初中化学必考知识点必考辨析题

中学教师资格证之辨析题答题技巧
13:49:20 | 教师考试网
在中学的教师资格证中辨析题为四道题,每题为八分,共三十二分,分值还是比较大的,而且辨析题分不是很好得,得满分更是很不容易。下面我们就说一下辨析题如何取得分数,得分点是什么,怎样才能取得高分。
辨析题的得分点分为两部分,一部分是判断正误,另一部分是说明理由,如果判断正误的地方错了,则本题一分没有,如果判断正误对了,后面的理由很充分才能得满分。要很好的掌握辨析题的答题要点,我们就要知道辨析题的分类,根据分类,答出不同的答题点,才能取得高分。
辨析题分为四种类型,分别为概念混淆型,因果关系型,理论点理解错误型,概念的内涵或外延错误型。
首先,我们说一下概念混淆型。概念混淆型即是几个概念弄混了,不同的概念等同成了一个概念,这类题目基本上都是错误的。
例如:注意的转移就是注意的分散。
此类问题把注意的转移和注意的分散等同了一个概念,而这两个概念并非一样,所以错误。这类的问题,我们先要判断正误,即是此说法是错误的,接着答每个名词分别的含义是什么,即注意的转移是指个体根据新的任务,主动把注意由一个对象转移到另一个对象上。注意的分散,又可称&分心&。注意的分散是指注意离开了心理活动所要指向的对象,而被无关的对象吸引去的现象。答完概念之后说一下二者的区别,即是注意的转移是主动的,有意识的行为,注意的分散是被动的、无意识的行为,故二者不能等同。最后回扣主体,所以此观点是错误的。
由此得出,概念混淆型的答题思路为:先判断正误+题干中名词分别的概念+名词的区别+回扣题目。这些要点答全了,才能赢得高分。
其次,我们说一下因果关系型的。因果关系型的是前半句为因,后半句为果,但是因不能推出果,前后不是因果关系,一般的标志为有这些程度副词,如&因此,因而,所以&等。主要考察对两个知识点之间关系的识记。
例如:政治经济制度决定着教育的性质,因此教育没有自己的相对独立性。
此类问题,有&因此&,所以是因果关系型。先分析,政治经济制度决定着教育的性质,是正确的,但是教育具有自身的相对独立性,所以前推不出后,所以是错误的。这类问题,错误的我们先要进行改正,即是虽然政治经济制度决定这教育的性质,但是教育具有自身的相对独立型。接着说为什么,即是说教育具有相对独立性的原因就是表现的三点,教育的相对独立性是指教育具有自身的运行规律和发展特点,具体体现在以下几个方面:①教育具有质的规定性,教育的质的规定性在于,教育是有意识地向受教育者传递社会经验以培养人的社会实践。②教育具有历史继承性,任何教育都具有历史继承性;教育要注意继承与发扬本民族的传统.③教育与社会生产力和政治经济制度发展的不平衡性,教育与生产力的发展和政治经济制度的变革并非完全同步:教育相对独立于生产力的发展水平;教育相对独立于政治经济制度。故而教育具有相对独立性。回扣题目所以此观点是错误的。
由此得出,因果关系型的答题思路为:先判断正误。正确的,说一下正确的因为,即是因果关系的表现,作用等。接着回扣题目。错误的,要改正错误,正确的因果关系是什么,再说错误的原因,最后回扣题目。这是因果关系的答题要点。
只有掌握了辨析题的答题要点我们才能够在辨析题上取得高分。
中公讲师刘畅解析
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首先,弄清要求。辨析题既要求&辨&,即辨别观点是否正确、是否全面,又要求&析&,即对正确的观点分析其原因,对错误的观点将其改正并分析其原因,观点不全的要补充完整并分析。辨析题是辨与析的有机结合,不能只辨不析,也不能只分析为何错误不分析为何正确。
其次,总结类型。辨析题常见的类型有:观点正确或错误,观点正错交杂,观点部分正确(前对后错或者前错后对)。从展示形式上看,有直言式辨析题、材料式辨析题、漫画式辨析题。辨析题的发展方向往往是这几种类型和这几种形式的巧妙结合。
再次,掌握方法。首先要对辨析题分层次,然后对每一层次辨别分析。观点正确的可以从&为什么&角度分析,观点错误的可以从&正确的观点是什么&、&为什么&等角度分析,观点正错交杂的可以从&在什么情况下正确&、&在什么情况下不正确&、&如何补充完整&等角度分析。在辨析时避免单向思维,要从多方面。多角度进行分析。
例1.现阶段,只要解决好人口问题,就能彻底解决资源问题。
参考答案:
(1)我国自然资源总量大,种类多,但由于人口数量多。素质低,人均资源少,资源利用不合理,浪费严重,使我国资源问题更加紧张。
(2)解决好人口问题,控制人口数量,提高人口素质,有利于提高人们的节约意识,解决资源问题。
(3)要解决资源问题,还要坚持保护资源的基本国策,依靠科技,提高资源利用率,积极寻求新的替代资源等。
解题技巧:本题将人口问题与资源问题巧妙结合起来,还人口问题资源问题的本来面目,其实人口、资源、环境问题密不可分,不能分割。本题具有很强的思辨性,可以考查学生综合思维能力。在答题时,既要看到人口问题对资源问题的影响,还要看到人口问题只是影响资源问题的一个方面,还有其他方面,对于这些方面也要分析。
例2.自主创新是长大参加工作以后的事。
参考答案:
(1)创新是一个民族进步的灵魂,是一个国家兴旺发达的不竭动力。一个民族、一个国家不能自主创新,就会失去前进的动力,就难以兴盛,就难以屹立于世界民族之林。各国之间的竞争,说到底是民族自主创新能力的竞争。
(2)民族创新的希望在于青年人。只有提高青年人的自主创新能力,才能提高国家的创新能力。(3)我们长大参加工作以后固然要创新,但我们从小就应培养自主创新的意识和能力,敢于创新,善于创新,努力使自己成为具有丰富创新能力的高素质人才。
解题技巧:随着国际竞争的日趋激烈,我国政府日益认识到创新的重要性,因此作出建设创新型国家的决定。试题以此为背景,其目的是帮助学生澄清认识,树立创新意识,培养创新精神。在答题时,可以从肯定创新的作用、积极进行创新。不管什么时候都要创新而不是参加工作以后才创新等方面回答。
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  在分析简答题时。我们已经就辨析式简答题做出了一定的阐述,在此则对可能在说明题类型中出现的辨析题,或通俗地说,辨析题作为大题如何解答。
  辨析题可以分为正题和反题或错题两大类。所谓正题,观点是完全正确的;所谓反题或错题是指观点不正确或不完全正确的题目。
  在考试当中,反题较为常见。形式也比较多样。归结起来大部分属于如下四种:
  1、判断标准错误。我们做出某个判断一般要有一个标准。比如,说一个人的身材比较高。其标准是平常人的身材高度,而不是其他标准。当然因为标准不同,得出的结论也就不同。例子(小马过河的故事)
  2、条件不充分。做出一种判断,常常需要一定的条件。而判断正确需要满足相应的条件,一旦条件不满足或不充分,就会导致判断失误。
  3、顾此失彼。我们得出结论,应该考虑全面。但有时在一些问题上会出现片面夸大一个方面或片面强调一个方面而忽略了另一个方面。导致结论错误。
  4、多观点辨析。即在一道题中出现两种以上观点。这种题,我们可以把它看作多题来做,逐一分析评判。
  解题思路和要求
  1、认真审题,不急于判断
  2、紧扣考点,层层分析
  3、条理清楚,表达准确
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中考网版权所有Copyright© . All Rights Reserved.【初中专享】中考必考近义词辨析汇总(2)
最近后台同学们给小编留言说,老是把一些相似短语、近义词混淆,今天小编整理了一些中考必考近义词辨析,这几天会陆续推出,同学们赶紧收藏哦!
101. quite, rather
quite完全地,相当于completely,
rather修饰比较级 quite impossible
102. happy, glad
happy高兴,幸福,定表均可,
glad高兴,只能做表语 a happy girl
103. instead, instead of
instead是副词,放在句首或句末,
instead of是介词短语,放在句中
He didn't see a film. Instead he watched TV.
He watched TV instead of seeing a film.
104. too much, much too
too much 后接不可数名词,
much too后接形容词 much too heavy
105. be about to, be going to, be to do
be about to表最近的将来,后面不接时间状语,
be going to 侧重打算,想法,
be to do侧重意志,计划,安排
I'm to meet him.(含双方事先约好的意思)
106. raise, rise
raise及物动词,
rise不及物动词
The sun rises in the east.
107. bring, take, carry, fetch
bring拿来,
take带走,
carry随身携带,
fetch去回这一往返动作 fetch a box of chalk
108. spend, take, pay, cost
spend人做主语,花钱,花时间;
spend…on sth./
take物做主语,花时间;
pay人做主语,花钱,
cost物做主语,花钱
109. join, join in, take part in
join加入某个组织,并成为其中的一员;
join in参加小型的活动, join sb. in;
take part in 参加大型的活动
He joined the army five years ago.
110. learn, study
learn学习,侧重学习的结果,
study学习,侧重学习的过程,研究
study the problem
111. want, hope, wish
want打算,想要,
want to do, want sb. to do, hope希望(通常可以实现),hope to do/ hope that… wish希望(通常不能实现)wish (sb.) to do, wish sb/sth. + n. I wish you success.
112. discover, invent, find out
discover发现本来存在但不为人所知的东西,
invent发明本来不存在的物体,
find out发现,查明 At last he found out the truth.
113. answer, reply
answer及物动词,
reply不及物动词,后接 to reply to the letter
114. leave, leave for
leave离开,
leave for前往 He left Beijing for Shanghai.
115. rob, steal
rob抢劫 rob sb. of sth.,
steal偷 steal sth. from sb.
116. shoot, shoot at
shoot射死,
shoot at瞄准,但不一定射中
He shot the bird and it died.
117. drop, fall
drop及物不及物均可,
fall不及物动词 Prices fell/dropped.
He dropped his voice.
118. search, search for
search后接地点,
search for后接东西
He searched his pocket for money.
119. used to, be used to
used to过去常常,
be used to习惯于,后接sth./doing sth.;被用来,后接 do sth.
He is used to getting up early.
120. win, lose, beat
win后接sth.,反义词为lose,
beat后接sb. win the game, beat them
121. live on, live by
live on以…为主食,
live by靠…谋生 live on fish/ live by fishing
122. beat, hit, strike
beat连续性地击打;
hit打中,对准打;
strike打一下或若干下 beat the wings
123. meet, meet with
meet遇到,meet with体验到,遭遇到
meet with an accident
124. lose, miss
lose失去(具体的物体),错过 sth. is lost, lose the chance;miss 想念,
错过sth. is missing, miss the chance
125. be tired of, be tired with/from
be tired of厌烦…,
be tired with/from因为…而累了
be tired with/from running 800 meters
126. care about, care for
care about关心,计较,在乎,一般多用于否定句中;
care for关心,照料,喜欢,愿意
He doesn't care about his clothes. I don't care for movies.
127. catch a cold, have a cold
catch a cold不能和表示"一段时间"的状语连用,而have a cold可以
She has had a cold for a week.
128. change for, change into
change for调换成,
change into变成
Change the shirt for a bigger one.
Water changes into ice.
129. continue, last
二者均为持续,continue主动,被动均可,
last只能用主动
The war continued/lasted five years.
The story is to be continued.
130. feed, raise
feed喂养,养活,饲养 (to give food to),
raise饲养,养育 (cause to grow, bring up children)raise the family
131. go for a doctor, go to a doctor
go for a doctor去请医生,
go to a doctor去看病
132. notice, observe, catch sight of
notice注意到,observe观察,仔细地看,
catch sight of突然看到 observe the stars
133. insist on, stick to
insist on坚持要求,后常接doing,
stick to坚持, 后常接sth. stick to the plan
134. look, seem, appear
look指从外表上看,
seem指内心的判断,
appear指给人以表面的印象 appear wise,look like his father
135. gather, collect
gather把分散的东西集中到一起,
collect指精心地、有选择地进行收集 collect stamps
136. mean to do, mean doing
mean to do打算,想要做某事,mean doing意思是,意味着
By this I mean giving the students more practice.
137. die from, die of
die from表示死于(枪)伤,虚弱,过度劳累,饮食过度等,
die of表示死于疾病,饥饿,寒冷,年老,忧愁,失恋等精神因素 die of hunger and cold
138. pay for, pay back, pay off
pay for为…付钱,
pay back还钱,但不一定还清,
pay off还清 pay for the book, pay off the debt
139. divide, separate
divide把一个整体分成几部分,
separate把连在一起的个体分开
divide the apple, separate the houses
140. arrive, get, reach
arrive不及物动词,后接in (大地点),
at(小地点),
get不及物动词后接to,
reach及物动词
arrive in Beijing,
get to Beijing,
reach Beijing
141. grow, plant
grow使某种植物在某地生长着或使其发展下去,
plant移植,移栽已经长成秧苗的植物
plant the trees, trees are growing
142. manage, try
manage to do设法做成了某事,
try to do尽力去做某事但不一定成功
He tried to pass the exam, but he failed.
143. choose, select
choose凭个人的判断力进行选择,
select有目的地仔细认真地选择
choose the best answer
144. build, put up, set up, found
build一般用语,建成,put up临时搭建,
set up建成(内部的设施基本齐全),
found国家或组织的建成
put up a tent, set up a school
145. be familiar to, be familiar with
be familiar to某物对某人来说是熟悉的,
be familiar with某人熟悉某物
The book is familiar to me. I'm familiar with the book.
146. agree with, agree to, agree on
agree with同意某人,
agree to同意某事,
agree on在…上达成一致意见,主语是复数
agree with you, agree to the plan
147. throw to, throw at
throw to扔到…, throw at朝…扔
He throw a stone at me.
148. receive, accept,receive
收到某一东西,但不一定接受,accept接受
I received a gift, but I didn't accept it.
149. wear, put on, dress
wear和dress表状态,wear接衣服等,可用进行时,dress接人,
be dressed in, put on表动作
It's cold outside. Put on your warm clothes.
150. listen, hear
listen强调动作,hear强调结果
I listened, but I heard nothing.
151. look, see, watch
look看的动作,
see看的结果,
watch强调所看物体的变化、移动和发展watch TV
152. lie, lay
lie躺,位于(lay, lain),
说谎(lied, lied),lay
平放(laid, laid) lay the book
153. work as, act as
work as工作是…,
act as充当某种职务或身份,或扮演某种角色
He works as a teacher.
He acts as an interpreter.
154. move, remove
move动一动,但不一定移走,
remove从一处移到另一处 remove the table to the kitchen
155. hurt, injure, wound
hurt感情上受伤,
injure事故中受伤,
wound战争中受伤
He was wounded in the war.
156. turn, get, grow
turn表突变,后常接表颜色的词,
get强调变的结果,
grow强调过程,逐渐的变化
turn yellow, get tired, grow big
157. close, shut, turn off
close和shut当关解时可以通用,用于可开合的物体,
turn off用于指有开关的物体
Close/Shut the door. Turn off the TV.
158. set out, set about, set off
指出发,着手解时,
set out 后接 to do,
set about 后接doing, set off 后接 for sp.
159. begin, start
begin侧重时间的开始,反义词为end,
start侧重由静到动的转折,反义词为stop
Class begins at 7:30a.m.
160. happen, take place
happen偶然性的没有预料到的事情的发生,
take place必然性的发生
Great changes have taken place in my hometown.
161. at, in (表地点)
at小地点,in大地点
arrive at a small village,
arrive in Shanghai
162. at work, in work
at work在工作,在上班,
in work 有职业,有工作
Both my parents are at work.
They are not at home.
163. increase to, increase by
increase to增长到…,
increase by增长了…
The number increased by 2,000 to 5,000.
164. at ease, with ease
at ease舒适地,安逸地;
with ease容易地,无困难地 do it with ease
165. day after day, day by day
day after day日复一日(无变化);
day by day一天天地(有变化)
Trees grow taller day by day.
166. like, as
like相似关系,但并不等同,
as同一关系,两者实为一体
Don't treat me as a child. (In fact, I'm a child.)
167. after, in (表时间)
after接时间点,in接时间段
after 7:00, in five minutes
168. between, among
between两者之间,三者或三者以上两两之间,
among三者或三者以上之间
Switzerland lies between France, Germany, Australia and Italy.
169. after, behind (表位置)
after强调次序的先后,
behind强调物体静态位置的前后
There are many trees behind the house.
170. since, for (完成时间状语)
since接点时间或一句话,
for接一段时间 for three years, since 3:00
171. on the corner, in the corner, at the corner
on the corner物体表面的角上,
in the corner物体内部的角落里,
at the corner物体外部的角落上(拐角处)on the corner of the table
172. warn sb. of, warn sb. against
warn sb. of提醒某人注意某事,
warn sb. against提醒某人不要做某事
warn him against swimming in that part of the river
173. at peace, in peace
at peace平静地,in peace和平地
live in peace with one's neighbors
174. on earth, on the earth, in the earth
on earth在世上,在人间,到底,究竟,一点也不,
on the earth在地上,在地球上,
in the earth在地下,
在泥土里 no use on earth
175. in surprise, to one's surprise, by surprise
in surprise惊奇地,
to one's surprise使某人吃惊的是,
by surprise使…惊慌
The question took the professor by surprise.
176. in the air, on the air, in the sky
in the air正在酝酿中,
on the air播送,广播,
in the sky在天空中
His show is on the air at 6:00 tonight.
177. in the field, on the field
in the field在野外,
on the field在战场上
He lost his life on the field.
178. in the market, on the market
in the market表示场所或地点,在市场上,
on the market出售
He sells fish in the market.
Fresh vegetables are on the market now.
179. in the sun, under the sun
in the sun在阳光下,
under the sun地球上,全世界
people under the sun
180. in a voice, with one voice
in a voice出声地,
with one voice异口同声地
They refused with one voice.
181. through, across
through穿越空间,across在…上穿过
through the forest, across the desert
182. on the way, in the way
on the way在前往…的路上,
in the way挡路
The chair is in the way.
183. above, on, over
above在上面,不接触,
on在上面,接触,
over在正上方 fly over the hill
184. until, not…until
until到…为止,
not…until直到…才(常跟点动词连用)
I waited until 3:00.
He didn't come until 3:00.
185. besides, except, except for
besides除了…还(包括在内)
except除了(不包括在内),
except for整体…除了某一点以外
The composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
186. whether, if
当是否解时,只有在宾语从句中二者可以互换,其余都用whether,当如果解时用if I don't know if/whether he will come.
If he comes, I'll let you know.
187. and, or
and并且,or或者,否则,常用于否定句中
I don't like apples or bananas.
Hurry up and you'll catch the bus.
Hurry up or you'll miss the bus.
188. because, since, as, for
原因由强到弱为:because, since/as, for. 在句中的位置如下:
1)…because…
2) Since/as…, …
3) …, for… Since I was ill, I didn't go.
189. when, as, while (表时间)
when从句动词点动词,持续性动词均可,
as重在表示动作同时发生,伴随进行,
while从句动词为持续性动词 While I slept, a thief broke in.
190. the same…as, the same…that
the same…as和…一样的(相似但不同一),
the same…that 同一物体
This is the same pen that I used yesterday. (同一支笔)
191. as well, as well as
as well也,常放于句末,
和and连用表示既…又;
as well as并列连词,不但…而且…
He is a professor, and a writer as well.
192. such…as, such…that
such…as像…样的,
such…that如此…以至于
He is not such a fool as he looks like.
He is such a good student that all the teachers like him.
193. because, because of
because连词,连接两句话,
because of介词短语,后接词或短语
He didn't go to school because of his illness.
194. in order that, in order to
表目的,in order that后接句子,
in order to后接动词原形
I got up early in order to catch the first bus.
I got up early so that I could catch the first bus.
195. for example, such as
for example一般只列举一个,
such as列举多个例子
I have been to a lot of American cities, such as New York, Atlanta and Chicago.
196. used to, would
表过去常常,和现在相对应用used to,不提现在用would
I used to get up early, but now I don't.
197. All right. That's all right. That's right.
All right. That's all right. 当好吧解时,可以替换;当不客气,没关系解时只能用
That's all right. That's right. 那是对的 ---Sorry. --- That's all right.
198. such…that, so…that
当如此…以至于解时,such…that修饰名词,
so…that修饰形容词或副词,
但名词前面如果有many, much, little, few修饰用so…that,不用such that
so many people that… such a lovely boy=so lovely a boy
199. so + be (have, can, do)+主语, neither(nor) + be (have, can, do)+ 主语
so + be (have, can, do)+主语,
neither(nor) + be (have, can, do)+ 主语
肯定用so…否定用neither (nor) ---I can't play tennis. ---Nor can I.
200. Shall I…? Will you…?
Shall I…? 征求对方意见或向对方请示,意为我能…吗?
Will you…?请求或建议对方做某事,意为你愿意…吗?
Will you help me? Yes, I will.
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