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Text A How to be a successful language learner？本课主要单词1. successful adj. 成功的He is a successful writer. （他是一个
Text A How to be a successful language learner？本课主要单词1. successful adj. 成功的He is a successful writer. （他是一个有成就的作家。）He hopes he will be successful this time. （他希望他这次能够成功。）success n. 成功Their film is a great success.（他们的影片很成功。）We are sure of success. （我们一定能成功。）succeed v. 成功I succeeded in getting the job. （我成功地得到了这份工作。）She succeeded in passing the exam. （她考试及格了。）2. adult adj.
n. 成年的，成熟的；成年人These adult films are not suitable for children.（这些成人电影，儿童不宜观看。）Don‘t worry too much about him， he is an adult now.（别为他过分担心，他是成年人了。）3. disagree vi. 有分歧，不同意；不符，不一致agree vi. 同意I disagree with you about this.〔对于这件事，我跟你的意见不同。〕These figures disagree with last week‘s results.（这些数据与上周的结果不符。）I agree with what you said. （我同意你所说的。）She agreed to the plan.（她赞成这个计划。）We haven‘t agreed on the date of the meeting.（我们还没商定会议的日期。）agreement n. 同意；协议disagreement n. 不同意We haven‘t reached an agreement yet.（我们还没达成协议。）There was no disagreement， and the proposal was accepted.（没有不同意见，这个建议被接受了。）（请注意：前缀dis-通常可以加在动词，名词，形容词前面，构成反意词。例如：dissatisfy，disorder，disable. 后缀-ment加在动词的后面，构成名词。例如：arrangement，argument 等。）4. statement n. 声明，陈述 （由动词state 加名词后缀-ment构成）Very soon he made his first public statement about the affair. （他很快就此事件首次发表公开声明。）Do you believe the witness‘s statement？ （你相信证人的陈述吗？）（请注意动词与名词的搭配：issue a statement， make a statement）5. guarantee n.
v. 保证，担保，保修He gave his guarantee that he would repay the money as soon as he could.（他保证他会尽快还钱。）The washing machine is guaranteed for five years.（这台洗衣机保用5年。）（请注意guarantee做动词的用法：guarantee sth.，guarantee that， guarantee against / from ）6. intelligent adj. 聪明的，明智的He made an intelligent decision.（他做出了明智的决定。）Human beings are much more intelligent than animals.（人类远比动物聪明。）Intelligence n. 聪明，智力She prided herself on her intelligence.（她为自己的聪明感到自豪。）Intelligently adv. 聪明地，明智地They dealt with the problem intelligently.（他们明智地处理了这个问题。）7. conversely adv. 相反地Some are wealthy but unhappy； conversely， others are happy but not wealthy.（有的人富有但不快乐，相反，另一些人快乐但不富有。）converse adj. 相反的I hold the converse opinion.（我的观点相反。）converse v. 交谈，谈话He felt it difficult to converse with Helen in English.（他觉得跟海伦用英语交谈很困难。）8. similar adj. 相似的，类似的The two animals are similar to each other in appearance.（这两只动物外表很相似。）similarity n. 相似，类似Their differences are more noticeable than their similarities.（他们的不同之处比相同之处更明显。）9. independent adj. 独立的，自主的（这个词的词根是depend，在depend的后面加上后缀 -ent可以构成形容词，加上 -ence则可以构成名词；在dependent，dependence前面加上前缀 in- 又可以构成反义词。）depend v. 依靠，依赖dependence n. 依靠，依赖dependent adj. 依靠的，依赖的independence n. 独立，自主India won its independence in 1947.（印度于1947年赢得了独立。）10. clue n. 线索，提示The police searched all the houses but found no clues.（警察搜索了所有的房屋，但是没有发现任何线索。）（注意用法：find /give a clue to sth.）11. conclusion n. 结论，推论conclude v. 断定，决定（注意用法：come to a conclusion，jump at a conclusion，draw a conclusion，reach a conclusion）What conclusions did you come to？（你得出了什么结论？）12. communicate v. 交流，交际，通讯communication n. 交流，通讯communicative adj. 爱说话的To communicate with him is no easy job， as he is not a communicative person.句型。句中learning a language为动名词短语，在句子中做主语。再如：Forgetting the past means betrayal.（忘记过去就意味着背叛。）请翻译下面的句子：1） 阅读英语比讲英语容易。 （Reading English is easier than speaking it.）2） 集邮是我弟弟的爱好。（Collecting stamps is my little brother‘s hobby.）2. Even a child can do it.even在句中作副词用，加强语气，表示“甚至（…也），连（…都）”。如：He even didn‘t trust his best friend.（他甚至不信任他最好的朋友。）请注意even与 even if / though的区别并翻译下面的句子：1） 这个我连听都没听过。（I haven‘t even heard of it.）2） 即使花了数天时间复习，他也没能考好。（He didn‘t do well in the exam even though he spent days reviewing.）3. Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement.句中who are learning a second language为定语从句，修饰先行词most adults，再如：The man who wrote this book is a teacher.（写这本书的人是一位教师。）请翻译下面的句子：1） 穿蓝色夹克的那个男孩是我们的班长。（The boy who is in a blue jacket is our monitor.）2） 你昨天借给我的那本书很有趣。（The book that you lent me yesterday is very interesting.）句中的would是助动词，表示“可能”，“（将）会”。例如：A picnic without you wouldn‘t be fun.（野餐没你参加会很没意思。）助动词would的用法很多，概括起来主要有如下几种：1） 表示过去将来时：I felt confident that everything would be all right.2） 表示意愿：I asked him not to do it， but he wouldn‘t listen to me.3） 表示习惯性：Every evening， we would go for a walk along the river.4） 表示虚拟，假设，条件：If you had come earlier， you would have seen him.5） 表示婉转地请求或建议：Would you look after my cat while I am away？4. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice， and even this will not guarantee success for every adult language learner.注意句中hundreds of hours的用法，阅读课本第六页注解2.请翻译下面的词组：1） 十个学生 ten students数十个学生 tens of students2） 五百年 five hundred years数百年 hundreds of years3） 两千年 two thousand years数千年 thousands of years4） 三百万美元 three million dollars数百万美元 millions of dollars5. Language learning is different from other kinds of learning.句中be different from 意为“与…不同”，如：My opinion is different from yours.（我的观点与你的观点不同。）请注意下面三个句子中所用的词组：Man is different from all the other animals in his ability to learn and use a language.Man differs from all the other animals in his ability to learn and use a language.The greatest difference between man and all the other animals is his ability to learn and use a language.从上面的句子中可以看出differ是动词，different 是形容词，difference是名词。6. … find it difficult to succeed in language learning.… find it difficult to succeed in other fields.句中的it是形式宾语（formal object），真正的宾语（real object）是不定式to succeed in language learning，此类用法在英语中很常见，请注意掌握。如：At first I found it difficult to remember all these new words.（开始我感到记住这些单词很难。）请翻译下面的句子：1） 外面的噪音使我无法继续工作。（The noise outside made it difficult for me to go on with my work.）2） 他们觉得再争论下去是浪费时间。（They consider it a waste of time to argue any further.）3） 她认为把真相告诉小王是对的。（She thought it right to tell Xiao Wang the truth.）7. Language teachers often offer advice to language learners.本句中注意掌握动词offer的用法，请看下面的例句：1） He offered me a cup of tea after I sat down. （我坐下后他给我端来一杯茶。）2） What suggestions would you like to offer to those young teachers？ （对这些新教师你有什么建议要提吗？）3） This shop offers all kinds of stationery.（这家商店供应各种文具。）4） The old man offered me 100 yuan for the used bike.（那个老人向我出价100元买这辆旧自行车。）5） She offered to help me with my English.（她表示愿意帮我学英语。）句中的advice为不可数名词，其后不加s，正如课本第六页注解3所说，有许多东西在汉语中是可数的，在英语中却是不可数的。如news， information， paper 等，若要表示“一个”这类概念，就必须加a piece of这类定语，例如：a piece of newsa piece of advicea sum of moneya piece of bread8. Read as much as you can.句中的much 是副词，用副词作同等比较时，可以用as … as和so … as 这种结构，如：1） Read as much as you can and your vocabulary will be enlarged.（尽量多阅读，你的词汇量就会扩大。）2） We must arrange everything as well as we can.（我们要把一切尽可能地安排好。）3） Please give me a call as soon as possible.（请尽早给我打电话。）4） I don‘t speak English so well as you.（我英语讲得没你好。）9. Practice speaking the language every day.practice 在美国英语中可以做动词也可以做名词，而在英国英语中，practice是名词，动词的拼写则是practise.作动词用时，其后只能跟动名词，不能跟不定式。如：It is really no fun to practice running in such hot weather.（在这样炎热的天气里练跑步可真不是好玩的。）10. Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.that successful language learners are similar in many ways 是宾语从句。在非正式场合下that引导宾语从句时可省略。如：I think （that） you are right.请翻译下面的句子：1） 小男孩承认是他打碎了窗玻璃。（The little boy admitted that he broke the window.）2） 大量证据表明他是有罪的。（Plenty of evidence shows that he is guilty.）3） 我保证将会给他更多的帮助。（I promised that I would give him more help.）11. … they discover their own way to learn the language. to learn the language不定式做定语，例如：Is it the best way to solve the problem？（这是解决问题的最好方法吗？）请翻译下面的句子：1） 他没有勇气承认自己是无知的。（He has no courage to say that he is ignorant.）2） 这将是一个交流思想的好机会。（This will be a good opportunity to exchange ideas.）3） 他们在会上没有发言权。（They had no right to speak at the meeting.）12. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain， they try to find the patterns and rules for themselves.动词不定式to explain和名词 teacher构成复合结构，作wait for的宾语，称为复合宾语。此类用法在英语中很常见，例如：1） I‘ll get someone to repair the bike for you.（我去找人来帮你修自行车。）2） He wants you to call him in the afternoon.（他要你下午给他打电话。）3） The teacher is waiting for the students to answer the questions.（老师在等学生们回答问题。）4） You can count on him to give you full support.（你放心，他会给你全力支持。）请注意 instead of 与 instead 的区别：1） Instead of staying at home watching TV， he went out for a walk.He didn‘t stay at home watching TV， instead he went out for a walk.2） Instead of having milk for breakfast， he had a cup of coffee.He didn‘t have milk for breakfast， instead he had a cup of coffee.13. When they guess wrong， they guess again.wrong常常作形容词或动词用，而本句中的wrong则作副词用。请注意下面句子中wrong的词类：1） He was annoyed that he had been given some wrong information.（wrong adj.错误的）2） I knew I had wronged her terribly when I gave her all the complaints.（wrong v. 冤枉）3） The whole class burst into laughter when the teacher pronounced her name wrong.（wrong adv.错，不对）14. … they look for such a chance.句中的such是前置限定词，可放在可数或不可数名词前，如：1） I‘ve never seen such beautiful scenery.（我从没见过这样美丽的景色。）2） He didn‘t expect that the audience would give him such a response.（他没料想到观众们会给予如此反应。）3） She didn‘t feel like going out on such a cold day.（她不想在如此寒冷的日子里出门。）从下面的句子中可以看出so与such的区别，so是副词，通常用来修饰形容词或副词：1） The question was so difficult that nobody could answer it.（这个问题太难了，没人能回答。）2） His eyesight was so poor that he couldn‘t see anything clearly.（他的视力不好，什么也看不清。）3） He ran so fast that nobody could catch up with him.（他跑得那么快，没有人能赶上他。）15. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word.不定式短语to learn to think in the language是句子的真正主语。it常常被用来代替不定式，在句子中充当形式主语，而把真正的主语移到句子后面去，这样使句子显得比较平稳。为了说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，便在不定式前加for引起的短语。又如：1） It is not at all difficult for him to understand the poem.2） It is necessary for us to lend him a helping hand at this time.more important than是形容词比较级形式，请翻译下面的句子：1） 汤姆的年龄比玛丽大。（Tom is older than Mary.）2） 这本书比那本书更有趣。（This book is more interesting than that one.）3） 我们班的学生人数比他们班的多。（There are more students in our class than in theirs.）16. … you have probably been learning independently， actively， and purposefully.句中所用的时态为现在完成进行时，表示一个动作从过去的某一时间开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去。又如：1） He has been working for a whole day.2） They have been watching TV for two hours.请翻译下面的句子：1） 老李已经在南京生活了二十年。（Lao Li has been living in Nanjing for 20 years.）2） 雨下多久了？（How long has it been raining？）3） 我等了他一个多小时了。（I have been waiting for him for more than an hour.）17. … if your language learning has been less than successful， you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.less than用在形容词的前面是为了给所要表述的内容增加否定意味。又如：It would be less than fair to put all the blame on him.（把所有的责任都加在他身上是不太公平的。）请翻译下面的句子：1） 父亲对他的成绩不太满意。（Father was less than satisfied with his performance.）2） 这个计划远不够完美。（The plan was a good deal less than perfect.）do well to do sth. 的意思是“最好…做”，如：She would do well to go away from thesedishonest people.（她最好远离这些不诚实的人。）本课主要词组1. disagree with 2. be different from3. succeed in 4. offer sth. to sb.5. as much as 6. practice doing sth.7. be similar to 8. first of all9. depend on 10. instead of11. wait for 12. look for13. learn from 14. communicate with15. be willing to 16. be interested in17. in order to 18. on the other hand19. less than 20. do well to do sth.　　本课主要句型A. 动名词做主语1） Learning a language is easy.2） Learning a language is a very difficult task.B. 定语从句1） Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement.2） Some people who are intelligent and successful in their fields…3） They are good guessers who find clues and form their own conclusions.4） They find people who speak the language…5） …they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete.C. it 做形式宾语1） …some people…find it difficult to succeed in…2） They find it easy to practice using the language regularly…D. it 做形式主语1） It is more important for them to learn to think…2） It is necessary for them to learn the language…Text B Language1. not only…but also （不但……而且）例：To some people language learning is not only time-consuming， but also difficult.You can find the place not only with the help of a map， but also by asking the way.2. up and down （上上下下，前前后后）例：His eyes moved up and down the rows of people， looking for the escaped prisoner.He walked up and down the street， not knowing what decision he should make.3. neither…nor （既不……也不）例：Neither you nor I should be responsible for this accident.This book is neither interesting nor instructive.4. mean to do sth.（打算做某事，想要做某事）例：I meant to say “sorry” to him， but he didn‘t want to listen.He didn‘t mean to hurt you.5. not at all（一点也不）例：I am not at all tired.He was not at all frightened by the strange noise.6. consist of（由……组成）例：Our class consists of 20 boys and 26 girls.The medical team consists of 3 doctors and two nurses.Text A Taxes，Taxes，and More Taxes本课主要单词1. tax n. & v. 税（款）；对…征税The government plans to increase taxes by 3 percent.（政府计划把税收增加三个百分点。）In Britain， tobacco and alcoholic drinks are heavily taxed.（在英国，烟草和酒类饮品的税收很高。）income tax（所得税） sales tax（销售税）import tax（进口税） housing and land tax（房地产税）VAT （value-added tax）（增值税） poll tax（人头税）tax-collector（税务员） tax-payer（纳税人）dodge tax（逃税，漏税） tax-free（免税的）2. type n. 类型，种类，品种v. 打字No one knows why he doesn‘t like this type of work.（没有人知道他为什么不喜欢这种工作。）The manager asked Mary to type the letter again.（经理要玛丽把信重打一遍。）typewriter（打字机）typist（打字员）3. salary n. 工资 v. （常用被动语态）给…发薪salaried adj. 拿薪水的，领工资的She was happy to know that she would get a promotion and an increase in salary.（得知她将得到提级和加薪，她很开心。）Don‘t worry about him， he will be salaried by a big company.（别为他担心，一家大公司会给他发薪水。）With his knowledge and experience he was bound to get a high-salaried post.（凭借他的知识和经验，他一定能找到一份高薪的工作。）salary和 wage的区别在于：salary是指为从事非体力劳动的人按月支付的薪水，wage则通常指为从事体力劳动的人按周支付的薪水。4. earn v. 挣得；赢得，获得He worked 14 hours a day in order that he could earn enough to support the family.（为了能挣足够的钱养家，他每天工作十四小时。）His sincerity earns him friends wherever he goes.（无论走到哪，他的真诚都能赢得朋友。）5. percentage n. 百分比，百分率；比例，部分percent / per cent n. 每百中，百分之…The percentage of university enrollment will be greatly increased this year.（今年，大学录取的百分比将大大提高。）About 70 percent of high school graduates in Nanjing will be enrolled by universities this year.（今年，南京的高中毕业生将有百分之七十被高校录取。）6. vary vi. 变化，有不同vt. 改变，使不同Prices of fish vary from 70 cents a pound to one dollar a pound.（鱼的价格从七十美分到一美元一磅不等。）The weather in this area varies from hour to hour.（这儿的天气时刻有变化。）I didn‘t vary my plan at the last moment.（我在最后一刻没有改变我的计划。）7. graduated adj.（税）累进的；刻度的graduate v. & n. 毕业；毕业生graduation n. 毕业As the federal government has a graduated income tax， the more you earn， the higher tax you have to pay. 因为联邦政府实行累进所得税，所以，你挣的越多，缴的所得税就越高。A graduated glass will enable you to know how much water you have put into the vessel.（量杯能够使你知道你在容器里放了多少水。）He graduated from high school last year. But it was difficult for a high school graduate to find a satisfactory job.（他去年高中毕业，但是高中毕业生要找一份称心如意的工作是很困难的。）After graduation she went to work in a hospital as a nurse. （毕业后，她去医院做了一名护士。）8. sale n. 出售，卖；廉价出售sell v. 卖Mr. Smith is now interested in my car and I hope I can make the sale today.（史密斯先生现在对我的汽车感兴趣，我希望今天就能卖成。）He sold his bike to Tom.（他把自行车卖给了汤姆。）for sale（待售） on sale（上市的）a clearance sale（清仓拍卖） sales department（营业部）sales promotion（促销活动） sales manager（销售经理）salesperson / salesclerk（营业员）9. charge v. 索价；指控；使充满n. 价钱；指控；负责He charged me 10 yuan for a bowl of plain rice.（一碗白米饭，他要了我十块钱。）The young man was charged with stealing.（那个年轻人被指控犯了盗窃罪。）Charge your glasses and drink to our friendship.（斟满杯，为我们的友谊干杯。）The charge for a front-row seat is 250 yuan.（前排座位票价250元。）The police arrested him on a charge of murder.（警察以谋杀罪拘捕了他。）Who will be in charge of our class when the teacher is away？（老师不在的时候，谁管我们班？）10. figure n. 数字；人物；外形v. 想出；算出；估计He has a good head for figures.（他的数字概念很强。）No one had expected that his savings could reach 5 figures in such a short time.（谁也没料到在这么短的时间里，他的存款能达到五位数。）He was an important figure in American history.（他是美国历史上的重要人物。）She was always worrying about her figure as she couldn‘t resist the temptation of chocolates. （她抵御不了巧克力的诱惑，所以总是担心自己的体形。）We are trying to figure out a way to help them.（我们正在想办法帮助他们。）Figure out the expenses and see if we have enough money.（算一算费用，看看我们的钱是否够。）She brought an umbrella as she figured they might need it.（她带了一把伞，因为她估计他们会需要。）11. add v. 增加，增添addition n. 加 （in addition to除…之外）additional adj. 附加的，另外的The fire is going out， add more wood to it. （火要灭了，再加些木柴。）His explanation adds to my confusion.（他的解释使我更加糊涂。）In addition to leaves， these animals eat a great deal of fruit.（除了树叶之外，这些动物还吃大量的水果。）It will take an additional two days to finish the work.（还要再花两天时间才能完成这项工作。）12. revenue n. 收入，收益；税收The manager is worrying about the drop in advertising revenue.（经理正为广告收入的下降着急。）The loss of tax revenue in many areas is getting higher.（许多地区的税收流失越来越严重。）the Public Revenue（财政收入，国库收入）Inland Revenue（国内税收） revenue department（税务部门）13. diverse adj. 不同的；多种多样的 diversity n. 多样性；差异He is a man of diverse talent.（他是一个有多种才能的人。）They offered us diverse suggestions at the meeting.（他们在会上给我们提出了各种各样的建议。）His writing displays the diversities of human behavior.（他的作品展示了人类行为的多样性。）A great diversity of methods has been tried in doing this experiment.（实验中尝试过各种各样的方法。）14. confuse v. 使混乱，混淆confusion n. 混乱，慌乱What he said just now confuses all of us.（他刚才说的话把我们都弄糊涂了。）Her answers have only added to his confusion.（她的回答只使他更加糊涂。）15. property n. 财产，资产；（房）地产；特性，性质That car is my property， you cannot use it without my permission.（那辆车是我的财产，没我的允许，你不能动用。）The city is growing and property in the center is becoming more valuable.（城市在发展，市中心的房地产越来越有价值了。）Many plants have medicinal properties.（许多植物有药用特性。）state property （国家财产） personal property（动产）real property / estate（不动产） intellectual property（知识产权）16. excise n. 国产税，本国消费税exercise n.& v. 行使，运用；锻炼；练习customs n. 关税（Customs 海关）17. fund n. 基金，专款；储备，贮存v. 提供资金，供以款项We would set up a fund to help those children whose parents couldn‘t afford to send them to school.（我们将设立一项基金，帮助那些父母供不起他们读书的孩子。）They have a fund of knowledge and experience to draw on.（他们有丰富的知识和经验可利用。）This research is funded by the government.（这项研究由政府提供资金。）18. department n. 部，部门；系科the State Department （美国）国务院the Department of Education 教育部department store 百货商店　the department of physics 物理系19. municipal adj. 市的，市政的the municipal government市政府municipal administration　市政管理a municipal university市立大学20. complain v. 抱怨，埋怨，发牢骚，诉苦complaint n. 抱怨，诉说He complained to the manager about / of the poor after-service.（他对经理抱怨说售后服务太差。）She complained about / of her husband‘s carelessness.（她抱怨说她丈夫太粗心。）The teacher complained that the students didn‘t work hard enough.（老师抱怨学生学习不够努力。）It is a common complaint that today‘s children lack the sense of cooperation.（人们常常抱怨今天的孩子缺少合作意识。）21. impractical adj. 不切实际的，不能实行的practical adj. 实际的，可行的His suggestion sounds good， but it is really impractical.（他的建议听起来不错，但是的确不切实际。）How long will it be before this theory can be put into practical use？ （这一理论还要多久才能被实际运用？）22. program n. 计划；（电视）节目；程序v. 使按预定步骤工作；编程They are drawing up a program of water purification.（他们正在制定一个净水计划。）Tonight‘s TV programs will be very interesting.（今晚的电视节目会非常有趣。）I know nothing about computer programs.（我对电脑编程一窍不通。）You can program it to do different tasks at specific times.（你可以使它在特定的时间按计划完成各项不同的任务。）23. view n. 看法，观点；视野，眼界；景色，风景v. 看待，考虑He was unwilling to express his views on what had happened.（他不愿意就所发生的一切发表自己的观点。）When we stood on the top of the mountain， the whole city came into our view.（我们站在山顶时，整个城市尽收眼底。）Looking out of the window， he had a fine view of the Slender West Lake.（朝窗外望去，他看到了瘦西湖的美景。）Several possible buyers have come to view your car.（几个想买车的人来看过你的车了。）If you stand in his shoes to view the problem， you will come to a totally different conclusion. （如果你站在他的立场上来考虑这个问题，你会得出完全不同的结论。）24. issue n. 问题，争论点；发行v. 出版，发行，颁布At today‘s meeting we have to spend some time discussing this issue.（在今天的会上，我们得花点时间讨论这个问题。）The minute he got the latest issue of the sports magazine， he read it with great interest.（一拿到最新一期的体育杂志，他就津津有味地看了起来。）Her first novel issued in May.（她的第一部小说于五月份出版了。）He issued instructions that the prisoners should be set free.（他下令释放犯人。）25. tend v. 护理，照管tend to 易于，往往会；倾向于She is tending a very sick patient. （她在护理一位重病人。）In addition to his full-time job， he tends a bar.（除了一份全日制的工作，他还照管一个酒吧。）When you ask her more than one question， she tends to get impatient.（你问她两个以上的问题，她往往会不耐烦。）He tends to be optimistic no matter what happens.（无任发生任何事情，他总倾向于乐观。）　　本课主要构词法Conversion　（转类法──名词和动词相互转类）tax type salary chargepacket figure fund protestprogram view issue tend本课简介Taxes， Taxes， and More Taxes 介绍了美国三级政府（联邦政府，州政府，市政府）征收的三种税（income tax，sales tax，property tax and excise tax）。美国人对税收的一致看法是：The taxes are too high. 这篇文章对我们了解美国社会很有帮助，值得一读。本课主要语言点1. Americans often say that there are two things a person can be sure of in life： death and taxes.句中的that引导的是一个宾语从句，例如：Everybody knows that the earth goes around the sun.（众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。）请翻译下面的句子：1） 他知道我不会责怪他。（He knew that I wouldn‘t blame him.）2） 妈妈说他必须在六点以前回来。（Mother said that he had to be back before 6：00.）3） 我想天气很快会放晴。（I think that it is going to clear up soon.）4） 我相信他对我说了实话。（I believe that he told me the truth.）句中的a person can be sure of …是定语从句，修饰two things， 引导定语从句的关系代词that被省去了。例如：Have you found the book you want？（你找到你要的书了吗？）请翻译下面的句子：1） 他找到了他丢失的那块表。（He found the watch he had lost.）2） 这儿有很多我感兴趣的书。（There are many books I am interested in.）be sure of的意思是“对……确信无疑”，例如：─ Is he going to call us at 9：00？ （他会在九点给我们打电话吗？）─ Yes， I am sure of it. （是的，我肯定。）翻译下面的句子，掌握sure的用法：1） I am sure of his sincerity. （我确信他的诚意。）2） You are sure of a warm welcome.（你肯定会受到热烈的欢迎。）3） I don‘t know for sure whether he will come or not.（我不很确切地知道他是否会来。）4） Make sure that you turn off the light when you leave.（确保在你离开时把灯关掉。）5） Be sure not to forget what your parents said to you.（千万别忘了父母对你说的话。）2. Americans don‘t have a corner on the “death” market， but many people feel that the United States leads the world with the worst taxes.have a corner的意思是“垄断”，例如：have a corner on the cotton market （垄断棉花市场）；have a corner on the black vote（垄断黑人选票）。有时也会见到以in 代替on的用法：have a corner in bankinglead在句中的意思是“走在…前列”，“在……领先”，“胜过”。请翻译下面的句子：1） He leads his class in English.（他在班上英语学的最好。）2） He led the broad jump with a leap of 26 feet.（他以26 英尺的成绩在跳远中领先。）3） Pollution still leads the list of major problems in that country.（污染仍然是那个国家的头号严重问题。）3. Taxes consist of money which people pay to support their government.句中which 引导的定语从句修饰the money.请翻译下面的句子：1） This is the book that I just borrowed from the library.（这是我刚刚从图书馆借的书。）2） He put the money that his mother gave him in a safe place.（他把妈妈给他的钱放在一个安全的地方。）3） I don‘t remember where I put the CD that I bought yesterday. （我记不得把昨天买的CD放在哪儿了。）consist of的意思是“由……构成”，它与 make up of ， compose of 的区别在于：consist of不可用被动语态，而make up of和 compose of 可以用被动语态。例如：1） The house consists of 6 rooms.2） The medical team is made up of three doctors and a nurse.3） The book is composed of 25 units.4. Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government.句中who引导的定语从句修饰 people.请翻译下面的句子：1） The girl who helped me with my English is our monitor.（帮助我学外语的那个女孩是我们班长。）2） The man who knocked at the door just now is my next-door neighbor.（刚才敲门的那个人是我的隔壁邻居。）3） The boy who was shot to death by his classmate was only 8.（被同学开枪打死的那个男孩才八岁。）在单词部分我们已经对percentage和percent的区别有所了解，现在我们再来翻译几个句子：1） 税率从百分之十四到百分之七十不等。（The percentage of the tax varies from 14% to 70%.）2） 学生的及格率达到了百分之九十五。（The percentage of students who passed the exam reached 95%.）3） 工业产量上涨了百分之十四。（The industrial output increased by 14%.）5. It depends on their salaries.depend on在句中的意思是“视……而定”。除此以外，还可表示“依靠”；“信赖”等。请翻译下面的句子：1） 成功与否得看你的能力和努力。（Success depends on your ability and efforts.）2） Whether we can go outing depends on tomorrow‘s weather. （我们能否去郊游取决于明天的天气。）3） The old man depends on the government pension for a living.（那位老人靠政府的养老金生活。）4） 他总是依赖姐姐给他做作业。（He always depends on his sister to do his homework.）5） He is not to be depended on.（他不可信赖。）6. With the high cost of taxes， people are not very happy on April 15， when the federal taxes are due.介词with在句中的意思是“由于，因为”。例如：With their support， we fulfilled our task ahead of time.（由于他们的帮助，我们提前完成了任务。）如果仅仅有月份，没有具体的日期，月份前用介词in ，如果有具体的日期则用介词on ，例如：1） He was born in May.　2） He was born on May 23.句中due的意思是“到期”，例如：The books are due， I have to return them to the library. （书到期了，我得去图书馆还书。）请翻译下面的句子，注意due在不同语境下的其他意思：1） The train is due to arrive at 8：00.（火车定于八点钟到达。）2） The baby is due in the middle of October.（婴儿的预产期为十月中旬。）3） Due attention should be paid to this work.（应该给这项工作以适当的关注。）4） Old people expect to be treated with the respect due to their age.（老人们期望受到他们这个年龄的人应得的尊敬。）5） His death was due to heart attack.（他的死是由心脏病引起的。）7. Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government.句中的that用来代替the加前述名词tax，以免重复。请翻译下面的句子：1） 南京的天气比青岛的天气热。（The weather of Nanjing is hotter than that of Qingdao.）2） 黄金的价格比白银的价格要高。（The price of gold is higher than that of silver.）8. Other states have a sales tax， which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.句中前一个which 引导的是一个非限定性定语从句，修饰sales tax.非限定性定语从句通常在句中起进一步说明作用，既可修饰先行词也可修饰整个句子。如果省去，原句意义不受影响。非限定性定语从句有逗号与主句隔开；关系代词不可用that，而用who， whom， whose来修饰人，用which来修饰物，并且不能省略。请翻译下面的句子：1） The sun warms the earth， which makes it possible for plants and animals to live.（太阳温暖了大地，这才使动植物有可能生长。）2） He failed the exam， which made him very disappointed.（他考试没及格，这使他非常失望。）3） He has a son， who is doing his PH.D in the United States.（他有一个儿子，在美国读博士学位。）句中后一个which引导的是一个限定性定语从句，修饰any item.但是传统语法中通常有这样的规定：当先行词是all，everything，something，nothing等不定代词，或被first，only，few，much，some，any，no以及形容词最高级等词修饰时，应该用关系代词that，不用which.例如：I am interested in all that you told me.9. The cities use these funds for education， police and fire department， public works and municipal buildings.work 用作单数时，通常指工作，例如：I have a lot of work to do this afternoon.用作复数时，works则指　1）著作：The Complete Works of Mao Zetong（《毛泽东全集》）　2）工程：public works（公共建筑工程，市政工程）10. They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs.spend too much （money） on sth的意思是“把太多的钱花在……”，例如：He would spend some money on books every month……（他每个月都花一些钱买书。）我们常常会碰到的另一个词组spend some time （in） doing sth.的意思是“花时间做某事”，例如：He spent a lot of time doing the experiment.（他花了很多时间做实验。）在英语学习中，我们还要注意pay，cost和spend在用法上的区别。请注意下面的句子：1） Tom paid 20 dollars for that T-shirt.2） The T-shirt cost Tom 20 dollars.3） Tom spent 20 dollars on that T-shirt.请翻译下面的句子：1） 我借给他的那本新字典花了我三十多块钱。（The dictionary I lent him cost me more than 30 yuan.）2） 把这辆自行车修一修要花很多钱吗？（Does it cost much to get this bike repaired？）3） 在过去的几年中，这家工厂花了很多钱改善工作条件。（In the past few years， the factory has spent a lot of money improving the working conditions.）4） 她不喜欢把钱花在华而不实的服装上。（She doesn‘t like to spend money on fancy clothes.）5） 买这部手机你花了多少钱？（How much money did you pay for this self-phone？）6） 她花了一百多块钱买那双鞋。（She paid more than a hundred for that pair of shoes.）　　本课主要词组1. be sure of 2. have a corner3. consist of 4. vary from5. depend on 6. a packet of7. in addition to 8. complain about9. in the wrong way 10. spend…on11. tend to 12. agree on本课主要句型A. 宾语从句：1） Americans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of.2） …but many people feel that the United States lead the world with the worst taxes.3） …they often feel that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes.4） They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way.5） They say that it spends too much on useless and practical programs.B. 定语从句：1） Taxes consist of money which people pay to support their government.2） Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government.3） Other states have a sales tax， which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.4） …people who own a home have to pay taxes on it…5） …and excise tax， which is charged on cars in a city.　　美国五十个州A. The New England States （6）1. Maine （缅因） 2. New Hampshire（新罕布什尔）3. Vermont（佛蒙特） 4. Massachusetts（马萨诸塞）5. Connecticut（康涅狄格） 6. Rhode Island（罗得岛）B. The Middle Atlantic States （7）7. New York（纽约） 8. Pennsylvania（宾夕法尼亚）9. New Jersey（新泽西） 10. Delaware（特拉华）11. Maryland （马里兰） 12. Virginia（弗吉尼亚）13. West Virginia（西弗吉尼亚）C. The Southern Atlantic States （11）14. North Carolina （北卡罗来纳） 15. South Carolina（南卡罗来纳）16. Georgia（佐治亚） 17. Florida（佛罗里达）18. Alabama（亚拉巴马） 19. Mississippi（密西西比）20. Tennessee （田纳西） 21. Louisiana（路易斯安那）22. Arkansas（阿肯色） 23. Texas（得克萨斯）24. Oklahoma（俄克拉何马）D. The Central States （13）25. Wisconsin （威斯康星） 26. Illinois（伊利诺斯）27. Kentucky（肯塔基） 28. Indiana（印第安那）29. Ohio（俄亥俄） 30. Michigan（密执安）31. Minnesota（明尼苏达） 32. Iowa（衣阿华）33. Missouri（密苏里） 34. North Dakota（北达科他）35. South Dakota（南达科他） 36. Nebraska（内布拉斯加）37. Kansas（堪萨斯）E. The Western States （13）38. Washington（华盛顿） 39. Oregon（俄勒冈）40. California（加利福尼亚） 41. Montana（蒙大拿）42. Idaho（爱达荷） 43. Nevada（内华达）44. Utah（犹他） 45. Arizona（亚历桑那）46. Wyoming（怀俄明） 47. Colorado（科罗拉多）48. New Mexico（新墨西哥） 49. Alaska（阿拉斯加）50. Hawaii（夏威夷）（注：有者曾为英国在北美的十三个殖民地，也是美国最早的十三个州。）　　Text B Advertising短语表达1. attract attention　吸引注意He talked loudly to attract attention.（他大声说话以吸引注意。）2. for the most part　在很大程度上，多半These cars， for the most part， are made in China.（这些汽车多半产于中国。）3. persuade sb. to do sth.　劝某人做某事be persuaded to do sth.　被劝说做某事The doctor persuaded my father to give up smoking.（医生劝我父亲戒烟。）The young man was persuaded to take up that job.（那个年轻人被劝说接受那份工作。）4. a large amount of　一大笔He borrowed a large amount of money from the bank.（他向银行借了一大笔钱。）5. put out　发布，公布；出版；广播The article was put out in a national magazine to reach a larger audience.（为了能影响更多的读者，文章被登发在一份国家级杂志上。）This newspaper is put out every day.（这份报纸每天出版。）The weather forecast has just put out a storm.（天气预报刚刚发出了暴风警报。）6. be characteristic of　为…所特有，是…的特征Rainy days are characteristic of March.（多雨的日子为三月所特有。）7. catch the eye　引人注目The beautiful blue dress in the window caught her eye when she passed the store.（她经过那家商店时，橱窗里漂亮的兰色连衣裙吸引了她。）8. identify with　与一致；认为…等同于；跟…发生共鸣，同情；（无意识地）仿效His idea identifies with mine.（他的观点和我的观点相同。）Never identify personal opinions with facts.（切莫把个人观点与事实等同起来。）All the money came from those who identified with him.（所有的钱都来自于那些同情他的人。）Children usually identify themselves with their parents.（孩子往往会仿效自己的父母。）9. carry over　继续下去，遗留下来The report was carried over to the next page.（报告转入。）His habit carries over from his childhood. （他的习惯从小保留至今。）10. as well as　和，也Women， as well as men， have the right to work.（妇女和男人一样有工作的权利。）11. over and over again　反复He mentioned the incident over and over again， which really bored me to death.（他反复提及那件事，真把我烦死了。）12. put up with　忍受Both water pollution and air pollution are becoming more and more serious but we have to put up with them at the moment.（水污染和空气污染都在变得越来越严重，但是我们暂时只好忍着。）13. be responsible for　为…负责It is not yet clear who should be responsible for the accident.（谁该对这起事故负责现在还不清楚。）14. decide on　决定，选定They decided on their plan of action after hours of discussion.（经过数小时的讨论，他们决定了行动计划。）15. be involved in　参与，介入He quitted his job as he no longer wanted to be involved in politics.（他不想再介入政治便辞去了工作。）Text AThe Altoantic Ocean本课主要单词1. unwilling adj.不情愿的，不愿意的；勉强的Selfish as she is， she is unwilling to share anything with others.　（她很自私，不愿意与他人分享任何东西。）He was unwilling to give up halfway even though there might be more difficulties ahead.（尽管前面可能有许多困难，但他不愿意中途放弃。）They got some unwilling assistance from the local government.　（地方政府勉强给了他们一些协助。）2. equator n.赤道Ecuador is near the equator.（厄瓜多尔靠近赤道。）People used to believe that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.（人们过去认为，在赤道处海水是滚烫的。）3. bulge n.不规则突起；鼓起之处；（突然）上涨，增多 v.使膨胀；塞满Between the bulge of South America and the bulge of Africa lies the narrowest place of the Atlantic Ocean. （大西洋的最狭窄处位于南美洲的突起处和非洲的突起处之间。）The graph shows a bulge in the birth rate in the year of dragon.　（图表显示龙年出生率的暴增。）His schoolbag was bulging with apples when he came back from his uncle‘s orchard.（他从叔叔的果园回来时书包里鼓鼓囊囊装满了苹果。）4. unusual adj. 少有的；不寻常的；与众不同的，独特的It was not unusual for him to work very late every night.　（每天工作到深夜对他来说是很平常的事。）He has an unusual name.（他有一个不寻常的名字。）It is unusual to see snow in this region.（这个地区难得下雪。）This young man has an unusual talent for organization.（这个年轻人有非凡的组织才能）。5. salty adj. 咸的，含盐的 salt n. 盐；风趣 v. 用盐调味；用盐腌；撒盐于道路上He didn‘t have much for dinner as the dishes were too salty.　（他晚餐吃的不多，因为菜太咸了。）It might be a good idea to wash these in salty water.　（把这些放在盐水里洗一洗也许是个好主意。）He added a bit more salt to the soup to make it tastier.　（为了使汤的味道更好，他又加了一点盐。）His wit added salt to the discussion.　（他的妙语使讨论增添了风趣。）Have you salted the potato？（你往土豆里加了盐了吗？）It took them a long time to salt the main roads.　（他们花了好长时间才在主要公路上撒上盐。）grind salt in sb.‘s wounds 在某人伤口上撒盐，使某人痛上加痛with a grain of salt　半信半疑地Salt Lake City　盐湖城（美国尤他州州府）salt mine　盐矿　 salt shaker　（瓶盖上有细孔用于匀撒的）盐瓶salt spreader　撒盐车　a saltwater lake　咸水湖saltwater fish　海产a salted egg　咸蛋请注意：形容词salty是由名词 salt加形容词后缀 -y构成的。这样的形容词在英语中还有很多，如：windy，snowy，rainy，cloudy，sunny，funny，muddy，foggy…6. average n. 平均数，平均 adj. 平均的；平常的，普通的 v. 平均The average of 5，7 and 9 is 7. （5，7，9的平均数是7.）He receives an average of 50 calls a day.（他平均每天接到50个电话。）Mr. Brown could hardly believe that his son‘s work at school is below the average.（布朗先生几乎无法相信他儿子的学习成绩低于一般水平。）The average temperature yesterday was below zero.（昨天的平均气温在零度以下。）He is an average student in his class.（他是班上的一般学生。）A man of average height came to see you today.（今天有一位中等身材的人来看你。）He averages one pack of cigarettes a day.（他平均每天抽一包香烟。）The annual rainfall here averages 700mm.（这里的年降雨量平均为700毫米。）7. spot n.地点，处所；点，斑点　 v. 点缀；认出；准确定位　 adj. 当场作出的；现付的She toured many scenic spots during the holiday.（假日里她游览了许多风景胜地。）She told us the exact spot where the accident happened.　（她把事故发生的准确地点告诉了我们。）She decided on a blue tie with white spot for her husband.　（她给丈夫选了一条蓝底白点的领带。）There is a spot of ink on the white wall.（白墙上有墨水渍。）He didn‘t want to leave a spot on his reputation.（他不想在名誉上留下污点。）The night sky is spotted with twinkling stars.（闪烁的星星点缀着夜空。）His shoes are spotted with mud.（他的鞋子上有泥渍。）She is so special， you can spot her in the crowd easily.　（她很特别，你在人群中能一眼认出她来。）He was sent to spot the battery position of the enemy.（他被派去测定敌炮阵地。）She was urged to make a spot decision.（她被催促当场做决定。）on the spot　当场，在现场　in a spot　在困境中，在窘境中put sb. on the spot　使某人处于难堪地位put one‘s finger on sb.’s weak spot　指出某人性格上的弱点spot check　抽样检查　spot survey 抽样调查spotlight　聚光灯；汽车上的反光灯；公众注意中心spot news　现场报道的新闻　spot price 现货价8. range n. 山脉；幅度，范围 v.（在某范围内）变动，变化；把…排列成行One of the longest mountain ranges of the world rises from the floor of the Atlantic.（世界最长的山脉从大西洋洋底耸起。）The age range is from 45 to 65.（年龄幅度在45岁至65岁之间。）He is not very clear about his range of responsibility.（他对自己的责任范围并不清楚。）The question you asked is out of my range.（你问的问题我不懂。）Prices of gasoline range from one dollar to one dollar and twenty a gallon.（汽油的价格从1美元至1美元20美分1加仑不等。）The tiger-sharks range in length from nine feet to fourteen feet.　（虎鲸的体长从9英尺到14英尺不等。）The puddings are neatly ranged on the shelf.（布丁整齐地排列在架子上。）medium-range missile　中程导弹　wide range of interests　兴趣广泛at close range　接近地　in/within range　在射程内9. peak n. 山峰；顶点The mountain peak is covered with snow all the year.（山峰终年积雪。）His career is at its peak now， no wonder he will make greater achievement.（他的事业正处于鼎盛时期，毫无疑问，他会取得更大的成就。）10. vessel n. 船，舰；容器，器皿an ocean-going vessel　远洋轮an escort vessel　护卫舰a fishing vessel　渔船a drinking vessel　饮具11. crew n. 全体船员，全体机务人员The crew was （were） annoyed at the captain‘s decision.（船员们对船长的决定感到恼火。）The aircraft has a crew of 6.（这架飞机有6名机组人员。）All 312 passengers and 6 crew members died in the plane crash.（312名乘客和6名机组人员在飞机失事中丧生。）12. becalm v.（常用被动语态）（指帆船）因无风而停止前进In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed on the ocean.（在使用帆船的时代，船员们担心他们会因为无风而无法在海洋上航行。）He was becalmed for a whole week north of the island.　（他在海岛北面因无风而停泊了整整一周。）13. gulf n. 海湾；隔阂；鸿沟Can you tell me for sure who was the real winner of the Gulf War？（你能确定地告诉我谁是海湾战争的真正赢家吗？）The quarrel left a gulf between the two close friends.　（那场争吵在两位好友间造成了隔阂。）the Persian Gulf　波斯湾　the Gulf of Mexico　墨西哥湾Gulf Stream　湾流，墨西哥湾流14. stream n. 小河，溪流 v. 流，涌They had a walk along the bank of the stream.（他们沿着河岸散步。）Lots of tree leaves are floating along with the stream.（许多树叶正随着水流漂浮。）Tourists came into the cave in a steady stream.（游客们源源不断地进入山洞。）Tears streamed down her cheeks when she heard the news.（当她听到那个消息时，泪水顺着脸颊流了下来。）He didn‘t even frown when blood streamed from his wound.　（血从伤口涌出时，他连眉头都没皱一下。）a stream of cold air　一股冷空气　a stream of people　一股人流a stream of lies　一串谎言　 a stream of good ideas　一系列好主意a stream of light　一道光线　stream of consciousness　意识流go against the stream　逆潮流而动 go with the stream　随波逐流stream-lined cars 流线型汽车15. current n. （空气，水等的）流，潮流；电流；倾向 adj. 当前的，通行的The child had been swept away by the current.（孩子被水流卷走了。）A steady current of heated air rose from the mountain top.　（一股热气从山顶源源不断升起。）There was a powerful electric current running through the wires.　（一股强大的电流流过电线。）Mass media influence the current of public opinion.（大众传媒影响舆论的倾向。）Give me a current issue of Reader‘s Digest.（给我一本最近一期的读者文摘。）A long time ago， it was a current belief that the earth was flat.　（很久以前，人们普遍相信地球是扁平。）the main current　主流a warm current 暖流an alternating current　交流电　a direct current　直流电current events　时事 current situation　当前形势16. affect v. 影响；打动；（疾病）侵袭 effect n. 效果；作用，影响；His mood was greatly affected by the sad news. 　（那个悲痛的消息使他的心绪大受影响。）Computers affect our life in many ways.（在许多方面影响我们的生活。）Reading in dim light constantly will surely affect the eyes.（经常在昏暗的光线下看书肯定会对眼睛有影响。）The child was affected with high fever.（孩子发高烧了。）The color gives the effect of being warm.（这颜色给人以暖感。）The wonderful sky effect on the festival night impressed everybody.（绚丽的节日夜空给每一个人都留下了深刻印象。）I just hope this medicine won‘t have serious side-effect.　（我只希望这种药没有严重的副作用。）sound effect　音响效果　three-dimensional effect 立体感lighting effect　灯光效果 cause and effect　因果no effects　无存款（银行在空头支票上的批语）be of no effect无效　bring sth. to effect　实行，实施in effect实际上　take effect　见效；生效17. climate n. 气候The change in climate might be one of the causes for the extinction of dinosaurs.（气候的变化也许是恐龙灭绝的一个原因。）In cold climates， some of the livestock have to be kept indoors all winter.（在寒冷的气候区，一些牲畜得在室内一冬。）In the present economic climate we can make greater achievement.（在目前的经济气候下，我们能够取得更大的成就。）weather n. 天气The football match had to be put off because of bad weather.　（由于天气不好，足球比赛被推迟了。）What‘s the weather like in Hangzhou？ I hope it is not as hot there.（杭州的天气怎么样？希望那儿不那么热。）18. flow n. 流 　 v. 流动Heavy rains brought mud flows down the mountain. （暴雨把泥流冲下了山。）The doctor stopped the flow of blood. （医生把血止住了。）The river flows east into the sea. （这条河向东流入大海。）19. furnish v. 供应，提供；装备，（用家具）布置The school has decided to furnish the library with some new books.　（学校决定给图书馆提供一些新书。）They furnished all the passengers with life jackets. （他们为所有的乘客提供救生衣。）She wants to furnish her new house with modern furniture.（她想用时新家具布置新家。）20. highway n. 公路； （水陆）交通干线The canal was the only highway for commerce.（这条远河是唯一的商业路线。）You can find many motels along the highways.（在高速公路沿线你会看到许多汽车旅馆。）21. float v.（使）漂浮Colorful flags are floating in the morning breeze.（彩旗在晨风中飘荡。）When winter comes yellow leaves float down.（冬天到来时，黄叶飘落。）It will be much easier for you to float the logs down the river.（你们把木材顺流下漂将会容易得多。）　　本课主要构词法Affixation（词缀法）1. 反意词前缀un- 　unusual，unwilling2. 形容词后缀-y 　salty3. 名词后缀-or 　sailorCompounding （合词法）1. 复合名词 　highway，steamship，airplane2. 复合形容词 　mid-Atlantic，eastward　　本课简介The Atlantic Ocean向读者介绍了有关大西洋的情况。我们可以了解航行大西洋的过去和现在，也可以了解大西洋“制造”出来的世界之最。本课主要语言点1. The Atlantic Ocean is one of the oceans that separate the Old World from the New.在表示河流，海洋，群岛，沙漠等地理名称的名词前，以及以复数形式出现的国名前要用定冠词，例如：the Yellow River（黄河），the Pacific Ocean（太平洋），the British Isles （不列颠群岛），the Sahara（撒哈拉沙漠），the Alps（阿尔卑斯山脉）， the Philippines （菲列宾）在表示某一座山，岛屿或某一个湖时不用定冠词，例如：Yellow Mountain（黄山），Lake Erie（伊利湖），Hainan Island（海南岛）one of +复数名词是英语中常见的用法，请翻译下面的句子：She is one of the most hardworking students in our class.　（她是我们班学习最刻苦的学生之一。）Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in the world.（上海是世界最大的城市之一。）印度是世界上人口最多的国家之一。　（India is one of the countries with the largest population in the world.）尼罗河是世界上最长的河流之一。（Nile is one of the longest rivers in the world.）在one of ＋复数名词＋定语从句的结构中，定语从句一般被看作修饰复数名词，因此该从句中的谓语要用复数形式。例如：This is one of the best novels that have been published this year.　（这是今年出版的最佳小说之一。）Mr. Smith is one of those men who always think they are right.（史密斯先生属于那些总是认为自己正确的人。）He is not one of those who bow before difficulties.（他不是那种在困难面前低头的人。）但是在the only one of ＋复数名词＋定语从句的结构中，定语从句应该被看成修饰单数名词。例如：He was the only one of the boys who was praised by the teacher.　（他是男孩中唯一受到老师表扬的。）Helen is the only one of those girls who doesn‘t wear make-up.　（海伦是那些女孩中唯一不化妆的。）separate from是常用词组，在句子中的意思是“（使）分离，（使）分开”，请翻译下面的句子：1）英吉利海峡把英法两国隔开。（The English Channel separates England from France.）2）理论不应该脱离实际。（Theory should not be separated from practice.）the Old world指欧，亚，非三洲，有时仅指欧洲。the New （World） 指哥伦布发现的美洲大陆。2. For centuries it kept the Americas from being discovered by the people of Europe.for centuries 意为“许多世纪”。在英语中用介词for加表示时间的复数名词的表达形式很常见。请翻译下面的句子：1）I haven‘t seen you for days. How is everything？（多日不见，一切都好吗？）2）I haven‘t seen him for years， I am sure he has changed a lot.　（我多年没见到他了，他一定变了不少。）3）It seems I have been waiting for you for centuries. Where have you been？（我似乎等了你几个世纪了，你去哪儿了？）keep… from doing 是习惯用法，意思是“使…不…”。例如：It is really not easy to keep Father from smoking.（要使父亲不抽烟真不容易。）请翻译下面的句子：1）Heavy fog kept the ships from being discovered by the enemy.　（大雾使得船只未被敌人发现。）2）We had no way to keep him from getting involved in the matter.　（我们没有办法使他不卷入那事件中去。）3）那种药使他的咳嗽不再加剧。　（The medicine keeps his cough from getting more serious.）4）当地人的保守思想使得那个地方不能快速发展。（The local people‘s conservative mind keeps that place from developing rapidly.）3. Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic made early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it.make sb. unwilling to do sth. 意为“使得某人不愿做某事”。例如：His indifference to work made everybody unwilling to cooperate with him.（他对工作的冷漠态度使得所有的人都不愿与他合作。）主语＋动词＋宾语＋补语（SVOC）的句型在课本第二单元的语法中已有较详细的论述。请翻译下面的句子：1）His behavior at the dinner party made the host annoyed.　（他在晚宴上的行为使主人很恼火。）2）That film made him famous.（那部影片使他出了名。）3）他刚才的一番话使玛丽很伤心。（What he said just now made Mary very sad.）4）老师对他作文的评价令他失望。　（The teacher‘s comment on his composition made him disappointed.）5）What he had done made his friends hesitant to accept the invitation.（他的所为使得他的朋友们对接受邀请犹豫不决。）6）他的挥霍浪费使得他的父母不愿意再给他钱。（His unthriftiness made his parents unwilling to give him any more money.）4. One idea was that it reached out to “the edge of the world”。Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.这两个都是表语从句和主句中的系动词连用的句子。结构为：主语＋系动词＋表语从句。请看下面的例句：My idea is that we contact him as soon as possible.（我的想法是我们应该尽快跟他联系。）请翻译下面的句子：1） My suggestion is that we should put off the meeting.（我的建议是我们应该把会议延期。）2） One advantage of solar energy is that it will never be used up.　（太阳能的一个优点是用之不竭。）3） 问题是你不在时谁照管孩子。　（The problem is who will take care of the children while you are away.）4） 看起来天要下雨。（It looks that it is going to rain.）请注意辨析another 和other：another由 an＋other构成，只和单数可数名词连用。other可用于所有名词前。another＋单数名词表示不定的“另一个”，the other＋单数可数名词表示特指的“另一个”。请看下面的例句：1） This idea is not very practical， will you think of another one？　（这个主意不太实际，你能另想一个吗？）2） This book is too difficult. Show me another one.（这本书太难了，给我看另外一本。）3） Of the three books in my bag， two are published in China， the other is published in the United States.（我包里的三本书中，两本是中国出版的，另一本是美国出版的。）4） Tom is here， but where are the other boys？（汤姆在这儿，其他的男孩在哪儿呢？）5） I like this coat better than the other one.（两件上衣中，我更喜欢这一件。）6） This camera is more expensive than the other one.（这架照相机比另一架贵。）boiling hot意思是“滚热的，酷热的”。此处的boiling不是形容词而是副词，表示热的程度，修饰hot.5. Sailors were afraid that they might sail right off the earth.此句中，that引导的名词性从句作形容词的补足语。例如：1） I am afraid that I can not finish the article in two hours.　（我担心我两小时内写不完这篇文章。）2） He was afraid that he couldn‘t give you a definite answer.　（他担心他不能给你一个明确的答复。）3） I am afraid that I have made a mistake.（我担心自己犯了一个错误。）4） We are confident that we can overcome all the difficulties.　（我们相信自己能克服所有的困难。）对“be + 形容词 + that引起的从句”这类结构，语法家们有的认为that从句做宾语用，有的认为that从句做状语用。根据句子的逻辑意义来判断也许比较方便一些。如：I‘m sorry that you failed the exam again. 这个句子中的that从句起状语作用，相当于“…because you failed the exam again.”6. The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific，…在第一单元中我们讨论过副词的同等比较。本句中as big as 则是形容词的同等比较。在这类句子中，可以有表示程度的状语。例如：1） This book is not half as interesting as that one.（这本书还不如那本书一半有趣。）2） My monthly income is only half as much as his.（我的月收入只有他的一半多。）3） This year our university will enroll three times as many students as it did the year before last.（我们学校今年的招生人数将是前年的三倍。）请翻译下面的句子：1） 我的英语口语还不及你的一半流利。（My spoken English is not half as fluent as yours.）2） 这只手提箱还没有那只手提箱一半重。（This suitcase is not half as heavy as that one.）3） 这个房间是那个房间的两倍。（This room is twice as large as that one.）7. But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers.suppose 常常做动词用，意思是“假定；猜想；认为”。例如：1） Let‘s suppose it to be true.（让我们假定这是真的。）2） I suppose he is very nervous.（我猜想他很紧张。）3） I supposed him to be an honest man， but he often tells lies.　（我以为他很诚实，他却经常说谎。）在本句中suppose（也可以用supposing）是一个连词，意思是“假设（= if）；假使…结果会怎么样”。例如：1） Suppose he is ill， what shall we do？（假如他病了，我们怎么办？）2） Suppose a tiger should come out of the cage？　（如果一只老虎从笼子中跑出来怎么办？）3） Suppose something should go wrong？（如果出了什么问题会怎么样？）8. It would take the ocean about 4000 years to dry up.it takes （sb.） some time to do sth. 是很常用的一个句型。例如：1） 我骑自行车到学校要花半小时。（It takes me half an hour to get to school by bike.）2） 他花了两个星期时间才看完那本书。（It took him two weeks to finish reading that book.）请翻译下面的句子：1） It took the boy three hours to finish his homework.（那个男孩花了3小时才写完作业。）2） It takes less than 4 hours to get to Shanghai by train from Nanjing.（从南京乘火车到上海只要不到4小时。）3） 他花了4天时间才走出密林。（It took him 4 days to go out of the forest.）4） 照顾一个生病的老人要花许多时间。（It will take a great deal of time to look after a sick old man.9. On the average the water is a little more than two miles deep， but in places it is much deeper.on the average在句子中的意思是“平均而言”。例如：1） On the average， they drove 70 miles an hour.（他们平均每小时行驶70英里。）2） On the average， they spend 20 yuan on food every day.（他们平均每天花20块钱吃饭。）a little 在句子中修饰more，表示程度，意思是“一点儿，稍许”。much在句子中修饰deeper，也表示程度，加强形容词比较级，意思是“…多”。例如：1） I feel a little cold.（我觉得有点冷。）2） He spent a little more than 20 yuan yesterday.（昨天他花了20块多一点儿。）3） I feel much better now.（我现在感觉好多了。）4） She is much more careful this time.（她这一次细心多了。）请翻译下面的句子：1） 干了一天的工作，我觉得有点累。（I feel a little tired after a day‘s work.）2） 她对她的同学有点不友好。（She is a little unfriendly to her classmates.）3） 听了那个消息他开心多了。（He was much happier after hearing that news.）10. This “deep” measures 30，246 feet――almost 6 miles （9.6km）。本句中的deep做名词用，意思是“深处”，“海渊”（水深超过3000英里）。measure 在句子中做动词用，意思是“测量”，“有…深”。例如：1） This room measures 10 metres across.（这个房间宽10米。）2） The bridge measures 17 kilometres long.（这座桥长17公里。）3） The water tank only measures 2 metres deep.（这只水箱只有2米深。）11. One of the longest mountain ranges of the world rises from the floor of the Atlantic.本句中的 longest与课文前几段中出现的narrowest，saltiest，deepest一样，都是形容词的最高级形式。因为这几个词是单音节词或是以元音结尾的双音节词，所以，最高级的构成是在词尾加-est.对于大部分两个音节以上的形容词，最高级的构成是在形容词前面加most.请看例句：1） He wants to make everybody believe that he is the happiest person in the world.（他想使每一个人相信他是世界上最幸福的人。）2） This is the strongest horse I have ever seen.（这是我所见过的最强壮的马。）3） The boss wanted to find the most careful employees.（老板想找最细心的雇工。）4） 黄山是我所知道的最美的山之一。（Yellow Mountain is one of the most beautiful mountains I have ever known.）5） 这条高速公路是中国最长的。（This express way is one of the longest in China. ）6） 这本书是三本书中最有意思的。（This book is the most interesting of the three.）rise 是一个不及物动词，在句子中的意思是“升起；隆起”。例如：1） The sun rises in the east.（太阳在东方升起。）2） Give the child some medicine， his temperature is rising.（给孩子服药，他的体温在升高。）3） The mountain peak rises above the clouds.（山峰高耸入云。）请注意区别以下动词：1） rise 不及物动词 （起立；上升，高耸；浮现）The old lady rose to her feet when she heard the doorbell.The tower rises to a height of 70 feet.An idea rises in my mind.2） raise 及物动词 （举起；养育；提高；召集）If you have any questions， please raise your hands.When Father was in the army， Mother had a hard time raising three children.The management promised to raise the workers‘‘salary after the negotiation.He failed to raise the money for his father‘‘s heart operation.3） arise 不及物动词 （升起；出现；由…引起）Heavy smoke arose beyond the mountain.New problems arise when old ones are solved.His illness arose from malnutrition.4） arouse 及物动词 （唤醒；激起，引起）The noise outside aroused him from sleep.The music aroused a feeling of homesickness in him.floor在句子中的意思是“海底”。在其他语言环境中，floor当然有其他的意思。如；1） He lives on the seventh floor.（他住在7楼。）2） The wood floor gives a feeling of warmth in the winter.　（冬天时，木地板给我温暖的感觉。）3） He was given the floor at the meeting.（他在会上得到了发言权。）4）He decided to floor the kitchen with plastic tiles.（他决定用塑料砖铺厨房地面。）12. The tops of a few of the mountains reach up above the sea and make islandtop 在句中做名词用，意思是“顶部，山顶”。例如：1） He was the first to climb to the top of the hill.（他第一个爬上山顶。）2） When we stand on the top of the mountain， the whole city is in sight.（我们站在山顶时，整个城市尽收眼底）请翻译下面的句子，注意top的词类和意思：1） He shouted at the top of his voice.（他放声高叫。）-n.2） He is running at the top of his speed.（他正以最快的速度奔跑。）-n.3） He is the top student in the class.（他是班上的尖子学生。）-adj.4） This is the top news of the week.（这是本周的头条新闻。）-adj.5） His father is a top diplomatic advisor.（他父亲是高级外交顾问。）-adj.6） Mother is going to top the cake with cream.（妈妈准备在蛋糕上浇奶油。）-v.7） He tops his father by half a head.（他比父亲高出半个头。）-v.8） She needs a new skirt to match her top.（她需要一条新裙子配她的上衣。）-n.与top有关的词组：come out top（名列前茅） come out on top（出人头地） from top to bottom（从上到下，彻底地） from top to toe（从头到脚；完全） on top of the world（非常幸福；心满意足）13. Several hundred miles eastward from Florida there is a part of the ocean called the Sargasso Sea.called the Sargasso Sea 是修饰ocean的定语从句，在其前省去了which is.请看下面的例句：1） Opportunities are often thing （that） you have not noticed the first time around.（机会常常是第一次出现时没有被人们注意到的东西。）2） There is much （that） the little boy can do.（有许多是那小男孩能做。）3）He is the right person （that） I want to discuss the problem with.（他正是我想与其讨论这个问题的人。）14. In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed here. Sometimes they were.days常常指“时期，时代”，有时也表示“一生；生命”。请看例句：1） In his boyhood days， he often went swimming and fishing with his friends.（在他的童年时代，他常常和伙伴们一起游泳，钓鱼。）2） In the days of Queen Victoria， the British colony expanded rapidly.（在维多利亚女王时代，英国殖民地迅速扩张。）3） He has experienced a lot of hardships in his days.（他一生中吃了许多苦。）crew是一个集合名词，指“全体船员”，后面的谓语动词可以用单数也可以用复数，此句中谓语动词用的是复数were，因为从句子中可以推断出是许多vessels（船）上的船员。Sometimes they were.句子中省略becalmed.15. The Atlantic furnishes much food for the people on its shores.furnish sth. to sb. 意思是“为…提供”，我们同样可以用furnish sb. with sth.来表达这个意思。例如：They furnished blankets and food to the refugees.（他们为难民供应毯子和食物。）No one expected that he would furnish the information to the opponent.（谁也没有料到他会把消息提供给对手。）Luckily， they have furnished us with a car and all the necessary maps.（幸运的是他们为我们提供了一辆汽车和所有必要的地图。）16. One of its famous fishing regions， the Grand Banks， is near Newfoundland.the Grand Banks在句子中做同位语。请看下面的例句：1） This theory was advanced by Einstein， a famous scientist.（这个理论是由著名科学家爱因斯坦提出的。）2） This is Mr. Benjamin， dean of our department.（这是我们系主任本杰明先生。）3） Qinghai Lake， the largest inland body of salt water in China， lies 3，198 metres above sea-level.（中国最大的内陆咸水湖青海湖海拔3，198米。）本课主要词组及句型词组：1. separate from　 　 2. keep sb. from doing sth.3. be unwilling to do sth. 　 　4. between A and B5. make sth unusual 　 6. so…that7. dry up 　 8. on the average9. rise from　 　 10. furnish sth for sb.11. pile up　 　 12. from…to句型： A.定语从句：1） The Atlantic is one of the oceans that separate the Old World from the New.2） Ocean currents affect the climates of the land near which they flow.B.表语从句：1） One idea was that it reached out to “the edge of the world”。2） Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.C.结果状语从句：1） There is so much water in the Atlantic that it is hard to imagine how much there is.2） We now have such fast ways of travelling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller.D.形容词的比较级和最高级：1） The Atlantic is only half as big as the Pacific， but still it is very large.2） It is more than 4，000 miles wide where Columbus crossed it.3） Even at its narrowest it is about 2，000 miles wide.4） Also， i