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These （）children like vegetables（health） He （）a lot of soft （）every week.（drink）下面还有!（）are good for our health.（tomato）l （) some milk this morning.(have)What （ ）you （）yesterday?（do）还有！There （）some apples in the friade。But now the friade is empty （be）
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These （healthy）children like vegetables（health） He （drinks）a lot of soft （drink）every week.（drink）（Tomatoes）are good for our health.（tomato）l （had) some milk this morning.(have)What （ did）you （do）yesterday?（do）
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healthydrinks
drinkstomatoeshaddid do are最后一个 friade 疑为fridge笔误，但是要干什么看不懂
healthydrinks
drinkTomatoeshaddid do祝你学习愉快！ (*^__^*) 请及时采纳，多谢！
These （healthy）children like vegetables（health） He （drinks）a lot of soft （drink）every week。（drink）（Tomatoes）are good for our health。（tomato）l （had) some milk this morning.(have)Wha...
There （are）some apples in the friade。
But now the friade is empty （be）
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The kittens are cute.改为感叹句
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How cute the kittens are!What cute kittens!
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扫描下载二维码These are the nights that NEVER DIE - 歌单 - 网易云音乐
These are the nights that NEVER DIE
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同步歌单，随时畅听320k好音乐
网易公司版权所有(C)杭州乐读科技有限公司运营：From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rumsfeld during a
"There are known knowns" is a phrase from a response
gave to a question at a
on February 12, 2002 about the lack of evidence linking the government of
with the supply of
to terrorist groups.
Rumsfeld stated:
Reports that say that something hasn't happened are always interesting to me, because as we know, th there are things we know we know. We also know ther that is to say we know there are some things we do not know. But there are also unknown unknowns – the ones we don't know we don't know. And if one looks throughout the history of our country and other free countries, it is the latter category that tend to be the difficult ones.
The statement became the subject of much commentary, including a
winning director .
Rumsfeld's statement brought much fame and public attention to the concepts of known knowns, known unknowns, and unknown unknowns, but national security and intelligence professionals have long used an analysis technique referred to as the . The idea of unknown unknowns was created in 1955 by two American psychologists, Joseph Luft () and Harrington Ingham () in their development of the Johari window. They used it as a technique to help people better understand their relationship with themselves as well as others.
The term was also commonly used inside NASA. Rumsfeld himself cited NASA administ he wrote that he had first heard "a variant of the phrase" from Graham when they served together on the
during the late 1990s. Kirk Borne, an astrophysicist who was employed as a data scientist at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center at the time, noted in an April 2013 TED talk that he had used the phrase "unknown unknowns" in a talk to personnel at the Homeland Security Transition Planning Office a few days prior to Rumsfeld's remarks, and speculated that the term may have percolated up to Rumsfeld and other high-ranking officials in the defense department.
The terms "known unknowns" and "unknown unknowns" are often used in
circles. Known unknowns refers to "risks you are aware of, such as cancelled flights...." Unknown unknowns are risks that "come from situations that are so out of this world that they never occur to you. For example, prior to the invention of the personal computer, manufacturers of typewriters probably didn't foresee the risks to their business." Contemporary usage is largely consistent with the earliest known usages. For example, the term was used in evidence given to the British Columbia Royal Commission of Inquiry into Uranium Mining in 1979:
Site conditions always pose unknowns, or uncertainties, which may become known during construction or operation to the detriment of the facility and possibly lead to damage of the environment or endanger public health and safety. The risk posed by unknowns is somewhat dependent on the nature of the unknown relative to past experience. This has led me classify unknowns into one of the following two types: 1. known unknowns (expected or foreseeable conditions), which can be reasonably anticipated but not quantified based on past experience as exemplified by case histories (in Appendix A and 2). Unknown unknowns (unexpected or unforeseeable conditions), which pose a potentially greater risk simply because they cannot be anticipated based on past experience or investigation.
Known unknowns result from phenomena which are recognized, but poorly understood. On the other hand, unknown unknowns are phenomena which cannot be expected because there has been no prior experience or theoretical basis for expecting the phenomena.
The term also appeared in a 1982
article on the aerospace industry, which cites the example of , the cause of crashes in
airliners in the 1950s.
As for the substance of his statement, Rumsfeld's defenders have included
columnist , who called it "in fact a brilliant distillation of quite a complex matter," and Australian economist and
, who wrote, "Although the language may be tortured, the basic point is both valid and important."
Psychoanalytic philosopher
says that beyond these three categories there is a fourth, the unknown known, that which we intentionally refuse to acknowledge that we know: "If Rumsfeld thinks that the main dangers in the confrontation with Iraq were the 'unknown unknowns', that is, the threats from Saddam whose nature we cannot even suspect, then the Abu Ghraib scandal shows that the main dangers lie in the "unknown knowns"—the disavowed beliefs, suppositions and obscene practices we pretend not to know about, even though they form the background of our public values."
German sociologists Daase and Kessler (2007) agree with a basic point of Rumsfeld in stating that the
for political practice may be determined by the relationship between what we know, what we do not know, what we cannot know, but Rumsfeld left out what we do not like to know.
The event has been used in multiple books to discuss risk assessment.
Rumsfeld named his autobiography . In an "Author's Note" at the start of the book, he expressly acknowledged the source of his memoir's title and mentioned a few examples of his statement's prominence, including this Wikipedia article.
is the title of 's 2013 biographical documentary about Rumsfeld.
The term “known unknowns” has been applied to the identification of chemical substances using analytical chemistry approaches, specifically mass spectrometry. In many cases, an unknown to an investigator that is detected in an experiment is actually known in the chemical literature, a reference database, or an internet resource. These types of compounds are termed “known unknowns.” The term was originally coined by Little et al. and reported a number of times in the literature since then as a general approach.
Girard, J Girard, JoAnn (June 1, 2009). . Business Expert Press. pp. 55–.   2014.
Rumsfeld, Donald (2011). . New York: Penguin Group. p. xiv.  .
Biafore, Bonnie (December 14, 2011). . <. /LinkedIN 2015.
Biafore, Bonnie (December 14, 2011). . <. /LinkedIN 2015.
. Phase V: Waste Disposal. Proceedings of the British Columbia Royal Commission of Inquiry into Uranium Mining. &#160;. .
Newhouse, J. (June 14, 1982), "A reporter at large: 1-betting the company", New Yorker, pp.&#160;48–105.
(December 9, 2003). . Daily Telegraph 2008.
(February 10, 2004). .
Knowns and Unknowns in the `War on Terror': Uncertainty and the Political Construction of Danger, Christopher Daase and Oliver Kessler, Security Dialogue, December 2007; vol. 38, 4: pp. 411–434.
Neve, G Luetchford, Peter (2008). . Emerald Group Publishing. pp.&#160;252–. &#160; 2014.
Rumsfeld, Donald (2011). . New York: Penguin Group. p.&#160;xiii. &#160;.
Scott (2014).
Little, J.L.; Cleven, C.D.; Brown, S.D. (2011). "Identification of "Known Unknowns" utilizing accurate mass data and chemical abstracts service databases". J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 22: 348–359. :.
"Identification of "known unknowns" utilizing accurate mass data and ChemSpider". Journal of The American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 23: 179–185. :.
Stein, S. (2012). "Mass Spectral Reference Libraries: An Ever-Expanding Resource for Chemical Identification". Analytical Chemistry. 84: . :.
"Identifying known unknowns using the US EPA's CompTox Chemistry Dashboard". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 409: . :.
"Open Science for Identifying "Known Unknown" Chemicals". Environmental Science and Technology. :.
. C-SPAN. February 12, 2002.
37:19 ...Because there are reports that there is no evidence of a direct link between Baghdad and some of these terrorist organizations.
: Reports that say that something hasn't happened are always interesting to me...
. Transcript. Press Operations. US Department of Defense. February 12, 2002.
Logan,, David C. (March 1, 2009). . Journal of Experimental Botany 60 (3). pp.&#160;712–4.
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句型转换.1.Tom often plays computer games.(用at the moment改写句子)2.They are dancing in the classroom.（对画线部分提问 注：画线部分是in the classroom）3.Liu Tao does his homework in the evening.（改否定句）4.The emails are from the USA.（对画线部分提问 注：画线部分是the USA）5.He is piaying table tennis.（对画线部分提问 注：画线部分是 piaying table tennis）6.It means good luck.（对画线部分提问 注：画线部分是good luck）7.Today is the Spring Festival.（对画线部分提问 注：画线部分是the Spring Festival）8.They often watch fireworks at midnight.（用now替换often）9.The family usually has a big dinner.（改成一般疑问句）10.There are some firework at midnight.（改成一般疑问句）11.They are cleaning the house now.（对画线部分提问 注：画线部分是the house ）
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1.Tom is playing computer games at the moment.2.Where are they dancing?3.Liu Tao doesn't do his homework in the evening.4.Where are the emails from?5.What is he doing?6.What does it mean?7.What festival is it today?8.They are watching fireworks now at midnight.9.Does the family usually have a big dinner?10.Are there some firework at midnight?11.What are they cleaning now?
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Tom is playing computer games at the momentWhere are they dancingLiu Tao does‘nt do his homework in the eveningWhere are The emails from what is he
piayingWhat does it mean<b...
这是老师给你留的作业吧,我的答案可能会有一点错误率.1At the moment,Tom is playing computer games.2Where are they dancing?3Liu Tao does not his homework in the evening.4Where are the emails
from?5What ...
Tom is playing computer games at the moment Where are they dancing Liu Tao does‘nt do his homework in the evening Where are The emails from what is he piaying What does it mea...
1.Tome playing computer games at the moment.2.Where are they dancing?3.Liu Tao doesn't his homework in the evening.4.Which country the emails are from?5.What is he doing?6.Wha...
1.Tom often plays computer games. (用at the moment改写句子) Tom is playing computer games at the moment.2.They are dancing in the classroom. （对画线部分提问 注：画线部分是in the classroom）where are they
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