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冬季颗粒物暴露对大学生1s最大呼气量及呼吸道症状的急性影响
目的：研究冬季室内外空气中细颗粒物（PM2.5)、可吸入颗粒物（PM10)的短期暴露对大学生呼吸道症状以及1 s最大呼气量（FEV1)的影响。方法整群选取武汉市某大学2年级37名学生作为调查对象，采用固定群组追踪研究的方法，于日—日连续14 d，测定其早晚FEV1，并记录每日是否出现咳嗽、咳痰、流鼻涕等呼吸道症状，同时监测室内外PM2.5、PM10浓度和温湿度变化。构建广义估计方程（GEE)模型定量评价颗粒物暴露对学生呼吸道症状以及FEV1的影响。结果调查期间室内、外PM2.5日均浓度分别为（110.6±42.3)、(143.5±51.2)μg/m3，PM10日均浓度分别为（148.2±43.2)、(239.1±71.3)μg/m3。研究未发现当日（lag 0 d)室外PM2.5的暴露对晚上FEV1有急性影响，室外PM2.5浓度每升高10μg/m3，其滞后1 d（lag 1 d)、滞后0～1 d(lag 0～1 d)、滞后0～2 d(lag 0～2 d)的FEV1分别改变-0.28%(95%CI：-0.52%～-0.03%)、-0.45%(95%CI：-0.81%～-0.08%)和-0.63%(95%CI：-1.15%～-0.11%)。在出现的咳嗽、咳痰和流鼻涕等症状中，咳痰的发生风险随室内外颗粒物浓度升高而增加，其中，室内、室外当日PM2.5浓度升高10μg/m3，咳痰症状发生的风险分别增加为1.18(95%CI：1.02~1.36)、1.08(95%CI：0.97～1.19)。并且，随着室内外PM2.5、PM10滞后时间和累积时间的增加，发生咳痰症状的风险均呈上升趋势。结论武汉市冬季颗粒物的短期暴露对大学生呼吸道症状和FEV1存在急性影响，并伴随滞后和累积的天数增加其影响呈现加重趋势。
Abstract：
Objective To evaluate the acute effects of indoor and outdoor particulate matter on lung function and respiratory symptoms of college students in winter. Methods A panel of 37 college students aged 19-21 in Wuhan were included and the investigation was carried out from 12/23/2009 to 01/05/2010. Daily morning/evening forced expiratory volume in one second(FEV1) and respiratory symptoms (cough, phlegm and runny) were measured and reported by subjects, respectively. Meanwhile, daily data of indoors and outdoors PM10, PM2.5, temperature, and relative humidity were collected. Generalized Estimating Equations(GEEs) were used to estimate the association between particulate matters exposure and respiratory symptoms and FEV1. Results Average daily concentrations of indoor, outdoor PM2.5 during the study period were(110.6 ± 42.3),(143.5 ± 51.2) μg/m3,(148.2 ± 43.2) and(239.1 ± 71.3) μg/m3 for indoor, outdoor PM10, respectively. Outdoor exposure to PM2.5 on lag 0 had little effect on evening FEV1. However, researchers observed a significant lagging effect(lag 1 d) and accumulative effect(lag 0-1 d and lag 0-2 d). A rise in the PM2.5 concentration of 10μg/m3 resulted in the change of evening FEV1 of-0.28%(95%CI:-0.52%,-0.03%),-0.45%(95%CI:-0.81%,-0.08%) and-0.63%(95%CI:-1.15%,-0.11%), respectively. For respiratory symptoms of coughing up phlegm, 10 mg/m3 increase of indoor/outdoor PM2.5 concentration were associated with odds ratio of 1.18(95%CI:1.02-1.36) and 1.08(95%CI:0.97-1.19), respectively. Moreover, risk of coughing up phlegm increased with lagging time, and accumulative time of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and PM10. Conclusion Our study suggested that short-term exposure to particulate matters in winter was significantly associated with acute changes of respiratory symptoms and FEV1 of college students in Wuhan. Moreover, the effects of particulate matters tended to be larger as the increase of lagged and accumulative days.
Zhang Yunquan
Zhu Yaohui
Wang Suqing
Tamura Kenji
Shima Masayuki
作者单位：
430071武汉大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系
武汉大学公共卫生学院营养与食品卫生学系
日本国立环境研究所环境健康研究综合影响评价研究室
日本兵库医科大学公共卫生学系
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Transportation Options
WHY BOOK HERE
Arrive in Macao via land, sea or air. For air travelers, Macao has its own international airport, Macau International Airport (MFM), servicing regional airlines and flights from major Asian cities, including Shanghai, Beijing, Tokyo, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur and Bangkok. However, the main transport hub for visitors to Macao is the Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA), where CotaiJet high-speed catamarans are available to transport guests directly from the airport to Macao in approximately an hour. Additional transportation options include ferries, which run between Hong Kong Island and Kowloon to Macao.We are pleased to offer complimentary shuttles from Macao ferry terminals, the mainland China border and airport. Please contact the hotel for more information or to arrange a shuttle.
If you are traveling by car, please see , from the airport or any other location.
Getting Here
Macau International Airport
Travel Distance: Approximately 1.3 km/0.81 miles
Options for getting to and from the hotel include:
Sands Cotai Central Shuttle
Complimentary
Travel Time:
10 minutes
O Macao is a convenient three- to five-hour flight from most major Asian cities, while the hotel is a mere ten-minute drive from the airport via a complimentary shuttle.For details, please refer to /transportation-schedule-en_sc.
Hours: 24 hours
Travel Time:
Macao International Airport (MFM) serves destinations throughout Asia and the Pacific. The hotel is located a mere five-minute drive from the airport, and taxis are readily available 24 hours a day to transport guests from to the hotel. For more information on the airport, visit /en.
Hotel Limousine
450 HKD; Base fee is 450 HKD per way. Between 10pm and 12am, a supplementary 100 HKD fee will apply. Between 12am and 7am, a supplementary 200 HKD fee will apply.
Hours: 24 hours
Travel Time:
10 minutes
Arrive effortlessly with our limousine airport transfer service. One-way transportation is available for a fee.
Zhuhai Jinwan Airport
Travel Distance: Approximately 13.0 km/8.08 miles
Options for getting to and from the hotel include:
Airport Shuttle Bus
35 HKD; 35 HKD per way
Hours of operation:
Travel Time:
50 minutes
A shuttle bus operated by the airport transports passengers directly to Gongbei, Zhuhai, in mainland China. For more information on this service, visit .
From the Gongbei, Zhuhai, border gate, a complimentary shuttle bus takes approximately 15 minutes to reach the hotel.
Hotel Limousine
Base fee is 450 HKD per way. Between 10:00 PM and 12:00 AM, a supplementary 100 HKD fee will apply. Between 12:00 AM and 7:00 AM, a supplementary 200 HKD fee will apply.
Hours: 24 hours
Arrive effortlessly with our limousine airport transfer service. Please email your request to res. at least 24 hours before your check-in date. One-way transportation is available for a fee.
Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport
Travel Distance: Approximately 60.0 km/37.28 miles
Options for getting to and from the hotel include:
CKS (Cotai Chu Kong Shipping)
Prices vary based on time and day.
Hours of operation:
Travel Time:
60 minutes
A ferry from Shenzhen Bao’an International Airport transports passengers directly to the Macau Ferry Terminal or Taipa Ferry Terminal. For more information on this service, visit .Upon arrival in Macao, a complimentary shuttle bus can take you to the Cotai Strip in about 10 minutes.
Travel Time:
60 minutes
A ferry transports passengers directly from the airport to the Macau Ferry Terminal. From there, a complimentary shuttle will bring you to the hotel.
For more information on this service, visit .
Hong Kong International Airport
Travel Distance: Approximately 66.0 km/41.01 miles
Options for getting to and from the hotel include:
Travel Time:
45 minutes
With no baggage claim or customs requirement until you arrive in Macao, TurboJET provides transportation by catamaran to the Macau Ferry Terminal or Taipa Ferry Terminal. From there, a complimentary shuttle will bring you to the hotel.For more information on this service, visit .hk.
Cotai Water Jet
Prices vary based on day of week and time of day.
Hours of operation:
Travel Time:
65 minutes
(853)
With no baggage claim or customs requirement until you arrive in Macao, Cotai Water Jet provides transportation by catamaran to the Macau Ferry Terminal or Taipa Ferry Terminal. From there, a complimentary shuttle will bring you to the hotel.For more information please visit /ferry-schedule/hongkong-macau-taipa.html.
Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport
Travel Distance: Approximately 140.0 km/87.0 miles
Options for getting to and from the hotel include:
Intra-City Bus
115 HKD; 115 HKD one way, from Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport to Gongbei, Zhuhai
Hours of operation:
Travel Time:
180 minutes
An intra-city bus transports passengers directly from the airport to Gongbei, Zhuhai, in mainland China. For more information on this service, visit /en/ShowInfo.asp?ID=11.
From the Gongbei, Zhuhai, border gate, a complimentary shuttle bus takes approximately 15 minutes to reach the hotel.
Taipa Ferry Terminal
Travel Distance: Approximately 3.1 km/1.93 miles
Options for getting to and from the hotel include:
Hotel Limousine
450 HKD; 450 HKD 100 HKD additional from 10:00 PM - 12:00 AM; 200 HKD additional from 12:00 AM - 7:00 AM.
Hours: 24 hours
Travel Time:
Arrive effortlessly with our limousine airport transfer service. One-way transportation is available for a fee. Reservations are required in advance.
Sands Cotai Central shuttle
Complimentary
Travel Time:
Shuttle buses are available from the Taipa Ferry Terminal to take guests directly to the hotel.For details, please refer to /transportation-schedule-en_sc.
Macau Ferry Terrminal
Travel Distance: Approximately 5.8 km/3.6 miles
Options for getting to and from the hotel include:
Hotel Limousine
450 HKD; 450 HKD 100 HKD additional from 10:00 PM - 12:00 AM; 200 HKD additional from 12:00 AM - 7:00 AM.
Hours: 24 hours
Travel Time:
15 minutes
Arrive effortlessly with our limousine airport transfer service. One-way transportation is available for a fee. Reservations are required in advance.
Sands Cotai Central Shuttle
Complimentary
Travel Time:
15 minutes
Shuttle buses are available from the Macao Ferry Terminal to take guests directly to the hotel.For details, please refer to /transportation-schedule-en_sc.
Mainland China
Travel Distance: Approximately 8.3 km/5.16 miles
Options for getting to and from the hotel include:
Sands Cotai Central Shuttle
Complimentary
Travel Time:
10-15 minutes
Enter Macao from neighboring Zhuhai via the Lotus Bridge — just ten minutes from Cotai Strip — or through the Gongbei Border Gate, located 15 minutes from Cotai Strip. We are pleased to provide complimentary shuttles from specified border points.For details, please refer to /transportation-schedule-en_sc.
Hotel Limousine
Base fee is 450 HKD per way. Between 10pm and 12am, a supplementary 100 HKD fee will apply. Between 12am and 7am, a supplementary 200 HKD fee will apply.
Hours: 24 hours
Travel Time:
15 minutes
Arrive effortlessly with our limousine airport transfer service. One-way transportation is available for a fee.
Getting Around
Varies based on destination
Hours: 24 hours
Taxi service is available throughout Macao. We particularly recommend taxis for travel between the hotel and Macao Peninsula and/or Coloane.
By Third Party Shuttle
Sands Cotai Central Shuttle
Complimentary
O The complimentary Sands Cotai Central Shuttle is available for transportation between the hotel and Sands Macao.For details, please refer to /transportation-schedule-en_sc.
By Private Car Service
Private Limousine
Hours: 24 hours
Discover Macao with our private limousine service. The hourly rate for a Sedan S350L or MPV Alphard is 450 MOP.For service between the hours of 10pm and 12am, a supplementary 100 MOP fee will apply.For service between the hours of 12am and 7am, a supplementary 200 MOP fee will apply.Please note that a minimum three-hour reservation is required.
Note: Estimated charges, fees and schedules are not guaranteed by hotel. Driving distance may be affected by local conditions and traffic.