tomutaskin to skin中文意思是什么意思

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mutarotation is the change in the
because of the change in the equilibrium between two , when the corresponding
interconvert. Cyclic
show mutarotation as α and β
forms interconvert. The optical rotation of the solution depends on the optical rotation of each anomer and their ratio in the solution.
Mutarotation was discovered by French chemist
in 1846, when he noticed that the
of aqueous sugar solution changes with time.
The α and β anomers are
of each other and usually have different . A solution or liquid sample of a pure α anomer will rotate
by a different amount and/or in the opposite direction than the pure β
of that compound. The optical rotation of the solution depends on the optical rotation of each anomer and their ratio in the solution.
For example, if a solution of β-D- is dissolved in water, its specific optical rotation will be +18.7. Over time, some of the β-D-glucopyranose will undergo mutarotation to become α-D-glucopyranose, which has an optical rotation of +112.2. Thus the rotation of the solution will increase from +18.7 to an equilibrium value of +52.5 as some of the β form is converted to the α form. The equilibrium mixture is actually about 64% of β-D-glucopyranose and about 36% of α-D-glucopyranose, though there are also with traces of the other forms including furanoses and open chained form. The α anomer is the major conformer, although some this is due to the anomeric effect with the stabilisation energy provided by .
The observed rotation of the sample is the weighted sum of the optical rotation of each anomer weighted by the amount of that anomer present. Therefore, one can use a
to measure the rotation of a sample and then calculate the ratio of the two anomers present from the , as long as one knows the rotation of each pure anomer. One can monitor the mutarotation process over time or determine the equilibrium mixture by observing the optical rotation and how it changes.
Reaction mechanism for the interconversion of α and β anomers
IUPAC Gold Book
Derek Horton (2008). "The Development of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biology". Carbohydrate Chemistry, Biology and Medical Applications: 1–28. :.
Fletcher Hewitt G (1940). "Augustin-Pierre Dubrunfaut—An early sugar chemist". Journal of Chemical Education. 17: 153. :. :.
Francis Carey (2000). Organic Chemistry (4th, McGraw-Hill Higher Education Press ed.).您所在位置： &
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neuromuscular disease from basic mechanisms to clinical management (monographs in clinical neuroscience, vol. 18)：（神经肌肉疾病,临床管理的基本机制(临床神经学专著,卷。18)）.pdf 205页
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neuromuscular disease from basic mechanisms to clinical management (monographs in clinical neuroscience, vol. 18)：（神经肌肉疾病,临床管理的基本机制(临床神经学专著,卷。18)）
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Neuromuscular Diseases: From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Management
Monographs in
Clinical Neuroscience
Series Editor
M. Fisher, Worcester, Mass.
Advisory Board
W.G. Bradley, Miami, Fla.
H.P. Hartung, Wurzburg
M.A. Moskowitz, Charlestown, Mass.
Neuromuscular Diseases:
From Basic Mechanisms to
Clinical Management
Volume Editor
F. Deymeer, Istanbul
16 figures and 21 tables, 2000
Dr. Feza Deymeer
Professor of Neurology
Department of Neurology
University of Istanbul
Capa, Istanbul
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Neuromuscular diseases: From basic mechanisms to clinical management / volume editor,
Feza Deymeer.
p. ; cm. – (Monographs in clinical neuroscience, ISSN ; vol. 18)
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
(hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Neuromuscular diseases.
I. Deymeer, Feza.
II. Series.
1. Neuromuscular Diseases.
RC925.5 .N473 2000
616.744–dc21
Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current Contents and
Index Medicus.
Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every eort to ensure that drug selection and
dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publica
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