表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。如：He has taught here since 1981 他自1981年就在这儿教书。（可能还要继续教） I have't seen her for four years. 我有四年没见到她了。3.表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般译为汉语“过”。常与twice,ever,never,three times等时间状语。 如：I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京
4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如：now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,this morning/week/month/year,just,today,up to present,so far等： Peter has written six papers so far. Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom. There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year. The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years. Up to the present everything has been successful. 5.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用，如：already（肯定），yet（否定，疑问），just,before,recently,still,lately,never等： He has already obtained a scholarship. I haven't seen much of him recently (lately). We have seen that film before. Have they found the missing child yet?6.现在完成时的"完成用法" 现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。（动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。） 现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续，因此：该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语（如：already，yet，before，recently等）、频度时间状语（如：never，ever，once等）、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语（如：this morning / month /year...，today等）连用。例如：Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？ 7.现在完成时的"未完成用法"现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。（动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。） I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。（动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。） 此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语（由since或for引导），或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语（如：up to now，so far）等。例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。注意：现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。8.一段时间+has passed+since从句主语＋have / has been＋since短语例如：He has been in the League for three years.或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了　　9. 现在完成时常和短语 "up to now /till now","so far" （意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在)连用。　　Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。has gone (to),has been (to),has been (in) 的区别has gone to：去了没回has been to ：去过has been in：呆了很久介词短语：介词是一种用来表示词与词, 词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词与它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语，定语或介词宾语。例如：at ,in, on, to介词短语在句中可以作状语，定语，表语，补足语等。 1. 作表语 && 例如：It was in 2005 in Beijing. 2. 作宾语补足语 && 例如：He found his dog outside the station. 3. 作后置定语 && 例如：I even store them in boxes under my bed. 4. 作状语 && 例如：You are supposed to put your bread on your plate. 常见介词用法：1）at,in,on在……范围at (1)表示在小地方; (2)表示“在……附近，旁边” in (1)表示 在大地方; (2)表示“在…范围之内”。 on 表示毗邻，接壤 to 表示在……范围外，不强调是否接壤 He arrived at the station at ten. He is sitting at the desk. He arrived in Shanghai yesterday. Jiangsu lies in the east of China. Russia live on the north of China. Fujian is to the south of Jiangsu Province. 2)above, over, on 在……上 above 指在……上方,不强调是否垂直，与 below相对； over指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触。 on表示某物体上面并与之接触。 The bird is flying above my head. There is a bridge over the river. He put his watch on the desk. 3)below, under 在……下面 under表示在…正下方 below表示在……下，不一定在正下方 There is a cat under the table. Please write your name below the line.介词短语组织形式及实例：一、介词+名词形式第一组by accident 偶然on account of 因为，由于in addition 另外in addition to 除 …… 之外in the air 在流行中，在传播中on (the/an) average 平均，一般来说on the basis of 根据，在 …… 的基础上at (the) best 充其量，至多for the better 好转，改善on board 在船 ( 车、飞机 ) 上out of breath 喘不过气来on business 因公，因事in any case 无论如何，总之in case of 假使，万一in case 假如，以防 ( 万一 ) 免得in no case 决不第二组by chance 偶然，碰巧in charge (of) 负责，主管(a) round the clock 昼夜不停地in common 共用，共有，共同in conclusion 最后，总之on condition that 在 …… 条件下in confidence 信任in connection with/to 关于in consequence 因此，结果in consequence of 由于 …… 的缘故on the contrary 反之，正相反in contrast with/to 与 …… 成对照out of control 失去控制under control 被控制住at all costs 不惜任何代价at the cost of 以 …… 为代价第三组in the course of 在 …… 过程中，在 …… 期间of course 当然，自然，无疑in danger 在危险中，垂危out of danger 脱离危险out of date 过期 ( 时 ) 的up to date 时新的in debt 欠债in detail 详细地in difficulties 处境困难in the distance 在远处off duty 下班on duty 值班，上班on earth 究竟，到底at all events 无论如何in any event 无论如何in effect 有效；实际上第四组in the event of 万一，如果发生for example 例如with the exception of 除 …… 之外in the face of 面对，不顾，即使in fact 其实，实际上on fire 烧着on foot 步行in force 有效；实施中in favo(u)r of 有利于，赞成，支持 in front of 在 …… 面前in (the) future 今后，将来on guard 警惕，防范in general 通常，大体上in half 成两半at hand 在手边，在附近from tip to toe 彻头彻尾，完全by hand 用手 hand down to 往下传，传给 ( 后代 )第五组hand in hand 手拉手，携手in hand 在掌握中，在控制中on hand 在手边，临近on (the) one hand... 一方面 …… ，on the other hand... 另一方面 ……at heart 在内心；实质上by heart 牢记，凭记忆at home 在家，在国内；自在，自如in honor of 以纪念，向 …… 表示敬意on one's honor 以名誉担保in a hurry 匆忙地，立即for instance 例如，举例说at intervals 不时，时时at last 最终，终于at least 至少，最低限度in the least 一点，丝毫第六组at length 终于，最后；详细地in the light of 按照，根据in line 成一直线，排成一行in line with 与 …… 一致，按照at a loss 困惑，不知所措as a matter of fact 其实，事实上by all means 无论如何，必定 by means of 借助于，用by no means 决不in memory of 纪念at the mercy of 在 …… 支配下by mistake 错误地for a moment 片刻，一会儿in a moment 立刻，马上第七组in nature 本质上 on occasion 有时，不时in order 秩序井然，整齐in group to 以便，为了in group that 以便out of order 发生故障，失调on one's own 独自地，独立地in particular 特别地，尤其，详细地in the past 在过去，以往in person 亲自in place 在适当的位置in place of 代替in the first place 起初，首先in the last place 最后out of place 不得其所的，不适当的on the point 即将 …… 的时候第八组 to the point 切中要害，切题in practice 在实际中，实际上out of practice 久不练习in proportion to( 与 ……) 成比例的in public 公开地，当众for (the) purpose of 为了on purpose 故意，有意with the purpose of 为了in question 正在考虑at random 随意地，任意地at any rate 无论如何，至少by reason of 由于as regards 关于，至于with/in regard to 对于，就 …… 而论第九组in/with relation to 关系到with respect to 关于as a result 结果，因此as a result of 由于 …… 的结果in return 作为报答，作为回报on the road 在旅途中as a rule 规章，规则；通常，照例in the long run 最终，从长远观点看for the sake of 为了 …… 起见on sale 出售；贱卖on a large scale 大规模地on a small scale 小规模地in secret 秘密地，私下地in a sense 从某种意义上说in shape 处于良好状态on the side 作为兼职，额外第十组at first sight 乍一看，初看起来in sight 被看到，在望out of sight 看不见，在视野之外in spite of 不管，不顾；尽管，虽然on the spot 当场，在现场in step 同步，合拍out of step 步调不一致，不协调in stock 现有，备有in sum 总而言之in tears 流着泪，含泪，哭in terms of 依据，按照；用 …… 措词for one thing 首先，一则on the second thoughts 经重新考虑，一转念at a time 每次，一次at no time 从不，决不at one time 同时，曾经，从前曾
二、动词+名词形式第一组have/gain access to 可以获得take...into account 考虑gain/have an advantage over 胜过，优于pay the way for 为 …… 铺平道路take advantage of 利用，趁 …… 之机pay attention to 注意do/try one's best 尽力，努力get the best of 胜过make the best of 充分利用，妥善处理get the better of 打败，致胜catch one's breath 屏息，歇口气take care 小心，当心take care of 照顾，照料take a chance 冒险一试take charge of 担任，负责keep company with 与 …… 交往，与 ……take delight in 以 …… 为乐with delight 欣然，乐意地第二组make a/the difference 有影响，很重要carry/bring into effect 使生效，使起作用put into effect 实行，生效come/go into effect 生效，实施take effect 生效，起作用catch one's eye 引人注目keep an eye on 留意，照看make a face 做鬼脸find fault 埋怨，挑剔catch fire 着火come/go into force 生效，实施make friends 交朋友，友好相处be friends with 对 …… 友好，与 …… 交上朋友make fun of 取笑，嘲弄keep one's head 保持镇静lost one's head 不知所措第三组lose heart 丧失勇气，失去信心get/learn by heart 记住，背诵get hold of 抓住，掌握keep house 管理家务，做家务throw/cast light on 使明白，阐明bear/keep in mind 记住have in mind 记住，考虑到，想到make up one's mind 下决心come/go into operation 使投入生产，使运转put in order 整理，检修keep/hold pace with 跟上，与 …… 同步play a part 起作用take place 发生，进行take the place of 代替come to the point 说到要点，扼要地说bring/carry into practice 实施，实行第四组make progress 进步，进展give rise to 引起，使发生make sense 讲得通，有意义catch the sight of 发现，突然看见(go) on the stage 当演员take one's time 不急不忙，从容进行keep in touch 保持联系keep track 通晓事态，注意动向lose track 失去联系make use of 利用put to use 使用，利用give way 让路，让步lead the way 带路，引路make one's way 前进，进行make way 让路，开路keep one's word 遵守诺言第五组act on 作用appeal to 呼吁，要求attempt at 企图，努力attitude to/towards 态度，看法a great/good deal of 大量 ( 的 ) ，许多 ( 的 )influence on 影响interference in 干涉interference with 妨碍，打扰第六组introduce to 介绍a lot (of) 许多 ( 的 ) ，大量 ( 的 )lots of 大量，很多fall in love with 相爱，爱上a matter of( 关于 ……) 的问题a number of 若干，许多reply to 回答，答复a series of 一系列，一连串英语常考词语固定搭配(四)第七组trolley bus 电车I. D. card 身份证credit card 信用卡no doubt 无疑，必定next door 隔壁out of doors 在户外face to face 面对面地as matter of fact 实际情况，真相a few 有些，几个quite a few 还不少，有相当数目的a little 一点，稍微，一些，少许little by little 逐渐地quite a little 相当多，不少no matter 无论the moment (that) 一 …… 就no more 不再第八组fair play 公平竞赛；公平对待in demand 有需要，销路好rest room 厕所，盥洗室primary school 小学side by side 肩并肩，一个挨一个heart and soul 全心全意step by step 逐步ahead of time 提前all the time 一直，始终once upon a time 从前once in a while 偶尔，有时no wonder 难怪，怪不得word for word 逐字地decline with thanks 婉言谢绝
三、介词+介词形式第一组account for 说明 ( 原因等 )aim at 瞄准，针对allow for 考虑到appeal to 呼吁，要求arrive at 达成，得出ask after 询问，问候ask for 请求，要求attach to 附属于，隶属于begin with 从开始break into 闯入break off 断绝，结束break through 突破break up 中止，结束；打碎，折断bring about 带来，造成bring down 打倒，挫伤；降低bring forth 产生，提上第二组bring forward 提出bring out 使出现；公布；出版bring up 教育，培养，使成长build up 积累；堵塞；树立，逐步建立；增进；锻炼call for 邀请；要求；需求call forth 唤起，引起；振作起，鼓起call off 放弃，取消catch at 抓住 ( 东西 )call on/upon 访问，拜访；号召，呼吁call up 召集，动员；打电话care for 照管，关心；喜欢，意欲carry off 夺去carry on 继续下去；从事，经营carry out 贯彻，执行；实现come to 总计，达到；苏醒，复原count on 依靠；期待，指望count up 把 …… 相加第三组cover up 掩饰，掩盖cut across 走捷径，抄近路deal with 处理，对付，安排do without 没有 …… 也行fill in/out 填充，填写get at 得到，接近；意思是get into 进入，陷入go after 追求go into 进入；研究，调查go for 竭力想取得；喜爱；支持，拥护go through 经历，经受；详细检查go with 伴随，与 …… 协调go without 没有 …… 也行improve on 改进keep to 保持，坚持lie in 在于live up to 不辜负第四组live on/by 靠 …… 生活，以 …… 为食live through 度过，经受过look after 照管，照料look at 看望，注视look for 寻找，寻求look into 调查，观察，过问；窥视look over 检查，查看，调查look through 仔细查看，浏览，温习make for 走向，驶向；有助于occur to 被想到，被想起play with 以 …… 为消遣，玩弄refer to 参考，查阅，涉及，提到run for 竞选run into 撞上，偶然碰见see to 注意，负责，照料，修理send for 派人去请，召唤；索取第五组send in 呈报，递交，送来serve as 作为，用作set aside 挑出，拨出，留出；拒绝sit for 参加stand by 支持，帮助；袖手旁观stand for 代替，代表，意味着stand against 反抗，抵抗stick to 坚持，忠于，信守take after 与 …… 相像take for 把 …… 认为是，把 …… 看成是take in 接受，吸收；了解，理解take to 喜欢，亲近touch on 关系到，涉及turn into 变成turn to 变成；求助于，借助于turn off 关上；出产；解雇
四、动词+介词形式第一组break down 损坏，分解，瓦解break in 闯入；打断，插嘴break out 逃出；突然发生，爆发bring to 使恢复知觉burn out 烧掉burn up 烧起来，旺起来；烧完catch on 理解，明白check in 办理登记手续check out 结账后离开；检验，核查check up (on) 校对，检查，检验cheer up 使高兴，使振奋clear away 扫除，收拾clear up 收拾；澄清；放晴make it clear that 弄清楚come off 实现，成功，奏效come on 请，来吧，快点；开始，出场，上演come out 出版；出现，显露；结果是第二组come round (around) 来访，前来；苏醒，复原come through 经历，脱险come up 走近，上来；发生，被提出cross out 删去，取消cut back 削减，减少cut down 削减，降低cut in( 汽车 ) 抢道；插嘴，打断cut off 切断；删去；停止cut out 删除cut short 突然停止die down 渐渐消失，平息die out 消失，灭绝draw in( 火车、汽车 ) 到站draw up 写上，画上；草拟；停住dress up 穿上盛装，打扮得很漂亮drop by/in 顺便来访dry out 干透，使干dry up 干涸，枯竭第三组drop off 减弱，减少drop out 退出，离队fall behind 落后fall out 争吵；结果是fall through 落空，失败feed in 输入find out 查明get across 解释清楚，使人了解get around/round 走动，旅行； ( 消息 ) 传开get away 逃脱，离开get by 通过，经过get down 从 …… 下来；写下get in 进入；收获，收集get off 从 …… 下来；离开，动身，开始get over 克服； ( 从病中 ) 恢复过来get through 结束，完成；接通电话have got to (do) 不得不，必须第四组get together 集合，聚集get up 起床；增加，增强give away 泄露；分送give back 送还，恢复give in 交上；投降，屈服give off 放出，释放give out 分发，放出give up 停止，放弃go ahead 开始，前进；领先go by 过去go down 下降，降低；被载入，传下去go off 爆炸，发射；动身，离开go out 外出；熄灭go over 检查，审查；复习，重温go round/around 足够分配go under 下沉，沉没；失败；破产go through 通过，审查，完成第五组go up 上升，增加；建起hand down 流传下来，传给，往下传hand in 交上，递交hand on 传下来，依次传递hand out 分发，散发，发给hand over 交出，移交，让与hang about 闲荡，徘徊，逗留hang back 犹豫，踌躇，畏缩hang on 抓紧不放；继续下去hang up 挂断 ( 电话 )have back 要回，收回have on 穿着，戴着hold back 踌躇，退缩；阻止，抑制hold on 继续，握住不放hold out 维持，支持；坚持，不屈服hold up 举起，阻挡，使停止；抢劫第六组hurry up( 使 ) 赶快，迅速完成keep back 阻止，阻挡；隐瞒，保留keep down 控制，压制，镇压；压低keep off 不接近，避开keep up 保持，维持；继续，坚持let down 放下，降低；使失望let in 让 …… 进入，放 …… 进来let off 放 ( 烟，烟火 ) ，开 ( 枪 )let out 放掉，放出，发出line up 排队，使排成一行look back 回顾，回头看look out 留神，注意，提防，警惕look on 旁观，观看；看待，视作look up 查阅，查考；寻找 ( 某人 )look in 顺便看望make out 辨认，区分；理解，了解make out of 用 …… 做，从 …… 得出第七组make up 构成，拼凑；弥补，赔偿；化装mix up 混淆，混合，搞糊涂pass away 去世，逝世pass off 中止，停止pass to 转到，讨论，传到pass out 失去知觉，昏倒pay back 偿还，回报pay off 还清 ( 债 )pay down 即时交付，用现金支付pay up 全部付清第八组pick out 选出，挑出，拣出；辨认，辨别出pick up 拾起， ( 偶然 ) 得到； ( 车船 ) 中途搭 ( 人 ) ，学会pull down 拆毁，拉倒；拉下，降低pull in( 车 ) 停下，进站，船 ( 到岸 )pull off 脱 ( 帽、衣 )pull on 穿，戴pull out 拔出，抽出； ( 车、船 ) 驶出pull together 齐心协力pull up( 使 ) 停下put across 解释清楚，说明put aside 储存，保留put away 放好，收好；储存put down 记下，放下；镇压，平定put forward 提出put in 驶进put on 穿上，戴上；上演；增加 ( 体重 )put out 熄灭，关 ( 灯 ) ；出版，发布；生产put right 改正 ( 错误 ) ，整理第九组put up 提起，举起，提 ( 价 ) ；为 …… 提供食宿，投宿ring off 挂断电话rub out 擦掉，拭去run down 撞倒，撞沉；追捕，追查run off 复印，打印run over 略读，略述；辗过，浏览，匆匆复习see off 给 …… 送行see through 看穿，识破；干完，干到底set back 推迟，延缓，阻碍set down 卸下，放下，记下，记入set forth 阐明，陈述set off 出发，动身；引起，使发生set out 陈列，显示；动身，起程；制定set up 创立，建立，树立；资助，扶持show in 领入show off 炫耀，卖弄第十组show up 使呈现，使醒目shut out 排除sit in 列席，旁听sit up 迟睡，熬夜speed up 使加速stand out 突出，显眼stand up 站起来，耐用step up 提高，加快，加紧step in 插入，介入stick out 伸出，突出；坚持到底，继续take away 消除；消耗take down 记下，写下take off 拿走，脱下；起飞take on 呈现；接纳，承担，从事take over 接管，接办take up 占据；开始；拿起，接收take up with 和 …… 交往，忍受，采用初中英语常用介词短语列举：1)at once 立刻 &&&&&&&&2)at last 最后 3)at first 起先，首先 &&&&&&&4)at the age of… 在……岁时 5)at the end of… 在……之末 &&&&&6)at the beginning of… 在……之初 7)at the foot of… 在……脚下 &&&&&8)at the same time 同时 9)at night/noon 在夜里/中午 &&&&&10)with one's help 在某人的帮助下，由于某人的帮助 11)with the help of … 在……的帮助下 &&&12)with a smile 面带笑容 13)with one's own eyes 亲眼看见 &&&&14)after a while 过了一会儿 15)from now on 从现在起 &&&&&&16)from then on 从那时起 17)far example 例如 &&&&&&&18)far away from 远离 19)from morning till night 从早到晚&&&&20)by and by 不久 21)by air mail 寄航空邮件 &22)by bike/air/train/bus 骑自行车/乘飞机/火车/汽车 23)by ordinary mail 寄平信 &24)by the way 顺便说 25)by the window 在窗边 26)by the end of… 到……底为止 27)little by little 逐渐地 &28)in all 总共 29)in fact 事实上 &30)in one's twenties 在某人二十几岁时 31)in a hurry 匆忙&&32)in the middle of 在……中间 33)in no time (in a minute) 立刻，很快 &34)in time (on time) 及时 35)in public 公众，公开地 &36)in order to 为了…… 37)in front of 在……前面 38)in the sun 在阳光下 39)in the end 最后，终于 40)in surprise 惊奇地 41)in turn 依次 &42)of course 当然 43)a bit (of) 有一点儿 &44)a lot of 许多 45)a little 一点儿 &46)on one's way to 某人在去……的路上 47)on foot 步行，走路 &48)a talk on space 一个关于太空的报告 49)on the other hand 另一方面 &50)at/on the weekend 在周末 51)on the left (right) 在左(右)边 &52)on the other side of 在……另一边 53)on the radio 通过收音机(无线电广播)&54)to one's joy 使……高兴的是 55)to one's surprise 使……惊讶的是& 反义疑问句：表示提问人的看法，没有把握，需要对方证实。 反意疑问句由两部分组成：前一部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简短的疑问句，两部分的人称时态应保持一致。1. 陈述部分肯定式+疑问部分否定式可记为前肯后否。&2. 陈述部分否定式+疑问部分肯定式可记为前否后肯。 例如：This pencil is red, isn’t it? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& This pencil isn’t red, is it? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t. 速记：前肯后否，前否后肯，前be后be，前无be后加助，时态一致。反意疑问句的回答：前肯后否，前否后肯，根据事实从后往前翻译。如：（1）They work hard,don’t they?他们努力工作，不是吗？Yes, they do.对,他们工作努力。/No, they don't.不，他们工作不努力（2）They don’t work hard, do they? 他们不太努力工作，是吗？Yes, they do. 不，他们工作努力。/No, they don't. 是的， 他们工作不努力否定反义疑问句的回答当陈述部分为肯定式，反义疑问句为否定式时，其回答一般不会造成困难，一般只需照情况回答即可："It’s new, isn’t it?" "Yes, it is." “是新的，不是吗？”“是，是新的。”"He wants to go, doesn’t he?" "No, he doesn’t." “他想去，不是吗？”“不，他不想去。”此时，"Yes"即是，对前面"It's new."的肯定。回答反义疑问句的原则回答反意疑问句通常应根据实际情况来确定，如有人问你You are asleep, aren’t you? 你应回答No, I’m not. 因为既然你能回答，肯定你还没有asleep。但如果别人问你 You aren’t asleep, are you?(你还没有睡着，对吗)，你也只能回答No, I’m not.(是的，还没有睡着)，而不能回答为Yes, I’m not. 也不能回答成 Yes, I am.“It is a beautiful flower，isn't it？” “It isn't a beautiful flower，is it？”上述两句句子的回答肯定均为“Yes，it is."否定为“No，it isn't."由上述例子可知，反义疑问句回答与句子本身所包含的中文肯定与否的含义并无太大关联，只需注意事实，肯定即用yes，否定用no，无需考虑句子原本是前否后肯或是前肯后否。口诀:反意疑问并不难，陈述疑问句中含。前后肯否恰相反，否定词缀不能算。主谓时态要一致，特殊情况记心田。实际情况来回答，再把yes和no拣。综上所述，反义疑问句回答就是按实际情况回答。对反意疑问句的回答，无论问题的提法如何，如果事实是肯定的，就用yes，事实是否定的，就要用no。要特别注意陈述句部分是否定结构，反意疑问句部分用肯定式提问时，回答yes或no与汉语正好相反。这种省略回答的yes要译成“不”，no要译成“是”。例：—He likes playing football, doesn’t he? 他喜欢踢足球，不是吗？—Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t. 是的。/ 不是。—His sister didn’t attend the meeting, did she? 他妹妹没有参加会议，是吗？—Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t. 不，她参加了。/ 是的，她没参加。快速记忆表：陈述部分的谓语&& 疑问部分I/主语&& aren't I / are Ino,nothing,nobody,never,few, seldom, hardly,rarely, little等否定含义的词&& 肯定含义含有un-,in-.dis-,im-等否定意义的前缀构成的词语时，视为肯定含义&& 否定含义ought to（肯定的）&& shouldn't/ oughtn't +主语have to+v.(had to+v.)&& don't +主语(didn't +主语)used to+v.&& didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语had better + v.&& hadn't youwould rather + v.&& wouldn't +主语you'd like to + v.&& wouldn't +主语must&& 根据实际情况而定感叹句&& be +主语指示代词或不定代词everything,that,nothing,this&& 主语用it并列复合句&& 谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定定语从句,宾语从句主从复合句&& 根据主句的谓语而定think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine等引导&& 与宾语从句相对应的从句everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,no one&& 复数they, 单数he情态动词dare或need&& need/needn't (dare/daren't ) +主语dare, need 为实义动词&& do/don't +主语省去主语的祈使句&& will/won't you？Let's 开头的祈使句&& Shall we?Let us 开头的祈使句&& Will you?there be&& 相应的谓语动词+there(省略主语代词）否定前缀不能视为否定词&& 仍用否定形式.反意疑问句19条：1) 陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用 aren't I.I'm as tall as your sister，aren't I?2) 陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may +主语。I wish to have a word with you, may I?3) 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。The Swede made no answer, did he / she?Some plants never blown (开花), do they ?4) 含有ought to 的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he?5) 陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.)，疑问部分常用don't +主语（didn't +主语）。We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we?6) 陈述部分的谓语是used to 时，疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语。He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he?7) 陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you?You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?8) 陈述部分有would rather +v.，疑问部分多用 wouldn't +主语。He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?9) 陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?10) 陈述部分有must 的疑问句，疑问部分根据实际情况而定。He must be a doctor, isn't he?You must have studied English for three years, haven't you? / didn't you?He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he?11) 感叹句中，疑问部分用用否定的助动词加sb/sth？如：1）What a fine day it is today！What a fine day it is today，isn“t it？2）How fast he runs！How fast he runs，doesn”t he？3）What a long time we have been waiting！What a long time we have been waiting ，haven“t we？12) 陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?13) 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。Everything is ready, isn't it?14)陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况：a. 并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he?b. 带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?c. 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。I don't think he is bright, is he?We believe she can do it better, can't she?15) 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he。Everyone knows the answer, don't they? (does he?)Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)16) 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。We need not do it again, need we ?He dare not say so, dare you?当dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she?17) 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。Don't do that again, will you?Go with me, will you / won't you ?注意： Let's 开头的祈使句，后用shall we?Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you?Let's go and listen to the music, shall we?Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ?18) 陈述部分是"there be"结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there?There will not be any trouble, will there?19) 否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。It is impossible, isn't it?He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?有些动词如：cost hurt hit put 等，它们的过去时与原型相同，在肯定句中一定要先弄清楚它们是什么时态.英语18种特殊的反意疑问句： 1.祈使句。祈使句后一般加上will you或won't you构成反意疑问句，用will you 多表 示“请求”，用won't you 多表示提醒对方注意。例如： 　　&Look at the blackboard, will you/ won't you?看黑板，好吗？ 　　 Let 引导的祈使句有两种情况： 　　 1) Let's...后的反意疑问句用shall we或shan't we。例如： 　　 Let's go home, shall we/ shan't we? 回家吧，好吗？ 　　&还可以用may I来表示征求对方的同意或许可。 　　 2) Let us/me...后的反意疑问句用will you或won't you。例如： 　　&Let me have a try, will you/won't you? 让我试一试，行吗？ 　　 2. 感叹句。感叹句后加反意疑问句时，其反意疑问句需用be的一般现在时态的否定形式。 例如： 　　 What fine weather, isn't it? 多好的天气啊，是吧？ 　　&3. 当陈述部分谓语动词是need, dare, used to，且这些词被用作实义动词时，其反意疑问 句需用do的适当形式。例如： 　　 He needs help, doesn't he? 他需要帮助，是吗？ 　　&4. 陈述部分主、谓语是I am...时，反意疑问句用aren't I 或am't I ,而不是am not I (可 用a m I not)。例如： 　　 I'm working now, am't I? 我在工作，是吗？ 　　 5. 陈述部分的主语是everything, nothing, anything或something 时，反意疑问句的主语应用代词it。例如： 　　&Something is wrong with my radio, isn't it? 我的收音机出毛病了，是吧？ 　　 6. 陈述部分的主语是 everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone, somebody, someone, nobody, no one, none, neither 时, 其反意疑问句的主语需用复数代词they。 例如： 　　 Everyone is here, aren't they? 大家都到了，是吗？ 　　 No one knows about it, do they? 没有人知道这件事，对吗？ 　　 7. 陈述部分的主语是指示代词this或that时，反意疑问句的主语用it，当陈述部分的主语是指示代词these或those时，其反意疑问句的主语用they。 例如： 　　 This is a plane, isn't it? 这是一架飞机，是吗？ 　　 These are grapes，aren't they? 这些是葡萄，是吗？ 　　 8. 陈述部分的主语是不定代词one时，反意疑问句的主语可以用one，也可用you(美式英语用he)。例如： 　　 One should be ready to help others, shouldn't one? 每个人都应该乐于助人，是吧？ 　　 9. 当陈述部分含有以下这些含有否定意义的词时：few, little, seldom，hardly, never, not,& no, no one, nobody, nothing, none, neither等，其反意疑问句需用肯定结构。 例如： 　　&He is never late for school, is he? 他上学从不迟到，是吗？ 　　 10. 当陈述部分所含的否定词是通过加前缀或后缀构成的，其后的反意疑问句依然用否定结构。例如： 　　 && It is unfair, isn't it? 这不公平，是吧？ 　　 11.含有否定含义的词在陈述部分作动词的宾语时，其反意疑问句用肯定结构，也可以用否定结构。例如： 　　 You got nothing from him, did you? 你从他那儿什么也没得到，是吗？ 　　 12. 当陈述部分主语是从句、不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式时，反意疑问句的主语应该用it。& 例如： 　　 What you need is more important, isn't it？你需要的东西更重要，是吧？ 　　 13. 当陈述部分含I think (believe, suppose...)that... 结构时，其反意疑问句须与从句的主、谓语保持一致，注意主句的主语必须是第一人称。例如： 　　 I don't think he will come, will he? 我认为他不会来，对吗？ 　　 14.have(has)不是表示“有”的意思，并在句中做谓语时，其反意疑问句的助动词要用do, does, did。例如： 　　 They had a meeting just now，didn't they? 他们刚才开了个会，是吗？ 　　 15. 陈述部分有have to 时，其反意疑问句要用助动词的否定形式。例如： 　　 You have to water the vegetables every day, don't you?你每天都要浇菜，对吧？ 　　 16. 陈述部分是there be句型时，其反意疑问句中要用there。例如： 　　 There was a hospital here, wasn't there? 过去这儿有家医院，是吗？ 　　 17. 陈述部分有had better时，反意疑问句中要用hadn't。&例如： 　　 We had better go to school at once, hadn't we? 我们现在最好马上去上学，好吗？ 18. 当陈述部分含有情态动词must时，我们便要分析一下must的含义。如果must 作“一定；要；必须”讲，反意疑问句须用mustn't或needn't；而当must作推测意义“一定 是；必定”讲时，反意疑问句则需根据must后的动词原形选用相应的形式。例如： 　　&He must work hard at physics, mustn't he? 他必须努力学物理，是吧？ 　　 Tom must be at home，isn't he? 汤姆一定在家，是吧？
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