Literature Review我们应该怎样爱国词语写多少词?

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rried out, how you came to choose certain methodologies or theories to work with, how your work adds to the research already carried out” (Brightwell, G. and Shaw, J., 1997-98), or it may present some other logical perspective. o Reviewed literature is organized in a logical manner that best suits the topic of the review and the hypothesis of the literature (see Organization and Format). The selected method of organization and style of format should draw attention to similarities and differences among the these similarities and differences are based on specific criteria you revealed in the literature review’s introduction. According to Brightwell and Shaw (1997-98), your goal in the body of the review “. . . should be to evaluate and show relationships between the work already done (Is Researcher Y’s theory more convincing than Researcher X’s? Did Researcher X build on the work of Researcher Y?) and between this work and your own [thesis].” Additional information on these topics can be found in the Organization and Format sections of this packet. Therefore, carefully planned organization is an essential part of any literature review. Purpose Although literature reviews may vary according to discipline, their overall goal is similar. A literature review serves as a compilation of the most significant sources on a subject and relates the findings of each of these sources in a rational manner while supporting the literature review author’s own thesis. A literature review establishes which sources are most relevant to its author’s point and which sources are most credible to the discipline at hand. In a literature review, the results of previous research are summarized, organized and evaluated. Discipline-Specificity A literature review’s organization, format, level of detail and citation style may vary according to discipline because different disciplines have different audiences. Examples here pertain to the natural sciences, social sciences and humanities. o Natural and social sciences The author of a literature review in the natural or social sciences must pay close attention to measurements, study populations and technical aspects of experimental findings. Typically, a portion of the natural or social sciences literature review is set aside for reviewing sources on the primary topic. Then, a comparative analysis or discussion section is used to analyze the similarities and differences among the sources, tying them in with the literature review author’s original thesis. o Humanities The author of a literature review in the humanities usually does not set aside a special section for r instead, citations may be found randomly throughout the paper. The literature being reviewed is arranged according to paragraphs based on the author’s points, which in turn, support the author’s thesis. The paper itself may not be called a literature review at all. It is more likely to be called
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literature review咋写。。。
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我快疯掉了 看了好多。。还是不会写,更尴尬的现在写的这个case比较少见 相关例子报道文章现在都找不到原文,哎 ,求大神指点
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病例报告最经典的模版是新英格兰每期的病例报告
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cfthn2002 病例报告最经典的模版是新英格兰每期的病例报告那文献回顾咧?
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关于丁香园Literature Review怎么写?留学生论文Literature Review写作范文参考
本文是留学生论文文献综述Literature Review写作范文参考,本章回顾了与本研究相关的理论和实证研究,从而指出本研究的理论创新之处。
萨拉蒙解释非政府组织在社会导向和社会功能方面:&这是一个非盈利性志愿给公民和组织在地方、国家和国际水平。一个由区人民的利益,非政府组织提供各种服务的即插即用功能主义(反映问题,关心的公民到政府监督和鼓励政策,在社区一级。本说明解释的经典理论在国家与社会分离的美国市场。
考虑到非营利组织的定义,萨拉蒙意见有一定的权威。实证研究和分析后,对非营利组织的导热,在超过40个国家,萨拉蒙把经营结构的定义是其中的五个特征:非营利组织的结构和运作模式1。A组的官方或非官方的某些人或组织结构关系;2。私人的一部分,即非政府机构;3。无利润分配;4。自治;5。这样的支持和自愿,沃尔夫之间的关系分析的非营利组织和政府的存在是必要的把&政府失效理论&。他相信从整个社会的角度,政府,非营利组织和市场是重要的方法满足公民的需求。由于他们的功能限制的自相互作用的影响。特别是,当政府和市场的位置,一些公共品和公共职能,非营利组织的存在往往有价值。提出我国非营利组织存在的情况基本符合的理论。
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction of this chapter
This chapter reviews theory and empirical research related to this study, so as to point out the theoretical innovation of this study.
2.2 Theory
2.2.1 Concept of non-profit organization (NPO)
Salamon and Anheier (1997) explained non-governmental organizations from the aspects of social orientation and social function: &It is a kind of non-profit and voluntary citizen organization in local, national or international level. Pushed by people with same interests, non-governmental organizations offer various services and play a role in humanitarianism, reflect the problems concerned by the citizens to the government, and supervise policies and encourage to take part in the community level......& (Salamon and Anheier, 1997). This explanation interprets the classical theory on the separation of nation, market and society.&
Considering the definition of NPO, Salamon and Achier&s (1999) opinion has a certain authority. After conducting empirical researches and analysis on NPO in more than 40 countries, Salamon and Achier (1999) put forward the structural-operational definition, which stressed the five features of NPO from structure and operation mode: 1. a certain people groups of official or unofficial organization or str 2. private part, i.e. non- 3. None 4. self- 5. voluntarily constituted and supported (Salamon and Achier, 1999)&
Wolf (1990) analyzed the relationship between non-profit organizations and the government by demonstrating the necessity of existence of NPO. Wolf (1990) put forward &government failure theory&. He believed that from the perspective of whole society, the government, NPO and market were the important approaches to satisfy citizens& individual demands. Due to their limits on self-functions, mutual substitution effects existed among them. Especially, when the government and market lacked some public goods and public functions, NPO had their existence value thereby (Wolf, 1990). What such theory proposes basically meets with the existence situation of NPO in China.&
On the other hand, in accordance with the distinctions for profit organizations and NPO, Wolf (1990) believed that for profit organizations have a certain limit from the aspect of constraint force allocation. NPO does not have the characteristic and influence of constraint force allocation. Such important characteristics not only differentiate for profit organizations from NPO, but also play an important supporting role on wining social resources for NPO, and giving play to the social function of NPO (Wolf, 1990).
Based on many scholars& researches, we could find that, when scholars define and use the word of &non-profit organization&, they always expand based on two basic attributes, i.e. non-profit and non-governmental, and emphasize on agreeing that NPO have the important feature of &non-governmental&. Therefore, in the course of research, based on the actual situation of Red Cross Society of China, the author of this study especially stressed the relationship between Red Cross Society of China and Chinese Government, and emphasized on the strong dependency of Red Cross Society of China on the government. This special relationship between the Chinese Red Cross and the Chinese Government is an important dimension for the analysis of the problems existing in the Chinese Red Cross.
2.2.2 Concept and basic feature of public trust
Li (2011) thought that trust means putting self-interests in the risk of other people&s dishonesty, fault or failure. Trust relationship will inevitably undertake such risk. The public is the supporter and capital provider of NPO interest relationship generates along with the trust risk. Donors, due to the limit on ability and time, could not help others to realize wishes, therefore, they provide goods and materials for NPO, entrust NPO to realize their wishes, public trust is generated thereby (Li, 2011). From the perspective of interest relationship, when the actions and results of NPO satisfy the public&s expectation, the public trus on the contrary, when the public is disappointed in the things done by NPO, the subjective wishes giving trust is reduced, and the public trust is weakened inevitably (Li, 2011). Meanwhile, public trust exists in social environment and social relationship, therefore, the influence of social environment shall not be ignored.&
Speaking of the concept of public trust, its core is trust. Regarding trust, most scholars tend to regard trust as a kind of psychological anticipation (Li, 2014). Three problems, i.e. &who trust&, &trust who&, &why trust&, exist in the trust relationship.
On the statement, the author of this study was apt to agree with Zheng&s (2001) opinion. From the perspective of psychology, Zheng (2001) believed that trust belongs to a kind of irrational behavior, especially being affected by external factors, which results in a certain uncertainty and risk for trust. Regarding the expression of trust, trust psychology is always reflected and proofed through trust actions under special circumstance, for example, offer support in the attitude, issue supporting speech, or provide help on the action (Yang, 2014). The relationship between trust psychology and trust action is causal relationship that psychology is the cause, and action is the result (Zheng, 2011). In this study, the author thought that there are many similarities on the understanding of trust, that is external factors will have huge influences on other people&s consciousness. There is an idiom &repeat what others have said& in China (Li, 2014), i.e. one people follows and believes other one&s word or opinion no matter what the word is or what the opinion is. And the idiom &a repeated slander makes others believe& states that when many people set forth the same opinion, other people are apt to believe this opinion. Trust is affected by the external factors so much. It also indirectly illustrates that people&s trust is always wrong or is misguided. In &Guo Meimei event&, the phenomenon that the public was misguided existed (Li, 2014).&
The above theories on public trust are mainly from two aspects to expound the causes of public trust. First is that the behavior of NPO does not meet what the public expects and needs, which leads to the loss of public trust. To solve this problem, NPO needs to improve its management, making their behavior conform to and meet the needs of the public. Second, the influence of social and public opinion environment on public trust, the misunderstanding of the public caused by incorrect information can also harm public trust of NPO. To solve this problem, NPO needs to communicate with the public.
2.2.3 The theory of organization externalization
The theory of organization externalization was conceived by Meyer and Rowan in the 1970s, Meyer and Rowan (1977) thought that the aims, objectives, departments, posts, functions and other contents of an organization determined based on an organization should be detailed and clear, there should be a close contact, mutual cooperation between various departments to form an organic whole to achieve organizational goals. However, an organization in the actual operation process is often inconsistent with its aims and objectives, and sometimes it is even contrary to its aims and objectives, so there has been the appearance of the situation of organization externalization. In addition, scholars such as Wolf (1990) noted that for the realization of organizational objectives, organizational elements are connected through their actual activities, they should act in unity, their paces should be consistent, their forms and their actual activities are closely linked to work together to achieve the desired effect. However, it has been found through Wolf&s (1990) study that these organizational elements are not closely linked, most of them are loosely linked, which often leads to that an organization's decision-making is not implemented, the operating system rules are often violated, evaluation and inspection systems are often abandoned.
Red Cross Society of China (Hereinafter referred to as the Red Cross) as a social aid group has a clear phenomenon of organization externalization. First, considering from the perspective of organizational form, although the Red Cross is defined as a social assistance group by the &Law of the People's Republic of China on Red Cross Society&, its members are included in the national administrative system of administrative institutions, it is more like a government department. Second, judging from the operation process, there is the existence of low efficiency, bureaucracy and other undesirable phenomena in the daily work of the Red Cross, and these undesirable phenomena is precisely contrary to the purpose of the Red Cross, resulting in the phenomenon of organization externalization of the Red Cross.
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微信公众订阅号如何写综述论文全攻略;1综述的定义和特点;综述是查阅了某一专题在一段时期内的相当数量的文献;①综合性:综述要\进展;又要从本单位、省内、国内;②评述性:是指比较专门地、全面地、深入地、系统地;③先进性:综述不是写学科发展的历史,而是要搜集最;综述不应是材料的罗列,而是对亲自阅读和收集的材料;综述的内容和形式灵活多样,无严格的规定,篇幅大小;选题要新:即所综述
如何写综述论文全攻略
1 综述的定义和特点
综述是查阅了某一专题在一段时期内的相当数量的文献资料,经过分析研究,选取有关情报信息,进行归纳整理,作出综合性描述的文章。
综述的特点:
①综合性:综述要\进展;又要从本单位、省内、国内到国外,进行横的比较。只有如此,文章才会占有大量素材,经过综合分析、归纳整理、消化鉴别,使材料更精练、更明确、更有层次和更有逻辑,进而把握本专题发展规律和预测发展趋势。
②评述性:是指比较专门地、全面地、深入地、系统地论述某一方面的问题,对所综述的内容进行综合、分析、评价,反映作者的观点和见解,并与综述的内容构成整体。一般来说,综述应有作者的观点,否则就不成为综述,而是手册或讲座了。
③先进性:综述不是写学科发展的历史,而是要搜集最新资料,获取最新内容,将最新的信息和科研动向及时传递给读者。
综述不应是材料的罗列,而是对亲自阅读和收集的材料,加以归纳、总结,做出评论和估价。并由提供的文献资料引出重要结论。一篇好的综述,应当是既有观点,又有事实,有骨又有肉的好文章。由于综述是三次文献,不同于原始论文(一次文献),所以在引用材料方面,也可包括作者自己的实验结果、未发表或待发表的新成果。
综述的内容和形式灵活多样,无严格的规定,篇幅大小不一,大的可以是几十万字甚至上百万字的专著,参考文献可数百篇乃至数千篇;小的可仅有千余字,参考文献数篇。一般医学期刊登载的多为字,引文15~20篇,一般不超过20篇,外文参考文献不应少于1/3。 2 综述的内容要求
选题要新:即所综述的选题必须是近期该刊未曾刊载过的。一片综述文章,若与已发表的综述文章\说理要明:说理必须占有充分的资料,处处以事实为依据,决不能异想天开地臆造数据和诊断,将自己的推测作为结论写。
层次要清:这就要求作者在写作时思路要清,先写什么,后写什么,写到什么程度,前后如何呼应,都要有一个统一的构思。
语言要美:科技文章以科学性为生命,但语不达义、晦涩坳口,结果必然阻碍了科技知识的交流。所以,在实际写作中,应不断地加强汉语修辞、表达方面的训练。 文献要新:由于现在的综述多为\所以在引用文献中,70%的应为3年内的文献。参考文献依引用先后次序排列在综述文末,并将序号置入该论据(引文内容)的右上角。引用文献必须确实,以便读者查阅参考。
校者把关:综述写成之后,要请有关专家审阅,从专业和文字方面进一步修改提高。这一步是必须的,因为作者往往有顾此失彼之误,常注意了此一方而忽视了彼一方。有些结论往往是荒谬的,没有恰到好处地反应某一课题研究的\这些问题经过校阅往往可以得到解决。 3 综述的格式和写法
综述一般都包括题名、著者、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献几部分。其中正文部分又由前言、主体和总结组成。
前言:用200~300字的篇幅,提出问题,包括写作目的、意义和作用,综述问题的历史、资料来源、现状和发展动态,有关概念和定义,选择这一专题的目的和动机、应用价值和实践意义,如果属于争论性课题,要指明争论的焦点所在。
主体:主要包括论据和论证。通过提出问题、分析问题和解决问题,比较各种观点的异同点及其理论根据,从而反映作者的见解。为把问题说得明白透彻,可分为若干个小标题分述。这部分应包括历史发展、现状分析和趋向预测几个方面的内容。①历史发展:要按时间顺序,简要说明这一课题的提出及各历史阶段的发展状况,体现各阶段的研究水平。②现状分析:介绍国内外对本课题的研究现状及各派观点,包括作者本人的观点。将归纳、整理的科学事实和资料进行排列和必要的分析。对有创造性和发展前途的理论或假说要详细介绍,并引出论据;对有争论的问题要介绍各家观点或学说,进行比较,指问题的焦点和可能的发展趋势,并提出自己的看法。对陈旧的、过时的或已被否定的观点可从简。对一般读者熟知的问题只要提及即可。
趋向预测:在纵横对比中肯定所综述课题的研究水平、存在问题和不同观点,提出展望性意见。这部分内容要写得客观、准确,不但要指明方向,而且要提示捷径,为有志于攀登新高峰者指明方向,搭梯铺路。主体部分没有固定的格式,有的按问题发展历史依年代顺序介绍,也有按问题的现状加以阐述的。不论采用哪种方式,都应比较各家学说及论据,阐明有关问题的历史背景、现状和发展方向。
主体部分的写法有下列几种:
(1) 纵式写法 \或专题本身发展层次,对其历史演变、目前状况、趋向预测作纵向描述,从而勾划出某一专题的来龙去脉和发展轨迹。纵式写法要把握脉络分明,即对某一专题在各个阶段的发展动态作扼要描述,已经解决了哪些问题,取得了什么成果,还存在哪些问题,今后发展趋向如何,对这些内容要把发展层次交代清楚,文字描述要紧密衔接。撰写综述不要孤立地按时间顺序罗列事实,把它写成了\纵式写法还要突出一个\有些专题时间跨度大,科研成果多,在描述时就要抓住具有创造性、突破性的成果作详细介绍,而对一般性、重复性的资料就从简从略。这样既突出了重点,又做到了详略得当。纵式写法适合于动态性综述。这种综述描述专题的发展动向明显,层次清楚。
(2) 横式写法 \方面,如各派观点、各家之言、各种方法、各自成就等加以描述和比较。通过横向对比,既可以分辨出各种观点、见解、方法、成果的优劣利弊,又可以看出国际水平、国内水平和本单位水平,从而找到了差距。横式写法适用于成就性综述。这种综述专门介绍某个方面或某个项目的新成就,如新理论、新观点、新发明、新方法、新技术、新进展等等。因为是\所以时间跨度短,但却引起国际、国内同行关注,纷纷从事这方面研究,发表了许多论文,如能及时加以整理,写成综述向同行报道,就能起到借鉴、启示和指导的作用。
(3) 纵横结合式写法在同一篇综述中,同时采用纵式与横式写法。例如,写历史背景采用纵式写法,写目前状况采用横式写法。通过 \献资料,全面系统地认识某一专题及其发展方向,作出比较可靠的趋向预测,为新的研究工作选择突破口或提供参考依据。无论是纵式、横式或是纵横结合式写法,都要求做到:一要全面系统地搜集资料,客观公正地如实反映;二要分析透彻,综合恰当;三要层次分明,条理清楚;四要语言简练,详略得当。
总结:主要是对主题部分所阐述的主要内容进行概括,重点评议,提出结论,最好是提出自己的见解,并提出赞成什么,反对什么。
参考文献:写综述应有足够的参考文献,这是撰写综述的基础。它除了表示尊重被引证者的劳动及表明文章引用资料的根据外,更重要的是使读者在深入探讨某些问题时,提供查找有关文献的线索。综述性论文是通过对各种观点的比较说明问题的,读者如有兴趣深入研究,可按参考文献查阅原文。因此,必须严肃对待。 4 综述的写作步骤
选定题目选定题目对综述的写作有着举足轻重的作用。选题首先要求内容新颖,只有新颖的内容才能提炼出有磁石般吸引力的题目。选题还应选择近年来确有进展,适合我国国情,又为本专业科技人员所关注的课题,如对国外某一新技术的综合评价,以探讨在我国的实用性;又如综述某一方法的形成和应用,以供普及和推广。选题通常有几种:一种是与作者所从事的专业密切相关的选题,对此作者有实际工作经验,有比较充分的发言权;一种是选题与作者专业关系不大,而作者掌握了一定的素材,又乐于探索的课题;还有一种是医学科学情报工作者的研究成果。
题目不要过大,过大的题目一定要有诸多的内容来充实,过多的内容必然要查找大量的文献,这不但增加阅读、整理过程的困难,或者无从下手,或顾此失彼;而且面面俱到的文稿也难以深入,往往流于空泛及一般化。实践证明,题目较小的综述穿透力强,易深入,特别对初学写综述者来说更以写较小题目为宜,从小范围写起,积累经验后再逐渐写较大范围的专题。此外,题目还必须与内容相称、贴切,不能小题大作或大题小作,更不能文不对题。好的题目可一目了然,看题目可知内容梗概。
查阅文献题目确定后,需要查阅和积累有关文献资料。对初学者来说,查找文献往往不知从哪里下手,一般可首先搜集有权威性的参考书,如专著、教科书、学术论文集等,教科书叙述比较全面,提出的观点为多数人所公认;专著集中讨论某一专题的发展现状、有关问题及展望;学术论文集能反映一定时期的进展和成就,帮助作者把握住当代该领域的研究动向。其次是查找期刊及文献资料,期刊文献浩如烟海,且又分散,但里面常有重要的近期进展性资料,吸收过来,可使综述更有先进性,更具有指导意义。查找文献资料的方法有两种。一种是根据自己所选定的题目,查找内容较完善的近期(或由近到远)期刊,再按照文献后面的参考文献,去收集原始资料。这样\的大量文献。这是比较简便易行的查阅文献法,许多初学综述写作者都是这样开始的。另一种较为省时省力的科学方法,是通过检索工具书查阅文献。常用的检索工具书有文摘和索引类期刊,它是查阅国内外文献的金钥匙,掌握这把金钥匙,就能较快地找到需要的文献。此外,在平时工作学习中,随时积累,做好读书文摘或笔记,以备用时查找,可起到拾遗补缺作用。
查找到的文献首先要浏览一下,然后再分类阅读。有时也可边搜集、边阅读,根据阅读中发现的线索再跟踪搜集、阅读。资料应通读、细读、精读,这是撰写综述的重要步骤,也是咀嚼和消化、吸收的过程。阅读中要分析文章的主要依据,领会文章的主要论点,用卡片分类摘记每篇文章的主要内容,包括技术方法、重要数据、主要结果和讨论要点,以便为写作做好准备。
加工处理:对阅读过的资料必须进行加工处理,这是写综述的必要准备过程。按照综述的主题要求,把写下的文摘卡片或笔记进行整理,分类编排,使之系列化、条理化,力争做到论点鲜明而又有确切依据,阐述层次清晰而合乎逻辑。按分类整理好的资料轮廓,再进行科学的分析。最后结合自己的实践经验,写出自己的观点与体会,这样客观资料中就融进了主观资料。
撰写成文:撰写成文前应先拟提纲,决定先写什么,后写什么,哪些应重点阐明,哪些地方融进自己的观点,哪些地方可以省略或几笔带过。重点阐述处应适当分几个小标题。拟写题纲时开始可详细一点,然后边推敲边修改。多一遍思考,就会多一分收获。
提纲拟好后,就可动笔成文。按初步形成的文章框架,逐个问题展开阐述,写作中要注意说理透彻,既有论点又有论据,下笔一定要掌握重点,并注意反映作者的观点和倾向性,但对相反观点也应简要列出。对于某些推理或假说,要考虑到医学界专家所能接受的程度,可提出自己的看法,或作为问题提出来讨论,然后阐述存在问题和展望。初稿形成后,按常规修稿方法,反复修改加工。
撰写综述要深刻理解参考文献的内涵,做到论必有据,忠于原著,让事实说话,同时要具有自己的见解。文献资料是综述的基础,查阅文献是撰写综述的关键一步,搜集文献应注意时间性,必须是近一二年的新内容,四五年前的资料一般不应过多列入。综述内容切忌面面俱到,成为浏览式的综述。综述的内容越集中、越明确、越具体越好。参考文献必须是直接阅读过的原文,不能根据某些文章摘要而引用,更不能间接引用(指阅读一篇文章中所引用的文献,并未查到原文就照搬照抄),以免对文献理解不透或曲解,造成观点、方法上的失误。
5综述论文的遴选及审编
综述论文是多篇研究成果的综合,所涵盖的内容信息量大,使读者费时不多却能得到更多的信息。国内外著名期刊很多都设有综述栏目,并给以较大的篇幅和较多的参考文献数额。综述论文的学术水平和写作要求比较高,只有资深的作者才可能写出合乎要求的综述论文。它要求作者对所综述的资料拥有准确的判断能力,有较强的分析、综合能力,对专业知识的掌握有一定的深度和广度,并有亲身研究的经历和体会,以及有较强的驾驭文字的能力。综述论文能较系统地反映国内外某一学科或专题的研究概况及发展趋势,可以帮助读者了解最新研究的热点及新思路、新方法,对启发读者的研究思路具有向导作用。此外,综述论文的桥梁功能亦很显著。以笔者所编《生理科学进展》为例,这里的\念,几乎涉及基础医学各学科。有专家说,\进展情况\《生理科学进展》是生理科学各学科之间的桥梁和纽带。相信,其他刊物的综述文章也有同样的作用与功能。
综述论文的审稿程序遵从一般审稿规则,但具体到某篇综述的取舍上,还是有其特殊性和规律性。 1)在平衡比较中遴选。综述论文的资料来源于文献,可以有多个作者就同一个问题在一个时间段内分别向编辑部投稿,因此,编辑部必须对类似稿件进行权衡比较、分析,以决定取舍。如\3篇文章,经分析比较后认为它们是从不同侧面进行的综述,各有特点,故决定放在同一期刊出。又如,有关\究是近年来的热点课题,本刊连续收到多篇同类文章,内容多有重复,结果选取了1篇投稿较早的文章,对后来者只得以\2)在达到总体评审要求的稿件中遴选。对一篇达到总体评审要求的综述论文应该是:就某一问题写得系统、深入,能反映该课题当前的研究水平,内容有新意,文字通顺。在这些稿件中再根据其对当前研究的指导意义和参考价值进行分级优选。 笔者根据所编期刊近几年来审稿人的意见,并结合自己的工作实践,归纳出对综述稿件的总体评价。 1)对录用稿件的评价:属国际研究热点,有较好的指导和参考意义;是该领域重大课题,内容丰富,值得刊登;国内研究较少,对开展此项工作有推动作用;介绍设计的思路及目前动态,对读者有一定启发;综述当前概况,读者将从中汲取教益;内容新颖而重要,能引起有关读者的兴趣与重视;选题很好,对立足国内走向世界有很大的鼓舞作用;目前尚在起始阶段,有利于读者了解其概貌;内容好,文献新,层次清晰,语言通顺;有重要的理论和实际意义,重点突出,分析得当;综述较全面,并较深入,反映了当前研究状况;属前沿进展资料,有较大学术参考价值;内容具有进展性,且有作者自己的工作,值得介绍;问题有新意,且存有争议,本文提供了一定思路。
2)对被退稿件的评价:涉及面太窄,感兴趣的读者不多;实验依据不足,多为推测性内容;内容分散,重点不突出,读后无系统概念;罗列文献,未作分析讨论;题目很大,但具体内容不多;国内已有不少报道,无明显特色;观点有错,原则有误,说服无力;内容肤浅,深度不够,未能反映重大进展;语言表达及结构均差,修改难度很大;资料来源可信度差,分量不够;文献未经充分消化,思路不清,前后矛盾;选题缺乏新意,内容陈旧,文字冗长;材料零散,内容单薄,说理不透;对所综述的领域不熟,写作不得要领。笔者在编辑综述稿件时发现,达到录用要求的稿件,都无一例外地要退修和编辑加工后才能刊出。当然,编辑部对稿件退修是很慎重的,一般情况下,退修的稿件即属准备刊发的稿件。 6综述文稿的常见问题及审编
编辑工作中发现,综述论文文稿存在的问题比较多,审编时须慎重处理。
1 根据已有的综述直译转抄 这样做,难免有抄袭之嫌,因为\已发表的综述启发思路,但切不可照抄照搬。也就是说,必须结合自己的工作体会写出有别于他文的特色,有自己的侧重点。要做到这一点,首先必须进行文献更新,补足与自己侧重点有关的和该课题最新发表的文献,然后按照自己的侧重点重新命题,将全文重新整理,综合分析,提出自己的见解。如本刊收到一篇综述文稿,列文献30余篇,而正文不足4000字。在初审中发现,其题名直译自其中一篇文献,进一步发现其内容亦基本来自该篇文献,但鉴于选题是当前研究的热点,故决定让作者重新查阅文献,补足近年的研究进展,改写后再投稿,再审编。
2 洋洋大篇,只是资料的堆积
有的来稿超过1万字,但内容既无重点又不深入,层次不清,概念模糊,甚至有误。究其原因,主要是作者对所综述的专题不熟悉,体验不深,不能很好地把握主题,而只是资料的堆积。对于这样的稿件退稿时即提醒作者,倒不如选一个自己比较熟悉的题目,哪怕是写一个较小的题目,只要在该专题范围内写得系统、深入,这样的文章也是一篇好综述。
3 文献开列过多,引文不当
一般要求综述论文著录的文献应是作者亲自阅读过的原文,但也并不是所有读过的文献都统统列出,应选择最主要和最新近的文献 /> 1)综述论文论点和论据来自的文献; 2)为分析讨论提供有力依据的文献; 3)为理论和机制提供实验依据的文献; 4)注意引用知名度高的期刊; 5)以新近的文献代替旧的文献。
如本刊曾收到一篇关于微量元素的文稿,字数不过6000,而文献多达97篇,大致可归为4类 1)早期文献(5年前的居多,甚至有20年前的); 2)文摘检索类文献; 3)见于国内外不知名的书刊; 4)新近的、起核心参考作用、较权威期刊刊载的文献(不足10篇)。 经审阅,决定此文以\4000字以内,参考文献限在10篇以内。由此例说开去1)早期文献,即文献偏旧,无须深入审阅,即给人以资料不新的感觉而留下不好的印象。事实上,科学在不断发展,对一项值得写出综述发表的课题,往往是重要课题或热点课题,其论文每年都以成百上千的数量增长,而新文献又都是旧文献的发展,即新文献能涵盖旧文献;因此,一定要进行文献更新,大胆舍弃旧文献。 2)摘要检索类文献,即二次文献甚至三次文献。阅读此类文献是一种快捷的途径,它能引导读者进一步查阅原始文献,但若单用第二手或第三手材料,文章的可信度就会大打折扣。 3)关于所引用刊物的知名度问题。在国内外期刊族大家庭中,由于刊物的历史、办刊条件和实力以及地域等不同,不同刊物的知名度是有高下之分的。作为综述论文的主要观点和论据三亿文库包含各类专业文献、专业论文、高等教育、各类资格考试、应用写作文书、中学教育、52LiteratureReview如何写综述论文全攻略等内容。 
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