TrendsinFoodScience&Technology22(
Nanomaterialsbasedbiosensorsforfoodanalysisapplications
BrizaP?erez-L?o
peza,bandArbenMerkoc,ia,c,*
Nanobioelectronics&BiosensorsGroup,Catalan
InstituteofNanotechnology,CIN2(ICN-CSIC),
UniversitatAut?o
nomadeBarcelona,08193Bellaterra,Catalonia,Spain
LEITATTechnologicalCenter,08221Terrasa,Spainc
ICREA,Barcelona,Spain(Nanobioelectronics&
BiosensorsGroup,CatalanInstituteof
Nanotechnology,CIN2(ICN-CSIC),UniversitatAut?o
nomadeBarcelona,08193Bellaterra,Catalonia,Se-mail:arben.merkoci.icn@uab.es)
Thedevelopmentofnovelsensorsandbiosensorswithinterestforfoodindustryisoneofthekeyfieldsforthenowadaysnanobiotechnologyandnanomaterialscience.Thefunctional-izednanomaterialsareusedascatalytictools,immobilizationplatformsorasopticalorelectroactivelabelstoimprovethebio-sensingperformanceexhibitinghighersensitivity,stability,andselectivity.Nanomaterials,suchascarbonnanotubes,metalnanoparticles,nanowires,nanocompositeandnano-structuratedmaterialsareplayinganincreasingroleinthede-signofsensingandbiosensingsystemswithinterestforapplicationsinfoodanalysis.Furthermore,thesenanobiosys-temsarealsobringingadvantagesintermsofthedesignofnovelfooddetectionstrategies.
Introduction
Biosensors,originatedfromtheintegrationofmolecularbiologyandinformationtechnology,couldprovidefoodprocessingoperatorsandfoodsafetyauthoritieswiththeabilitytorapidlydetectpathogensandpotentialcontami-nants,includingchemical/biologicalagentsintheeventofasuspectedoutbreak,therebyreducingthehealthrisksandmedicalcostsassociatedwithfoodborneillness.
*Correspondingauthor.
/$-seefrontmatter?2011ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.doi:
10.1016/j.tifs.
nanoparticles(MNPs),carbonnanotubes(CNTs),nanorods(NRs),quantumdots(QDs),nanowires(NWs),nanochan-nels(NCs),etc.Thesenanomaterials,usedinelectricalbio-sensors,haveaveryhighcapacityforchargetransfer,whichmakesthemsuitabletoreachlowerdetectionlimitsandhighersensitivityvalues.Nanomaterialscancontributeaslabelsortransducersmodifierssoastoimprovetheper-formanceofthebiosensor.Someofthereportednanomate-rialsarequantumdots(QDs).QDsarecrystallineclusterswithanano-size(Murphy,2002),thatcanbesynthesizedfromsemiconductormaterials(e.g.cadmiumsulphide(Merkoc,ietal.,2006),cadmiumselenide(Steigerwald&Brus,1990),cadmiumtelluride(EychmEURuller&Rogach,2000),indiumphosphide(Guzelianetal.,1996)orgalliumarsenide(Olshavsky,Goldstein,&Alivisatos,1990).Duetotheirexceptionalopticalproperties(e.g.highquantumyield,highmolarextinctioncoefficients,highresistancetophotobleachingandexceptionalresistancetophoto-andchemicaldegradation)thesematerialshavebecomeoneofthemostinterestingmaterialsforbioimaging,label-ing,andsensing(Gao&Nie,2003).Insimilarway,theCNTsandAuNPshaveattractedconsiderableattentionfortheassemblingofnovelelectrochemicalbiosensingsys-temsduetotheirexcellentconductivityandelectrocatalyticactivity,highsurface/volumeratio,andtheirabilitytobefunctionalized(Merkoci&Ambrosi,2010).
Intherecentyearstheadventofnanotechnologyappli-cationsinfoodsafety(i.e.detectionsystems,biosensors,etc)isbecomingakeyfocusofresearchanddevelopment,andthepotentialbenefitsofthisemergingtechnologyarereceivinggrowingattentionfromboththepublicandtheprivatesector.Inthiscontextofspecialinterestarethe‘nanosized’andnanomaterialsbasedbiosensors,calledalsonanobiosensorseamodernandefficientclassofde-tectionsystems(Sanvicens,Pastells,Pascual,&Marco,2009;Linetal.,2008;Delmulle,DeSaeger,Sibanda,Barna-Vetro,&Van-Peteghem,2005).Theapplicationof
626?rez-Lo?pez,A.MerkocB.Pe,i/TrendsinFoodScience&Technology22(
nanobiosensorsinfoodindustrycouldleadtoimmenseim-provementsinqualitycontrol,foodsafety,andtraceability.
Theadvantagesofnanobiosensorscanleadtotheiruseinvariousfoodindustryprocesses:fromrawmaterialprepara-tion,foodprocessing(qualitycontrol),monitoringofstor-ageconditionsanduseofthesedevicesascosteffectivetoolsforquality&processcontrolsaswellastoensurefoodsafety.
Nanobiosensorscanachieveverylowdetectionlimits(evensinglemoleculeorcell).Inadditiontheyoffermultide-tectionpossibilitiesandmayensureahighstability(i.e.nano-particlessuchasQDs,aremorestablethanenzymesorfluorescencedyes).Themainadvantagebesidethereductionofreagentvolumes,detectiontime,keepingthesamesensitiv-ity,istheuser-friendlyapplicability:thereisnoneedforpro-fessionalusers.Theideaistodevelopone-pushbuttonlikedevicesthatcangiveafast‘yeseno’responseorensureasim-ilarsimplecommunicationwiththeend-user.
Althoughsomeinterestingnanobiosensorsbasedontheuseofnanoparticlesandtechniquessuchasopticalmicros-copy(i.e.basedinlightabsorption,scattering,fluorescenceofnanoparticles,etc)andelectrochemistry(i.e.strippinganalysis,potentiometry,etc.)havebeendevelopedandre-portedinseveralpublications(Ambrosi,Casta~neda,DelaEscosura,&Merkoc,i,2009;Antiochia,Lavagnini,&Magno,2004;DelaEscosura-Mu~niz,Ambrosi,&Merkoc,i,2008;Dungchaiaetal.,2008;Linetal.,2008;Merkoc,ietal.,2006;Ozdemir,Yeni,Odaci,&Timur,2010;Yang&Li,2005)theideaofthisreviewistogiveageneraloverviewofsomeofthemostimportantnanoma-terialbasedbiosensingsystemsbasedonvariousdetectiontechnologiesandappliedinfoodfield.Inadditionthisre-viewwillreviseandgiveopinionsonthecurrentstatusofdetectionsystems,theobstaclesandsomesuggestionsforthefuturedevelopmentofthistechnology.
Nanomaterials-basedbiosensorsappliedinfoodanalysis
Inrecentyears,ithasarousedgreatinterestinmodifyingelectrodesurfaceswithnovelnanomaterialssoastoachieveafasterelectrontransferofbiomoleculesandahigherspec-ificity.Thisadvantagehasinspiredresearchincouplingnanomaterial-basedbiosensorswithbiomolecules.Thesebiosensorshavebeenappliedindifferentareassuchasfoodquality,clinicalanalysisandenvironmentalcontrol.Integrationofenzymes(Lietal.,2009;Ozdemiretal.,2010;Prakash-Deoetal.,2005),antibodies(Gong-Junetal.,2009;Vinayaka,Basheer,&Thakur,2009;Zhangetal.,2009)orDNAsequences(Viswanathan,Radecka,&Radecki,2009)withnanomaterials(e.g.goldnanopar-ticles(AuNPs),singlewallcarbonnanotubes(SWCNTs),multi-walledcarbonnanotubes(MWCNTs),cadmiumtel-luridequantumdotnanoparticles(CdTeQDs),etc.)essen-tiallyprovidenovelhybridsystemsforfoodapplicationscombiningtheconductiveorsemi-conductivepropertiesofthenanomaterialswiththerecognitionorcatalytic
propertiesofthebiomaterialsbesidesprovidingbindingandelectrontransferwithbiomolecules.Table1summa-rizessomeofthenanomaterial-basedbiosensorsdividedintwoimportantclasses:electrochemicalandoptical.Itgivesthereportedanalytes,theanalyzedsamples,thenano-materialusedandthereacheddetectionlimits.
Appropriately,theuseofbiosensorsinfoodchemistrystudieshasbeencontinuouslygrowinginthelastdecades,withseveralapplications,asinthewine(Carralero-Sanz,Luz-Mena,Gonz?alez-Cortes,Ya~nez-Sede~no&Pingarr?on,2005;Goriushkina,Soldatkin,&Dzyadevych,2009)orotherindustries.
Amoredetaileddescriptionofnanobiosensorsappliedinfoodanalysisisgiveninthenextsections.
Electrochemicalbiosensors
Biosensorsareaprospectivealternativetotraditionalan-alyticalmethodsandprobablyoneofthemostpromisingwaystosolvesomeproblemsconcerningsimple,fast,re-petitive,andcheapmultidetection(Goriushkinaetal.,2009).Electrochemicalbiosensors,inparticularampero-metriconesthatmaintainasuperiorsensitivityandbetterlinearrangethanthepotentiometricdevices(Wang,2006),haveanimportantpositionamongbiosensorsasaclassofthemostwidespread,numerous,andsuccessfullycommercializeddevicesbasedonbiomolecularelectronics(Dzyadevychetal.,2008;Goriushkinaetal.,2009).Fur-thermore,theyhaveadvantagesoveropticaldevices,suchaslowcost,simpleoperation,smallsize,theyaredispos-ableandincorporatemultiplesensingelementsinasinglechiplikedevice.
Theintroductionofnanomaterialsintoelectrochemicalsensorsandbiosensorscertainlybringsadvantagessuchas:decreaseoverpotentialsofmanyanalyticallyimportantelectrochemicalreactions,ensurethereversibilityofsomeredoxreactions,whichareirreversibleatunmodifiedelec-trodesorbringnovellabellingopportunitiesincludingmul-tidetectioncapabilities.
Nanosizedparticleshaveachemicalbehaviorsimilartosmallmoleculesandcanbeusedasspecificelectrochemi-callabels(Ambrosietal.,2009;DelaEscosura&Merkoc,i,2010;DelaEscosura-Munizetal.,2008.Merkoc,ietal.,2006).Novelapplicationsinbiosensorsforbiomedical(Casta~neda,Merkoc,i,Pumera,&Alegret,2007;DelaEscosura&Merkoc,i,2010)andfoodapplications(Linetal.,2008;Antiochiaetal.,2004;Ozdemiretal.,2010;Yang&Li,2005)arebeingstudied.
Someexamplesappliedinfoodanalysis(i.e.pathogens(Salmonella&Escherichiacoli),insecticides,andsugars)willbeshowninsummarizedforminthefollowingsections.Pathogens
Foodborneillnessesarecausedbyconsumingfoodsorbeveragescontaminatedbybacteria,viruses,andparasites.Manyoftheseorganismshavenegativeeffectsonbothan-imalsandhumans,costingtothefoodindustryand
?rez-Lo?pez,A.MerkocB.Pe,i/TrendsinFoodScience&Technology22(627
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