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求翻译：Accompany me to accompany the old是什么意思？
Accompany me to accompany the old
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请输入您需要翻译的文本！how old的中文翻译及音标
沪江词库精选how old是什么意思、中英文句子翻译、英语短语。
中文释义： 几岁
Yep, replied the elder, now tell me how old I am.
“是的，”老汉回答道，“现在你说说我的年龄。”
Or is it because there aren't any hard and fast rules about how old you need to be to drink coffee?
是因为没有严厉稳固的条例规定多少岁才可以喝咖啡？
One day he was teaching his seven-year-old son Kelly how to push the gas-powered lawn mower around the yard.
有一天他正在教他7岁的孩子凯利怎样使用瓦斯驱动的割草机割草。
How old might she be?
她的年龄会有多大呢?
How old are you anyway?
你到底多大岁数？
How old are you, Roger?
你几岁了，Roger？
How old were you that year?
那年你多大岁数？
He asked how old Sam was
他问老萨姆身体怎样||他问萨姆有多大年龄了
Can you guess how old he is?
你能猜到他有多大吗?
Guess how old Richard is today?
猜猜理查德多少岁?
多久；多常；多久一次
您(身体)好吗?
…如何？…怎么样？
...如何，...怎样
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old翻译成中文是什么意思?
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adj 老adj.老的; 古老的; 以前的; （用于指称被替代的东西）原来的; n.古时;
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计算机科学引论(2008影印版)课后习题答案外加单词和课文术语重点翻译
Computing Essentials 2008 练习答案（简答题部分答案在后面）Chapter 1: Information Technology, The Internet, and You Crossword Puzzle Answers: Across Num. 1 7 Clue AnswerThe most essential part of an information system. People Coordinates computer resources. Operating System10 Modifies signals for processing. Modem 12 Data that has been processed by the computer. 13 Unprocessed facts. Data 14 Notebook computer that accepts handwritten input.. Tablet PC InformationDown Num. 2 Clue AnswerUses computers to become more productive.End User 3 Rules or guidelines to follow when using software, hardware, and data.Procedures 4 Created by word processors.Document Files 5 Specialized programs that allow input and output devices to communicate.Device Drivers 6 Created by database management programs.Database Files 8 The physical equipment of a microcomputer.Hardware 9 The world’s largest computer network.Internet 13 Provides step-by-step instructions to the computer. SoftwareMultiple Choice Answers BBABDDACDDMatching Answers EFIHACGBDJChapter 2: The Internet, The Web, and Electronic Commerce Crossword Puzzle Answers: Across Num. 2 Clue AnswerProvide users a connection to the Internet. ISP3 5 7 8 9Unwelcome e-mail. Spam Explore the Web. Surf FTPInternet uploading and downloading service. Steals credit card information. Carder A file, such as a document or worksheet,that is attached to an e-mailmessage. Attachment 10 Involves the sale of a product to another business. B2B 13 Connection to Web resources. Link 15 Process of transferring information from a remote computer to the computer one is using. DownloadDown Num. 1 Clue AnswerThe sites that a search engine returns after running a keyword search. Hits4 5 6Special program written in Java.AppletLocates information online. Search Engine Location of Web resource. URL11 Program that provides access to Web Browser 12 Used to block certain sites. Filter 14 Provides high-speed connection using existing telephone lines. DSLNumMultiple Choice Answers AAADBDACCAMatching Answers idgef chjabChapter 3: Basic Application Software Crossword Puzzle Answers: Across Num. 4 5 8 Clue AnswerRectangular area that contains messages. Window System to organize and retrieve data. DBMS Collection of individual applications. Software Suite10 Rearrange records using a field.Sort11 Formed by intersection of row and column. Cell 14 Collection of related data. Database 16 Flyer, report, newsletter, Web page. 17 These make up a presentation. Slides 18 Question or request for data in a database. Query DocumentDownNum. 1 2ClueAnswerList of commands. Menu Rectangular grid of rows and columns used in programs like Excel. Worksheet3 6 7 9Has records and fields. Table Controls format and placement of slides. Requests user input. Dialog Box Master SlideMoves insertion point to next line. Word Wrap12 Series of cells. Range 13 A vertical block of cells one cell wide. 15 Contain buttons and menus. ColumnToolbarsNumMultiple Choice AnswersDDBDD ABBCDMatching Answers jachb diegf Chapter 4: Specialized Application Software Crossword Puzzle Answers: Across Num. 2 Clue AnswerUsed to create real-time 3-D animation. VRML4 6 8 9Design tool used to plan multimedia presentations. Story Board Editing software used to create MP3s. ACID A type of personal Web site where articles are regularly posted. Creating a site. Web authoring Graphical map BLog10 Representation of overall site design.13 Image recorded as a collection of objects. Vector image 15 Widely used type of Web animation. FlashDown Num. 1 3 5 7 Clue AnswerComposed of thousands of pixels. Bitmap image Special effect that blends images together. Morphing User participation. Interactivity Allows responses like “OK” and “Great!” Fuzzy Logic Pixels Link AI11 Dots that make up an image.12 Connection between pages in a multimedia presentation. 14 Attempt to develop computers that mimic human senses.Num 1 2 3 A A AMultiple Choice Answers I G DMatching Answers4 5 6 7 8 9B A B C B AE C F H B J A10 BChapter 5: System Software Crossword Puzzle Answers: Across Num. 5 6 8 9 Clue AnswerProgram that makes copies of files in case of damage or loss. Backup Boot that occurs when the computer is already on. Warm boot Combination of several utility programs in one package. Utility SuiteAllows communication between devices and the operating system. Driver11 Concentric rings on a disk. Tracks 12 Used to control and coordinate networked computers. NOSDown Num. 1 Clue AnswerLocation to store related files. Folder2Computer that coordinates all communication between other computers.Network server 3 Uses graphical elements to communicate with the operating system. GUI 4 5 7 Broken-up file stored in different sectors. Starting or restarting a computer. Booting Windows FragmentedOperating system with over 80 percent of the market.10 Graphic objects on the desktop used to represent programs and other files. IconsNumMultiple Choice Answers ACBBACCDCAAMatching Answers jdfbg haeicChapter 6: The System Unit Crossword Puzzle Answers: Across Num. 6 8 Clue AnswerAssists with the installation of expansion cards. Plug and Play Memory which improves processing by acting as a temporary high-speedholding area between memory and the CPU. 10 Controls the speed of operations.CacheSystem ClockDown Num. 1 2 3 Clue AnswerPart of a microcomputer that contains the CPU. System Unit Controls and manipulates data to produce information. Microprocessor The number of bits that can be accessed by the microprocessor at one Wordtime. 4 5 7 9Holding area for data, instructions, and information. Memory Used to connect external devices to system unit via ports. Cable Unit consisting of eight bits. Byte Most widely used microprocessor binary coding scheme. ASCIINum 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 D B C B B A AMultiple Choice Answers J A C H G I DMatching Answers8 9C BE F B10 CChapter 7: Input and Output Crossword Puzzle Answers: Across Num. 6 9 Clue AnswerUsed to grade multiple choice exams. OMR Specialized digital camera that broadcasts images over the Internet. WebCam10 Records images digitally on a disk. Digital camera 13 Most popular input device used for computer games. 14 Delivers much clearer picture than regular TV. HDTV 16 Resolution is expressed as a matrix of these dots. Pixel 17 Keyboard that rolls up for storage and transport. Flexible JoystickDown Num. 1 2 3 Clue AnswerThe distance between each pixel. Dot pitch Most commonly used way to input data. KeyboardButton rotated to scroll through information displayed on the monitor. Wheel Button4 5 7 8Most widely used type of mouse.MechanicalType of terminal that does no processing. Dumb Number of times a screen is redrawn each second. Refresh rate Measure of resolution. dpi11 Keys that turn features on and off. Toggle 12 Translates processed information into hard copy. 15 Bar code system used in supermarkets. UPC PrinterNumMultiple Choice Answers ADCDBABABDMatching Answers iefja bgdchChapter 8: Secondary Storage Crossword Puzzle Answers:Across Num. 5 Clue Answer DiskImproves hard-disk performance by anticipating data needs.caching 6 7 8 Web-based storage. Internet driveInvisible wedge-shaped division of a track. Sector Portable and removable storage device. Floppy10 Runs through each track of a stack of platters. Cylinder 11 How tightly the bits can be packed next to each other. DensityDown Num. 1 2 Clue Answer TrackRing of concentric circles without visible grooves.Grouped disk drives treated as one hard disk by the computer system. RAID3 4 9Measures the amount of time required to retrieve data. Access time Represent 1s and 0s. 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GPS packets13 Any device that is connected to a network. node 15 Uses existing telephone lines to provide high-speed connections. 16 Central node for other nodes. hub DSLNumMultiple Choice AnswersCBADC DBBDDMatching Answers gbaih ecjdfChapter 10: Privacy and Security Crossword Puzzle Answers: AcrossNum. 3 6 7 8 9ClueAnswerMalicious software Malware Program that records keystrokes and activities Keystroke logger Used to record virtually everything done on a computer Snoopware Those who gain access to systems for the fun and challenge HackerIncludes the locations of sites visited by your browser History fileDown Num. 1 2 Clue AnswerPrograms that record information on Web site visitors. Cookie Device that separates the computer from the power source. Surgeprotector 4 5 Study of human factors related to the things people use. 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Software:Providesstep-by-step Hardware:Processes the data instructins tocreate for computer hardware. ofinformation.Data:Consistunprocessed facts including text,numbers,image and sounds. People are the most important part of any information system. 2. System softwarehelps the computer manage its own internal resources.It includes three kinds ofprograms:operating systems,utilities and device drivers programs. 3. Basicapplications are the kinds of programs to be considered computer competent.Specialized applications are more narrowly focused on specific disciplines andoccupations. Basic applications have some types,such as browser,wordprocessor,spreadsheet ,and so on. Also specialized applications have manytypes,some of the best known are graphics,audio andvideo,multimedia,Webauthoring ,and artificial intelligence programs. 4. There are fourtypes of computers:supercomputers,mainframecomputers,minicomputers,and microcomputers.Supercomputers arethe most powerful type of computer. Mainframe computers occupy speciallywired,air-conditioned rooms,they are capable of great processing speeds anddata storage. Minicomputers are refrigeratorsized machines. Microcomputers arethe least powerful,yet the most widely used and fastest-growing,type ofcomputer. Microcomputers are the most common type of computers. There are four types ofmicrocomputers:Desktopcomputers,Notebook computers,Handheld computers and PDA. Chapter2 2. The two mostcommon types of providers are National and wireless. National service providers provide accessthrough standard telephone connections. Wireless service providers provideInternet connections for computers with wireless modems and a wide array ofwireless devices. 3. A typicale-mail message has three basic elements:header,message,and signature. 4. Socialnetworking is the grouping of individuals into specific groups.There are threebasic categories of interest social networking Reuniting sitessites:reuniting,friend-of-a-friend,andcommonaredesigned to connect people who have known one another but have lost touch.Friend-of-a-friend sites are designed to bring together two people who do notknow one another but share a common friend. Common interest sites bringtogether individuals that share common interests or hobbies. Chapter 31. General-purposeapplication are widely used in nearly every discipline and occupation.Theyinclude word processors,spreadsheets,databasemanagement systems,andpresentation graphics. Specialized application includes thousands of otherprograms that are more narrowly focused on specific disciplines andoccupations. 4. Presentationgraplics are programs that combine a variety of visual objects to createautractive,visually interesting presentation.People in a variety of setting andsituations use presentation graphics programs to make their presentations moreinteresting and professional. 5. An integratedpackage is a single program that provides the functionality of a wordprocessor,spreadsheet,database manager, and more. The primary disadvantage ofan integrated package is that the capabilities of each function are not asextensive as in the individual programs.The primary advantages are cost andsimplicity. A software suite is a collection of separate application programsbundled together and sold as a group.It is significantly less expensive to buya suite of applications than to buy each application separately. Chapter 4 1. Graphics arewidely used to analyze data and to create professional-lDesktop publishers focus on page design and layout and provid e Image editors areprograms for creating and Illustration programs are usedtocreate and tImage galleriesarelibraries of electronic images.These images are used for a wide variety ofapplications from illustrating textbooks to providing visual interest Graphics suites are some companies combining their separategraphics programs in groups. 3. Multimedia isthe integration of all sorts of media into one presentation.The creation ofinteractive multimedia presentations follows several steps:Plan, Design, Createand Support. 4. Creating a siteis called Web authoring.A web site design is an interactive multimedia form ofcommunication,designing a web site begins withdetermining the site ’s overallcontent,the overall site design is commonly represented in a graphical map.Morespecialized and powerful programs, called Web authoring programs, are typicallyused to create sophisticated commercial sites. 5. The three areasof artificial intelligence are virtual reality ,knowledge-based systems androbotics.Virtual reality is an artificial,or simulated,reality generated in 3-Dby a computer.Knowledge-based systems are a type of artificial intelligencethat uses a database to provide assistance to users.Robotics is the field ofstudy concerned with developing and using robots. Chapter 5 1. System softwareworks with end users,application software,and computer hardware to handle themajority of technical details.It consists of four types ofprograms:operatingsystems,utilities,device drivers and language translators. 2. The basicfunctions of every operating system are :managing computer resources,providinga user interface, and running applications.The three basic operating systemcategories are :embedded,network and stand-alone. 3. Windows is byfar the most popular microcomputer operating system today.It comes in a varietyof different versions and is designed to run with Intel and Intel-compatiblemicroprocessors.Mac OS is not nearly as widely used as the Windows operatingsystem.It is a powerful,easy-to-use operating system that is popular withprofessional graphic designs,desktop publishers,and many home users.WhileWindows,the Mac OS are proprietary operating systems,Linux is not.It is opensource software free and available from many sources,including the Web. 4. Utilities arespecialized programs designed to make computing easier.The five most essentialutilities are :troubleshooting or diagnosticprograms,antivirusprograms,uninstall programs,backup programs and file compressionprograms.Unility suites combine several programs into one package. Chapter 6 1. There are fourbasic types of system units:Desktop system units,Notebook systemunits,Tablet PC system units ,andHandheld computer system units. Desktop system units typically contain thesystem’s electronic components and selected secondary storage devices . Notebooksystem units are portable andmuch smaller.They contain the electroniccomponents,selected secondary storage devices,and input device . Tablet PCsystem units are highly protable devices that support the use of a stylus orpen to input commands and data. Handheld computer system units are the smallestand are designed to fit into the palm of one hand. 2. The two basiccomponents are:the control unit and the arithmetic-logic unit. Control unittells the rest of the computer system how to carry out a program’ sinstructions. Arithmetic-logic unit performs two types ofoperations---arithmetic and logical. 3. There are threetypes of memory chips:RAM, ROM, and CMOS. RAM chips hold the program and data that the CPU is presentlyprocessing,everything in most types of RAM is lost as soon as the microcomputeris turned off or a power failure. ROM chips have programs built into them atthe factory. ROM chips are not volatile and cannot be changed by the user.P21.KEY TERMS application software 应用软件 basic application 基本应用软件 communication device 通信设备 compact disc (CD) 光盘 computer competency 计算机能力 connectivity 连通性 data 数据 database file 数据库文件 desktop computer 台式计算机 device driver 磁盘驱动程序 digital versatile disc（DVD）数字多用途光盘 digital video disc（DVD）数字多用途光盘 document file 文档文件 end user 终端用户 floppy disk 软盘 handheld computer 手持计算机 hard disk 硬盘 hardware 硬件 high definition 高清 Information 信息 information system 信息系统 information technology 信息技术 input device 输入设备 Internet 因特网 keyboard 键盘 mainframe computer 大型机 memory 内存 microcomputer 微型机 microprocessor 微处理器 midrange computer 中型机minicomputer 小型计算机 modem 调制解调器 monitor 监视器 mouse 鼠标 network 网络 notebook computer 笔记本电脑 operating system 操作系统 optical disk 光盘 output device 输出设备 palm computer 掌上电脑 people 用户 personal digital assistant（PDA）个人数字助理 presentation file 演示文稿 primary storage 主存 printer 打印机 procedure 规程 program 程序 random access memory 随机存储器 secondary storage device 辅存 software 软件 specialized application 专门应用软件 supercomputer 巨型机 system software 系统软件 system unit 系统单元 tablet PC 平板电脑 utility 实用程序 wireless revolution 无线革命 worksheet file 工作表P53.KEY TERMS address 地址 Advanced Research Project Agency Network（ARPANET）高级研究项目署 的网络applets 附属程序 attachment 附件 auction house site 拍卖行网站 browser 浏览器 business-to-business（B2B）企业对企业的电子商务模式 business-to-consumer（B2C）企业对消费者的电子商务模式 cable 电缆 carder 论文 Center for European Nuclear Research（CERN）欧洲核子研究委员会 computer virus 计算机病毒 consumer-to-consumer（C2C）消费者对消费者的电子商务模式 dial-up 拨号 digital cash 电子货币 directory search 目录搜索 domain name 域名 downloading 下载 DSL 数字模拟语言 e-commerce 电子商务 e-learning 在线学习 electronic commerce 电子商务 electronic mail 电子邮件 e-mail 电子邮件 file transfer protocol（FTP）文件传输协议 filter 过滤器 friend 朋友 header 标题 hit 打击 hyperlink 超链接 Hypertext Markup Language（HTML）超文本标记语言 instant messaging（IM）即时通讯 Internet 因特网 Internet security suite 互联网安全套件 Java 面向对象程序设计 keyword search 关键词检索link 链接 location 存储单元 message 信息 metasearch engine 整合搜索引擎 national service provider 国家服务提供商 online 在线 online banking 网上银行 online shopping 网上购物 online stock trading 网上证券交易 person-to-person auction site 人与人的拍卖网站 plug-in 插件 protocol 协议 search engine 搜索引擎 search service 搜索服务 signature line 签名线 social networking 社交网络 spam 垃圾邮件 spam blocker 垃圾邮件拦截器 specialized search engine 专业搜索引擎 spider 蜘蛛程序 subject 主题 surf 冲浪 top-level domain 一级域名 uniform resource locator（URL）全球资源定位器 universal instant messenger 普遍即时信息 uploading 上传 Web 网站 Web auction 网上拍卖 Web-based application 网络应用 Web-based service 网络服务 Webmaster 网络管理员 Web page 网页 Web utility 网络效用 wireless modem 无限路由器wireless service provider 无线服务提供商 P85.KEY TERMS analytical graph 分析图 application software 应用软件 AutoContent Wizard 内容提示向导 basic applications 基础应用软件 bulleted list 项目符号列表 business suite 商业套装软件 Button 按键 Cell 单元格 character effect 字效 Chart 图表 Column 列 Computer trainer 计算机培训员 Contextual tab 上下文标签 Database 数据库 database management system (DBMS)数据库管理系统 database manager 数据库管理员 Design template 设计模板 dialog box 对话框 Document 文件 Editing 编辑 Field 字段 find and replace 查找和替换 Font 字体 font size 字号 Form 窗体 Format 格式 Formula 公式 Function 函数 Galleries 图库 grammar checker 语法检查器 graphical user interface (GUI)图形用户界面 home software 家庭软件home suite 家庭套装软件 Icons 图标 integrated package 集成组件 Label 标签 master slide 母板 Menu 菜单 menu bar 菜单栏 numbered list 编号列表 numeric entry 数值型输入 personal software 个人软件 personal suite 个人套装软件 Pointer 指针 presentation graphic 图形演示文稿 productivity suite 生产力套装软件 Query 查询 Range 范围 Recalculation 重算 Record 记录 relational database 关系型数据 Report 报表 Ribbons 功能区、格式栏 Row 行 Sheet 工作表 Slide 幻灯片 software suite 软件套装 Sort 排序 specialized applications 专用应用程序 specialized suite 专用套装软件 speech recognition 语音识别 spelling checker 拼写检查器 spreadsheet 电子表格 system software 系统软件 Table 表格 text entry 文本输入Thesaurus 分类词汇集 Toolbar 工具栏 user interface 用户界面 utility suite 实用套装软件 what-if analysis 变化分析 Window 窗口 word processor 文字处理软件 word wrap 字回行 workbook file 工作簿 Worksheet 工作表 P113.KEY TERMS Animation 动画 artificial intelligence (AI)人工智能 artificial reality 虚拟现实 audio editing software 音频编辑软件 bitmap image 位图 blog 博客 Buttons 按键 clip art 剪辑图 Desktop publisher 桌面发布 desktop publishing program 桌面印刷系统软件 drawing program 绘图程序 expert systems 专家系统 Flash 动画 fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑 graphical map 框图 graphics suite 集成图 HTML editors HTML 编辑器 illustration program 绘图程序 Image editors 图像编辑器 image gallery 图库 immersive experience 沉浸式体验 industrial robots 工业机器人Interactivity 交互性 knowledge bases 知识库 knowledge-based system 知识库系统 Link 链接 mobile robot 移动式遥控装置 Morphing 渐变 Multimedia 多媒体 multimedia authoring programs 多媒体编辑程序 page layout program 页面布局程序 perception systems robot 感知系统机器人 Photo editors 图像编辑器 Pixel 像素 raster image 光栅图像 Robot 机器人 Robotics 机器人学 stock photographs 照片库 story boards 故事版 Vector 矢量 vector illustration 矢量图 vector image 矢量图像 video editing software 视频编辑软件 virtual environments 虚拟环境 virtual reality 虚拟现实 virtual reality modeling language (VRML)虚拟现实建模语言 virtual reality wall 虚拟现实墙 VR 虚拟现实 Web authoring 网络编程 Web authoring program 网络编辑程序 Web log 网络日志 Web page editor 网页编辑器 商P141.KEY TERMS 第五单元 Add Printer Wizard 添加打印机向导 Antivirus program 反病毒程序 Backup 备份 backup program 备份程序 Booting 启动、引导 cold boot 冷启动 computer support specialist 计算机支持专家 Dashboard widgets 仪表盘 Desktop 桌面 desktop operating system 桌面操作系统 device driver 磁盘驱动程序 diagnostic program 诊断程序 dialog box 对话框 Disk Cleanup 磁盘清理 Disk Defragmenter 磁盘碎片整理器 Driver 驱动器 embedded operating systems 嵌入式操作系统 File 文件 file compression program 文件压缩程序 Folder 文件夹 Fragmented 碎片化 graphical user interface (GUI)图形用户界面 Help 帮助 Icon 图标 language translator 语言编译器 leopard 雪豹操作系统 Linux Mac OS Mac OS Mac 操作系统 XMenu 菜单 Multitasking 多任务处理 network operating systems(NOS)网络操作系统network server 网络服务器 One Button Checkup 一键修复 operating system 操作系统 Platform 平台 Pointer 指针 Sectors 扇区 software environment 软件环境 Spotlight 聚光灯 stand-alone operating system 独立操作系统 system software 系统软件 Tiger 老虎操作系统 Tracks 磁道 troubleshooting program 故障检修程序 Uninstall program 卸载程序 UNIX user interface 用户界面 Utility 实用程序 utility suite 实用套装软件 Virus 病毒 warm boot 热启动 Window 视窗 Windows 视窗操作系统 Windows Update Windows Vista Windows XP Windows 更新P172.KEY TERMS AC adapter 交流适配器 Accelerated graphics port(AGP):图形加速端口 Arithmetic-logic unit（ALU）:算术逻辑单元 Arithmetic operation:算术运算 ASCII 美国标准信息交换码 Binary coding schemes:二进制编码制Bit:位 Bus:总线 Bus line:总线 Byte:字节 Cable:电缆 Cache memory:高速缓存 carrier package 封装物 Central processing unit (CPU):中央处理器 Chip:芯片 Clock speed 时钟速度 Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor:互补金属氧化物半导体 Computer technician 计算机工程师 Control unit:控制单元 Coprocessor 协处理器 Desktop system unit:桌面系统单元 Digital 数字的 Dual-core chips 双核芯片 EBCDIC:扩展二进制编码的十进制交换码 Expansion bus 扩展总线 Expansion card 扩展卡 Expansion slot 扩展槽 FireWire port:火线接口 Flash memory 闪存 Graphics card 图形适配卡 Graphics coprocessor 图形协处理器 Handheld computer system unit 手持计算机系统单元 Industry Infrared Laptop Logical standard architecture（ISA）工业标准结构 Data Association（IrDA）红外线传输模组 computer 膝式计算机 operation 逻辑运算Integrated circuit:集成电路Microprocessor:微处理器 Motherboard:主板 Musical instrument digital interface（MIDI）乐器数字接口Network adapter card 网络适配卡 Network interface card（NIC）网络接口卡 Notebook system unit:笔记本 Parallel ports:并行端口 Parallel processing 并行处理 Pc card: :个人计算机插卡 PCI Express（PCIE） Peripheral component interconnect (PCI):外围部件互联 Personal digital assistant (PDA) 个人数字助理 Plug and play:即插即用 Port:端口 Power supply unit 供电设备 Processor:处理器 RAM cache: RAM 高速缓存 Random-access memory (RAM):随机存储器 Read-only memory (ROM):只读存储器 RFID tag 射频识别标签 Semiconductor:半导体 serial ATA（SATA）串行 ATA 接口规范 Serial ports:串行端口 Silicon chip:硅芯片 Slot:插槽 Smart card:智能卡 sound card 声卡 System board:系统板 System cabinet:主机 System clock:系统时钟 System unit:系统单元 tablet PC 平板式电脑 tablet PC system unit 平板式电脑系统单元 TV tuner card:电视调频卡 Unicode:统一字符编码标准 Universal serial bus (USB):通用串行总线 Universal serial bus (USB) port:通用串行总线端口Virtual memory:虚拟存储器 Word:字P205.KEY TERMS active-matrix monitor 有源矩阵显示器 bar code 条形码 bar code reader 条形码阅读器 cathode ray tube monitor (CRT)阴极射线管显示器 Clarity 清晰度 combination key 组合键 cordless mouse 无线鼠标 data projector 数据投影仪 digital camera 数码照相机 Digital media player 数字媒体播放器 Digital music player 数码音乐播放器 digital video camera 数码影像摄录机 dot pitch 点距 dot-matrix printer 针式打印机 dots-per-inch (dpi)点每英寸 dual-scan monitor 双向扫描显示器 dumb terminal 哑终端 e-book 电子图书阅读器 ergonomic keyboard 人体工程学键盘 Fax machine 传真机 flat-panel monitor 平面显示器 Flatbed scanner 平板扫描仪 flexible keyboard 可变形键盘 handwriting recognition software 手写识别软件 Headphones 耳机 high-definition television (HDTV)高清电视 ink-jet printer 喷墨打印机 intelligent terminal 智能终端 Internet telephone 网络电话 Internet telephony 网络电话 IP Telephony Joystick 游戏杆 Keyboard 键盘 IP 电话laser printer 激光打印机 light pen 光笔 Liquid crystal display（LCD）液晶显示器 Magnetic card reader 磁卡阅读器 magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR)磁性墨水字符识别 mechanical mouse 机械鼠标 Monitor 显示器 Mouse 鼠标 mouse pointer 鼠标指针 multifunction device (MFD)多功能设备 network terminal 网络终端 numeric keypad 数字小键盘 optical-character recognition (OCR)光学字符识别 optical-mark recognition (OMR)光学标记识别 optical mouse 光电鼠标 Optical scanner 光电扫描仪 passive-matrix monitor 无源矩阵显示器 PDA keyboard PDA 键盘 personal laser printer 个人激光打印机 photo printer 照片打印机 picture elements 有效像素 Pixel 像素 Pixel pitch 像素间距 platform scanner 平版式扫描仪 Plotter 绘图仪 pointing stick 触控点 portable printer 便携式打印机 portable scanner 便携式扫描仪 Printer 打印机 Radio frequency card reader 射频卡阅读器 Radio frequency identification（RFID）射频识别 refresh rate 刷新率 Resolution 分辨率 roller ball 滚动球shared laser printer 共享激光打印机 Speakers 扬声器 Stylus 输入笔 Technical writer 技术文档编写员 telephony 电话 Terminal 终端 thermal printer 热敏打印机 thin client 瘦客户端 thin film transistor monitor (TFT)薄膜晶体管显示器 toggle key 切换键 touch pad 触控板 touch screen 触摸屏 Trackball 轨迹球 traditional keyboard 传统键盘 Universal Product Code (UPC)同一产品编码 voice-over IP (VOIP)网络电话 voice recognition system 语音识别系统 wand reader 棒式阅读器 Webcam 摄像头 wheel button 滚动键 wireless keyboard 无线键盘 wireless mouse 无线鼠标P172.KEY TERMS access speed 存取速度 Blue-Ray（BD）蓝光 Capacity 容量 CD (compact disc)光盘 CD-R (CD-recordable)可录式 CD CD-ROM (compact disc-read only memory)光盘库 CD-RW (compact disc rewritable)可重写 CD Cylinder 柱面 Density 密度 direct access 直接存取 disk caching 磁盘缓存 DVD (digital versatile disc or digital video disc) DVD player DVD 播放器 DVD- R (DVD recordable)可录式 DVD DVD +R (DVD recordable)可录式 DVD DVD-RAM(DVD random-access memory)DVD 随机存取器 DVD-ROM(DVD random-read-only memory)DVD 只读存储器 DVD-ROM jukebox DVD-RW (DVD rewritable)可重写 DVD Enterprise storage system 企业存储系统 erasable optical disk 可擦光盘 file compression 文件压缩 file decompression 文件解压缩 File server 文件服务器 flash memory card 闪存卡 floppy disk 软盘 Floppy disk cartridge 软盘盒 floppy disk drive (FDD)软磁盘驱动器 hard disk 硬盘 hard-disk cartridge 硬盘盒 hard-disk pack 硬盘组 HD DVD(high-definition DVD)高清 DVD head crash 磁头碰撞Hi def(high definition)高清 high capacity disk 高容量磁盘 internal hard disk 内置硬盘 Internet hard drive 网络硬盘驱动器 Label 标签 Land 平地 magnetic tape 磁带 magnetic tape reel 磁带盒 magnetic tape streamer 磁带条 Media 多媒体 optical disk 光盘 optical disk drive 光盘驱动器 Organizational Internet storage 组织性网络存储 PC Card hard disk Pit 坑 primary storage 主存 RAID system 磁碟阵列系统 Redundant array of inexpensive disks(RAID)廉价磁盘冗余阵列 secondary storage 辅存 Sector 扇区 sequential access 顺序存取 Shutter 滑盖 Software engineer 软件工程师 solid-state storage 固态存储器 storage devices 存储装置 tape cartridge 盒式带 Track 轨道 USB drive USB 驱动器 write-protection notch 写入保护缺口 PC 卡硬盘P2693G cellular network 3G 移动网络 Analog signal 模拟信号 非对称数字用户线Asymmetric digital subscriber line(ADSL) Backbone Bandwidth Base station 骨干 带宽 基站Bits per second(bps) 比特每秒 Bluetooth Broadband 蓝牙 宽带 广播电台Broadcast radio Bus 总线Bus network Cable modem总线网络 电缆调制解调器 移动电话服务Cellular service Client 客户端Client/server network 客户机/服务器网站 Coaxial cable 同轴电缆 信道 通讯系统Communication channel Communication system Computer network Connectivity Demodulation 连接 解调计算机网络Dial-up service Digital signal拨号上网服务 数字信号 数字用户线 分布式数字处理系统Digital subscriber line(DSL)Distributed data processing system Distributed processing 分布式处理Domain name server(DNS) 域名服务器 Ethernet 以太网 外部调制解调器External modem Extranet 外联网Fiber-optic cable Firewall 防火墙光纤电缆Global positioning system(GPS) Hierarchical network 分层网络 Home network Host computer Hub 集线器 红外 内置调制解调器 家庭网络 主机全球定位系统InfraredInternal modem Intranet 内网IP address (Internet protocol address) IP 地址（互联网协议地址） Local area network(LAN) Low bandwidth 低带宽 局域网Medium band中等带宽 城域网Metropolitan area network ( MAN) Microwave 微波Modem 调制解调器 Modulation 调制 网络管理员Network administratorNetwork architecture 网络架构 Network gateway Network hub 网关网络枢纽 网络接口卡 网络操作系统Network interface card(NIC)Network operating system (NOS) Node Packet 节点 包PC card modem PC 卡调制解调器 Peer-to-peer network 点对点网网络（P2P） Polling Protocol 查询 协议 代理服务器 环网Proxy server Ring network Satellite 卫星Satellite/air connection service Server 服务器卫星/航空连接服务Star network Strategy星网络策略T1,T2,T3,T4 lines T1，T2，T3，T4 路线 Telephone line 电话线 终端网络Terminal networkTime-sharing system 分时系统 Topology 拓扑 传输速率 传输控制协议Transfer rateTransmission control protocol/Internet protocol(TCP/IP) /internet 协议（TCP/IP 协议） Voiceband 话音频带 广域网（WAN）Wide area network (WAN) Wi-FI (wireless fidelity) Wireless LAN (WLAN) Wireless modem Wireless receiver无线相容性认证 无线局域网无线调制解调器 无线接收器P303 Access Accuracy 访问 精度 广告联网的 cookieAd network cookieAdware cookie Anti-spyware广告软件 cookie 反间谍软件 生物识别扫描Biometric scanning Bomb 炸弹Carpal tunnel syndrome腕管综合征Chlorofluorocarbones(CFCs) Computer Abuse Amendments Act Computer crime Computer ethics 计算机犯罪 计算机伦理学 计算机欺诈和滥用法 电脑监控软件 计算机滥用法修正案Computer Fraud and Abuse Act Computer monitoring software Cookiehtml 浏览器的一小段信息Cracker 黑客 Cryptographer 密码员 积累性损伤错乱Cumulative trauma disorder Data security 数据安全Denial of service (DoS) attack Disaster recovery plan Electronic monioring Electronic profile Encrypting Energy star 加密 能源之星拒绝服务攻击灾难性恢复计划 电子 monioring电子专页Environment protection Ergonomics Ethics 伦理 工效学环境保护Financial Modernization Act Firewall 防火墙 Freedom of Information Act Green PC 绿色 PC金融现代化法案信息自由法Hacker 黑客 History file Identity theft 历史文件 身份盗窃 匿名幻想Illusion of anonymity Information broke Information reseller Internet scam信息拦截器 经销商信息互联网骗局 案件记录器Keystroke logger Malware恶意软件 识别错误Mistaken identity Password 密码Physical security Privacy Property 隐私 属性实体安全Repetitive motion injury反复性动作损伤Repetitive strain injury (RSI) Reverse directory Scam Security 诈骗 安全 监控软件 方向目录重复劳损SnoopwareSoftware copyright Act Software piracy Spike 尖状物软件著作权法间谍软件Spy removal program 间谍删除程序 Spyware 间谍软件 浪涌保护器 重压技术 传统 cookiesSurge protector TechnostressTraditional cookie Trojan horse Virus 病毒 木马Voltage surge Web bug电压浪涌网络漏洞Worm 蠕虫Key terms for Chapter1 Application software：应用软件，是用户可以使用的各种程序设计语言及用各种 程序设计语言编制的应用程序的集合,分为应用软件包和用户程序。应用软件包 是利用计算机解决某类问题而设计的程序的集合。 （分类见后）Basic application：基础程序，如浏览器、字处理软件、电子表格、数据库管理 系统、演示程序等。Communication device：通讯设备，使得计算机可以和远程的计算机相互通信 的设备，比如 modem 等Compact disc：激光唱片，信息容量极大的光碟，简称“CD” 是用激光刻录方法 ， 记录音频信号的圆形薄片载音体。利用激光束扫描，通过光电转换，重现语言和 音乐的唱片。激光数字唱片直径 120 毫米，单面录音，可放唱 1 小时立体声节 目。 这种记录密度极高的声迹是由激光束按信号编码刻录的小坑和坑间平面组成 的。它们分别代表二进制的 0 和 1。唱片在重放时，用激光束扫描拾取二进制数 码， 整个放音设备采用十分精密的伺服控制系统来保证循迹良好。激光唱片已可 擦除旧信号重新记录。由于激光唱片的记录密度大，重放音质好，体积小、易保 存等优点，它正逐步取代普通唱片和磁带成为未来音频信号的主要载体。Computer competency：计算机技能Connectivity：连通性，允许计算机接入 Internet 并共享数据和资源。Data：数据，未被加工和处理的，比如文本、数字、图像、声音。 The raw, unprocessed facts, including text, numbers, images, and sounds.Database file：数据库文件，由数据库管理系统创建，包含高度结构化和组织的 数据。Desktop computer：台式机Device driver：设备驱动程序，简称驱动程序（driver） ，允许计算机软件与硬件 交互的程序，这种程序建立了硬件与硬件，硬件与软件沟通的界面，经由主板上 的总线（bus）或其它沟通子系统（subsystem）与硬件形成连接的机制，使得 硬件设备（device）上的数据交换成为可能。Digital versatile disc(DVD)：是一种光盘存储器，通常用来播放标准电视机清晰 度的电影，高质量的音乐与作大容量存储数据用途。DVD 与 CD 的外观极为相 似，它们的直径都是 120 毫米左右。Digital video disc(DVD)：见 Digital versatile disc(DVD)Document file：文档文件，由字处理软件（word）创建和保存end user：终端用户electronic commerce：电子商务，通常是指在全球广泛的商业贸易活动中，在 因特网开放的网络环境下，基于浏览器/服务器应用方式，买卖双方不谋面地进 行各种商贸活动， 实现消费者的网上购物、商户之间的网上交易和在线电子支付 以及各种商务活动、 交易活动、 金融活动和相关的综合服务活动的一种新型的商 业运营模式。floppy disk：软盘handheld computer：手提电脑hard disk ：硬盘，是电脑主要的存储媒介之一，由一个或者多个铝制或者玻璃 制的碟片组成。这些碟片外覆盖有铁磁性材料。绝大多数硬盘都是固定硬盘，被 永久性地密封固定在硬盘驱动器中。hardware：硬件，分为四类，中央系统单元（最主要的两部分 CPU 和内存） ； 输入/输出设备辅助存储器，通信设备。high definition：高清晰度information： 信息是信息论中的一个术语， 常常把消息中有意义的内容称为信息。 1948 年，美国数学家、信息论的创始人香农在题为“通讯的数学理论”的论文中 指出： “信息是用来消除随机不定性的东西” 1948 年，美国著名数学家、控制论 。 的创始人维纳在《控制论》一书中指出： “信息就是信息，既非物质，也非能量。 ”information system：信息系统information technology：信息技术input device：输入设备，把人能够理解的数据和程序翻译成计算机能够处理的 形式。如：键盘、鼠标等。Internet：中文正式译名为因特网，又叫做国际互联网。是由那些使用公用语言 互相通信的计算机连接而成的全球网络。Keyboard：键盘，一种输入设备Mainframe computer：大型计算机；主机电脑Memory：内存，又称主存，也被称为内存储器，是计算机中重要的部件之一， 由半导体器件制成。它是与 CPU 进行沟通的桥梁。其作用是用于暂时存放 CPU中的运算数据，以及与硬盘等外部存储器交换的数据。特点是存取速度快。计算 机中所有程序的运行都在内存中进行，性能对计算机的影响非常大。按其用途可 分为主存储器和辅助存储器，主存储器又称内存储器。Microcomputer：微计算机Microprocessor：微处理器，用一片或少数几片大规模集成电路组成的中央处理 器。 这些电路执行控制部件和算术逻辑部件的功能。微处理器与传统的中央处理 器相比， 具有体积小， 重量轻和容易模块化等优点。 微处理器的基本组成部分有： 寄存器堆、运算器、时序控制电路，以及数据和地址总线。微处理器能完成取指 令、执行指令，以及与外界存储器和逻辑部件交换信息等操作，是微型计算机的 运算控制部分。Midrange computer：中型计算机Minicomputer：小型计算机; 小型电脑Modem：调制解调器，能把计算机的数字信号翻译成可沿普通电话线传送的脉 冲信号， 而这些脉冲信号又可被线路另一端的另一个调制解调器接收，并译成计 算机可懂的语言。这一简单过程完成了两台计算机间的通信。Monitor ：监视器（显示器）Mouse：鼠标，一种输入设备Network：网络，用物理链路将各个孤立的工作站或主机相连在一起，组成数据 链路，从而达到资源共享和通信的目的。凡将地理位置不同，并具有独立功能的 多个计算机系统通过通信设备和线路而连接起来，且以功能完善的网络软件（网 络协议、信息交换方式及网络操作系统等）实现网络资源共享的系统，可称为计 算机网络。Notebook computer：笔记本电脑Operating system(OS)：操作系统，是一组管理电脑硬件与软件资源的程序，同 时也是计算机系统的内核与基石。操作系统是一个庞大的管理控制程序，大致包 括 5 个方面的管理功能:进程与处理机管理、作业管理、存储管理、设备管理、 文件管理。目前微机上常见的操作系统有 DOS、OS/2、UNIX、XENIX、LINUX、 Windows、Netware 等。Optical disc：光盘，以光信息做为存储物的载体。用来存储数据的一种物品。 分不可擦写光盘，如 CD-ROM，DVD-ROM 等；和可擦写光盘，如 CD-RW， DVD-RAM 等。Output device：输出设备，如显示器等Palm computer： 掌上电脑， PDA(Personal Digital Assistant)， 即 个人数字助理。 顾名思义就是辅助个人工作的数字工具，主要提供记事、通讯录、名片交换及行 程安排等功能。People：人Personal digital assistant（PDA）: 掌上电脑Presentation file：展示文件，Powerpoint。Primary storage：主存储器，也叫内存，是计算机中用于能使处理器快速获取数 据的主要的存储区域。Printer：打印机，一种输出设备，Procedures：程序，规程Program:程序，是为实现特定目标或解决特定问题而用计算机语言编写的命令 序列的集合。Random access memory（RAM） ：随机（访问）存储器，见 MemorySecondary storage：二级存储器；辅助存储器，外储存器是指除计算机内存及 CPU 缓存以外的储存器，此类储存器一般断电后仍然能保存数据。常见的外储 存器有硬盘、软盘、光盘、U 盘等。Software：软件，是一系列按照特定顺序组织的计算机数据和指令的集合。一般 来讲软件被划分为编程语言、系统软件、应用软件和介于这两者之间的中间件。 其中系统软件为计算机使用提供最基本的功能，但是并不针对某一特定应用领 域。 而应用软件则恰好相反， 不同的应用软件根据用户和所服务的领域提供不同 的功能。Specialized application：专门应用Supercomputer：超级计算机Tablet PC：平板电脑Utility：(用于帮助查故障的)工具；实用程序，执行与管理计算机资源相关的特 定任务，如磁盘碎片整理程序（Disk Defragmenter）等Web：WWW：World Wide web （环球信息网）的缩写，也可以简称为 Web。Wireless revolution：无线革命，一场给我们的通信和使用计算机技术带来巨大 影响的革命。Worksheet file：工作表文件，由 Excel 创建并保存。Webmaster 网页管理者: 管理该网页资料的相关人员。或站长（Webmaster） ： 就是具有独立域名网站，通过互联网和网站平台向网民提供资讯、渠道、中介等 网络供职的小我。 computer support specialist 计算机技术支持专家Concept check What are the five parts of an Information System? A: People, Procedures, Software, Hardware and Data What is the difference between data and information? A: facts if processed is called information, otherwise called data What is Connectivity? A: the capability of your microcomputer to share information with other computers.Describe the two major kinds of software A:system software and application software Describe the three types of system software programsA: operating system, utilities, device drive Define and compare basic and specialized applications A: specialized applications focused on specific discipline and occupations. compare basic are widely used in nearly all career areas.What are the four types of computers? A: supercomputers, mainframe computers, minicomputers, andmicrocomputers Describe the four types of microcomputers? A: desktop computers, notebook computers, tablet PC, and handheld computers Describe the four basic categories of microcomputer hardware A: system unit, input/output devices, secondary storage, and communication What is Information technology(IT)? A: Software, Hardware and Data Define data, list four common types of files A:Data is raw,unprocessed facts,including text,numbers,images,and sounds. Document files, worksheet files, database files, and presentation files Define connectivity and the wireless revolution A: connectivity is the capability of your microcomputer to share information with other computers. wireless revolution is a revolution that is expected to dramatically affect theway we communicate and use computer technology. Key terms for Chapter2（P53） Address： （收件人）地址 Advanced research project agency：(美国国防部)高级研究计划局 Applets：小程序，采用 Java 创建的基于 HTML 的程序。浏览器将其暂时下载 到用户的硬盘上， 并在 Web 页打开时在本地运行。 一般的 Applet 只能通过 Applet Viewer 或者浏览器来运行，一般的 Java 程序通过继承 Applet 类也可以嵌入网 页运行。 Attachment： （电子邮件）附件 Auction house site：售房网 A third party：第三方 Browser：浏览器 Business-to business(B2B): 企业到企业的电子商务模式,B2B 网站是指提供企 业对企业间电子商务活动平台的网站。按照高盛（Goldman Sachs） 、IDC 等知 名市场分析公司的看法，B2B 模式是当前电子商务模式中份额最大、也是最具 操作性、最容易成功的模式。 Business-to consumer(B2C): 企业到个人的电子商务模式, 也就是通常说的商 业零售， 直接面向消费者销售产品和服务。这种形式的电子商务一般以网络零售 业为主，主要借助于互联网开展在线销售活动。 Cable：有线 Carder： Center for European nuclear research(CERN)：欧洲核研究组织（Computer virus：计算机病毒 Consumer-to-consumer(C2C)：个人到个人的电子商务模式 Dial-up：拨号 Digital cash：数字货币 Directory search：目录式搜索 Discussion group ： 任 何 兴 趣 相 同 ， 通 过 邮 件 列 表 (mailing List) 、 新 闻 组 (newsgroup) IRC 频道等方式通信的在线用户组。 Domain name：域名 Downloading：下载，是通过网络进行传输文件，把互联网或其他电子计算机上 的信息保存到本地电脑上的一种网络活动。下载可以显式或隐式地进行，只要是 获得本地电脑上所没有的信息的活动，都可以认为是下载，如在线观看。 DSL：数字用户环路，基于普通电话线的宽带接入技术，它在同一铜线上分别传 送数据和语音信号， 数据信号并不通过电话交换机设备，减轻了电话交换机的负 载； 并且不需要拨号， 一直在线， 属于专线上网方式。 DSL 包括 ADSL、 RADSL、 HDSL 和 VDSL 等等。 e-commerce:电子商务 e-learning：电子学习：特指通过互联网和电子邮件进行的学习和培训 electronic commerce：电子商务 electronic mail：电子邮件 e-mail：电子邮件 file transfer protocol(FTP)：文件传输协议。用于 Internet 上的控制文件的双向 传输。同时，它也是一个应用程序（Application） 。用户可以通过它把自己的 PC机与世界各地所有运行 FTP 协议的服务器相连，访问服务器上的大量程序和信 息。FTP 的主要作用，就是让用户连接上一个远程计算机（这些计算机上运行 着 FTP 服务器程序）察看远程计算机有哪些文件，然后把文件从远程计算机上 拷到本地计算机，或把本地计算机的文件送到远程计算机去。 filter：父母或组织用来拦截一些网站和监控 Internet 和 Web 的工具。 friend：朋友 header： （邮件）头 hit：命中 hyperlink：超链接 hypertext markup language(HTML)：超文本标记语言 instant messaging(IM)：即时通信 Internet：因特网，又叫国际互联网。是由那些使用公用语言互相通信的计算机 连接而成的全球网络。 一旦你连接到它的任何一个节点上，就意味着您的计算机 已经连入 Internet 网上了。Internet 目前的用户已经遍及全球，有超过几亿人在 使用 Internet，并且它的用户数还在以等比级数上升。 Internet Content Provider(ICP)：互联网内容提供商，即向广大用户综合提供互 联网信息业务和增值业务的电信运营商。河南省知名 ICP 有河南通信公司下属 的河南信息港、商都信息港等等。 Internet security suite：Internet 安全软件包 Internet service provider(ISP)：Internet 服务供应商，向广大用户综合提供互联 网接入业务、信息业务、和增值业务的电信运营商 Java：应用程序开发语言Keyword search：关键词搜索 Link：链接 Location： Message：消息 Metasearch engine：元搜索引擎,元搜索引擎就是通过一个统一的用户界面帮助 用户在多个搜索引擎中选择和利用合适的(甚至是同时利用若干个)搜索引擎来 实现检索操作，是对分布于网络的多种检索工具的全局控制机制。 National service provider：国家（公共）服务提供（商） Online：在线的，联机的 Online banking：网上银行，通过互联网进行的银行活动 Online shopping：网上购物 Online stock trading: 网上股票交易 Person-to-person auction site:拍卖网站 Plug-in：插件，为一个较大的软件增加特殊功能的小段程序。如 Netscape Plug-in、Photoshop Plug-in 等，大型软件通常有多个 Plug-in，由用户根据自己 的需要选择安装。 Protocol：协议，用于不同系统中实体间的通信。两个实体要想通信，必须有“同 一种语言” 而且， ， 对于通信内容， 怎样通信和何时通信， 都必须遵守一定的规定， 这些规定就是协议。亦可简单地定义为：控制两实体间数据交换的一套规则。在 电子通讯连接中，各个不同的层次都有自己的协议。例如，在硬件设备层次和应 用程序层次的数据交换都有自己的协议。在开放式系统互连（OSI） 标准模式中， 每个层都有一到两种协议， 发生通讯的两个终端都必须能识别和遵守协议。协议通常以工业或国际标准的形式被描述。 在因特网上，通用 TCP/IP 协议，它由 以下部分组成:一.传输控制协议 （TCP） 使用一组规则与其他的因特网节点在数 ， 据包水平上交换信息。二.因特网协议（IP） ，使用一套规则来在因特网地址水平 上发送和接收消息。 另外还包括超文本传输协议（HTTP）和文件传输协议（FTP） ，以及边界网关协议（BGP）和动态主机配置协议（DHCP） 。 Search engine：搜索引擎，指自动从 Internet 搜集信息，经过一定整理以后， 提供给用户进行查询的系统。因特网上的信息浩瀚万千，毫无秩序，所有的信息 象汪洋上的一个个小岛， 网页链接是这些小岛之间纵横交错的桥梁， 而搜索引擎， 则为用户绘制一幅一目了然的信息地图，供用户随时查阅。它可以根据你提供的 题目、内容、关键字等在整个网络或指定范围内检索到相关的网点名称、URL 地址和摘要等信息。 搜索引擎本身存在于提供这一引擎的公司网点上，比如说百 度、谷歌 Google 等。 Search service: 搜索服务 Signature line:签名档 Social networking：社会化网络(SN)，即将现实生活中的社交圈子搬到网络上， 利用“朋友的朋友”(Friend of a Friend)关系资源模式，依据六度分隔理论，通过 现实中的朋友再去认识朋友的朋友形式， 建立一个自己信任的社交圈。 也译为“社 会性网络” 。 Spam:垃圾邮件 Spam blocker：垃圾邮件拦截软件 Specialized search engine：专用搜索引擎 Spider：互联网上的蜘蛛，指自动抓取网页内容的机器人 Robots，是搜索引擎用来访问 Internet 上网页的自动程序。spiders 根据 html 的语法和格式，对读取 的页面进行代码过滤， 收入相关的文字内容。目前搜索引擎无法象人那样去读相 应的图片、Flash、影片里面的内容。图片中的文字对 Spider 来说毫无意义。对 于 JavaScript 里面的内容，现在已经有部分网站开始收录。 这里列出世界各大 搜索引擎蜘蛛的名字,方便大家查看网站日志时查找: Google 蜘蛛：Googlebot 蛛：slurp alexa 蜘蛛： ia_archiver 蛛：scooter lycos 蜘 蛛 ： fast-webcrawler/ inktomi 蜘蛛：slurp Subject：主题，电子邮件中邮件头组成部分 Surf： （上网）冲浪 Top-level domain(TLD)：顶级域名 它是一个因特网域名的最后部分，也就是任 何域名的最后一个点后面的字母组成的部分。最早的顶级域名.com（公司和企 业）;.net（网络服务机构）;.org（非赢利性组织）;.edu（教育机构）;.gov（美 国专用的政府部门） （国际组织） 等等。 ;.int ； TLD 由因特网号码分配机构 （IANA） 分配。现今分为三种类型：通用顶级域名（也叫一般顶级域名）（gTLD） ： ；国家 顶级域名： （nTLD） ；国际顶级域名： （iTLD） 。 Uniform resource locator(URL): 统一资源定位符，用于完整地描述 Internet 上 网页和其他资源的地址的一种标识方法。Internet 上的每一个网页都具有一个唯 lycos_spider_(t-rex) alltheweb 蜘 蛛 ： msn 蜘蛛：msnbot altavista 蜘 百度蜘蛛：baiduspider yahoo 蜘一的名称标识，通常称之为 URL 地址，这种地址可以是本地磁盘，也可以是局 域网上的某一台计算机， 更多的是 Internet 上的站点。 简单地说， URL 就是 Web 地址，俗称“网址” 。 Universal instant messenger：通用即时通信工具 Uploading：上传，是将信息从个人计算机（本地计算机）传递到远程计算机系 统上，让网络上的人都能看到。 “上传”的反义词是“下载” Web：本意是蜘蛛网和网的意思。现广泛译作网络、互联网等技术领域。表现为 三种形式， 即超文本 （hypertext）超媒体 、 （hypermedia） 超文本传输协议 、 （HTTP） 等。 Web auction：网上拍卖 Web-based application：基于 Web 的应用 Web-based services：基于 Web 的服务 Webmaster:网站管理员（站长） ，开发并维护网站资源的人 Web page：网页，万维网上的一个按照 HTML 格式组织起来的文件。在通过万 维网进行信息查询时，以信息页面的形式出现，它可包括图形、文字、声音和视 像等信息。 Web utility：Web 使用工具 Wireless modem：无线调制解调器 Wireless service provider：无线服务供应商 Concept check Describe how the Internet and the Web started. A: Launched in 1969 with ARPANET(Advanced Research Project Agency 美国国防部高级研究计划署). Launched in 1992 at CERN(European laboratory for particle physics 欧洲粒子 物理实验室) in Switzerland . What is the difference between the Internet and the Web? A: The Internet was all text-no graphics, animations, sound, or video. The Web Provides a multimedia interface (多媒体界面/接口) to connect to the Internet resources in cyberspace（计算机空间） List and describe five of the most common uses of the Internet and the Web A: Communication( 通 讯 ) , Shopping ― cybermalls ( 计 算 机 购 物 商 场 ) , Searching (检索) , Entertainment, and Education.What is the function of an ISP? Describe two types of ISPs. A: Providers are connected to the Internet and provide a path or connection for individuals(个人) to access the Internet.nationa service providers and wireless service providers What is the function of a browser? A: Browsers are programs that provide access to Web resources, What are URLs, HTML, Web pages, hyperlinks, applets, and Java? A: URL,（统一资源定位）-The address or location of the resources are called uniform resource locators HTML-Hypertext Markup Language, （超文本标记语言）commands to display Web PagesWeb page-The browser interprets the HTML commands and displays the document as a Web page. Hyperlinks ,(超链接) ―connections. Applets ,(小程序)― special programs to linked to Web pages written in Java. Java-a p typicallyDefine e-mail, What are the three basic elements of a typical e-mail message? A: e-mail is the transmission of electronic message. Three basic elements: header--- Addresses, Subject, message signature. (See Figure 2-6, 2-7 p34) and Attachments (附件)What is spam? What are spam blockers? A: Spam （垃圾邮件） is unwelcome e-mail that may include a computer virus. Spam Blocker: programs use a variety of different approaches to identify and eliminate spam. What is instant messaging? How is it different from e-mail? A: an extension of e-mail that allows two or more people to contact each other via direct, live communication. IM services do not support communication with other services.What is social networking? Discuss reuniting ,friend-of-friend, and commonA: connecting individuals to one another Reuniting ―connect people who known one another but have lost touch. e.g.
Friend-of-a-friend― bring together two people who not know each other but share a common friend. e.g. Common interest ―bring together individuals that share common hobbies. e.g. What is the difference between a search engine and a metasearch engine? A: Search engines(搜索引擎) ― specialized programs that assist you in location information on the Web and Internet. metasearch engine(元搜索引擎)- automatically submit (提交) your search request to server engines simultaneously ( 同 时 ) ， receives the results, eliminates duplicates (重复), orders the hits, and then provides the edited list to you. (See Figure 2-14 p41)What is a specialized search engine? When would a specialized search engine be useful? A: focus on subject-specific Web sites. Narrowing your search and save your time What are the four considerations for evaluating Web site content? A: authority, accuracy, objectivity, and currency.即权威，准确，客观，及时。What is electronic commerce? A: Electronic commerce(电子商务), or e-commerce, is the buying and selling of goods over the Internet. What are the three basic types of e-commerce? A:B2C, C2C, and B2B are types of e-commerce.What are the three basic options for electronic payment? A: Checks（支票） Credit card （信用卡） Electronic cash ,e-cash, digital cash (电子货币) Key terms for Chapter3（P53） Analytical graph：分析图表 Application software：应用软件 Autocontent wizard：自动制作内容向导 Basic application：基本应用程序 Bulleted list：项目符号列表 Business suite：商务套件 Button：按钮 Cell：单元格 Character effect：字符效果 Chart：图表 Column：列Computer trainer：计算机培训师 Contextual tab：上下文标签 Database：数据库 Database management system：数据库管理系统 Database manager：数据库管理器 Design template：设计模板 Dialog box：对话框 Document：文档 Editing：编辑 Field：字段 Find and replace：查找和替换 Font：字体 Font size：字体大小 Form： Format：格式 Formula：公式 Function：函数 Galleries：特效和展示效果 Grammar checker：文法检验程序，文法检验器 Graphical user interface：图形用户界面 Home software：家用软件 Home suit：家用套件（软件包）Icons：图标 Integrated package：集成 Label：标号 Master slide：母版 Menu：菜单 Menu bar：菜单栏 Numbered list：编号列表 Numeric entry：数字输入 Personal software：个人软件 Personal suite：个人软件包 Pointer：指针 Presentation graphics：演示图形 Productivity suite： Query：查询 Range：范围 Recalculation：重新计算 Record：记录 Relational database：关系数据库 Report：报告 Ribbons：ACCESS 2007 的功能区（Ribbons） Row：行 Sheet：表单Slide：幻灯片 Software suite：软件包 Sort：排序 Specialized application：专用软件 Specialized suite：专用软件包 Speech recognition：语音识别 Spelling checker：拼写检查 Spreadsheet：电子制表软件,电子数据表 System software：系统软件 Table：表 Text entry：文本输入 Thesaurus：同义词词典, 类属词典 2. 百科全书;汇编,文选 3. 宝库,仓库 Toolbar：工具栏 User interface：用户界面 Utility suite：工具包 What-if analysis：假设分析 Window：窗口 Word processor：字处理 Word wrap：自动换行 Workbook file：工作薄文件 Worksheet：工作表 Concept checkWhat is the difference between basic and specialized applications？ A: basic applications are widely used in nearly every discipline and occupations Specialized applications includes thousands of other programs that are more narrowly focused on specific discipline and occupations List some common features of programs in Microsoft Office 2003 A: menus, dialog boxes, toolbars, and buttons. Describe some of the features introduced in 2007 Microsoft Office A: Ribbons, contextual tabs, galleries, and more.What do word processors do? What is word wrap? A: Create text-based documents and are one of the most flexible and widely used software tools. Automatically moves the insertion point to the next line once the current line is full. Describe the follow thesaurus, find and replace, spelling and grammar checkers A: thesaurus: provides synonyms antonyms, and related words for a selected word or phrase. Find and replace: quickly locate and replace selected words Spelling and grammar checkers: look for misspelled words and problems with capitalization, punctuation, and sentence structure.Describe the following formatting features: font, font size, character effects, numbered and bulleted lists A: font,font size, the height of a character Character effects, enhanced Numbered and bulleted lists: make a sequence of topics easy to read. What are spreadsheets used for? What is a workbook? What is a worksheet? A: Spreadsheet programs are used to organize, analyze, and graph numeric data, and create worksheets. Workbooks consist of one or more related worksheet. Worksheet is rectangular grids of rows and columns. Rows are identified by numbers, Columns by letters. Define rows, columns, cells, ranges, text, and numeric entries A: Intersection of a row and numeric ,used to hold text and numeric entries. Range: a series of continuous cells. Text entries (labels 标签) provide structure to a sheet by describing a contents of rows columns Numeric entry can be numbers, formulas or functions Describe the following spreadsheet features: formulas, functions, charts, recalculation, and what-if analysis. A: an instruction to calculate or process. e.g. =B1-B4 that performprewritten formulas provided by the spreadsheet programcalculations. whenever values changes in one or more cells, all related formulas will be recalculated ,and charts will be recreated. The process of observing the effect of changing one or more cells is often referred to as what-if analysisWhat